CINXE.COM

Radiation Physics Division | NIST

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics","20231128043111","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1701145871"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.248.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,n={234:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{P_:()=>h,Mt:()=>m,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>j,lF:()=>R,Yu:()=>_,Dg:()=>v,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>A,sU:()=>T});var r=n(8632),i=n(9567);const a={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},o={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!o[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return o[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");o[e]=(0,i.D)(t,a);const n=(0,r.ek)(e);n&&(n.info=o[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=n(7056),l=n(50);const f=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector=t+",[data-nr-mask]":null===t?e.mask_selector=t:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},g={},p="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(p);if(!g[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return g[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);g[e]=(0,i.D)(t,f());const n=(0,r.ek)(e);n&&(n.init=g[e])}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(p);var n=h(e);if(n){for(var r=t.split("."),i=0;i<r.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[i]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}const b={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},y={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!y[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return y[e]}function A(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");y[e]=(0,i.D)(t,b);const n=(0,r.ek)(e);n&&(n.loader_config=y[e])}const _=(0,r.mF)().o;var x=n(385),D=n(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(x._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||x._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+x._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof x._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},E={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!E[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return E[e]}function T(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");E[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const n=(0,r.ek)(e);n&&(n.runtime=E[e])}function R(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{D:()=>i});var r=n(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const n=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),a=0===Object.keys(n).length?e:n;for(let o in a)if(void 0!==e[o])try{Array.isArray(e[o])&&Array.isArray(t[o])?n[o]=Array.from(new Set([...e[o],...t[o]])):"object"==typeof e[o]&&"object"==typeof t[o]?n[o]=i(e[o],t[o]):n[o]=e[o]}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return n}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>a,q4:()=>r});const r="1.248.0",i="PROD",a="CDN"},385:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>a,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>o,il:()=>r,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const r="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=r?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),o=(a?.document?.readyState,Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState)),s=(a?.location,/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent)),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(r&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!a.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(a?.performance?.timeOrigin||a?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{w:()=>a});var r=n(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class a{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=n)}))}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var r=n(8325),i=n(1284),a=n(4322),o=n(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const n={staged:!1,priority:o.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,n)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return o(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const n=[...s[e]];function o(t){const n=e?r.ee.get(e):r.ee,o=a.X.handlers;if(n.backlog&&o){var s=n.backlog[t],c=o[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,n){n[0].on(e,n[1])}))}))}delete o[t],n.backlog[t]=null,n.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}n.every((e=>{let[t,n]=e;return n.staged}))&&(n.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),n.forEach((t=>{let[n]=t;s[e].delete(n),o(n)})))}function l(e,t){var n=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[n],(function(t,n){var r=e[0];if(n[0]===r){var i=n[1],a=e[3],o=e[2];i.apply(a,o)}}))}},8325:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var r=n(8632),i=n(2210),a=n(234);class o{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=n(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,n){var r={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===n.length&&(0,a.OP)(n).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var n=r[e];if(!n)return;for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)n[i]===t&&n.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,n,r,i,a){!1!==a&&(a=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&a&&t.emit(e,n,r);for(var o=p(r),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(o,n);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,n,o]);return o},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const n=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[r,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in n||(n[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:n,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof o?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new o(c))):new o(c)}function h(e,t){r[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return r[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,r.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{E:()=>r,p:()=>i});var r=n(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,n,i,a){a?(a.buffer([e],i),a.emit(e,t,n)):(r.buffer([e],i),r.emit(e,t,n))}},4322:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{X:()=>a});var r=n(5546);a.on=o;var i=a.handlers={};function a(e,t,n,a){o(a||r.E,i,e,t,n)}function o(e,t,n,i,a){a||(a="feature"),e||(e=r.E);var o=t[a]=t[a]||{};(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>o});var r=n(385);let i=!1,a=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return a=!0,!1}};r._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),r._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function o(e,t){return i||a?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}function c(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}},3117:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{a:()=>r});const r=(0,n(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{Rl:()=>o,ky:()=>s});var r=n(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function a(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function o(){const e=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let t,n=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?a(t,++n).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&a()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let n,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(n=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const o=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)o.push(a(n,++i).toString(16));return o.join("")}},7056:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{Bq:()=>r,Hb:()=>a,oD:()=>i});const r="NRBA",i=144e5,a=18e5},7894:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";function r(){return Math.round(performance.now())}n.d(t,{z:()=>r})},50:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";function r(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}n.d(t,{Z:()=>r})},2825:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var r=n(8325),i=n(5546),a=n(3325),o=n(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[a.D.sessionTrace],err:[a.D.jserrors,a.D.metrics],ins:[a.D.pageAction],spa:[a.D.spa],sr:[a.D.sessionReplay,a.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const n=r.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{r?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,n):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,n),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(r)],void 0,e,n)})):r&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,n),l[t]=Boolean(r)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,n))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{o._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{X:()=>i});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,n){if(r.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{D:()=>r});const r=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[n,r]=e;return t(n,r)}))},4351:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{P:()=>a});var r=n(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,n)=>{if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n){if(e.has(n))return;e.add(n)}return n}};function a(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{r.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{KB:()=>o,b2:()=>a});var r=n(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function a(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,r.bP)("load",e,t)}function o(e){if(i())return e();(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>a,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>o,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var r=n(7894),i=n(385);const a={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function o(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=o();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let n=o();n.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.z)(),date:new Date},n.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=o();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){o()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=o();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:a.beacon,errorBeacon:a.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),o()}},7956:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{N:()=>i});var r=n(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,r.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),n,i)}},3081:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{gF:()=>a,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>r,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>o});const r=n(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",a="cm",o="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{W:()=>i});var r=n(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,n){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=r.ee.get(e),this.featureName=n,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{j:()=>b});var r=n(3325),i=n(234),a=n(5546),o=n(8325),s=n(7894),c=n(8e3),u=n(3960),d=n(385),l=n(50),f=n(3081),g=n(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),i=1;i<n;i++)r[i-1]=arguments[i];let a=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&a.push(e.api[t](...r))})),a.length>1?a:a[0]}(t,...r)}}))}var h=n(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",n.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:w,info:A,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:D=!0}=t;const k=(0,g.gG)();A||(w=k.init,A=k.info,_=k.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,w||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),A.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(A.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,A);const E=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[A.beacon,A.errorBeacon];m||(E.proxy.assets&&(v(E.proxy.assets),j.push(E.proxy.assets)),E.proxy.beacon&&j.push(E.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...E.ajax.deny_list||[],...E.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=o.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,n,r,a){const o=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===n?delete o.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...o,jsAttributes:{...o.jsAttributes,[t]:n}}),A(v,r,!0,a||null===n?"session":void 0)(t,n)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=A(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=A(v,"addPageAction",!0,r.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=A(v,"routeName",!0,r.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,n){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(n||"https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://custom.transaction")+t,A(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",n);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,r.D.metrics,p);const n=Object.values(r.D);if(void 0===e)e=n;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!n.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(n));e.includes(r.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(r.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,r.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,r.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,n],i,r.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,o],n),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],n)}}}};function A(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],n?null:this,i,p),n?void 0:this}}function _(){n.e(75).then(n.bind(n,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:n}=t;n(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(m,e,void 0,r.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,r.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=D),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,n)=>{n.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,n)=>{"use strict";n.d(t,{D:()=>r,p:()=>i});const r={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[r.pageViewEvent]:1,[r.pageViewTiming]:2,[r.metrics]:3,[r.jserrors]:4,[r.ajax]:5,[r.sessionTrace]:6,[r.pageAction]:7,[r.spa]:8,[r.sessionReplay]:9}}},r={};function i(e){var t=r[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var a=r[e]={exports:{}};return n[e](a,a.exports,i),a.exports}i.m=n,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var n in t)i.o(t,n)&&!i.o(e,n)&&Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t[n]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,n)=>(i.f[n](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.248.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.248.0.PROD:",i.l=(n,r,a,o)=>{if(e[n])e[n].push(r);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==a)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==n||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+a){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+a),s.src=n,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),s.integrity=i.sriHashes[o],s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),e[n]=[r];var f=(t,r)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[n];if(delete e[n],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",i.sriHashes={75:"sha512-5mWtMwj7hrXT5aUkfvBtjH6FJXsR+zdeMBfc721nzrOx36xa23yTrCB1VVOAQa+zIioAbWPW4m7UsPp7hW1WPw=="},(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,n)=>{var r=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var a=new Promise(((n,i)=>r=e[t]=[n,i]));n.push(r[2]=a);var o=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(o,(n=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(r=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),r)){var a=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),o=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+a+": "+o+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=a,s.request=o,r[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,n)=>{var r,a,[o,s,c]=n,u=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(r in s)i.o(s,r)&&(i.m[r]=s[r]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(n);u<o.length;u++)a=o[u],i.o(e,a)&&e[a]&&e[a][0](),e[a]=0},n=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.248.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.248.0.PROD"]||[];n.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),n.push=t.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{addPageAction(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addPageAction failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}setPageViewName(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setPageViewName failed. The page view feature is not currently initialized.")}setCustomAttribute(t,n,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCustomAttribute failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}noticeError(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api noticeError failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setUserId failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setApplicationVersion(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setApplicationVersion failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setErrorHandler failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}finished(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api finished failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}addRelease(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}start(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}recordReplay(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api recordReplay failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}pauseReplay(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api pauseReplay failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}}var n=i(3325),r=i(234);const a=Object.values(n.D);function o(e){const t={};return a.forEach((n=>{t[n]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,r.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(n,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,n){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,n),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,n)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const n=l.il&&!0===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let a;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{a=e}));const o=async()=>{let r;try{if(n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,3228));r=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,r))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void a(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:n}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),a(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),a(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==n.D.sessionReplay||!!r.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,n),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);return a.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,n){t[e]=b(n,t[e])})),t}(r,a.metrics),a}merge(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);if(a.metrics){var o=a.metrics;o.count+=n.count,(0,v.D)(n,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var r=o[e],i=n[e];i&&!i.c?o[e]=b(i.t,r):o[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,o[e])}}))}else a.metrics=n}storeMetric(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,n);return i.stats=b(r,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,n,r){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:n||{}},r&&(i.custom=r)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},n="",r=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[n=e[i]]=w(this.aggregatedData[n]),t[n].length&&(r=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[n];return r?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function w(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,A)}function A(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),D=i(4351);var k=i(5546),E=i(7956),j=i(3239),T=i(7894),R=i(9251);class S extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,n),l.il&&((0,E.N)((()=>(0,k.p)("docHidden",[(0,T.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,k.p)("winPagehide",[(0,T.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class C extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,n),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=n,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(n,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,r.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,r.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,r.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=o(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>n.p[e.featureName]-n.p[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(t[r.featureName]||r.featureName===n.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.sessionReplay:return[n.D.sessionTrace];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(r.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,D.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const n=(0,_.fP)();return delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete n.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,n.ee?.abort(),delete n.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[p,S,C],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Radiation Physics Division","node_id":"411146","content_type":"Laboratory\/Organizational Unit"});</script> <meta name="description" content="The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/node/411146"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Radiation Physics Division | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Radiation Physics Division"/> <meta property="og:description" content="The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications."/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2009-09-23T11:27-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-09-01T09:28-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Radiation Physics Division"/> <meta name="dcterms.description" content="The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications."/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2009-09-23T11:27-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2009-09-23T11:27-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-09-01T09:28-04:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications."/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Radiation Physics Division"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-09-01T09:28:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Radiation Physics Division | NIST", "description": "The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications.", "datePublished": "2009-09-23T11:27-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-09-01T09:28-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="laboratory_organizational_unit"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Radiation Physics Division | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20231128043111cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_UrPxtosE0KjcGdsozKaHN4oFNt2iqvKL8y6_YMPICS4.css?delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20231128043111cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20231128043111cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20231128043111cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zxDJPMpCfrT8NQEavjogRlrVmShwu9oesPd2F7606bk.css?delta=3&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"/> <script src="/web/20231128043111js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"></script> </head> <body class="node-411146"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs &amp; Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools &amp; Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services &amp; Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License &amp; Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News &amp; Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget &amp; Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--menu"> <div class="nist-section-header__top grid-container"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__sub"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title tablet-lg:grid-col-4"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Radiation Physics Division</h1> </div> <div class="nist-section-header__desc tablet-lg:grid-col-8"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>The Division develops, maintains and disseminates the national measurement standards for ionizing radiation and radioactivity, and methods and models to address related applications.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-block"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Laboratory Homepage</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Division Homepage</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Calibrations</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://cirms.org/" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Council on Ionizing Radiation Measurements and Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item usa-sidenav__item--parent"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/org/radiation-physics-division/groups" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Groups</a> <button class="usa-accordion__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="menu-applied-physics-division-5"><span class="usa-sr-only">Expand or Collapse</span></button> <ul id="menu-applied-physics-division-5" class="usa-sidenav__sublist usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/dosimetry" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Dosimetry</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/neutron-physics" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Neutron Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/radioactivity" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Radioactivity</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://physics.nist.gov/ICRM/index.html" data-drupal-link-system-path="">International Committee for Radionuclide Metrology (ICRM)</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" data-drupal-link-system-path="">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/quality-system-services" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Quality System Services</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/calibrations-radioactivity-standard-reference-material-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Radioactivity SRM Program</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/staff/division/5971" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff Directory</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--org" data-elastic-exclude=""> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Groups</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-729e1428d0300284338be707af15bfa1160d71b90b76646c472a8652d4e378a3"> <div class="link-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/dosimetry" hreflang="en">Dosimetry Group</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/neutron-physics" hreflang="en">Neutron Physics Group</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/pml/radiation-physics/radioactivity" hreflang="en">Radioactivity Group</a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--hero paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-hero grid-row grid-gap-2"> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/11/road-neutron-microscope-first-light-world-class-neutron-imaging-facility"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/2015-11-23-coldneutrons-400x324_1.png.webp?itok=u6ofJJbU 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/pml/2015-11-23-coldneutrons-400x324_1.png.webp?itok=dtsWiJF3 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/pml/2015-11-23-coldneutrons-400x324_1.png.webp?itok=PcZ2-a51 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/2015-11-23-coldneutrons-400x324_1.png.webp?itok=u6ofJJbU 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/2015-11-23-coldneutrons-400x324_1.png.jpg?itok=u6ofJJbU" width="600" height="360" alt="Cold neutron imaging facility" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/11/road-neutron-microscope-first-light-world-class-neutron-imaging-facility"> <div class="text">On the Road to a Neutron Microscope: First Light for World-Class Neutron Imaging Facility</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/basic-metrology-true-becquerel-new-paradigm-21st-century-radioactivity"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2021/03/02/truebq.jpg.webp?itok=0Xe_1Vo_ 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/2021/03/02/truebq.jpg.webp?itok=qoRv36qY 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/2021/03/02/truebq.jpg.webp?itok=MUSEOq0W 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2021/03/02/truebq.jpg.webp?itok=0Xe_1Vo_ 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/2021/03/02/truebq.jpg.jpg?itok=0Xe_1Vo_" width="600" height="360" alt="True Bq" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/basic-metrology-true-becquerel-new-paradigm-21st-century-radioactivity"> <div class="text">True Becquerel - A New Paradigm for 21st Century Radioactivity Measurements</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-hero__item tablet:grid-col-4 "> <div class="nist-hero__item-inner"> <div class="nist-hero__image"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/09/nist-calibrates-quartz-crystals-fusion-device"> <picture> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/quartz_324x400_1.png.webp?itok=Yp728fiR 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/1200w_x_720h/public/images/pml/quartz_324x400_1.png.webp?itok=t-X5djxN 2x" media="(min-width: 480px)" type="image/webp" width="600" height="360"/> <source srcset="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/300w_x_180h/public/images/pml/quartz_324x400_1.png.webp?itok=pfjseTUQ 1x, /web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/quartz_324x400_1.png.webp?itok=Yp728fiR 2x" media="(min-width: 0px)" type="image/webp" width="300" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/600w_x_360h/public/images/pml/quartz_324x400_1.png.jpg?itok=Yp728fiR" width="600" height="360" alt="NIST Calibrates Quartz Crystals for Fusion Device" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </picture> </a> </div> <div class="nist-hero__caption"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2015/09/nist-calibrates-quartz-crystals-fusion-device"> <div class="text">NIST Calibrates Quartz Crystals for Fusion Device</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><p>In addition to our mission to realize the Système International (SI) units for absorbed dose (the gray) and activity (the becquerel), we maintain an active research programs in terahertz spectroscopy, neutron physics, radiation dosimetry, and radionuclide metrology. We are also active in over-arching programmatic efforts in medical physics to support medical imaging and therapeutics, standards and test procedures for chemical/biological/radiation/nuclear/explosives countermeasures in homeland security, measurement assurance and standards to support environmental stewardship and the nuclear energy and radiation industries, and methods in applications of ionizing radiation in advanced manufacturing. We promote the accurate and meaningful measurements of dosimetric quantities pertaining to ionizing radiation (x and gamma rays, electrons, and energetic, positively charged particles) and provide measurement services, standards, and fundamental research to support neutron technology and neutron physics for industrial research and development through neutron dosimetry, calibration of neutron survey instruments, and development of neutron sources. We are also responsible for developing metrological techniques to standardize new radionuclides for research and for exploring radiation and nuclear applications, including through development and distribution of the Standard Reference Materials for radioactivity in the U.S..</p>&#13;</div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">News and Updates</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-a9c81bd939bae16d9470f7abbf6e61d57dbde844d965ef5841b9688a62399ae6"> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2023/09/imaging-elusive-skyrmion" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/imaging-elusive-skyrmion" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/09/14/2skyrmions_NL.png?itok=5P85naBk" width="100" height="91" alt="skyrmions" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/09/imaging-elusive-skyrmion"><span property="schema:name">Imaging the Elusive Skyrmion</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-09-25T12:00:00Z">September 25, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with colleagues elsewhere have employed neutron imaging and a reconstruction algorithm </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2023/03/spotlight-research-chemist-ileana-pazos-radiant-role-longer-lasting-safer" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/spotlight-research-chemist-ileana-pazos-radiant-role-longer-lasting-safer" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/03/28/DSC_1118.jpg?itok=rXg1iQgC" width="100" height="100" alt="Ileana Pazos sits and smiles for a photo next to scientific equipment. She's holding tweezers next to the machine." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2023/03/spotlight-research-chemist-ileana-pazos-radiant-role-longer-lasting-safer"><span property="schema:name">Spotlight: Research Chemist Ileana Pazos’ Radiant Role in Longer-Lasting, Safer Imported Foods</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-03-24T12:00:00Z">March 24, 2023</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Fruits and vegetables brought in from outside the country first require health and foodborne pathogen inspections. NIST research chemist Ileana Pazos helps the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2022/11/spotlight-zebra-striped-structures-twist-neutrons-and-extend-researchers" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/spotlight-zebra-striped-structures-twist-neutrons-and-extend-researchers" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/12/07/1.png?itok=2L4ZR_Rw" width="100" height="100" alt="Black and white micrograph shows tiny white panels standing parallel to form small squares on a dark background. " typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/spotlight-zebra-striped-structures-twist-neutrons-and-extend-researchers"><span property="schema:name">Spotlight: Zebra-Striped Structures to Twist Neutrons and Extend Researchers’ Vision</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-11-22T12:00:00Z">November 22, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> What are these microscopic zebra-striped squares, and why did scientists painstakingly arrange more than 6 million of them on a silicon plate just half a </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2022/11/research-rocks-combining-neutrons-and-x-ray-imaging-nist-scientists-study" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/research-rocks-combining-neutrons-and-x-ray-imaging-nist-scientists-study" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2022/10/28/EET_v2.gif" width="539" height="734" alt="EET animated gif" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2022/11/research-rocks-combining-neutrons-and-x-ray-imaging-nist-scientists-study"><span property="schema:name">Research on the Rocks: Combining Neutrons and X-Ray Imaging, NIST Scientists Study Meteorites to Explore the Mystery of How Earth Acquired Its Water</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2022-11-03T12:00:00Z">November 3, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Each year, hundreds of meteorites — rocky bodies left over from the formation of the solar system — bombard Earth, delivering minerals, metals and water to our </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/org/5971">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Projects and Programs</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-f637e0da4388e50c922e99915e5b846aa6d49d639a8a0ea0eff4ac94d251deb5"> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/accelerator-facilities" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/accelerator-facilities" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2018/07/10/accelerator-facilities_2.jpg?itok=gUK6tgIR" width="100" height="74" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/accelerator-facilities"><span>Accelerator Facilities</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> The Radiation Physics Division's accelerator facilities continue to support a broad range of research efforts in the areas of industrial and medical dosimetry </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/applied-continuous-spin-exchange-optical-pumping-high-flux-neutron-beams" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-continuous-spin-exchange-optical-pumping-high-flux-neutron-beams" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/03/05/high-flux-neutron-beams_2.jpg?itok=8BuoCaNR" width="44" height="100" alt="neutron beam images" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-continuous-spin-exchange-optical-pumping-high-flux-neutron-beams"><span>Applied: Continuous Spin-Exchange Optical Pumping in High Flux Neutron Beams</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> We collaborated on tests at the Insitut Laue Langevin (ILL) to study the effects of high flux neutron beams on spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP). The key </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/applied-methods-neutron-detection-and-spectroscopy" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-methods-neutron-detection-and-spectroscopy" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/pml/div682/grp03/image001_3.jpg?itok=9XgsWmCl" width="100" height="75" alt="liquid scintillator detector" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-methods-neutron-detection-and-spectroscopy"><span>Applied: Methods in Neutron Detection and Spectroscopy</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> We continue to work improving techniques in fast neutron detection using segmented spectrometers based on the principle of capture-gating. Our approach employs </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/applied-photon-assisted-neutron-detector-phand" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-photon-assisted-neutron-detector-phand" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/04/09/incident-neutrons.png?itok=eyRuuUNV" width="100" height="56" alt="incident neutrons" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/applied-photon-assisted-neutron-detector-phand"><span>Applied: Photon Assisted Neutron Detector (PhAND)</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Neutron detectors based on UV scintillations in xenon gas are under development for a variety of applications. The scintillations are produced with high </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/org/5971">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Tools and Instruments</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-4f559d215a93814ce535f7bbcfb493068f87a8b5c965e469d6a9e69b2d4a327b"> <div> <article about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-interferometry-and-optics-facilities" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-interferometry-and-optics-facilities" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/pml/div682/grp03/niof1.gif?itok=mzKl-8IB" width="100" height="63" alt="NIOF schematic - full-size" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-interferometry-and-optics-facilities"><span>Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facilities</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facilities are located at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. They are one of the world's premier facilities for neutron </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiopharmaceutical-standardization-laboratory" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/radiopharmaceutical-standardization-laboratory"><span>Radiopharmaceutical Standardization Laboratory</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Radioactivity measurements for diagnostic and therapeutic nuclear medicine in the United States are based on measurements at NIST. Activity measurements for the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-imaging-facility-nif" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-imaging-facility-nif" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/04/14/BT2_Facility3d_Trans_Opaque.jpg?itok=tTmsmcNU" width="100" height="66" alt="NIF" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/neutron-imaging-facility-nif"><span>Neutron Imaging Facility (NIF)</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Neutron Imaging, an Essential Tool for the Hydrogen Economy The problem that the NIST Neutron Imaging Facility (NIF) can address that directly impacts the </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/laboratories/tools-instruments/cold-neutron-imaging-instrument" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/cold-neutron-imaging-instrument" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/04/09/conventional-radiography-configuration.png?itok=2KZiShOw" width="100" height="82" alt="conventional radiography configuration" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/cold-neutron-imaging-instrument"><span>Cold Neutron Imaging Instrument</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The Cold Neutron Imaging Instrument (CNII) was designed to be a flexible space to test, develop, and employ novel neutron imaging methods to realize different </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments/org/5971">View All Tools &amp; Instruments</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Awards</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-d283e6db8fe5a4e1ba9e297a80d768940cdaafd3eb0d2e3b2ff0e724c5cba338"> <div> <article about="/awards/2022-fellow-american-association-physicists-medicine-ronald-tosh" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/awards/2022-fellow-american-association-physicists-medicine-ronald-tosh" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2021/03/16/ronald-tosh.png?itok=DlScF7Rc" width="88" height="100" alt="Ronald Tosh" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/awards/2022-fellow-american-association-physicists-medicine-ronald-tosh"><span>2022 Fellow of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine - Ronald Tosh</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> Dr. Ronald Tosh, Physicist in the Dosimetry Group of the Radiation Physics Division, PML, has been elected Fellow of the American </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2021-diversity-inclusivity-and-equal-employment-opportunity-award-amy-mensch-brandi" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2021-diversity-inclusivity-and-equal-employment-opportunity-award-amy-mensch-brandi"><span>2021 - Diversity, Inclusivity and Equal Employment Opportunity Award---Amy Mensch, Brandi Toliver, Jeanita Pritchett, Jenise Reyes-Rodriguez, Ashley Beasley Green, Diana Ortiz-Montalvo, Kelley Rogers, Kelly Telu, Ileana Pazos, Tara Fortier</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For fostering an accessible, inclusive work environment and professional development opportunities through a volunteer effort spanning NIST campuses.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/awards/2020-distinguished-associate-award-csilla-szabo-foster" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/awards/2020-distinguished-associate-award-csilla-szabo-foster"><span>2020 Distinguished Associate Award - Csilla Szabo-Foster</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> For enabling rapid and accurate x-ray analysis of materials and higher nuclear security through sensor breakthroughs and world's best </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2020-bronze-medal-award-denis-bergeron-jeffrey-cessna-ryan-fitzgerald-dean-jarrett" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2020-bronze-medal-award-denis-bergeron-jeffrey-cessna-ryan-fitzgerald-dean-jarrett"><span>2020 - Bronze Medal Award---Denis Bergeron, Jeffrey Cessna, Ryan Fitzgerald, Dean Jarrett, Shamith Payagala, Neil M. Zimmerman</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For developing an SI-traceable self-calibrating system for radioactivity measurement services that reduces the need to handle radioactive sources.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/awards/org/5971">View All Awards</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Press Coverage</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-df92c99d6dc52a3dfab079e03e1ac65326da50ce6491761d8aa4d85284c5db8d"> <div> <article about="/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/11/03/GRA_slice955_XCT_seg_annot.png?itok=e7XrNN7y" width="100" height="100" alt="meteorite" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth"><span>Meteorites reveal how they brought space water to Earth</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="string">MSN</div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="datetime"><time datetime="2022-12-01T12:00:00Z">December 1, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Space rocks that fall to Earth are ancient time capsules, and scientists who merged two imaging techniques may be able to tell us if and how they brought water </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth-0" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth-0" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2022/11/03/GRA_slice955_XCT_seg_annot.png?itok=e7XrNN7y" width="100" height="100" alt="meteorite" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/press-coverage/meteorites-reveal-how-they-brought-space-water-earth-0"><span>Meteorites reveal how they brought space water to Earth</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="string">Space.com</div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="datetime"><time datetime="2022-12-01T12:00:00Z">December 1, 2022</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Space rocks that fall to Earth are ancient time capsules, and scientists who merged two imaging techniques may be able to tell us if and how they brought water </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Patents</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-2ca481d4f6b4e9632858d997911a0644e840a88fe6f32376586fb28b7c91773f"> <div> <article about="/patents/photonic-dosimeter-and-process-performing-dosimetry" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <img loading="lazy" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2020/08/27/pic%20for%2010718872.jpg?itok=PSofa7YD" width="100" height="56" alt="A list of radiation-induced materials modifications that are NIST traceable" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/patents/photonic-dosimeter-and-process-performing-dosimetry"><span>Photonic Dosimeter and Process for Performing Dosimetry</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline"> <div class="nist-field__label">NIST Inventors</div> Ronald Tosh , Zeeshan Ahmed , Ryan P. Fitzgerald and Nikolai Klimov </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> A photonic dosimeter accrues cumulative dose and includes: a substrate; a waveguide disposed on the substrate and that: receives a primary input light; transmits secondary input light from the primary input light to a dosimatrix; receives a secondary output light from the dosimatrix; and produces </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/patents/org/5971">View All Patents</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-resource-block nist-resource-block--first tablet:grid-col"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title-bar"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title"> <div class="nist-resource-block__icon"> <img aria-hidden="true" role="img" alt="decorative icon" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/resource-icons/product-icon-2x.png"/> </div> <h2> <div class="string">Products and Services</div> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block__content"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-long"><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations">Calibrations</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations/measurement-assurance-programs">Measurement Assurance Programs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system">Quality System</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/srm">SRMs</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/srd">Reference Data</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block nist-resource-block--second nist-resource-block--green tablet:grid-col"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title-bar"> <div class="nist-resource-block__title"> <div class="nist-resource-block__icon"> <img aria-hidden="true" role="img" alt="decorative icon" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/img/resource-icons/building-icon-2x.png"/> </div> <h2> <div class="string">Facilities</div> </h2> </div> </div> <div class="nist-resource-block__content"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-long"><ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/accelerator-facilities">Accelerator Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/calibrations-californium-neutron-irradiation-facility">Californium Neutron Irradiation Facility (CNIF)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/imaging-advanced-neutron-imaging-facility">Neutron Imaging</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Contacts</h2> <div class="nist-contact"> <h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Acting Division Chief</h3> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li about="/people/alan-keith-thompson" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/people/alan-keith-thompson" title="View staff profile page">Alan Keith Thompson</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/mailto:alan.thompson@nist.gov">alan.thompson@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (301) 975-4666 </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="nist-contact"> <h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Group Leaders</h3> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li about="/people/michael-g-mitch" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/people/michael-g-mitch" title="View staff profile page">Michael G. Mitch</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/mailto:michael.mitch@nist.gov">michael.mitch@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (301) 975-5491 </div> </li> <li about="/people/brian-e-zimmerman" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/people/brian-e-zimmerman" title="View staff profile page">Brian E. Zimmerman</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/mailto:brian.zimmerman@nist.gov">brian.zimmerman@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (301) 975-4338 </div> </li> <li about="/people/jeffrey-s-nico" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/people/jeffrey-s-nico" title="View staff profile page">Jeffrey S. Nico</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/mailto:jeffrey.nico@nist.gov">jeffrey.nico@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (301) 975-4663 </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20231128043111im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/pml/radiation-physics" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/411146","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20231128043111js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_wWC32cBD9qab55wFkKWKvOdi_p-P8cBjregEiEdV1z4.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=0&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128043111js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20231128043111js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_5ryNUs6GxBdloDjzmRgzoVauqZxQeUM7_K9e9QHtDzs.js?scope=footer&amp;delta=2&amp;language=en&amp;theme=nist_www&amp;include=eJx1kYGuwyAIRX_IVz_JUMuUzYoTXNe_X9utabPlJYbA4QZu0HNFe703rLPpwd-c8vKKPeXuKv-2yHM2gTkkdJAhzUpe7DcwmURdonwjdRdKitX-IhfgLRRSpLFUfqD9BquZjWnEERcPnHqobuTBDiTQL2vXoUZmURwXr4Kb3obEPaRz_vcZZSPCgHUv3TRNZ_WpXiX41HWBHWorkLpPaQpUCBVKlL1zkK7l0vpEEnEwD8JJ7Ba7xXVLaPzxBx1nj-ZCwUNR4rxf6yBvy3hvkFxEClEPlyP5yuuxXmYwua8"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFnFGRhVWVWoNVgUHaHpaWkcXWFVaBks9LFtdUGJaAEB6WQ1NEw1YVVBGHltBUFMU","queueTime":3,"applicationTime":2616,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 04:31:11 Nov 28, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 09:42:04 Dec 11, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 1.466 exclusion.robots: 0.047 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.029 esindex: 0.024 cdx.remote: 31.978 LoadShardBlock: 187.143 (3) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 85.246 (4) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 253.384 (3) load_resource: 208.71 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10