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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-MOS plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-mos" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs editing to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">improve the content</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Non-free plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-non-free" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may contain improper use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">non-free</a> material. Please review their use according to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">criteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">guidelines</a>. (April 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York,<a href="#cite_note-macauhey-stand-columbia-177-8">[8]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, it is the oldest institution of higher education in <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_university_in_the_United_States" title="First university in the United States">the fifth-oldest in the United States</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Columbia University</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/180px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/270px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png/360px-Columbia_coat_of_arms_no_crest.png 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="812"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Columbia University">Coat of arms</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Columbiae<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Former names</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">King's College (1754–1784) Columbia College (1784–1896)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">"In Thy light shall we see light"<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">Private</a>, <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">May 25, 1754; 270 years ago (1754-05-25)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation" title="Higher education accreditation">Accreditation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_States_Commission_on_Higher_Education" title="Middle States Commission on Higher Education">MSCHE</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">AAU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Independent_Colleges_and_Universities" title="National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities">NAICU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Research_Association" title="Universities Research Association">URA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Grant_College_and_Fellowship_Program" title="National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program">Space-grant</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$14.8 billion (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Endowment-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$5.9 billion (2023)<a href="#cite_note-Fin-4">[4]</a>: 5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/University_president" class="mw-redirect" title="University president">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Katrina_Armstrong" title="Katrina Armstrong">Katrina Armstrong</a> (interim)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Provost_(education)" title="Provost (education)">Provost</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Olinto" title="Angela Olinto">Angela Olinto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,628<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">36,649<a href="#cite_note-columbia1-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,761<a href="#cite_note-columbia1-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">26,888<a href="#cite_note-columbia1-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Columbia_University&params=40_48_27_N_73_57_43_W_region:US_type:edu">40°48′27″N 73°57′43″W / 40.80750°N 73.96194°W / 40.80750; -73.96194</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Large city</a>, 299 acres (1.21 km2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Columbia blue and white<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Athletic_nickname" title="Athletic nickname">Nickname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Lions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sporting affiliations</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FCS" class="mw-redirect" title="NCAA Division I FCS">NCAA Division I FCS</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges">EARC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Rowing_Association" title="Intercollegiate Rowing Association">IRA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Association_of_Women%27s_Rowing_Colleges" title="Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges">EAWRC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Mascot</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roar-ee_the_Lion" title="Roar-ee the Lion">Roar-ee the Lion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://columbia.edu">columbia.edu</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49088#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_University_1754.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Columbia_University_1754.svg/300px-Columbia_University_1754.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Columbia_University_1754.svg/450px-Columbia_University_1754.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Columbia_University_1754.svg/600px-Columbia_University_1754.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="55"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Columbia was established as a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_colleges" title="Colonial colleges">colonial college</a> by <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a>. It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College (New York)">Columbia College</a> in 1784 following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and in 1787 was placed under <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York">a private board of trustees</a> headed by former students <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>. In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a> and renamed Columbia University. Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include the <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>, and accelerator laboratories with <a href="/wiki/Big_Tech" title="Big Tech">Big Tech</a> firms such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Columbia is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities" title="Association of American Universities">Association of American Universities</a> and was the first school in the United States to grant the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD degree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Columbia2-11">[11]</a> The university also administers and annually awards the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>. Columbia scientists and scholars have played a pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interface</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a>;<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear pile</a>; the first <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> reaction in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>; the first evidence for <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a>;<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and much of the initial research and planning for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. As of December 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> of the United States of America;<a href="#cite_note-25">[n 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_education" title="List of presidents of the United States by education">four U.S. presidents</a>;<a href="#cite_note-26">[n 2]</a> 34 foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state or government</a>;<a href="#cite_note-60">[n 3]</a> two secretaries-general of the United Nations;<a href="#cite_note-62">[n 4]</a> ten justices of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">103 Nobel laureates</a>; 125 <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> members;<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> 53 living billionaires;<a href="#cite_note-CNBC2-64">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_universities_with_Olympic_medals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American universities with Olympic medals">23 Olympic medalists</a>;<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a> 33 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award winners</a>; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#18th_century">1.1 18th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#19th_century">1.2 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#20th_century">1.3 20th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#21st_century">1.4 21st century</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Campus">2 Campus</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Morningside_Heights">2.1 Morningside Heights</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_campuses">2.2 Other campuses</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Sustainability">2.3 Sustainability</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transportation">2.4 Transportation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Academics">3 Academics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Undergraduate_admissions_and_financial_aid">3.1 Undergraduate admissions and financial aid</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Organization">3.2 Organization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#International_partnerships">3.3 International partnerships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Rankings">3.4 Rankings</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Controversies">3.4.1 Controversies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Research">3.5 Research</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Military_and_veteran_enrollment">3.6 Military and veteran enrollment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Awards">3.7 Awards</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Student_life">4 Student life</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Publications">4.1 Publications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Broadcasting">4.2 Broadcasting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Debate_and_Model_UN">4.3 Debate and Model UN</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Technology_and_entrepreneurship">4.4 Technology and entrepreneurship</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#World_Leaders_Forum">4.5 World Leaders Forum</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Other">4.6 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Athletics">5 Athletics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Traditions">6 Traditions</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#The_Varsity_Show">6.1 The Varsity Show</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Tree_Lighting_and_Yule_Log_ceremonies">6.2 Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Notable_people">7 Notable people</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Alumni">7.1 Alumni</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Faculty">7.2 Faculty</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">9 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Citations">10 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#References">11 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Columbia_University" title="History of Columbia University">History of Columbia University</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Johnson2.JPG/220px-Johnson2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1054"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Johnson2.JPG/220px-Johnson2.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Johnson2.JPG/330px-Johnson2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Johnson2.JPG/440px-Johnson2.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)" title="Samuel Johnson (American educator)">Samuel Johnson</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of Columbia University">president of Columbia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Columbia1790.jpg/220px-Columbia1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="275"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Columbia1790.jpg/220px-Columbia1790.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Columbia1790.jpg/330px-Columbia1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Columbia1790.jpg/440px-Columbia1790.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>King's College Hall in 1790</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbia1797.jpg/220px-Columbia1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="1107"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 174px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbia1797.jpg/220px-Columbia1797.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="174" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbia1797.jpg/330px-Columbia1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Columbia1797.jpg/440px-Columbia1797.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 1797 <a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_New_York_City" title="Cartography of New York City">Taylor Map</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, showing "The Colledge [sic]" at its Park Place (then Robinson Street) location and its earlier location, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a>, on the lower left</figcaption></figure> Discussions regarding the founding of a college in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a> began as early as 1704.<a href="#cite_note-McCaughey20032-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(American_educator)" title="Samuel Johnson (American educator)">Samuel Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews_19042-68">[64]</a>: 8–10 <a href="#cite_note-Butler_19122-69">[65]</a>: 3 The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="State of New York">State of New York</a> and the fifth oldest in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Columbia2-11">[11]</a> In 1763, Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by <a href="/wiki/Myles_Cooper" title="Myles Cooper">Myles Cooper</a>, a graduate of <a href="/wiki/The_Queen%27s_College,_Oxford" title="The Queen's College, Oxford">The Queen's College, Oxford</a>, and an ardent <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tory</a>. In the charged political climate of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Butler_19122-69">[65]</a>: 3 The <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> anatomist, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clossy" title="Samuel Clossy">Samuel Clossy</a>, was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later the college's first professor of anatomy in 1767.<a href="#cite_note-Stookey2-72">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>. The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">departure</a> in 1783. The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College".<a href="#cite_note-Matthews_19042-68">[64]</a> The Act created <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_the_State_of_New_York" title="Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York">a board of regents</a> to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a>",<a href="#cite_note-Matthews_19042-68">[64]</a> a reference to <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a>, an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed a revision committee, which was headed by <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York">a separate board of 24 trustees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[71]</a>: 65–70 For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist</a> governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and Vice President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>, in addition to both houses of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> attended <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_commencement" title="Columbia University commencement">the college's commencement</a> on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews_19042-68">[64]</a>: 74 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Photographic_Company_(0671).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg/220px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1191"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg/220px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg/330px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg/440px-Detroit_Photographic_Company_%280671%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1900</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almamater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/220px-Almamater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="759"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/220px-Almamater.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/330px-Almamater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Almamater.jpg/440px-Almamater.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)" title="Alma Mater (New York sculpture)">Alma Mater</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> (1903)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_law_madison.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columbia_law_madison.gif/220px-Columbia_law_madison.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="379"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Columbia_law_madison.gif/220px-Columbia_law_madison.gif" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Columbia_law_madison.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The library and law school buildings, both constructed in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gothic_and_Revival_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gothic and Revival architecture (page does not exist)">Gothic and Revival</a> style, on the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a> campus</figcaption></figure> In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-75">[71]</a>: 53–60 In 1857, the college moved from the King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Revival">Gothic Revival</a> campus on 49th Street and <a href="/wiki/Madison_Avenue" title="Madison Avenue">Madison Avenue</a>, where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the presidency of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._P._Barnard" title="Frederick A. P. Barnard">Frederick A. P. Barnard</a>, for whom <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> is named, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to the university's refusal to accept women.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> In 1896, university president <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a> moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Matthews_19042-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-hewitt18962-77">[73]</a> Under the leadership of Low's successor, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the multiversity model that later universities would adopt.<a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Columbia2-11">[11]</a> Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers College">Teachers College</a>, as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hoadley_Dodge" title="Grace Hoadley Dodge">Grace Hoadley Dodge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McCaughey20032-66">[62]</a> Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC2-78">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a> and <a href="/wiki/Student_activism_at_Columbia_University" title="Student activism at Columbia University">Student activism at Columbia University</a></div> In the 1940s, faculty members, including <a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">I. I. Rabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Polykarp Kusch</a>, began what became the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>, creating the first nuclear fission reactor in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and researching <a href="/wiki/Gaseous_diffusion" title="Gaseous diffusion">gaseous diffusion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broad2-79">[75]</a> In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College.<a href="#cite_note-McCaughey20032-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu2-80">[76]</a> The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to the university at large.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a> There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the <a href="/wiki/School_of_General_Studies" title="School of General Studies">School of General Studies</a> in response to the return of <a href="/wiki/GI_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="GI (military)">GIs</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for <a href="/wiki/Non-traditional_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-traditional students">non-traditional students</a> (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> The same year, the Division of Special Programs, later called the School of Continuing Education and now the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Professional_Studies" title="Columbia University School of Professional Studies">School of Professional Studies</a>, was established to reprise the former role of University Extension.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in a diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs">School of International and Public Affairs</a> was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Bicentennial" title="Columbia University Bicentennial">Columbia University Bicentennial</a> was celebrated in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> During the 1960s, student activism reached a climax with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">protests in the spring of 1968</a>, when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, <a href="/wiki/Grayson_Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Grayson Kirk">Grayson Kirk</a>, and the establishment of the University Senate.<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Though several schools in the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983,<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> after a decade of failed negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a>, the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools.<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a> Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">presidents of Columbia University</a> and Barnard College.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into a major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_the_Arts" title="Columbia University School of the Arts">School of the Arts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Professional_Studies" title="Columbia University School of Professional Studies">School of Professional Studies</a> were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University School of International and Public Affairs">School of International and Public Affairs</a>, which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> In fall of 2023, pro-Palestine student activists organized protests in response to the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>, with counter-protests from pro-<a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> activists.<a href="#cite_note-svrluga16april-96">[92]</a> The students were protesting against the alleged<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">genocide of Palestinians</a> in Gaza by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a>, with significant faculty support for the protests.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Protestors were reported to have yelled “October 7th is going to be every day for you,” toward Jewish students.<a href="#cite_note-:6-99">[95]</a> In January 2024, students who were former IDF soldiers were accused of attacking pro-Palestine demonstrators with noxious chemicals in what the interim provost <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Mitchell_(scholar)" title="Dennis Mitchell (scholar)">Dennis Mitchell</a> said was “what appears to have been serious crimes, possibly hate crimes”.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> One of the students suspected in the attack was initially placed on interim suspension<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> before later being suspended through May 2025. In April 2024, the suspended student sued Columbia, alleging that the school subjected him to "biased misconduct proceedings" and that he had used fart sprays such as "<a href="/wiki/Liquid_Ass" title="Liquid Ass">Liquid Ass</a>" rather than harmful chemicals.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> Following a joint investigation by the NYPD and Columbia, the school concluded that the chemical substance was a "non-toxic, legal, novelty item".<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> On April 17, 2024, Columbia president <a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Minouche Shafik</a> was questioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Education_and_the_Workforce" title="United States House Committee on Education and the Workforce">House Committee on Education and the Workforce</a> on the topic of antisemitism on campus. While Shafik was in Washington, DC, student activists began renewed protests,<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> leading to what CNN described as a "full-blown crisis" over tensions stemming from a <a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupation">pro-Palestinian campus occupation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> These protests at Columbia sparked <a href="/wiki/List_of_pro-Palestinian_protests_on_university_campuses_in_the_United_States_in_2024" title="List of pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses in the United States in 2024">similar pro-Palestinian protests</a> at universities across the USA.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> As the protests expanded in scale and notoriety, students and faculty, including people of Jewish heritage, pushed back against the silencing of anti-Zionist voices and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_at_Columbia_University" title="Antisemitism at Columbia University">accusations of anti-semitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> This sentiment was later repeated in an open letter by Columbia faculty that criticized the findings of the university's antisemitism task force.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> On April 22, 2024 the university moved all in-person classes online,<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> with President Shafik saying that this decision would "deescalate the rancor and give us all a chance to consider next steps".<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> In late April, several participants in the <a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupations" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations">campus encampment</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)" title="Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)">Hamilton Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> While inside, these protestors overturned furniture, broke windows, and erected barricades.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> On April 30, Columbia University called <a href="/wiki/New_York_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Police Department">New York Police Department</a> to clear Hamilton Hall.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> Around 9 PM that night, NYPD officers in riot gear used a siege ladder to access the second floor of Hamilton Hall and subsequently removed the demonstrators occupying it, dozens of whom were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The actions taken against the demonstrators by the NYPD in riot armour while clearing <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)" title="Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)">Hamilton Hall</a> inspired the rap song <a href="/wiki/Hind%27s_Hall" title="Hind's Hall">'Hinds Hall'</a> by <a href="/wiki/Macklemore" title="Macklemore">Macklemore</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> who described the police as "actors in badges" in the song.<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> In June, the charges against most of the participants in the occupation of Hamilton Hall were dropped.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> In mid-August 2024, three deans and <a href="/wiki/Minouche_Shafik" title="Minouche Shafik">Minouche Shafik</a>, the 20th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">president</a> of the university, resigned in the wake of the campus protests.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> In late August, the university's antisemitism task force reported that the university had failed to prevent violence and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_at_Columbia_University" title="Antisemitism at Columbia University">hate or protect Jews in the university</a>. According to the report, antisemitism has "affected the entire university community" and was carried out by both faculty and students.<a href="#cite_note-:6-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The task force on anti-semitism was criticised by a group of 24 Jewish faculty (as well as 16 non-Jewish faculty) and Jewish students for misrepresentations, omission of key context and equating anti-Zionism with antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Campus">Campus</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morningside_Heights">Morningside Heights</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_College_Walk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Columbia_College_Walk.jpg/220px-Columbia_College_Walk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Columbia_College_Walk.jpg/220px-Columbia_College_Walk.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Columbia_College_Walk.jpg/330px-Columbia_College_Walk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Columbia_College_Walk.jpg/440px-Columbia_College_Walk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>College Walk</figcaption></figure> The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Morningside Heights, Manhattan">Morningside Heights</a> on <a href="/wiki/Seth_Low" title="Seth Low">Seth Low</a>'s late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along <a href="/wiki/Beaux-Arts_architecture" title="Beaux-Arts architecture">Beaux-Arts</a> planning principles by the architects <a href="/wiki/McKim,_Mead_%26_White" title="McKim, Mead & White">McKim, Mead & White</a>. Columbia's main campus occupies more than six <a href="/wiki/City_block" title="City block">city blocks</a>, or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City, a neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_tunnels" title="Columbia University tunnels">an extensive tunnel system</a>, more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating the present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off.<a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/220px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="660"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/220px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/330px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg/440px-Butler_Library_-_1000px_-_AC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> is the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Libraries" title="Columbia University Libraries">Columbia University Libraries</a> system and one of the largest buildings on the campus. It was completed in 1934 and renamed to Butler Library in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Library_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Library System">Columbia's library system</a> includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[125]</a> Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>. <a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Hall" title="Philosophy Hall">Philosophy Hall</a> is listed as the site of the invention of <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Also listed is <a href="/wiki/Pupin_Hall" title="Pupin Hall">Pupin Hall</a>, another <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a>, which houses the physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>. The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Other buildings listed include <a href="/wiki/Casa_Italiana" title="Casa Italiana">Casa Italiana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Psi,_Alpha_Chapter_building" title="Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building">Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Hall" title="Earl Hall">Earl Hall</a>, and the buildings of the affiliated <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary (New York City)">Union Theological Seminary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycland-133">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg/220px-Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2572"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg/220px-Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg/330px-Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg/440px-Union_Theological_Seminary_NYC_001_002_combined.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York">Union Theological Seminary</a></figcaption></figure> A statue by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> called <a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)" title="Alma Mater (New York sculpture)">Alma Mater</a> is centered on the front steps of <a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a>. The statue represents a personification of the traditional image of the university as an <a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">alma mater</a>, or "nourishing mother", draped in an academic gown and seated on a throne. She wears a <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a> on her head and holds in her right hand a scepter capped by a King's Crown, a traditional symbol of the university. A book, representing learning, rests on her lap. The arms of her throne end in lamps, representing "Sapientia et Doctrina", or "Wisdom and Learning"; on the back of the throne is embossed an image of <a href="/wiki/Heraldry_of_Columbia_University" title="Heraldry of Columbia University">the seal of the university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:52-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_college" title="Women's college">women's college</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> "The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_pano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from Butler Library and facing Low Memorial Library"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/1200px-Columbia_pano.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13687" data-file-height="2199"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1200px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/1200px-Columbia_pano.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1200" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/1800px-Columbia_pano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Columbia_pano.jpg/2400px-Columbia_pano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_pano.jpg" title="File:Columbia pano.jpg"> </a></div>Panoramic view of the Morningside Heights campus as seen from <a href="/wiki/Butler_Library" title="Butler Library">Butler Library</a> and facing <a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_campuses">Other campuses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LDEO_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LDEO_Entrance.jpg/220px-LDEO_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LDEO_Entrance.jpg/220px-LDEO_Entrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LDEO_Entrance.jpg/330px-LDEO_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/LDEO_Entrance.jpg/440px-LDEO_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lamont Campus entrance in <a href="/wiki/Palisades,_New_York" title="Palisades, New York">Palisades</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1230" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg/330px-Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg/440px-Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons_entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Vagelos_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons">College of Physicians and Surgeons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a></figcaption></figure> In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in <a href="/wiki/Manhattanville" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattanville">Manhattanville</a>, an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from <a href="/wiki/125th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="125th Street (Manhattan)">125th Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/133rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="133rd Street (Manhattan)">133rd Street</a>, Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of the Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The $7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker_Building_(Columbia_University)" title="Studebaker Building (Columbia University)">Studebaker Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prentis_Hall" title="Prentis Hall">Prentis Hall</a>, and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m2) of space for the university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, the State of New York's <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Development_Corporation" title="Empire State Development Corporation">Empire State Development Corporation</a> approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies the right to appropriate private property for public use.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> On May 20, 2009, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Public_Authorities_Control_Board" title="New York State Public Authorities Control Board">New York State Public Authorities Control Board</a> approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/NewYork-Presbyterian_Hospital" title="NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital">NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital</a> is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. According to U.S. News & World Report's "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Vagelos_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons">medical school</a> has a strategic partnership with <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Psychiatric_Institute" title="New York State Psychiatric Institute">New York State Psychiatric Institute</a>, and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals in other countries. Health-related schools are located at the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University Medical Center">Columbia University Medical Center</a>, a 20-acre (8.1 ha) campus located in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a>, fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through the NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood</a>), Columbia owns the 26-acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence A. Wien Stadium">Lawrence A. Wien Stadium</a> as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There is a third campus on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, the 157-acre (64 ha) <a href="/wiki/Lamont%E2%80%93Doherty_Earth_Observatory" title="Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory">Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory</a> and Earth Institute in <a href="/wiki/Palisades,_New_York" title="Palisades, New York">Palisades</a>, New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) <a href="/wiki/Nevis_Laboratories" title="Nevis Laboratories">Nevis Laboratories</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irvington,_New_York" title="Irvington, New York">Irvington, New York</a>, for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at <a href="/wiki/Reid_Hall" title="Reid Hall">Reid Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Columbia2-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h3></div> In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce the university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> <a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG/220px-116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="406"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG/220px-116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG/330px-116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG/440px-116th_Street_Columbia_University_Station.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Access to Columbia is enhanced by the <a href="/wiki/116th_Street%E2%80%93Columbia_University_(IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line)" class="mw-redirect" title="116th Street–Columbia University (IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line)">116th Street–Columbia University</a> subway station (<a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)">1</a> train) on the <a href="/wiki/IRT_Broadway%E2%80%93Seventh_Avenue_Line" title="IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line">IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line</a>.</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/A._W._Kuchler" title="A. W. Kuchler">A. W. Kuchler</a> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Potential_natural_vegetation" title="Potential natural vegetation">potential natural vegetation</a> types, Columbia University would have a dominant vegetation type of Appalachian <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> (104) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hardwood</a> Forest (25).<a href="#cite_note-Conservation_Biology_Institute2-154">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Transportation" title="Columbia Transportation">Columbia Transportation</a> is the bus service of the university, operated by <a href="/wiki/Academy_Bus_Lines" title="Academy Bus Lines">Academy Bus Lines</a>. The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all <a href="/wiki/The_School_at_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="The School at Columbia">TSC</a> students can ride the buses.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/1_(New_York_City_Subway_service)" title="1 (New York City Subway service)"><noscript><img alt='"1" train' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/20px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png" data-alt='"1" train' data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/30px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg/40px-NYCS-bull-trans-1-Std.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> train serves the university at <a href="/wiki/116th_Street%E2%80%93Columbia_University_station" title="116th Street–Columbia University station">116th Street-Columbia University</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M4_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="M4 (New York City bus)">M4</a>, <a href="/wiki/M104_(New_York_City_bus)" title="M104 (New York City bus)">M104</a> and <a href="/wiki/M60_(New_York_City_bus)" title="M60 (New York City bus)">M60</a> buses stop on Broadway while the <a href="/wiki/M11_(New_York_City_bus)" title="M11 (New York City bus)">M11</a> stops on Amsterdam Avenue. The main campus is primarily boxed off by the streets of Amsterdam Avenue, <a href="/wiki/Broadway_(Manhattan)" title="Broadway (Manhattan)">Broadway</a>, 114th street, and 120th street, with some buildings, including Barnard College, located just outside the area. The nearest major highway is the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Parkway" title="Henry Hudson Parkway">Henry Hudson Parkway</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Route_9A" title="New York State Route 9A">NY 9A</a>) to the west of the campus. It is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) south of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undergraduate_admissions_and_financial_aid">Undergraduate admissions and financial aid</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanamquad.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vanamquad.JPEG/220px-Vanamquad.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vanamquad.JPEG/220px-Vanamquad.JPEG" data-width="220" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Vanamquad.JPEG/330px-Vanamquad.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Vanamquad.JPEG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Van_Amringe_(sculpture)" title="John Howard Van Amringe (sculpture)">Van Amringe Quadrangle and Memorial</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Undergraduate admissions statistics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="position:relative;">2021 entering class<a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a>Change vs. 2016<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></div><hr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Admit rate</th><td class="infobox-data">3.9% <div style="float:right;">(<noscript><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" data-alt="Neutral decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  −2.1)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yield_(college_admissions)" title="Yield (college admissions)">Yield rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">66.5% <div style="float:right;">(<noscript><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" data-alt="Increase" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  +1.4)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lavender;">Test scores <a href="/wiki/Interquartile_range" title="Interquartile range">middle 50%</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> Total</th><td class="infobox-data">1510–1560 <div style="float:right;">(<noscript><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 11px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" data-alt="Decrease" data-width="11" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  −10 median)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a> Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students is $46,516.<a href="#cite_note-stat2-159">[155]</a> In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $65,860 (including room and board).<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> The college is <a href="/wiki/Need-blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Need-blind">need-blind</a> for domestic applicants.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus <a href="/wiki/John_Kluge" title="John Kluge">John Kluge</a> to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting the <a href="/wiki/Common_Application" title="Common Application">Common Application</a>. The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> university to switch to the Common Application.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by the admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences".<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> In 1919, Columbia established a student application process characterized by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Columbia Graduate/Professional Schools<a href="#cite_note-:3-167">[163]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>College/school </td> <td>Year founded </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons</a> </td> <td>1767 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Dental_Medicine" title="Columbia University College of Dental Medicine">College of Dental Medicine</a> </td> <td>1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> </td> <td>1858 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> </td> <td>1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences">Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</a> </td> <td>1880 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Architecture,_Planning_and_Preservation" title="Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation">Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation</a> </td> <td>1881 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a> (affiliate) </td> <td>1887 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Nursing" title="Columbia University School of Nursing">Columbia University School of Nursing</a> </td> <td>1892 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Social_Work" title="Columbia University School of Social Work">Columbia University School of Social Work</a> </td> <td>1898 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a> </td> <td>1912 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Business_School" title="Columbia Business School">Columbia Business School</a> </td> <td>1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Mailman_School_of_Public_Health" title="Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health">Mailman School of Public Health</a> </td> <td>1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary" title="Union Theological Seminary">Union Theological Seminary</a> (affiliate) </td> <td>1836, affiliate since 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs,_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University">School of International and Public Affairs</a> </td> <td>1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_the_Arts" title="Columbia University School of the Arts">School of the Arts</a> </td> <td>1965 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Professional_Studies" title="Columbia University School of Professional Studies">School of Professional Studies</a> </td> <td>1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Climate_School" title="Columbia Climate School">Columbia Climate School</a> </td> <td>2020 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin-left:1em; font-size:90%; line-height:1.4em; width:300px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center;">Columbia Undergraduate Schools<a href="#cite_note-:3-167">[163]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>College/school </td> <td>Year founded </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a> </td> <td>1754 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> </td> <td>1864 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> (affiliate) </td> <td>1889 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> (affiliate) </td> <td>1886 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University School of General Studies">Columbia University School of General Studies</a> </td> <td>1947 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_University_(52009406881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg/330px-Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg/440px-Columbia_University_%2852009406881%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a> on the Columbia University campus</figcaption></figure> Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian and <a href="/wiki/Not-for-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Not-for-profit">not-for-profit</a> institution of higher education.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> Its official corporate name is <a href="/wiki/Trustees_of_Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York">Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York</a>. In 1754, the university's first charter was granted by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a>; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barnard_College,_June_4,_1913_(LOC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="673"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg/220px-Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg/330px-Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg/440px-Barnard_College%2C_June_4%2C_1913_%28LOC%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> Class of 1913 processes down the steps of Low Library.</figcaption></figure> Columbia has four official undergraduate colleges: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College_of_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia College of Columbia University">Columbia College</a>, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree; the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering), the engineering and applied science school offering the Bachelor of Science degree; the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University School of General Studies">School of General Studies</a>, the liberal arts college offering the Bachelor of Arts degree to non-traditional students undertaking full- or part-time study; and <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> is a women's liberal arts college and an academic affiliate in which students receive a Bachelor of Arts degree from Columbia University. Their degrees are signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College.<a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> Barnard students are also eligible to cross-register classes that are available through the Barnard Catalogue and alumnae can join the Columbia Alumni Association.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Joint degree programs are available through <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_Seminary_in_the_City_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York">Union Theological Seminary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Teachers College">Teachers College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> are official faculties of the university; both colleges' presidents are deans under the university governance structure.<a href="#cite_note-columbia.edu2-177">[173]</a> The Columbia University Senate includes faculty and student representatives from Teachers College and Barnard College who serve two-year terms; all senators are accorded full voting privileges regarding matters impacting the entire university. Teachers College is an affiliated, financially independent graduate school with their own board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-senate.columbia.edu2-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB2-179">[175]</a> Pursuant to an affiliation agreement, Columbia is given the authority to confer "degrees and diplomas" to the graduates of Teachers College. The degrees are signed by presidents of Teachers College and Columbia University in a manner analogous to the university's other graduate schools.<a href="#cite_note-secretary.columbia.edu2-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-columbia.edu2-177">[173]</a> Columbia's General Studies school also has joint undergraduate programs available through <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>,<a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>,<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-college.columbia2-186">[182]</a> The university also has several <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Global_Centers" title="Columbia Global Centers">Columbia Global Centers</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_partnerships">International partnerships</h3></div> Columbia students can study abroad for a semester or a year at partner institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_hautes_%C3%A9tudes_en_sciences_sociales" class="mw-redirect" title="École des hautes études en sciences sociales">École des hautes études en sciences sociales</a> (EHESS), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale_sup%C3%A9rieure" title="École normale supérieure">École normale supérieure</a> (ENS), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris_1_Pantheon-Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne">Panthéon-Sorbonne University</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a>. Select students can study at either the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> or the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> for a year if approved by both Columbia and either Oxford or Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a> Columbia also has a dual MA program with the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_University" title="Aga Khan University">Aga Khan University</a> in London. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings">Rankings</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">Academic rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">National</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Top_Colleges" title="America's Top Colleges">Forbes</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Forbes_NU-190">[186]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_NU-191">[187]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">13 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly_college_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monthly college rankings">Washington Monthly</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_Wamo_NU-192">[188]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">WSJ</a>/College Pulse<a href="#cite_note-Rankings_WSJ_NU-193">[189]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">14</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lavender;">Global</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_QS_W-194">[190]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">34 (tie)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_THES_W-195">[191]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">17</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Global_Universities_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a><a href="#cite_note-Rankings_USNWR_W-196">[192]</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: right;">9</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="float:right; text-align:center"> <caption style="background-color:#B9D9EB;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #1D4F91, inset -2px -2px 0 #1D4F91;">National Program Rankings<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Grad_School_Rankings-197">[193]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Program </th> <th scope="col">Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Biological Sciences </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Business </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chemistry </th> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Computer Science </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Earth Sciences </th> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Economics </th> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Engineering </th> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">English </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Fine Arts </th> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Health Care Management </th> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">History </th> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Law </th> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mathematics </th> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Medicine: Primary Care </th> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Medicine: Research </th> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nursing: Doctorate </th> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nursing: Master's </th> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nursing–Anesthesia </th> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nursing–Midwifery </th> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Occupational Therapy </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Physical Therapy </th> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Physics </th> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Political Science </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Psychology </th> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Public Affairs </th> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Public Health </th> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Social Work </th> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sociology </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Statistics </th> <td>5 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="float:right; text-align:center"> <caption style="background-color:#B9D9EB;color:black;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #1D4F91, inset -2px -2px 0 #1D4F91;">Global Program Rankings<a href="#cite_note-USNWR_Global_Univ_Rankings-198">[194]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Program </th> <th scope="col">Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Arts & Humanities </th> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Biology & Biochemistry </th> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems </th> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Chemistry </th> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Clinical Medicine </th> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Computer Science </th> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Economics & Business </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Electrical & Electronic Engineering </th> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Engineering </th> <td>114 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Environment/Ecology </th> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Geosciences </th> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Immunology </th> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Materials Science </th> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mathematics </th> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Microbiology </th> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Molecular Biology & Genetics </th> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Neuroscience & Behavior </th> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Oncology </th> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Pharmacology & Toxicology </th> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Physics </th> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Plant & Animal Science </th> <td>202 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Psychiatry/Psychology </th> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Social Sciences & Public Health </th> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Space Science </th> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Surgery </th> <td>27 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> Columbia University is ranked 12th in the United States and seventh globally for 2023–2024 by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. QS University Rankings listed Columbia as fifth in the United States. Ranked 15th among U.S. colleges for 2020 by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>, in recent years it has been ranked as high as second. Individual colleges and schools were also nationally ranked by U.S. News & World Report for its 2021 edition. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia Law School</a> was ranked fourth, the <a href="/wiki/Mailman_School_of_Public_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Mailman School of Public Health">Mailman School of Public Health</a> fourth, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Social_Work" title="Columbia University School of Social Work">School of Social Work</a> tied for third, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Business_School" title="Columbia Business School">Columbia Business School</a> eighth, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_College_of_Physicians_and_Surgeons" title="Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons">College of Physicians and Surgeons</a> tied for sixth for research (and tied for 31st for primary care), the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_Nursing" title="Columbia University School of Nursing">School of Nursing</a> tied for 11th in the master's program and tied for first in the doctorate nursing program, and the <a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> (graduate) was ranked tied for 14th. In 2021, Columbia was ranked seventh in the world (sixth in the United States) by <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, sixth in the world by U.S. News & World Report, 19th in the world by <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, and 11th globally by Times Higher Education World University Rankings. It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Harvard, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance" title="Center for Measuring University Performance">Center for Measuring University Performance</a>. Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Graduate_School_of_Architecture,_Planning_and_Preservation" title="Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation">Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation</a> was ranked the second most admired graduate program by <a href="/wiki/Architectural_Record" title="Architectural Record">Architectural Record</a> in 2020. In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Mines_ParisTech_:_Professional_Ranking_World_Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Mines ParisTech : Professional Ranking World Universities">Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities</a> ranked Columbia third best university for forming <a href="/wiki/CEOs" class="mw-redirect" title="CEOs">CEOs</a> in the US and 12th worldwide. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversies">Controversies</h4></div> In 2022, Columbia's reporting of metrics used for university ranking was criticized by Professor of Mathematics <a href="/wiki/Michael_Thaddeus" title="Michael Thaddeus">Michael Thaddeus</a>, who argued key data supporting the ranking was "inaccurate, dubious or highly misleading."<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a> Subsequently, U.S. News & World Report "unranked" Columbia from its 2022 list of Best Colleges saying that it could not verify the data submitted by the university.<a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> In June 2023, Columbia University announced their undergraduate schools would no longer participate in U.S. News & World Report's rankings, following the lead of its law, medical and nursing schools. A press release cited concerns that such rankings unduly influence applicants and "distill a university's profile into a composite of data categories."<a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HavemeyerFront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HavemeyerFront.jpg/220px-HavemeyerFront.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="330"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HavemeyerFront.jpg/220px-HavemeyerFront.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/HavemeyerFront.jpg/330px-HavemeyerFront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/HavemeyerFront.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Havemeyer_Hall" title="Havemeyer Hall">Havemeyer Hall</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Chemical_Landmarks" title="National Historic Chemical Landmarks">National Historic Chemical Landmark</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> was discovered in 1931. Research conducted in Havemeyer has been recognized with seven <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prizes in Chemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> Columbia is <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education" title="Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education">classified</a> among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity".<a href="#cite_note-204">[200]</a> Columbia was the first North American site where the <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> atom was split. The College of Physicians and Surgeons played a central role in developing the modern understanding of neuroscience with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Neural_Science" title="Principles of Neural Science">Principles of Neural Science</a>, described by historian of science Katja Huenther as the "neuroscience 'bible' ".<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> The book was written by a team of Columbia researchers that included Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_H._Schwartz_(neurobiologist)" title="James H. Schwartz (neurobiologist)">James H. Schwartz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jessell" title="Thomas Jessell">Thomas Jessell</a>. Columbia was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" title="Brain–computer interface">brain-computer interface</a> capable of translating brain signals into speech was developed by <a href="/wiki/Neural_engineering" title="Neural engineering">neuroengineers</a> at Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by <a href="/wiki/Dimitris_Anastassiou" title="Dimitris Anastassiou">Dimitris Anastassiou</a>, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. Biologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Martin Chalfie</a> was the first to introduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Green_Fluorescent_Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Fluorescent Protein">Green Fluorescent Protein</a> (GFP) in labeling cells in intact organisms.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidification (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">Session Initiation Protocol</a> (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), <a href="/wiki/Pharmacopeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacopeia">pharmacopeia</a>, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue <a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a>, and Beamprop (used in photonics).<a href="#cite_note-inventions_nind2-211">[207]</a> Columbia scientists have been credited with about 175 new inventions in the health sciences each year.<a href="#cite_note-inventions_nind2-211">[207]</a> More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia reached the market. These include <a href="/wiki/Remicade" class="mw-redirect" title="Remicade">Remicade</a> (for arthritis), <a href="/wiki/Reopro" class="mw-redirect" title="Reopro">Reopro</a> (for blood clot complications), <a href="/wiki/Xalatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Xalatan">Xalatan</a> (for glaucoma), <a href="/wiki/Benefix" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefix">Benefix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latanoprost" title="Latanoprost">Latanoprost</a> (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a> (testing for cardiovascular disease), and <a href="/wiki/Zolinza" class="mw-redirect" title="Zolinza">Zolinza</a> (for cancer therapy).<a href="#cite_note-inventions_stvss2-212">[208]</a> Columbia Technology Ventures (formerly Science and Technology Ventures), as of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements.<a href="#cite_note-inventions_stvss2-212">[208]</a> Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university, more than any university in the world.<a href="#cite_note-inventions_pbitctc2-213">[209]</a> Columbia owns many unique research facilities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Institute_for_Tele-Information" title="Columbia Institute for Tele-Information">Columbia Institute for Tele-Information</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Goddard_Institute_for_Space_Studies" title="Goddard Institute for Space Studies">Goddard Institute for Space Studies</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomical</a> <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> affiliated with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_veteran_enrollment">Military and veteran enrollment</h3></div> Columbia is a long-standing participant of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a> Yellow Ribbon Program, allowing eligible veterans to pursue a Columbia undergraduate degree regardless of socioeconomic status for over 70 years.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> As a part of the Eisenhower Leader Development Program (ELDP) in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, Columbia is the only school in the Ivy League to offer a graduate degree program in organizational psychology to aid military officers in tactical decision making and strategic management.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg/220px-Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1668"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg/220px-Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg/330px-Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg/440px-Lee_C._Bollinger_awarding_the_2003_Pulitzer_Prize_to_Jeffrey_Eugenides.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a> presents the 2003 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a></figcaption></figure> Several prestigious awards are administered by Columbia University, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bancroft_Prize" title="Bancroft Prize">Bancroft Prize</a> in history.<a href="#cite_note-history-216">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[213]</a> Other prizes, which are awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a>, include the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_I._duPont%E2%80%93Columbia_University_Award" title="Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award">Alfred I. duPont–Columbia University Award</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards" title="National Magazine Awards">National Magazine Awards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Moors_Cabot_Prizes" title="Maria Moors Cabot Prizes">Maria Moors Cabot Prizes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/John_Chancellor_Award" title="John Chancellor Award">John Chancellor Award</a>, and the Lukas Prizes, which include the <a href="/wiki/J._Anthony_Lukas_Book_Prize" title="J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize">J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Lynton_History_Prize" title="Mark Lynton History Prize">Mark Lynton History Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> The university also administers the <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Gross_Horwitz_Prize" title="Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize">Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize</a>, which is considered an important precursor to the Nobel Prize, 55 of its 117 recipients having gone on to win either a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> as of October 2024;<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> the <a href="/wiki/W._Alden_Spencer_Award" title="W. Alden Spencer Award">W. Alden Spencer Award</a>;<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Vetlesen_Prize" title="Vetlesen Prize">Vetlesen Prize</a>, which is known as the Nobel Prize of geology;<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Japan-U.S._Friendship_Commission_Prize_for_the_Translation_of_Japanese_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature">Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission Prize for the Translation of Japanese Literature</a>, the oldest such award;<a href="#cite_note-222">[218]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong_award" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong award">Edwin Howard Armstrong award</a>;<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Calderone_Prize" title="Calderone Prize">Calderone Prize</a> in public health;<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ditson_Conductor%27s_Award" title="Ditson Conductor's Award">Ditson Conductor's Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible"> <caption style="font-size:90%">Student body composition as of May 2, 2022 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">White</a> </td> <td align="right">33% </td> <td align="left">33<div style="width:66px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Foreign_national" title="Foreign national">Foreign national</a> </td> <td align="right">18% </td> <td align="left">18<div style="width:36px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> </td> <td align="right">17% </td> <td align="left">17<div style="width:34px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> </td> <td align="right">15% </td> <td align="left">15<div style="width:30px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other<a href="#cite_note-227">[a]</a> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:brown"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black</a> </td> <td align="right">7% </td> <td align="left">7<div style="width:14px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:mediumblue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number"><a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">Economic diversity</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/American_lower_class" title="American lower class">Low-income</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">19% </td> <td align="left">19<div style="width:38px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluent</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[c]</a> </td> <td align="right">81% </td> <td align="left">81<div style="width:162px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> In 2020, Columbia University's student population was 31,455 (8,842 students in undergraduate programs and 22,613 in postgraduate programs), with 45% of the student population identifying themselves as a minority.<a href="#cite_note-:2-230">[223]</a> Twenty-six percent of students at Columbia have family incomes below $60,000. 16% of students at Columbia receive Federal Pell Grants,<a href="#cite_note-231">[224]</a> which mostly go to students whose family incomes are below $40,000. Seventeen percent of students are the first member of their family to attend a four-year college.<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> On-campus housing is guaranteed for all four years as an undergraduate. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_College,_Columbia_University" title="Columbia College, Columbia University">Columbia College</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) share housing in the on-campus residence halls. First-year students usually live in one of the large residence halls situated around South Lawn: <a href="/wiki/Carman_Hall" title="Carman Hall">Carman Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furnald_Hall" title="Furnald Hall">Furnald Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Hall" title="Hartley Hall">Hartley Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wallach_Hall" title="Wallach Hall">Wallach Hall</a> (originally Livingston Hall). Upperclassmen participate in a room selection process, wherein students can pick to live in a mix of either corridor- or apartment-style housing with their friends. The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University School of General Studies">Columbia University School of General Studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnard_College" title="Barnard College">Barnard College</a> and graduate schools have their own apartment-style housing in the surrounding neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> Columbia University is home to many <a href="/wiki/Fraternities_and_sororities_in_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternities and sororities in North America">fraternities, sororities</a>, and co-educational Greek organizations. Approximately 10–15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life.<a href="#cite_note-234">[227]</a> Many Barnard women also join Columbia sororities. There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1836 of the Delta chapter of <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Delta_Phi" title="Alpha Delta Phi">Alpha Delta Phi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spec1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spec1962.jpg/220px-Spec1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="922"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spec1962.jpg/220px-Spec1962.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spec1962.jpg/330px-Spec1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Spec1962.jpg/440px-Spec1962.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Copies of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a> being sold during the <a href="/wiki/1962%E2%80%931963_New_York_City_newspaper_strike" title="1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike">1962–1963 New York City newspaper strike</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg/220px-JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="890" data-file-height="1269"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 314px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg/220px-JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="314" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg/330px-JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg/440px-JesterCoverGWBridge.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">Art Deco</a> cover of the November 1931 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Jester_of_Columbia" title="Jester of Columbia">Jester</a>, celebrating the opening of the <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Daily_Spectator" title="Columbia Daily Spectator">Columbia Daily Spectator</a> is the nation's second-oldest continuously operating daily student newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Blue_and_White" title="The Blue and White">The Blue and White</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[231]</a> is a monthly literary magazine established in 1890 that discusses campus life and local politics. <a href="/wiki/Bwog" title="Bwog">Bwog</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[232]</a> originally an offshoot of The Blue and White but now fully independent, is an online campus news and entertainment source. <a href="/wiki/The_Morningside_Post" title="The Morningside Post">The Morningside Post</a> is a student-run multimedia news publication. Political publications include <a href="/wiki/The_Current_(Columbia_University_journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Current (Columbia University journal)">The Current</a>, a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs;<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Political_Review" title="Columbia Political Review">Columbia Political Review</a>, the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union;<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> and AdHoc, which denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine and deals largely with local political issues and arts events.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> Columbia Magazine is the alumni magazine of Columbia, serving all 340,000+ of the university's alumni. Arts and literary publications include The Columbia Review, the nation's oldest college literary magazine;<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a> Surgam, the literary magazine of <a href="/wiki/The_Philolexian_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="The Philolexian Society">The Philolexian Society</a>;<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Quarto, Columbia University's official undergraduate literary magazine;<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> 4x4, a student-run alternative to Quarto;<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> Columbia, a nationally regarded <a href="/wiki/Literary_journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary journal">literary journal</a>; the Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;<a href="#cite_note-247">[240]</a> and The Mobius Strip, an online arts and literary magazine.<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inside_New_York" title="Inside New York">Inside New York</a> is an annual guidebook to New York City, written, edited, and published by Columbia undergraduates. Through a distribution agreement with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, the book is sold at major retailers and independent bookstores.<a href="#cite_note-249">[242]</a> Columbia is home to numerous undergraduate academic publications. The Columbia Undergraduate Science Journal prints original science research in its two annual publications.<a href="#cite_note-250">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Politics_%26_Society" title="Journal of Politics & Society">Journal of Politics & Society</a> is a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences;<a href="#cite_note-251">[244]</a> Publius is an undergraduate journal of politics established in 2008 and published biannually;<a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> the Columbia East Asia Review allows undergraduates throughout the world to publish original work on China, Japan, Korea, Tibet, and Vietnam and is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Weatherhead_East_Asian_Institute" title="Weatherhead East Asian Institute">Weatherhead East Asian Institute</a>;<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Birch" title="The Birch">The Birch</a> is an undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture that is the first national student-run journal of its kind;<a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> the Columbia Economics Review is the undergraduate economic journal on research and policy supported by the Columbia Economics Department; and the Columbia Science Review is a science magazine that prints general interest articles and faculty profiles.<a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> Humor publications on Columbia's campus include <a href="/wiki/The_Fed_(Columbia_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fed (Columbia newspaper)">The Fed</a>, a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper, and the <a href="/wiki/Jester_of_Columbia" title="Jester of Columbia">Jester of Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[250]</a> Other publications include The Columbian, the undergraduate colleges' annually published yearbook;<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> the Gadfly, a biannual journal of popular philosophy produced by undergraduates;<a href="#cite_note-259">[252]</a> and Rhapsody in Blue, an undergraduate urban studies magazine.<a href="#cite_note-260">[253]</a> Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology and <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Philosophy" title="The Journal of Philosophy">The Journal of Philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat, a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx. Founded in 1961 under the auspices of Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism, the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Journalism_Review" title="Columbia Journalism Review">Columbia Journalism Review</a> (CJR) examines day-to-day press performance as well as the forces that affect that performance. The magazine is published six times a year.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> Former publications include the Columbia University Forum, a review of literature and cultural affairs distributed for free to alumni.<a href="#cite_note-264">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</h3></div> Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">campus radio</a> broadcasting, <a href="/wiki/WKCR-FM" title="WKCR-FM">WKCR-FM</a> and CTV. Many undergraduates are also involved with Barnard's radio station, <a href="/wiki/WBAR_(Barnard_College)" class="mw-redirect" title="WBAR (Barnard College)">WBAR</a>. WKCR, the student run radio station that broadcasts to the Tri-state area, claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the university's affiliation with <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> The station has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at <a href="/wiki/4_Times_Square" title="4 Times Square">4 Times Square</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>. Columbia Television (CTV) is the nation's second oldest <a href="/wiki/Student_television_station" title="Student television station">student television station</a> and the home of CTV News, a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students.<a href="#cite_note-267">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debate_and_Model_UN">Debate and Model UN</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Philolexian_Society" title="Philolexian Society">Philolexian Society</a> is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country.<a href="#cite_note-269">[262]</a> The society annually administers the <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer_Memorial_Bad_Poetry_Contest" title="Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest">Joyce Kilmer Memorial Bad Poetry Contest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[263]</a> The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team competes in tournaments around the country as part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Parliamentary_Debate_Association" title="American Parliamentary Debate Association">American Parliamentary Debate Association</a>, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university.<a href="#cite_note-271">[264]</a> The Columbia International Relations Council and Association (CIRCA), oversees Columbia's <a href="/wiki/Model_United_Nations" title="Model United Nations">Model United Nations</a> activities. CIRCA hosts college and high school Model UN conferences, hosts speakers influential in international politics to speak on campus, and trains students from underprivileged schools in New York in Model UN.<a href="#cite_note-272">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology_and_entrepreneurship">Technology and entrepreneurship</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_(48170362276).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3858" data-file-height="2170"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg/220px-Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg/330px-Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg/440px-Columbia_University_-_Department_of_Physics_%2848170362276%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pupin_Hall" title="Pupin Hall">Pupin Hall</a>, the physics building, showing the rooftop <a href="/wiki/Rutherfurd_Observatory" title="Rutherfurd Observatory">Rutherfurd Observatory</a></figcaption></figure> Columbia is a top supplier of young engineering entrepreneurs for New York City. Over the past 20 years, graduates of Columbia established over 100 technology companies.<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including talks, #StartupColumbia, a conference and venture competition for $250,000, and Ignite@CU, a weekend for undergrads interested in design, engineering, and entrepreneurship. Notable speakers include <a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Peter Thiel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Ohanian" title="Alexis Ohanian">Alexis Ohanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Houston" title="Drew Houston">Drew Houston</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Cuban" title="Mark Cuban">Mark Cuban</a>. As of 2006, CORE had awarded graduate and undergraduate students over $100,000 in seed capital. CampusNetwork, an on-campus social networking site called Campus Network that preceded Facebook, was created and popularized by Columbia engineering student Adam Goldberg in 2003. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> later asked Goldberg to join him in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> to work on Facebook, but Goldberg declined the offer.<a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fu_Foundation_School_of_Engineering_and_Applied_Science" title="Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science">Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science</a> offers a minor in Technical Entrepreneurship through its Center for Technology, Innovation, and Community Engagement. SEAS' entrepreneurship activities focus on community building initiatives in New York and worldwide, made possible through partners such as <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[269]</a> On June 14, 2010, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Bloomberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael R. Bloomberg">Michael R. Bloomberg</a> launched the NYC Media Lab to promote innovations in New York's media industry. Situated at the <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering" title="New York University Tandon School of Engineering">New York University Tandon School of Engineering</a>, the lab is a consortium of Columbia University, <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Economic_Development_Corporation" title="New York City Economic Development Corporation">New York City Economic Development Corporation</a> acting to connect companies with universities in new technology research. The Lab is modeled after similar ones at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford">Stanford</a>, and was established with a $250,000 grant from the New York City Economic Development Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-277">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Leaders_Forum">World Leaders Forum</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg/220px-Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="549"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 323px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg/220px-Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="323" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg/330px-Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Uniwersytet_Columbia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>World Leaders Forum at <a href="/wiki/Low_Memorial_Library" title="Low Memorial Library">Low Memorial Library</a></figcaption></figure> Established in 2003 by university president <a href="/wiki/Lee_C._Bollinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee C. Bollinger">Lee C. Bollinger</a>, the World Leaders Forum at Columbia University provides the opportunity for students and faculty to listen to world leaders in government, religion, industry, finance, and academia.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> Past forum speakers include former president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, the prime minister of India <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a>, former president of Ghana <a href="/wiki/John_Agyekum_Kufuor" class="mw-redirect" title="John Agyekum Kufuor">John Agyekum Kufuor</a>, president of Afghanistan <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a>, prime minister of Russia <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, president of the Republic of Mozambique <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Alberto_Chissano" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquim Alberto Chissano">Joaquim Alberto Chissano</a>, president of the Republic of Bolivia <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Diego_Mesa_Gisbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert">Carlos Diego Mesa Gisbert</a>, president of the Republic of Romania <a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a>, president of the Republic of Latvia <a href="/wiki/Vaira_V%C4%AB%C4%B7e-Freiberga" title="Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga">Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga</a>, the first female president of Finland <a href="/wiki/Tarja_Halonen" title="Tarja Halonen">Tarja Halonen</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Yudhoyono" class="mw-redirect" title="Yudhoyono">Yudhoyono</a> of Indonesia, President <a href="/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf" title="Pervez Musharraf">Pervez Musharraf</a> of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Iraq President <a href="/wiki/Jalal_Talabani" title="Jalal Talabani">Jalal Talabani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, president of the Islamic Republic of Iran <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, financier <a href="/wiki/George_Soros" title="George Soros">George Soros</a>, Mayor of New York City <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Bloomberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael R. Bloomberg">Michael R. Bloomberg</a>, President <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Klaus" title="Václav Klaus">Václav Klaus</a> of the Czech Republic, President <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Kirchner" title="Cristina Fernández de Kirchner">Cristina Fernández de Kirchner</a> of Argentina, former Secretary-General of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg/220px-2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2382" data-file-height="2377"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg/220px-2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg/330px-2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg/440px-2014_Columbia_University_Earl_Hall_from_north.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Earl_Hall" title="Earl Hall">Earl Hall</a> was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> for its role in serving as a venue for meetings and dances of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Queer_Alliance" title="Columbia Queer Alliance">Columbia Queer Alliance</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer <a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a> in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.<a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> The Notes and Keys, the oldest <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> group at Columbia, was founded in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including the Columbia Players, King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), NOMADS (New and Original Material Authored and Directed by Students), LateNite Theatre, Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, and improvisational troupes Alfred and Fruit Paunch.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Queer_Alliance" title="Columbia Queer Alliance">Columbia Queer Alliance</a> is the central Columbia student organization that represents the bisexual, lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. It is the oldest <a href="/wiki/Gay" title="Gay">gay</a> student organization in the world, founded as the Student <a href="/wiki/Homophile_movement" title="Homophile movement">Homophile</a> League in 1967 by students including lifelong activist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Donaldson_(activist)" title="Stephen Donaldson (activist)">Stephen Donaldson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005–06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>".<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> Columbia has several secret societies, including <a href="/wiki/St._Anthony_Hall" title="St. Anthony Hall">St. Anthony Hall</a>, which was founded at the university in 1847, and two senior societies, the <a href="/wiki/Nacoms_and_Sachems" title="Nacoms and Sachems">Nacoms and Sachems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-286">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-287">[280]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Athletics">Athletics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions" title="Columbia Lions">Columbia Lions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bigredmarchingband.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bigredmarchingband.jpg/220px-Bigredmarchingband.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bigredmarchingband.jpg/220px-Bigredmarchingband.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bigredmarchingband.jpg/330px-Bigredmarchingband.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bigredmarchingband.jpg/440px-Bigredmarchingband.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium" title="Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium">Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, home field of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Lions_football" title="Columbia Lions football">Columbia Lions football</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GehrigCU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/GehrigCU.jpg/220px-GehrigCU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/GehrigCU.jpg/220px-GehrigCU.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/GehrigCU.jpg/330px-GehrigCU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/GehrigCU.jpg/440px-GehrigCU.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a>, who attended Columbia University in 1922 and 1923</figcaption></figure> A member institution of the <a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">National Collegiate Athletic Association</a> (NCAA) in <a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I" title="NCAA Division I">Division I</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a>, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports and is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a>. The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Kraft_Field_at_Lawrence_A._Wien_Stadium" title="Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium">Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium</a>. The Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track, and rowing, as well as the new Campbell Sports Center, which opened in January 2013. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball, and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> Former students include <a href="/wiki/Baseball_Hall_of_Famers" class="mw-redirect" title="Baseball Hall of Famers">Baseball Hall of Famers</a> <a href="/wiki/Lou_Gehrig" title="Lou Gehrig">Lou Gehrig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Collins" title="Eddie Collins">Eddie Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">football Hall of Famer</a> <a href="/wiki/Sid_Luckman" title="Sid Luckman">Sid Luckman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_Wiley" title="Marcellus Wiley">Marcellus Wiley</a>, and world champion women's weightlifter <a href="/wiki/Karyn_Marshall" title="Karyn Marshall">Karyn Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tws02oct012-289">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-SI2-290">[283]</a> On May 17, 1939, fledgling <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> broadcast a doubleheader between the Columbia Lions and the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Tigers" title="Princeton Tigers">Princeton Tigers</a> at Columbia's Baker Field, making it the first televised regular athletic event in history.<a href="#cite_note-291">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a> Columbia University participated in multiple firsts within collegiate athletics.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> The football program unfortunately is best known for its record of futility set during the 1980s: between 1983 and 1988, the team lost 44 games in a row, which is still the record for the NCAA <a href="/wiki/Football_Championship_Subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Championship Subdivision">Football Championship Subdivision</a>. The streak was broken on October 8, 1988, with a 16–13 victory over arch-rival <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. That was the Lions' first victory at Wien Stadium, which had been opened during the losing streak and was already four years old.<a href="#cite_note-294">[287]</a> A new tradition has developed with the <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Cup" title="Liberty Cup">Liberty Cup</a>. The Liberty Cup is awarded annually to the winner of the football game between <a href="/wiki/Fordham_University" title="Fordham University">Fordham</a> and Columbia Universities, two of the only three NCAA Division I football teams in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_traditions" title="Columbia University traditions">Columbia University traditions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg/220px-Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="831" data-file-height="1103"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 292px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg/220px-Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="292" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg/330px-Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg/440px-Fly_With_Me_poster.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The program for <a href="/wiki/Fly_With_Me_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly With Me (musical)">Fly With Me</a> (1920), one of the only collaborations between <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hart" title="Lorenz Hart">Lorenz Hart</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Varsity_Show">The Varsity Show</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varsity_Show" title="Varsity Show">Varsity Show</a></div> The Varsity Show is one of the oldest traditions at Columbia. Founded in 1893 as a fundraiser for the university's fledgling athletic teams, the Varsity Show now draws together the entire Columbia undergraduate community for a series of performances every April. Dedicated to producing a unique full-length musical that skewers and satirizes many dubious aspects of life at Columbia, the Varsity Show is written and performed exclusively by university undergraduates. Various renowned playwrights, composers, authors, directors, and actors have contributed to the Varsity Show, either as writers or performers, while students at Columbia, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hart" title="Lorenz Hart">Lorenz Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_J._Mankiewicz" title="Herman J. Mankiewicz">Herman J. Mankiewicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/I._A._L._Diamond" title="I. A. L. Diamond">I. A. L. Diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greta_Gerwig" title="Greta Gerwig">Greta Gerwig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kate_McKinnon" title="Kate McKinnon">Kate McKinnon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-296">[289]</a> Notable past shows include <a href="/wiki/Fly_With_Me_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly With Me (musical)">Fly With Me</a> (1920), <a href="/wiki/The_Streets_of_New_York_(musical)" title="The Streets of New York (musical)">The Streets of New York</a> (1948), The Sky's the Limit (1954), and Angels at Columbia (1994). In particular, Streets of New York, after having been revived three times, opened <a href="/wiki/Off-Broadway" title="Off-Broadway">off-Broadway</a> in 1963 and was awarded a 1964 <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk Award</a>. The Mischief Maker (1903), written by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Woolf" title="Edgar Allan Woolf">Edgar Allan Woolf</a> and Cassius Freeborn, premiered at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1890)" title="Madison Square Garden (1890)">Madison Square Garden</a> in 1906 as <a href="/wiki/Mam%27zelle_Champagne" title="Mam'zelle Champagne">Mam'zelle Champagne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-296">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tree_Lighting_and_Yule_Log_ceremonies">Tree Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG/200px-College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG/200px-College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG/300px-College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG/400px-College_Walk_night_jeh.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tree Lighting at College Walk</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png/200px-Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png/200px-Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png" data-alt="" data-width="200" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png/300px-Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png/400px-Yule_Log_Ceremony_1910.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The first modern Yule Log ceremony in <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a>, 1910</div></div></div></div></div> The campus Tree Lighting ceremony was inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent Hall and <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)" title="Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)">Hamilton Hall</a> on the east end and Dodge Hall and Pulitzer Hall on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Students meet at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_sundial" title="Columbia University sundial">the sundial</a> for free hot chocolate, performances by a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.<a href="#cite_note-298">[291]</a> Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> ceremony dates to a period prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but lapsed before being revived by President <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a> in 1910. A troop of students dressed as <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sundial to the lounge of <a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a>, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The Christmas ceremony is accompanied by a reading of <a href="/wiki/A_Visit_From_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Visit From St. Nicholas">A Visit From St. Nicholas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_There_is_a_Santa_Claus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Pharcellus_Church" title="Francis Pharcellus Church">Francis Pharcellus Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[292]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbia_University_people" title="List of Columbia University people">List of Columbia University people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbia_University_alumni_and_attendees" title="List of Columbia University alumni and attendees">List of Columbia University alumni and attendees</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Columbia_University_people_in_politics,_military_and_law" title="List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law">List of Columbia University people in politics, military and law</a>; and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_gallery plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section contains an unencyclopedic or excessive gallery of images. Please help improve the section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">removing excessive or indiscriminate images</a> or by <a href="/wiki/MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:IMAGERELEVANCE">moving relevant images</a> beside adjacent text, in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Manual of Style on use of images</a>. (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The university has graduated many notable alumni, including five <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">an author</a> of the United States Constitution and <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">a member</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Five" title="Committee of Five">Committee of Five</a>. Three United States presidents have attended Columbia,<a href="#cite_note-parks2-300">[293]</a> as well as ten <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>, including three <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justices</a>. As of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, 125 Pulitzer Prize winners and 39 Oscar winners have attended Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Arts_Alumni2-301">[294]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 101 National Academy members who were alumni.<a href="#cite_note-Members_By_Parent_Institution2-302">[295]</a> In a 2016 ranking of universities worldwide with respect to living graduates who are billionaires, Columbia ranked second, after Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-303">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Thibault2-304">[297]</a> Former U.S. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> attended the law school. Other political figures educated at Columbia include former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-305">[298]</a> Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-306">[299]</a> former U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>,<a href="#cite_note-307">[300]</a> former chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve Bank <a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-308">[301]</a> U.S. Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a>, and U.S. Solicitor General <a href="/wiki/Donald_Verrilli_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Verrilli Jr.">Donald Verrilli Jr.</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[302]</a> The university has also educated 29 foreign <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a>, including president of Georgia <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a>, president of East Timor <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a>, president of Estonia <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> and other historical figures such as <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radovan_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Radovan Karadžić">Radovan Karadžić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a>. One of the founding fathers of modern India and the prime architect of the Constitution of India, <a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a>, was an alumnus.<a href="#cite_note-310">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[304]</a> Alumni of Columbia have occupied top positions in Wall Street and the rest of the business world. Notable members of the <a href="/wiki/Astor_family" title="Astor family">Astor family</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[306]</a> attended Columbia, while other business graduates include investor <a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>,<a href="#cite_note-314">[307]</a> former CEO of PBS and NBC <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_K._Grossman" title="Lawrence K. Grossman">Lawrence K. Grossman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[308]</a> chairman of <a href="/wiki/Walmart" title="Walmart">Walmart</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Robson_Walton" title="S. Robson Walton">S. Robson Walton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-316">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bain_Capital" title="Bain Capital">Bain Capital</a> Co-Managing Partner, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Lavine" title="Jonathan Lavine">Jonathan Lavine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-317">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[311]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Reuters" title="Thomson Reuters">Thomson Reuters</a> CEO <a href="/wiki/Tom_Glocer" title="Tom Glocer">Tom Glocer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[313]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> president <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Martin_(banker)" title="Lynn Martin (banker)">Lynn Martin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[314]</a> and <a href="/wiki/AllianceBernstein" title="AllianceBernstein">AllianceBernstein</a> Chairman and CEO <a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Sanders" title="Lewis A. Sanders">Lewis A. Sanders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-322">[315]</a> CEO's of top Fortune 500 companies include <a href="/wiki/James_P._Gorman" title="James P. Gorman">James P. Gorman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Stanley" title="Morgan Stanley">Morgan Stanley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-323">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Stevens" title="Robert J. Stevens">Robert J. Stevens</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Dauman" title="Philippe Dauman">Philippe Dauman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%932019)" title="Viacom (2005–2019)">Viacom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-325">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bakish" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bakish">Robert Bakish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Global" title="Paramount Global">Paramount Global</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[320]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Burns" title="Ursula Burns">Ursula Burns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Devin_Wenig" title="Devin Wenig">Devin Wenig</a> of <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">EBay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-329">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Pandit" title="Vikram Pandit">Vikram Pandit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-330">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Izzo" title="Ralph Izzo">Ralph Izzo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_Enterprise_Group" title="Public Service Enterprise Group">Public Service Enterprise Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-332">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gail_Koziara_Boudreaux" title="Gail Koziara Boudreaux">Gail Koziara Boudreaux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anthem_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthem (company)">Anthem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-333">[326]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Blake" title="Frank Blake">Frank Blake</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Home_Depot" class="mw-redirect" title="The Home Depot">The Home Depot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[327]</a> Notable labor organizer and women's educator <a href="/wiki/Louise_Leonard_McLaren" title="Louise Leonard McLaren">Louise Leonard McLaren</a> received her degree of Master of Arts from Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-335">[328]</a> In science and technology, Columbia alumni include: founder of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>;<a href="#cite_note-336">[329]</a> inventor of <a href="/wiki/FM_broadcast" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcast">FM radio</a> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Armstrong">Edwin Armstrong</a>;<a href="#cite_note-337">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Mechner" title="Francis Mechner">Francis Mechner</a>; integral in development of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_submarine" title="Nuclear submarine">nuclear submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hyman_G._Rickover" title="Hyman G. Rickover">Hyman Rickover</a>;<a href="#cite_note-338">[331]</a> founder of <a href="/wiki/Google_China" title="Google China">Google China</a> <a href="/wiki/Kai-Fu_Lee" title="Kai-Fu Lee">Kai-Fu Lee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-339">[332]</a> scientists <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Stephen Jay Gould</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Millikan">Robert Millikan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-341">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">Helium–neon laser</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mihajlo_Pupin" title="Mihajlo Pupin">Mihajlo Pupin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-342">[335]</a> chief-engineer of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_Parsons" title="William Barclay Parsons">William Barclay Parsons</a>;<a href="#cite_note-343">[336]</a> philosophers <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Edman" title="Irwin Edman">Irwin Edman</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[337]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Robert Nozick</a>;<a href="#cite_note-345">[338]</a> economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>;<a href="#cite_note-346">[339]</a> psychologist <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Babcock" title="Harriet Babcock">Harriet Babcock</a>;<a href="#cite_note-347">[340]</a> archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Platner_Shear" title="Josephine Platner Shear">Josephine Platner Shear</a>;<a href="#cite_note-:03-348">[341]</a> and sociologists <a href="/wiki/Lewis_A._Coser" title="Lewis A. Coser">Lewis A. Coser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Laub_Coser" title="Rose Laub Coser">Rose Laub Coser</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[343]</a> Many Columbia alumni have gone on to renowned careers in the arts, including composers <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-351">[344]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-352">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Hart" title="Lorenz Hart">Lorenz Hart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-353">[346]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Art_Garfunkel" title="Art Garfunkel">Art Garfunkel</a>;<a href="#cite_note-354">[347]</a> and painter <a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-355">[348]</a> Five United States <a href="/wiki/Poet_Laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Poet Laureate">Poet Laureates</a> received their degrees from Columbia. Columbia alumni have made an indelible mark in the field of American poetry and literature, with such people as <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, pioneers of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a>;<a href="#cite_note-356">[349]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>, seminal figures in the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a>,<a href="#cite_note-357">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[351]</a> all having attended the university. Other notable writers who attended Columbia include authors <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-359">[352]</a> <a href="/wiki/J.D._Salinger" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-360">[353]</a> <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>,<a href="#cite_note-361">[354]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-362">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Valore_Evans" class="mw-redirect" title="Danielle Valore Evans">Danielle Valore Evans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-363">[356]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunter_S._Thompson" title="Hunter S. Thompson">Hunter S. Thompson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[357]</a> In architecture, <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_Stoddart" title="William Lee Stoddart">William Lee Stoddart</a>, a prolific architect of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">U.S. East Coast</a> hotels, is an alumnus.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Obituary-365">[358]</a> University alumni have also been very prominent in the film industry, with 33 alumni and former students winning a combined 43 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> (as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=edit">[update]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Columbia_Arts_Alumni2-301">[294]</a> Some notable Columbia alumni that have gone on to work in film include directors <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (<a href="/wiki/12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)" title="12 Angry Men (1957 film)">12 Angry Men</a>)<a href="#cite_note-366">[359]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Bigelow" title="Kathryn Bigelow">Kathryn Bigelow</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a>),<a href="#cite_note-367">[360]</a> screenwriters <a href="/wiki/Howard_Koch_(screenwriter)" title="Howard Koch (screenwriter)">Howard Koch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a>)<a href="#cite_note-368">[361]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a> (<a href="/wiki/All_About_Eve" title="All About Eve">All About Eve</a>),<a href="#cite_note-369">[362]</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/James_Cagney" title="James Cagney">James Cagney</a>,<a href="#cite_note-370">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Harris" title="Ed Harris">Ed Harris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timoth%C3%A9e_Chalamet" title="Timothée Chalamet">Timothée Chalamet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-371">[364]</a><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Notable Columbia University alumni include:</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alexander Hamilton: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first United States Secretary of the Treasury — King's College"><noscript><img alt="Alexander Hamilton: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first United States Secretary of the Treasury — King's College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/101px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 101px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/101px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" data-alt="Alexander Hamilton: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first United States Secretary of the Treasury — King's College" data-width="101" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/152px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/202px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>: <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a>; author of <a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a>; first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> — King's College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Jay_(Gilbert_Stuart_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Jay: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first Chief Justice of the United States; second Governor of New York — King's College"><noscript><img alt="John Jay: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first Chief Justice of the United States; second Governor of New York — King's College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/93px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3004"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/93px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg" data-alt="John Jay: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first Chief Justice of the United States; second Governor of New York — King's College" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/139px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg/185px-John_Jay_%28Gilbert_Stuart_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>: Founding Father of the United States; author of The Federalist Papers; first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a>; second <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> — King's College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_R_Livingston,_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_(1755-1828).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert R. Livingston: Founding Father of the United States; drafter of the Declaration of Independence; first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs — King's College"><noscript><img alt="Robert R. Livingston: Founding Father of the United States; drafter of the Declaration of Independence; first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs — King's College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg/97px-Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2594" data-file-height="3202"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 97px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg/97px-Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg" data-alt="Robert R. Livingston: Founding Father of the United States; drafter of the Declaration of Independence; first United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs — King's College" data-width="97" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg/146px-Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg/194px-Robert_R_Livingston%2C_attributed_to_Gilbert_Stuart_%281755-1828%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a>: Founding Father of the United States; drafter of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>; first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> — King's College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouverneur_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gouverneur Morris: Founding Father of the United States; author of the United States Constitution; United States Senator from New York — King's College"><noscript><img alt="Gouverneur Morris: Founding Father of the United States; author of the United States Constitution; United States Senator from New York — King's College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gouverneur_Morris.jpg/100px-Gouverneur_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="895"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gouverneur_Morris.jpg/100px-Gouverneur_Morris.jpg" data-alt="Gouverneur Morris: Founding Father of the United States; author of the United States Constitution; United States Senator from New York — King's College" data-width="100" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gouverneur_Morris.jpg/150px-Gouverneur_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gouverneur_Morris.jpg/200px-Gouverneur_Morris.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>: Founding Father of the United States; author of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from New York">New York</a> — King's College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DeWitt_Clinton_by_Rembrandt_Peale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="DeWitt Clinton: United States Senator from New York; 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52nd United States Attorney General — Columbia Law School" data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932_%28cropped%29.jpg/129px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Chief_Justice_Harlan_Fiske_Stone_photograph_circa_1927-1932_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Harlan Fiske Stone</a>: 12th Chief Justice of the United States; 52nd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> — Columbia Law School</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Barr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Barr: 77th and 85th United States Attorney General – Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="William Barr: 77th and 85th United States Attorney General – Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/William_Barr.jpg/96px-William_Barr.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/William_Barr.jpg/96px-William_Barr.jpg" data-alt="William Barr: 77th and 85th United States Attorney General – Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/William_Barr.jpg/144px-William_Barr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/William_Barr.jpg/192px-William_Barr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">William Barr</a>: 77th and 85th United States Attorney General – Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hamilton Fish: 26th United States Secretary of State; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Hamilton Fish: 26th United States Secretary of State; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/87px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1094" data-file-height="1506"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/87px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg" data-alt="Hamilton Fish: 26th United States Secretary of State; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/131px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg/174px-Hamilton_Fish_Brady_Edited.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Hamilton Fish</a>: 26th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>; United States Senator from New York; 16th Governor of New York — Columbia College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Secalbright.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madeleine Albright: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs"><noscript><img alt="Madeleine Albright: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/107px-Secalbright.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1528"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 107px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/107px-Secalbright.jpg" data-alt="Madeleine Albright: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs" data-width="107" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/161px-Secalbright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Secalbright.jpg/215px-Secalbright.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>: 64th United States Secretary of State; first female Secretary of State — School of International and Public Affairs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frances Perkins: fourth United States Secretary of Labor; first female member of any U.S. Cabinet — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Frances Perkins: fourth United States Secretary of Labor; first female member of any U.S. Cabinet — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg/88px-Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1485"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 88px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg/88px-Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg" data-alt="Frances Perkins: fourth United States Secretary of Labor; first female member of any U.S. Cabinet — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="88" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg/132px-Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg/176px-Frances_Perkins_cph.3a04983.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a>: fourth <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">United States Secretary of Labor</a>; first female member of any <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a> — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert A. Millikan: Nobel laureate; measured the elementary electric charge — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Robert A. Millikan: Nobel laureate; measured the elementary electric charge — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/95px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1407" data-file-height="1769"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 95px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/95px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg" data-alt="Robert A. Millikan: Nobel laureate; measured the elementary electric charge — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="95" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/143px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg/191px-Robert_Andrews_Millikan_1920s.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Millikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a>: Nobel laureate; measured the <a href="/wiki/Elementary_electric_charge" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary electric charge">elementary electric charge</a> — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:II_Rabi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi: Nobel Laureate; discovered nuclear magnetic resonance — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Isidor Isaac Rabi: Nobel Laureate; discovered nuclear magnetic resonance — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/80px-II_Rabi.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="1488"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/80px-II_Rabi.jpg" data-alt="Isidor Isaac Rabi: Nobel Laureate; discovered nuclear magnetic resonance — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/120px-II_Rabi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/II_Rabi.jpg/160px-II_Rabi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>: Nobel Laureate; discovered <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance">nuclear magnetic resonance</a> — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwinger.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Julian S. Schwinger: Nobel laureate; pioneer of quantum field theory — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Julian S. Schwinger: Nobel laureate; pioneer of quantum field theory — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/85px-Schwinger.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/85px-Schwinger.jpg" data-alt="Julian S. Schwinger: Nobel laureate; pioneer of quantum field theory — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/127px-Schwinger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Schwinger.jpg/170px-Schwinger.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Julian_S._Schwinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian S. Schwinger">Julian S. Schwinger</a>: Nobel laureate; pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a> — Columbia College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milton Friedman: Nobel laureate, leading member of the Chicago school of economics — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Milton Friedman: Nobel laureate, leading member of the Chicago school of economics — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/96px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2994"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/96px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg" data-alt="Milton Friedman: Nobel laureate, leading member of the Chicago school of economics — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/144px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg/192px-Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>: Nobel laureate, leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics" title="Chicago school of economics">Chicago school of economics</a> — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simon Kuznets: Nobel laureate; invented concept of GDP; Milton Friedman's doctoral advisor — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Simon Kuznets: Nobel laureate; invented concept of GDP; Milton Friedman's doctoral advisor — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg/90px-Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg/90px-Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg" data-alt="Simon Kuznets: Nobel laureate; invented concept of GDP; Milton Friedman's doctoral advisor — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg/135px-Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg/180px-Simon_Kuznets_1971b.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a>: Nobel laureate; invented concept of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>; Milton Friedman's doctoral advisor — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alan Greenspan: 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Alan Greenspan: 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg/91px-Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="2923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg/91px-Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg" data-alt="Alan Greenspan: 13th Chair of the Federal Reserve — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg/136px-Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg/182px-Alan_Greenspan_color_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Alan Greenspan</a>: 13th <a href="/wiki/Chair_of_the_Federal_Reserve" title="Chair of the Federal Reserve">Chair of the Federal Reserve</a> — Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Warren Buffett: CEO of Berkshire Hathaway; one of the world's wealthiest people — Columbia Business School"><noscript><img alt="Warren Buffett: CEO of Berkshire Hathaway; one of the world's wealthiest people — Columbia Business School" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg/98px-Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg/98px-Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg" data-alt="Warren Buffett: CEO of Berkshire Hathaway; one of the world's wealthiest people — Columbia Business School" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg/148px-Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg/197px-Warren_Buffett_KU_Visit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Buffett" title="Warren Buffett">Warren Buffett</a>: CEO of <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" title="Berkshire Hathaway">Berkshire Hathaway</a>; one of the <a href="/wiki/Forbes_list_of_billionaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes list of billionaires">world's wealthiest people</a> — Columbia Business School</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollerith.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herman Hollerith: inventor; co-founder of IBM – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Herman Hollerith: inventor; co-founder of IBM – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/90px-Hollerith.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2667"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/90px-Hollerith.jpg" data-alt="Herman Hollerith: inventor; co-founder of IBM – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/135px-Hollerith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hollerith.jpg/180px-Hollerith.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a>: inventor; co-founder of <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> – School of Engineering and Applied Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Kraft: billionaire; owner of the New England Patriots; chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Robert Kraft: billionaire; owner of the New England Patriots; chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG/90px-Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG/90px-Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG" data-alt="Robert Kraft: billionaire; owner of the New England Patriots; chairman and CEO of the Kraft Group — Columbia College" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG/135px-Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG/179px-Robert_Kraft_at_Patriots_at_Raiders_12-14-08.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kraft" title="Robert Kraft">Robert Kraft</a>: billionaire; owner of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a>; chairman and CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_Group" title="Kraft Group">Kraft Group</a> — Columbia College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodgers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Rodgers: legendary Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award-winning composer; Pulitzer Prize winner — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Richard Rodgers: legendary Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award-winning composer; Pulitzer Prize winner — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/91px-Rodgers.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 91px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/91px-Rodgers.jpg" data-alt="Richard Rodgers: legendary Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony award-winning composer; Pulitzer Prize winner — Columbia College" data-width="91" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/137px-Rodgers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Rodgers.jpg/182px-Rodgers.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a>: legendary <a href="/wiki/Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy Award">Emmy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Award">Tony</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_won_Academy,_Emmy,_Grammy,_and_Tony_Awards#Richard_Rodgers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards">award-winning</a> composer; <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winner — Columbia College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:LangstonHughes_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance poet, novelist, and playwright — School of Engineering and Applied Science"><noscript><img alt="Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance poet, novelist, and playwright — School of Engineering and Applied Science" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/96px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1168"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/96px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg" data-alt="Langston Hughes: Harlem Renaissance poet, novelist, and playwright — School of Engineering and Applied Science" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/144px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/LangstonHughes_crop.jpg/192px-LangstonHughes_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Langston_Hughes" title="Langston Hughes">Langston Hughes</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance" title="Harlem Renaissance">Harlem Renaissance</a> poet, novelist, and playwright — School of Engineering and Applied Science</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance author, anthropologist, and filmmaker — Barnard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance author, anthropologist, and filmmaker — Barnard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg/90px-Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="353"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg/90px-Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg" data-alt="Zora Neale Hurston: Harlem Renaissance author, anthropologist, and filmmaker — Barnard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg/134px-Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg/179px-Zora_Neale_Hurston.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a>: Harlem Renaissance author, anthropologist, and filmmaker — Barnard College, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allen Ginsberg: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Allen Ginsberg: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/90px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2339" data-file-height="3119"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/90px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg" data-alt="Allen Ginsberg: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/135px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg/180px-Allen_Ginsberg_1979_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>: poet; founder of the <a href="/wiki/Beat_Generation" title="Beat Generation">Beat Generation</a> — Columbia College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jack Kerouac: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Jack Kerouac: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/90px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="518"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/90px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png" data-alt="Jack Kerouac: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/135px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png/180px-Kerouac_by_Palumbo_2_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kerouac" title="Jack Kerouac">Jack Kerouac</a>: poet; founder of the Beat Generation — Columbia College</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac.Asimov01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isaac Asimov: science fiction writer; biochemist — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences"><noscript><img alt="Isaac Asimov: science fiction writer; biochemist — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Isaac.Asimov01.jpg/83px-Isaac.Asimov01.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="3671"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Isaac.Asimov01.jpg/83px-Isaac.Asimov01.jpg" data-alt="Isaac Asimov: science fiction writer; biochemist — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences" data-width="83" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Isaac.Asimov01.jpg/124px-Isaac.Asimov01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Isaac.Asimov01.jpg/165px-Isaac.Asimov01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>: science fiction writer; biochemist — School of General Studies, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:J._D._Salinger_(Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="J. D. Salinger: novelist, The Catcher in the Rye — School of General Studies"><noscript><img alt="J. D. Salinger: novelist, The Catcher in the Rye — School of General Studies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/79px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/79px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg" data-alt="J. D. Salinger: novelist, The Catcher in the Rye — School of General Studies" data-width="79" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/119px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg/159px-J._D._Salinger_%28Catcher_in_the_Rye_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>: novelist, <a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a> — School of General Studies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amelia Earhart: first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean — School of General Studies"><noscript><img alt="Amelia Earhart: first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean — School of General Studies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg/96px-Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="701"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg/96px-Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg" data-alt="Amelia Earhart: first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean — School of General Studies" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg/144px-Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg/192px-Amelia_Earhart_1935.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a>: first <a href="/wiki/Women_in_aviation" title="Women in aviation">female aviator</a> to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean — School of General Studies</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jake_Gyllenhaal_(22373266462)_(cropped_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jake Gyllenhaal: actor and film producer — Columbia College"><noscript><img alt="Jake Gyllenhaal: actor and film producer — Columbia College" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/87px-Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="589"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 87px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/87px-Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg" data-alt="Jake Gyllenhaal: actor and film producer — Columbia College" data-width="87" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/131px-Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg/175px-Jake_Gyllenhaal_%2822373266462%29_%28cropped_2%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jake_Gyllenhaal" title="Jake Gyllenhaal">Jake Gyllenhaal</a>: actor and film producer — Columbia College</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculty">Faculty</h3></div> As of 2021, Columbia employs 4,381 faculty, including 70 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-372">[365]</a> 178 members of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<a href="#cite_note-373">[366]</a> and 65 members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[367]</a> In total, the Columbia faculty has included 52 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel laureates</a>, 12 <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> recipients,<a href="#cite_note-375">[368]</a> and 32 <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">National Academy of Engineering</a> members.<a href="#cite_note-376">[369]</a> Columbia University faculty played particularly important roles during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, who attended Columbia Law School. The three core members of Roosevelt's <a href="/wiki/Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_%22Brain_Trust%22" title="Brain trust">Brain Trust</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_A._Berle" title="Adolf A. Berle">Adolf A. Berle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moley" title="Raymond Moley">Raymond Moley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Tugwell" title="Rexford Tugwell">Rexford Tugwell</a>, were law professors at Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-377">[370]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Statistical_Research_Group_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="The Statistical Research Group of World War II">Statistical Research Group</a>, which used statistics to analyze military problems during World War II, was composed of Columbia researchers and faculty including <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-378">[371]</a> Columbia faculty and researchers, including <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Szilard" title="Leo Szilard">Leo Szilard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_T._Booth" title="Eugene T. Booth">Eugene T. Booth</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Dunning" title="John R. Dunning">John R. Dunning</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_B._Pegram" title="George B. Pegram">George B. Pegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Zinn" title="Walter Zinn">Walter Zinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_G._Slack" title="Francis G. Slack">Francis G. Slack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Harold Urey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_L._Anderson" title="Herbert L. Anderson">Herbert L. Anderson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Isaac Rabi</a>, also played a significant role during the early phases of the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a>.<a href="#cite_note-379">[372]</a> Following the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, the exiled <a href="/wiki/University_of_Frankfurt_Institute_for_Social_Research" title="University of Frankfurt Institute for Social Research">Institute for Social Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a> would affiliate itself with Columbia from 1934 to 1950.<a href="#cite_note-380">[373]</a> It was during this period that thinkers including <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a> wrote and published some of the most seminal works of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Reason_and_Revolution" title="Reason and Revolution">Reason and Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_of_Reason_(Horkheimer)" title="Eclipse of Reason (Horkheimer)">Eclipse of Reason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[374]</a> Professors <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism_(book)" title="Orientalism (book)">Orientalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Spivak</a> are generally considered as founders of the field of <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonialism</a>;<a href="#cite_note-382">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[376]</a> other professors that have significantly contributed to the field include <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Hamid Dabashi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Massad" title="Joseph Massad">Joseph Massad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[378]</a> The works of professors <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patricia_J._Williams" title="Patricia J. Williams">Patricia J. Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Thomas" title="Kendall Thomas">Kendall Thomas</a> were foundational to the field of <a href="/wiki/Critical_race_theory" title="Critical race theory">critical race theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-386">[379]</a> Columbia and its affiliated faculty have also made significant contributions to the study of religion. The affiliated Union Theological Seminary is a center of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Christianity</a> in the United States, having served as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Black_theology" title="Black theology">Black theology</a> through the efforts of faculty including <a href="/wiki/James_H._Cone" title="James H. Cone">James H. Cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">Cornel West</a>,<a href="#cite_note-387">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[381]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a>, through the works of <a href="/wiki/Katie_Cannon" title="Katie Cannon">Katie Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilie_Townes" title="Emilie Townes">Emilie Townes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delores_S._Williams" title="Delores S. Williams">Delores S. Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-389">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[384]</a> Likewise, the Jewish Theological Seminary of America was the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> movement in the United States, which was founded and led by faculty members including <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Schechter" title="Solomon Schechter">Solomon Schechter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kohut" title="Alexander Kohut">Alexander Kohut</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ginzberg" title="Louis Ginzberg">Louis Ginzberg</a> in the early 20th century, and is a major center for Jewish studies in general.<a href="#cite_note-392">[385]</a> Other schools of thought in the humanities Columbia professors made significant contributions toward include the <a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/William_Archibald_Dunning" title="William Archibald Dunning">William Archibald Dunning</a>;<a href="#cite_note-393">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithLoweryxi2-394">[387]</a> the anthropological schools of <a href="/wiki/Historical_particularism" title="Historical particularism">historical particularism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>;<a href="#cite_note-395">[388]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">functional psychology</a>, whose founders and proponents include <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McKeen_Cattell" title="James McKeen Cattell">James McKeen Cattell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Thorndike" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward L. Thorndike">Edward L. Thorndike</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Woodworth" title="Robert S. Woodworth">Robert S. Woodworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[389]</a> Notable figures that have served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">president of Columbia University</a> include <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">34th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">4th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from Connecticut <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Murray Butler</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> Notable Columbia University faculty include <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Bollinger" title="Lee Bollinger">Lee Bollinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Boas" title="Franz Boas">Franz Boas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Edward Sapir</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Beard" title="Charles A. Beard">Charles A. Beard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Edward Said</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Jack Steinberger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Joachim Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mundell" title="Robert Mundell">Robert Mundell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Okounkov" title="Andrei Okounkov">Andrei Okounkov</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li></ul><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Glacier_(Alaska)" title="Columbia Glacier (Alaska)">Columbia Glacier</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, U.S., named for Columbia University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_MM" title="Columbia MM">Columbia MM</a>, a text-based mail client developed at Columbia University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Non-neutral_Torus" title="Columbia Non-neutral Torus">Columbia Non-neutral Torus</a>, a small stellarator at the Columbia University Plasma Physics Laboratory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Princeton_Electronic_Music_Center_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (album)">Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center</a>, an album of electronic music released in 1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Revolt" title="Columbia Revolt">Columbia Revolt</a>, a black-and-white 1968 documentary film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Scholastic_Press_Association" title="Columbia Scholastic Press Association">Columbia Scholastic Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_School_of_Linguistics" title="Columbia School of Linguistics">Columbia School of Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Spelling_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia Spelling Board">Columbia Spelling Board</a>, a historic etymological organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Unbecoming_controversy" title="Columbia Unbecoming controversy">Columbia Unbecoming controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_in_popular_culture" title="Columbia University in popular culture">Columbia University in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Partnership_for_International_Development" title="Columbia University Partnership for International Development">Columbia University Partnership for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Columbia_(Colorado)" title="Mount Columbia (Colorado)">Mount Columbia</a>, a mountain in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, U.S., named for Columbia University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutellagate" title="Nutellagate">Nutellagate</a>, a controversy surrounding high <a href="/wiki/Nutella" title="Nutella">Nutella</a> consumption at Columbia University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Strawberry_Statement" title="The Strawberry Statement">The Strawberry Statement</a>, a non-fiction account of the 1968 protests</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Columbia_University_pro-Palestinian_campus_occupations" title="2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations">2024 Columbia University pro-Palestinian campus occupations</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Other consists of <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiracial Americans</a> and those who prefer not to say. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> The percentage of students who received an income-based federal <a href="/wiki/Pell_grant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pell grant">Pell grant</a> intended for low-income students. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> The percentage of students who are a part of the <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">American middle class</a> at the bare minimum. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Founding Fathers include five alumni: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1746%E2%80%931813)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Livingston (1746–1813)">Robert R. Livingston</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Egbert_Benson" title="Egbert Benson">Egbert Benson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Additionally, Founding Fathers <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-24">[24]</a> served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Columbia_University" title="President of Columbia University">presidents of the university</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Three presidents have attended Columbia: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> served as the president of the university from 1948 to 1953. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Alumni who served as foreign heads of state or government include: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Fadhel_al-Jamali" title="Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali">Muhammad Fadhel al-Jamali</a> (Iraq, 1953–54),<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kassim_Rimawi" title="Kassim Rimawi">Kassim al-Rimawi</a> (Jordan, 1980),<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Amato" title="Giuliano Amato">Giuliano Amato</a> (Italy, 1992–1993 and 2000–2001),<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hafizullah_Amin" title="Hafizullah Amin">Hafizullah Amin</a> (Afghanistan, 1979),<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nahas_Angula" title="Nahas Angula">Nahas Angula</a> (Namibia, 2005–12),<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marek_Belka" title="Marek Belka">Marek Belka</a> (Poland, 2004–05),<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a> (China, 1944–45),<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Cimoszewicz" title="Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz">Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz</a> (Poland, 1996–97),<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Eyskens" title="Gaston Eyskens">Gaston Eyskens</a> (Belgium, 1949–50, 1958–61 and 1968–73),<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Eyskens" title="Mark Eyskens">Mark Eyskens</a> (Belgium, 1981),<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Ghani" title="Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a> (Afghanistan, 2014–21),<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a> (East Timor, 2007–12 and 2022– ),<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toomas_Hendrik_Ilves" title="Toomas Hendrik Ilves">Toomas Hendrik Ilves</a> (Estonia, 2006–16),<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> (China 1926–27),<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Huan" title="Lee Huan">Lee Huan</a> (Taiwan, 1989–90),<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mkapa" title="Benjamin Mkapa">Benjamin Mkapa</a> (Tanzania, 1995–2005),<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Musa_Shafiq" title="Mohammad Musa Shafiq">Mohammad Musa Shafiq</a> (Afghanistan, 1972–73),<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nwafor_Orizu" title="Nwafor Orizu">Nwafor Orizu</a> (Nigeria, 1965–6),<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Santiago Peña">Santiago Peña</a> (Paraguay, 2023–present),<a href="#cite_note-:SantiPe%C3%B1a-45">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikheil_Saakashvili" title="Mikheil Saakashvili">Mikheil Saakashvili</a> (Georgia, 2004–13),<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Sacasa" title="Juan Bautista Sacasa">Juan Bautista Sacasa</a> (Nicaragua, 1933–36),<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salim_Ahmed_Salim" title="Salim Ahmed Salim">Salim Ahmed Salim</a> (Tanzania, 1984–85),<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Samper" title="Ernesto Samper">Ernesto Samper</a> (Colombia, 1994–98),<a href="#cite_note-usinfo.org-49">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a> (China, 1945–47),<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a> (China, 1932; Taiwan, 1948–49),<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._R._Swart" title="C. R. Swart">C. R. Swart</a> (South Africa, 1959–67),<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_Shaoyi" title="Tang Shaoyi">Tang Shaoyi</a> (China, 1912),<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Zahir_(politician)" title="Abdul Zahir (politician)">Abdul Zahir</a> (Afghanistan, 1971–72),<a href="#cite_note-usinfo.org-49">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Ziqi" title="Zhou Ziqi">Zhou Ziqi</a> (China, 1922).<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Faculty and fellows include <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> (Brazil, 1995–2002),<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Gusenbauer" title="Alfred Gusenbauer">Alfred Gusenbauer</a> (Austria, 2007–2008),<a href="#cite_note-sandiegouniontribune.com-56">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (Czechoslovakia, 1989–1992; Czech Republic, 1993–2003),<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Papademos" title="Lucas Papademos">Lucas Papademos</a> (Greece, 2011–2012),<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson" title="Mary Robinson">Mary Robinson</a> (Ireland, 1990–1997).<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> taught as a <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Research Scholar</a> from 1954 to 1955.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> was a global fellow at <a href="/wiki/School_of_International_and_Public_Affairs,_Columbia_University" class="mw-redirect" title="School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University">SIPA</a> from 2009 to 2018.<a href="#cite_note-sandiegouniontribune.com-56">[54]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <a href="#cite_note-397">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-398">[391]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-Columbia.edu2-400">[393]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g6xAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA403">Record of the Celebration of the Quatercentenary of the University of Aberdeen</a>. 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National Academy of Sciences. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319072356/http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/member-search-results.html?primary_institution_new=columbia-university">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2022. 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CNBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013005/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 22, 2018. 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New York, New York: Columbia University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughey2003" class="citation web cs1">McCaughey, Robert (December 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909114704/http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html">"Leading American University Producers of PhDs, 1861–1900"</a>. Stand, Columbia – A History of Columbia University. Columbia University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/stand_columbia/phdleaders1861-1900.html">the original</a> on September 9, 2006. 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In Nevins, Allan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/264897">Selected writings, with Introduction by Nicholas Murray Butler</a>. Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press. pp. 315–337. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/264897">264897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025030640/http://www.digifind-it.com/njhistoricalportal/data/ringwood/Selected%20Writings%20of%20Abram%20S.%20Hewitt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 25, 2018. <q>the time has come for a new and nobler civilization," ... when ... "the wealth which has accumulated in this city by the joint association of its people, and to which every human being contributes by his industry, shall come to be regarded as a sacred trust to be administered in the public interest for works of beneficence to all.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Liberty%2C+Learning%2C+and+Property+%3A+Dedication+of+the+New+Buildings+of+Columbia+University%2C+Morningside+Heights%2C+May+2%2C+1896&rft.btitle=Selected+writings%2C+with+Introduction+by+Nicholas+Murray+Butler&rft.place=Port+Washington%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=315-337&rft.pub=Kennikat+Press&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F264897&rft.aulast=Hewitt&rft.aufirst=Abram+S&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digifind-it.com%2Fnjhistoricalportal%2Fdata%2Fringwood%2F%2FSelected%2520Writings%2520of%2520Abram%2520S.%2520Hewitt.pdf%23page%3D328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC2-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC2_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html">"History – Columbia University in the City of New York"</a>. 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(1979) In Memory Yet Green, Avon Books, pp. 156–157, 159–160, 240 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirt2016" class="citation web cs1">Hirt, Leeza (Fall 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia-current.org/seth_low_junior_college.html">"Columbia for Jews? The Untold Story of Seth Low Junior College"</a>. The Current. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620184233/http://www.columbia-current.org/seth_low_junior_college.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 20, 2017. 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April 29, 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713081602/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/29/nyregion/quiet-columbia-groups-tap-seniors.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Quiet+Columbia+Groups+%27Tap%27+Seniors&rft.date=1984-04-29&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1984%2F04%2F29%2Fnyregion%2Fquiet-columbia-groups-tap-seniors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623112705/http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/athletics.php">"Athletics"</a>. Columbia University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studentaffairs.columbia.edu/admissions/university/campus/athletics.php">the original</a> on June 23, 2012. 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Columbia University. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletes_bios.html">"20th-Century Greats"</a>. Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629150629/http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/athletics/athletes_bios.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 29, 2011. 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New York, New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+Samuel+Johnson%3A+A+Maker+of+the+Constitution&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Groce&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://senate.columbia.edu/">"Columbia University Senate"</a>. Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014113501/http://senate.columbia.edu/">Archived</a> from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved April 17, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Columbia+University+Senate&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsenate.columbia.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+University" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia.edu2-400"><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia.edu2_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://secretary.columbia.edu/directory">"Board of Trustees, Office of the Secretary"</a>. Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240419220642/https://secretary.columbia.edu/directory">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2024. Retrieved April 25, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Columbia+University&rft.atitle=Board+of+Trustees%2C+Office+of+the+Secretary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsecretary.columbia.edu%2Fdirectory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AColumbia+University" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li>Carriere, Micheal. "Fighting the war against blight: Columbia University, Morningside Heights, Inc., and counterinsurgent urban renewal." Journal of Planning History 10.1 (2011): 5-29.</li> <li>De Bary, Wm Theodore ed. Living Legacies at Columbia (Columbia University Press, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13884-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13884-9">0-231-13884-9</a>.</li> <li>McCaughey, Robert A. Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754–2004, Columbia University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-13008-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-13008-2">0-231-13008-2</a>.</li> <li>Pettit, Marilyn H. "Slavery, abolition, and Columbia University." Journal of Archival Organization 1.4 (2002): 77–89.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&oldid=1258888946">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&oldid=1258888946</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Columbia_University&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 05:16 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة كولومبيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universid%C3%A1_de_Columbia" title="Universidá de Columbia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Universidá de Columbia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbiya_Universiteti" title="Kolumbiya Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kolumbiya Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کولمبیا بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کولمبیا بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univ%C3%A9rsitas_Columbia" title="Univérsitas Columbia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Univérsitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="কলাম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলাম্বিয়া বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_T%C4%81i-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Columbia Tāi-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Columbia Tāi-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Калумбійскі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калумбійскі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Калюмбійскі ўнівэрсытэт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Калюмбійскі ўнівэрсытэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбийски университет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Колумбийски университет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Columbia" title="Univerzitet Columbia – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Univerzitet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_Col%C3%BAmbia" title="Universitat de Colúmbia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de Colúmbia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Kolumbijská univerzita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kolumbijská univerzita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prifysgol_Columbia" title="Prifysgol Columbia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Prifysgol Columbia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="لجامعة د كولومبيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لجامعة د كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_%C3%BClikool" title="Columbia ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Columbia ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πανεπιστήμιο Κολούμπια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο Κολούμπια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Columbia" title="Universidad de Columbia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Columbia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_Kolumbio" title="Universitato Kolumbio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato Kolumbio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Unibertsitatea" title="Columbia Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Columbia Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="دانشگاه کلمبیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه کلمبیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Columbia" title="Université Columbia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université Columbia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ollscoil_Columbia" title="Ollscoil Columbia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ollscoil Columbia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Cholumbia" title="Oilthigh Cholumbia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Cholumbia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Columbia" title="Universidade Columbia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade Columbia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%AC%EB%9F%BC%EB%B9%84%EC%95%84_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="컬럼비아 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컬럼비아 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կոլումբիայի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոլումբիայի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोलंबिया विश्वविद्यालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te_Columbia" title="Sveučilište Columbia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveučilište Columbia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbia" title="Universitas Columbia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-h%C3%A1sk%C3%B3li" title="Columbia-háskóli – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Columbia-háskóli" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוניברסיטת קולומביה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת קולומביה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbia" title="Universitas Columbia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Universitas Columbia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოლუმბიის უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოლუმბიის უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Колумбия университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Колумбия университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuo_Kikuu_cha_Columbia" title="Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chuo Kikuu cha Columbia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Columbiae" title="Universitas Columbiae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Columbiae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Kolumbijas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kolumbijas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbijos_universitetas" title="Kolumbijos universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kolumbijos universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Egyetem" title="Columbia Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Columbia Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2" title="കൊളംബിയ സർവ്വകലാശാല – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊളംബിയ സർവ്വകലാശാല" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A0" title="कोलंबिया विद्यापीठ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोलंबिया विद्यापीठ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კოლუმბიაშ უნივერსიტეტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოლუმბიაშ უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جامعة كولومبيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة كولومبيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_Columbia" title="Universiti Columbia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti Columbia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%80%98%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="ကိုလံဘီယာ တက္ကသိုလ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုလံဘီယာ တက္ကသိုလ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia-universiteit" title="Columbia-universiteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Columbia-universiteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="コロンビア大学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コロンビア大学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_universiteti" title="Columbia universiteti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Columbia universiteti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲੰਬੀਆ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniwersytet_Columbia" title="Uniwersytet Columbia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uniwersytet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Columbia" title="Universidade Columbia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade Columbia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Columbia" title="Universitatea Columbia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Columbia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Колумбийска универзита – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Колумбийска универзита" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбийский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колумбийский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Kolumbias" title="Universiteti i Kolumbias – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Kolumbias" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_in_the_City_of_New_York" title="Columbia University in the City of New York – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Columbia University in the City of New York" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_Columbia" title="Univerza Columbia – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza Columbia" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%DA%B5%DB%86%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="زانکۆی کۆڵۆمبیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانکۆی کۆڵۆمبیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Универзитет Колумбија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет Колумбија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_Columbia" title="Univerzitet Columbia – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet Columbia" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_yliopisto" title="Columbian yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Columbian yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Columbia University" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamantasang_Columbia" title="Pamantasang Columbia – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamantasang Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கொலம்பியா பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொலம்பியா பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbi%C3%A4_universitet%C4%B1" title="Kolumbiä universitetı – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Kolumbiä universitetı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยโคลัมเบีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B3%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Донишгоҳи Колумбия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишгоҳи Колумбия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="Columbia Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Columbia Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбійський університет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Колумбійський університет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کولمبیا یونیورسٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%DB%87%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%90%D8%AA%D9%89" title="كولۇمبىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كولۇمبىيە ئۇنىۋېرستېتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Columbia" title="Đại học Columbia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đại học Columbia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_Columbia" title="Unibersidad Columbia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unibersidad Columbia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥伦比亚大学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哥伦比亚大学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="קאלומביע אוניווערסיטעט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלומביע אוניווערסיטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunif%C3%A1s%C3%ADt%C3%AC_K%C3%B2l%C3%BAmb%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Yunifásítì Kòlúmbíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yunifásítì Kòlúmbíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%80%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="哥倫比亞大學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥倫比亞大學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univers%C4%B1tey_Kolumbiya" title="Universıtey Kolumbiya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Universıtey Kolumbiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E4%BC%A6%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥伦比亚大学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哥伦比亚大学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 05:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" 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