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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Gain medium / Laser medium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gain_medium_/_Laser_medium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_resonator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_resonator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Optical resonator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_resonator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construcci%C3%B3n_de_l%C3%A1seres" title="Construcción de láseres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Construcción de láseres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gra%C4%91a_lasera" title="Građa lasera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Građa lasera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Устройство лазера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Устройство лазера" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Laser fundamental design principles</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Laser_construction" title="Special:EditPage/Laser construction">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Laser+construction%22">"Laser construction"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Laser+construction%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Laser+construction%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Laser+construction%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Laser+construction%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Laser+construction%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Lasercons.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lasercons.svg/466px-Lasercons.svg.png" decoding="async" width="466" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lasercons.svg/699px-Lasercons.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Lasercons.svg/932px-Lasercons.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Schematic diagram of a typical laser, showing the three major parts</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>laser is constructed</b> from three principal parts: </p> <ul><li>An energy source (usually referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Laser_pumping" title="Laser pumping">pump</a></i> or <i>pump source</i>),</li> <li>A <i>gain medium</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Active_laser_medium" title="Active laser medium">laser medium</a></i>, and</li> <li>Two or more mirrors that form an <i><a href="/wiki/Optical_resonator" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical resonator">optical resonator</a></i>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pump_source">Pump source</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Pump source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>pump source</i> is the part that provides energy to the <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> system. Examples of pump sources include electrical discharges, flashlamps, arc lamps, light from another laser, chemical reactions and even explosive devices. The type of pump source used principally depends on the <i>gain medium</i>, and this also determines how the energy is transmitted to the medium. A <a href="/wiki/Helium%E2%80%93neon_laser" title="Helium–neon laser">helium–neon (HeNe) laser</a> uses an electrical discharge in the helium-neon gas mixture, a <a href="/wiki/Nd:YAG_laser" title="Nd:YAG laser">Nd:YAG laser</a> uses either light focused from a <a href="/wiki/Xenon_flash_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon flash lamp">xenon flash lamp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">diode lasers</a>, and excimer lasers use a chemical reaction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gain_medium_/_Laser_medium"><span id="Gain_medium_.2F_Laser_medium"></span>Gain medium / Laser medium</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gain medium / Laser medium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>gain medium</i> is the major determining factor of the wavelength of operation, and other properties, of the laser. <i>Gain media</i> in different materials have linear spectra or wide spectra. <i>Gain media</i> with wide spectra allow tuning of the laser frequency. There are hundreds if not thousands of different gain media in which laser operation has been achieved (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_types" title="List of laser types">list of laser types</a> for a list of the most important ones). The gain medium is excited by the pump source to produce a <a href="/wiki/Population_inversion" title="Population inversion">population inversion</a>, and it is in the gain medium where spontaneous and <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a> of photons takes place, leading to the phenomenon of optical gain, or amplification. </p><p>Examples of different gain media include: </p> <ul><li>Liquids, such as dye lasers. These are usually <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic</a> chemical <a href="/wiki/Solvents" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvents">solvents</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">ethylene glycol</a>, to which are added chemical dyes such as <a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">coumarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhodamine" title="Rhodamine">rhodamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a>. The exact chemical configuration of the dye molecules determines the operation wavelength of the <a href="/wiki/Dye_laser" title="Dye laser">dye laser</a>.</li> <li>Gases, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> and mixtures such as <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a>. These lasers are often pumped by electrical discharge.</li> <li>Solids, such as <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glasses</a>. The solid <i>host</i> materials are usually doped with an impurity such as <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>. Typical hosts include <a href="/wiki/Yttrium_aluminium_garnet" title="Yttrium aluminium garnet">YAG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>), YLF (yttrium <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluoride</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a> (aluminium oxide) and various glasses. Examples of solid-state laser media include Nd:YAG, <a href="/wiki/Ti-sapphire_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti-sapphire laser">Ti:sapphire</a>, Cr:sapphire (usually known as <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>), Cr:LiSAF (chromium-doped lithium <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> aluminium fluoride), Er:YLF, Nd:glass, and Er:glass. Solid-state lasers are usually pumped by flashlamps or light from another laser.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductors</a>, a type of solid, crystal with uniform dopant distribution or material with differing dopant levels in which the movement of <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> can cause laser action. Semiconductor lasers are typically very small, and can be pumped with a simple electric current, enabling them to be used in consumer devices such as <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> players. See <a href="/wiki/Laser_diode" title="Laser diode">laser diode</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_resonator">Optical resonator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Optical resonator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png/300px-Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png/450px-Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png/600px-Gaussian_beam_burn_comparison.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_beam" title="Gaussian beam">Gaussian beam</a> photographic paper burn comparison of a carbon dioxide <a href="/wiki/Transversely-excited_atmospheric-pressure_laser" class="mw-redirect" title="Transversely-excited atmospheric-pressure laser">transversely-excited atmospheric-pressure laser</a> obtained during the optimization process by adjusting the alignment mirrors.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>optical resonator</i>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Optical_cavity" title="Optical cavity">optical cavity</a></i>, in its simplest form is two parallel mirrors placed around the gain medium, which provide <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> of the light. The mirrors are given <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating" title="Optical coating">optical coatings</a> which determine their reflective properties. Typically, one will be a <a href="/wiki/Optical_coating#High-reflection_coatings" title="Optical coating">high reflector</a>, and the other will be a <a href="/wiki/Partial_reflector" class="mw-redirect" title="Partial reflector">partial reflector</a>. The latter is called the <a href="/wiki/Output_coupler" title="Output coupler">output coupler</a>, because it allows some of the light to leave the cavity to produce the laser's output beam. </p><p>Light from the medium, produced by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">spontaneous emission</a>, is reflected by the mirrors back into the medium, where it may be amplified by <a href="/wiki/Stimulated_emission" title="Stimulated emission">stimulated emission</a>. The light may reflect from the mirrors and thus pass through the gain medium many hundreds of times before exiting the cavity. In more complex lasers, configurations with four or more mirrors forming the cavity are used. The design and alignment of the mirrors with respect to the medium is crucial for determining the exact operating wavelength and other attributes of the laser system. </p><p>Other optical devices, such as spinning mirrors, modulators, filters, and absorbers, may be placed within the optical resonator to produce a variety of effects on the laser output, such as altering the wavelength of operation or the production of pulses of laser light. </p><p>Some lasers do not use an optical cavity, but instead rely on very high optical gain to produce significant <a href="/wiki/Amplified_spontaneous_emission" title="Amplified spontaneous emission">amplified spontaneous emission</a> (ASE) without needing feedback of the light back into the gain medium. Such lasers are said to be <a href="/wiki/Superluminescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Superluminescence">superluminescent</a>, and emit light with low <a href="/wiki/Coherence_(physics)" title="Coherence (physics)">coherence</a> but high <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a>. Since they do not use optical feedback, these devices are often not categorized as lasers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_seeder" title="Injection seeder">Injection seeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_locking" title="Mode locking">Mode locking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-switching" title="Q-switching">Q-switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_laser_articles" title="List of laser articles">List of laser articles</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koechner, Walter (1992). <i>Solid-State Laser Engineering</i>, 3rd ed., Springer-Verlag. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-53756-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-53756-2">0-387-53756-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laser_construction&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/lasersam.htm">Sam's Laser FAQ</a> A Practical Guide to Lasers for Experimenters and Hobbyists</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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