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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a 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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kelompok+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kelompok+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Kelompok+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Kelompok+terbuka" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pemerhatian_sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemerhatian_sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pemerhatian sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemerhatian_sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembentukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembentukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pembentukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembentukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologi_dan_pengelasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologi_dan_pengelasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morfologi dan pengelasan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologi_dan_pengelasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilangan_dan_taburan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilangan_dan_taburan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bilangan dan taburan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilangan_dan_taburan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Komposisi_najam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komposisi_najam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Komposisi najam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komposisi_najam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasib_akhirnya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasib_akhirnya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nasib akhirnya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasib_akhirnya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mempelajari_evolusi_bintang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mempelajari_evolusi_bintang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Mempelajari evolusi bintang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mempelajari_evolusi_bintang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skala_jarak_astronomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skala_jarak_astronomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Skala jarak astronomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skala_jarak_astronomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Planet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bacaan lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelompok terbuka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 65 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%81%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AD" title="عنقود مفتوح – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنقود مفتوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulu_abiertu" title="Cúmulu abiertu – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cúmulu abiertu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1q_ulduz_topas%C4%B1" title="Açıq ulduz topası – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Açıq ulduz topası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugus_terbuka" title="Gugus terbuka – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gugus terbuka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95" title="মুক্ত স্তবক – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুক্ত স্তবক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2a%E2%81%BF-khui_chhe%E2%81%BF-tho%C3%A2n" title="Sòaⁿ-khui chheⁿ-thoân – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sòaⁿ-khui chheⁿ-thoân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Таралған йондоҙҙар тупланмаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Таралған йондоҙҙар тупланмаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Рассеянае зорнае скопішча – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рассеянае зорнае скопішча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Расьсеяная зорная скупнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Расьсеяная зорная скупнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreno_zvjezdano_jato" title="Otvoreno zvjezdano jato – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otvoreno zvjezdano jato" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF" title="Разсеян звезден куп – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Разсеян звезден куп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmul_obert" title="Cúmul obert – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cúmul obert" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otev%C5%99en%C3%A1_hv%C4%9Bzdokupa" title="Otevřená hvězdokupa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otevřená hvězdokupa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ben_stjernehob" title="Åben stjernehob – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Åben stjernehob" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offener_Sternhaufen" title="Offener Sternhaufen – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Offener Sternhaufen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajusparv" title="Hajusparv – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hajusparv" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C_%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%AE%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ανοικτό σμήνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανοικτό σμήνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Open cluster" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulo_abierto" title="Cúmulo abierto – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cúmulo abierto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malferma_stelamaso" title="Malferma stelamaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malferma stelamaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulu_ireki" title="Kumulu ireki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kumulu ireki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="خوشه ستاره‌ای باز – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشه ستاره‌ای باز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas_ouvert" title="Amas ouvert – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amas ouvert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisle_oscailte" title="Braisle oscailte – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Braisle oscailte" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAmulo_aberto" title="Cúmulo aberto – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cúmulo aberto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%EA%B0%9C%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%A8" title="산개성단 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산개성단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE_%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ցրված աստղային կուտակումներ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցրված աստղային կուտակումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B" title="खुला तारागुच्छ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खुला तारागुच्छ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_skup_(astronomija)" title="Otvoreni skup (astronomija) – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otvoreni skup (astronomija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammasso_aperto" title="Ammasso aperto – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ammasso aperto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97" title="צביר פתוח – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צביר פתוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%9B_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Тарқақ үйіржұлдыз – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тарқақ үйіржұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulus_stellarum_apertus" title="Cumulus stellarum apertus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cumulus stellarum apertus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C4%BC%C4%93j%C4%81_zvaig%C5%BE%C5%86u_kopa" title="Vaļējā zvaigžņu kopa – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vaļējā zvaigžņu kopa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppene_St%C3%A4rekoup" title="Oppene Stärekoup – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Oppene Stärekoup" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padrikasis_spie%C4%8Dius" title="Padrikasis spiečius – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Padrikasis spiečius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADlthalmaz" title="Nyílthalmaz – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyílthalmaz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Расеано ѕвездено јато – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Расеано ѕвездено јато" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="തുറന്ന താരവ്യൂഹം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുറന്ന താരവ്യൂഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_sterrenhoop" title="Open sterrenhoop – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Open sterrenhoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E9%96%8B%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A3" title="散開星団 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="散開星団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85pen_stjernehop" title="Åpen stjernehop – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åpen stjernehop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_stjernehop" title="Open stjernehop – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Open stjernehop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A0s_dub%C3%A8rt" title="Amàs dubèrt – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amàs dubèrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%87" title="ਖੁੱਲੇ ਤਾਰਾਗੁੱਛੇ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੁੱਲੇ ਤਾਰਾਗੁੱਛੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromada_otwarta" title="Gromada otwarta – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gromada otwarta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglomerado_estelar_aberto" title="Aglomerado estelar aberto – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aglomerado estelar aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roi_deschis" title="Roi deschis – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roi deschis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Рассеянное звёздное скопление – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рассеянное звёздное скопление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_star_cluster" title="Open star cluster – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Open star cluster" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoren%C3%A1_hviezdokopa" title="Otvorená hviezdokopa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otvorená hviezdokopa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odprta_zvezdna_kopica" title="Odprta zvezdna kopica – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Odprta zvezdna kopica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Расејано звездано јато – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Расејано звездано јато" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otvoreni_skup" title="Otvoreni skup – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otvoreni skup" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoin_t%C3%A4htijoukko" title="Avoin tähtijoukko – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avoin tähtijoukko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ppen_stj%C3%A4rnhop" title="Öppen stjärnhop – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Öppen stjärnhop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Йолдызлар сибелгән тупланышы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызлар сибелгән тупланышы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="กระจุกดาวเปิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กระจุกดาวเปิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A5m_sao_m%E1%BB%9F" title="Cụm sao mở – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cụm sao mở" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_k%C3%BCmesi" title="Açık yıldız kümesi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Açık yıldız kümesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Розсіяне скупчення – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розсіяне скупчення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pundok_nagsasasarang" title="Pundok nagsasasarang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pundok nagsasasarang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="疏散星团 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="疏散星团" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="疏散星團 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="疏散星團" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="疏散星团 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="疏散星团" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kelompok_terbuka"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kelompok_terbuka"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Kelompok_terbuka" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Kelompok_terbuka" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&oldid=5805707" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Kelompok_terbuka&id=5805707&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKelompok_terbuka"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKelompok_terbuka"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kelompok+terbuka"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kelompok_terbuka&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_clusters" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11387" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5657302">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#F4C430;">Kelompok terbuka</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pleiades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pleiades.jpg/220px-Pleiades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pleiades.jpg/330px-Pleiades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Pleiades.jpg/440px-Pleiades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4571" data-file-height="3141" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Pleiades adalah salah satu kelompok terbuka yang paling terkenal.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">Ciri-ciri</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jenis</th><td class="infobox-data">Gugusan atau kelompok bintang yang longgar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Julat saiz</th><td class="infobox-data">diameter < 30 tahun cahaya</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ketumpatan</th><td class="infobox-data">~ 1.5 bintang / tahun cahaya padu</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">Pautan luar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Open_clusters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Open clusters">Kategori media</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Wikidata-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="inline"><img alt="inline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/22px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/33px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/44px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11387" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11387">Q11387</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FFFACD;">Maklumat tambahan</th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kelompok terbuka</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5953951">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans Adlam"}.mw-parser-output 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.script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"><b>کلومڤوق تربوک</b></span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) ialah sejenis <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang">gugusan kelompok bintang</a> yang terdiri daripada puluhan hingga beberapa ribu buah <a href="/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang">bintang</a> yang terbentuk daripada <a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">awan molekul gergasi</a> yang sama dan mempunyai umur yang hampir sama. Lebih daripada 1,100 kelompok terbuka telah ditemui dalam galaksi <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>, dan banyak lagi yang dianggap wujud.<sup id="cite_ref-seds_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seds-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mereka terikat secara longgar oleh <a href="/wiki/Graviti" title="Graviti">tarikan graviti</a> bersama dan menjadi terganggu oleh pertemuan rapat dengan kelompok dan awan gas yang lain semasa mereka mengorbit <a href="/wiki/Pusat_galaksi" title="Pusat galaksi">pusat galaksi</a>. Ini boleh mengakibatkan kehilangan ahli kelompok melalui pertemuan rapat dalaman dan penyebaran ke dalam badan utama galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-Karttunen_et_al_03_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karttunen_et_al_03-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelompok terbuka umumnya bertahan selama beberapa ratus juta tahun, dengan kelompok yang paling besar bertahan selama beberapa bilion tahun. Sebaliknya, <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_globul" title="Kelompok globul">kelompok globul bintang</a> yang lebih besar memberikan daya tarikan graviti yang lebih kuat pada ahlinya, dan boleh bertahan lebih lama. Kelompok terbuka hanya ditemui dalam <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_nalar" title="Galaksi tak nalar">galaksi</a> <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_pilin" title="Galaksi pilin">pilin</a> dan tidak teratur, iaitu tempat <a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_bintang" title="Pembentukan bintang">pembentukan bintang</a> aktif berlaku.<sup id="cite_ref-payne-gaposchkin79_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payne-gaposchkin79-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelompok terbuka muda mungkin terkandung dalam awan molekul dari mana ia terbentuk, meneranginya untuk mencipta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rantau_H_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rantau H II (laman tidak wujud)">rantau H II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-apj62_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj62-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lama kelamaan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_sinaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan sinaran (laman tidak wujud)">tekanan sinaran</a> dari kelompok akan menyuraikan awan molekul. Biasanya, kira-kira 10% daripada jisim awan gas akan bergabung menjadi bintang sebelum tekanan sinaran menghalau gas yang lain. </p><p>Kelompok terbuka ialah objek utama dalam kajian <a href="/wiki/Evolusi_najam" title="Evolusi najam">evolusi bintang</a>. Memandangkan ahli kelompok mempunyai umur dan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">komposisi kimia</a> yang serupa, sifatnya (seperti jarak, umur, <a href="/wiki/Kelogaman" title="Kelogaman">kelogaman</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemupusan_(astronomi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemupusan (astronomi) (laman tidak wujud)">pemupusan</a> dan halaju) lebih mudah ditentukan berbanding bintang terpencil.<sup id="cite_ref-seds_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seds-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebilangan kelompok terbuka, seperti <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyades_(kelompok_bintang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyades (kelompok bintang) (laman tidak wujud)">Hyades</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Alpha_Persei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Alpha Persei (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Alpha Persei</a> boleh dilihat dengan mata kasar. Sesetengah yang lain, seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Berganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Berganda (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Berganda</a>, hampir tidak dapat dilihat tanpa instrumen, manakala banyak lagi boleh dilihat menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Binokular" title="Binokular">binokular</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Teleskop_optik" title="Teleskop optik">teleskop</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Itik_Liar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Itik Liar (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Itik Liar</a>, M11, adalah contohnya.<sup id="cite_ref-neata09_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neata09-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pemerhatian_sejarah">Pemerhatian sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Pemerhatian sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pemerhatian sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg/220px-VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg/330px-VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg/440px-VISTA_Finds_Star_Clusters_Galore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2406" data-file-height="2085" /></a><figcaption> Mozek 30 kelompok terbuka ditemui daripada data VISTA. Kelompok terbuka disembunyikan oleh debu di Bima Sakti. <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kredit <a href="/wiki/Balai_Cerap_Selatan_Eropah" title="Balai Cerap Selatan Eropah">ESO</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kelompok terbuka <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> yang terkenal, dalam buruj <a href="/wiki/Lembu_Jantan_(buruj)" title="Lembu Jantan (buruj)">Taurus</a>, telah diiktiraf sebagai sekumpulan bintang sejak zaman dahulu, manakala Hyades (yang juga merupakan sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Lembu_Jantan_(buruj)" title="Lembu Jantan (buruj)">Taurus</a>) adalah salah satu kelompok terbuka tertua. Kelompok terbuka lain telah diperhatikan oleh ahli astronomi awal sebagai tompok cahaya kabur yang tidak dapat dileraikan. Dalam <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Almagest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Almagest (laman tidak wujud)">Almagestnya</a></i>, ahli astronomi Rom <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> menyebut kelompok <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Sarang_Lebah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Sarang Lebah (laman tidak wujud)">Praesepe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Berganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Berganda (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Berganda</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Juara_(buruj)" title="Juara (buruj)">Perseus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Bintang_Koma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Bintang Koma (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Bintang Koma</a>, dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Ptolemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Ptolemy (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Ptolemy</a>, manakala ahli astronomi Parsi <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Sufi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi">Al-Sufi</a> menulis tentang <a href="/w/index.php?title=IC_2391&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IC 2391 (laman tidak wujud)">kelompok Omicron Velorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-moore_rees2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moore_rees2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walau bagaimanapun, ia memerlukan penciptaan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a> untuk meleraikan "nebula" ini menjadi bintang juzuknya.<sup id="cite_ref-jones91_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones91-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sememangnya, pada tahun 1603 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Bayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Bayer (laman tidak wujud)">Johann Bayer</a> memberikan tiga daripada kumpulan ini <a href="/wiki/Penamaan_Bayer" title="Penamaan Bayer">nama</a> seolah-olah mereka bintang tunggal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaler06_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaler06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg/220px-NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg/330px-NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg/440px-NGC_3590_open_cluster_Eso1416a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8658" data-file-height="6079" /></a><figcaption> Kelompok bintang resonan NGC 3590 <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Orang pertama yang menggunakan teleskop untuk memerhati langit malam dan merekodkan pemerhatiannya ialah saintis Itali <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> pada tahun 1609. Apabila dia membelokkan teleskop ke arah beberapa tompok samar-samar yang dirakam oleh Ptolemy, dia mendapati ia bukan satu bintang, tetapi kumpulan banyak bintang. Untuk Praesepe, dia mendapati lebih daripada 40 bintang. Jika sebelum itu pemerhati telah mencatatkan hanya 6-7 bintang di Pleiades, dia mendapati hampir 50 buah bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-maran_marshall2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maran_marshall2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam risalahnya pada tahun 1610 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidereus_Nuncius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidereus Nuncius (laman tidak wujud)">Sidereus Nuncius</a></i>, Galileo Galilei menulis, "galaksi tidak lain adalah jisim bintang yang tidak terhitung yang ditanam bersama dalam kelompok."<sup id="cite_ref-donofrio_burigana09_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-donofrio_burigana09-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dipengaruhi oleh kerja Galileo, ahli astronomi Sicily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Hodierna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Hodierna (laman tidak wujud)">Giovanni Hodierna</a> mungkin menjadi ahli astronomi pertama yang menggunakan teleskop untuk mencari kelompok terbuka yang belum ditemui sebelum ini.<sup id="cite_ref-jha16_1_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jha16_1_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1654, beliau mengenal pasti objek yang kini dinamakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messier_41&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messier 41 (laman tidak wujud)">Messier 41</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Messier_47&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Messier 47 (laman tidak wujud)">Messier 47</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2362&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2362 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 2362</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2451&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2451 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 2451</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jha17_50_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jha17_50-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ia telah disedari seawal 1767 bahawa bintang-bintang dalam kelompok adalah berkaitan secara fizikal,<sup id="cite_ref-rasqj30_4_399_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rasqj30_4_399-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> apabila naturalis Inggeris Reverend <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Michell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Michell (laman tidak wujud)">John Michell</a> mengira bahawa kebarangkalian walaupun hanya satu kumpulan bintang seperti Pleiades adalah hasil daripada penjajaran peluang seperti yang dilihat. dari Bumi hanya 1 dalam 496,000.<sup id="cite_ref-pt57_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pt57-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antara 1774–1781, ahli astronomi Perancis <a href="/wiki/Charles_Messier" title="Charles Messier">Charles Messier</a> menerbitkan katalog objek angkasa yang mempunyai rupa samar-samar seperti <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">komet</a>. Katalog ini termasuk 26 kelompok terbuka.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaler06_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaler06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1790-an, ahli astronomi Inggeris <a href="/wiki/William_Herschel" title="William Herschel">William Herschel</a> memulakan kajian menyeluruh tentang objek angkasa yang samar-samar. Dia mendapati bahawa banyak ciri ini boleh dileraikan ke dalam kumpulan bintang individu. Herschel memperoleh idea bahawa bintang pada mulanya bertaburan merentasi angkasa, tetapi kemudiannya menjadi berkumpul bersama sebagai sistem bintang kerana tarikan graviti.<sup id="cite_ref-jha10_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jha10-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dia membahagikan nebula kepada lapan kelas, dengan kelas VI hingga VIII digunakan untuk mengelaskan kelompok bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-jha18_1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jha18_1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NGC265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NGC265.jpg/220px-NGC265.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NGC265.jpg/330px-NGC265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/NGC265.jpg/440px-NGC265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_265&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 265 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 265</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang">kelompok bintang</a> terbuka di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_Magellan_Kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan Magellan Kecil (laman tidak wujud)">Awan Magellan Kecil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bilangan kelompok yang diketahui terus meningkat di bawah usaha ahli astronomi. Beratus-ratus kelompok terbuka telah disenaraikan dalam <a href="/wiki/Katalog_Am_Baru" title="Katalog Am Baru">Katalog Am Baru</a>, yang pertama kali diterbitkan pada tahun 1888 oleh ahli astronomi Denmark-Ireland <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Louis_Emil_Dreyer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Louis Emil Dreyer (laman tidak wujud)">JLE Dreyer</a>, dan dua <a href="/wiki/Katalog_Am_Baru" title="Katalog Am Baru">Katalog Indeks</a> tambahan, diterbitkan pada tahun 1896 dan 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaler06_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaler06-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemerhatian teleskop mendedahkan dua jenis kelompok yang berbeza, salah satunya mengandungi beribu-ribu bintang dalam taburan sfera biasa dan ditemui di seluruh langit tetapi lebih disukai ke arah pusat <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bok81_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bok81-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jenis lain terdiri daripada populasi bintang yang umumnya lebih jarang dalam bentuk yang lebih tidak teratur. Ini biasanya ditemui di dalam atau berhampiran <a href="/wiki/Satah_galaktik" title="Satah galaktik">satah galaksi</a> Bima Sakti.<sup id="cite_ref-binney_merrifield1998_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binney_merrifield1998-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-basu03_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basu03-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahli astronomi menggelar yang awal itu sebagai <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_globul" title="Kelompok globul">kelompok globul</a>, dan kelompok terbuka untuk yang kedua. Kerana lokasinya, kelompok terbuka kadangkala dirujuk sebagai <i>kelompok galaksi</i>, istilah yang diperkenalkan pada tahun 1925 oleh ahli astronomi Switzerland-Amerika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Julius_Trumpler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Julius Trumpler (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Julius Trumpler</a>..<sup id="cite_ref-pasp37_220_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp37_220-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pengukuran mikrometer bagi kedudukan bintang dalam kelompok telah dibuat seawal tahun 1877 oleh ahli astronomi Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Sch%C3%B6nfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Schönfeld (laman tidak wujud)">E. Schönfeld</a> dan seterusnya diteruskan oleh ahli astronomi Amerika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Emerson_Barnard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Emerson Barnard (laman tidak wujud)">EE Barnard</a> sebelum kematiannya pada tahun 1923. Tiada petunjuk gerakan bintang dikesan oleh usaha ini.<sup id="cite_ref-pyo6_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pyo6_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walau bagaimanapun, pada tahun 1918 ahli astronomi Belanda-Amerika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adrian_van_Maanen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adrian van Maanen (laman tidak wujud)">Adriaan van Maanen</a> dapat mengukur pergerakan bintang yang betul di sebahagian daripada kelompok Pleiades dengan membandingkan plat fotografi yang diambil pada masa yang berbeza.<sup id="cite_ref-cmwo167_1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cmwo167_1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apabila <a href="/wiki/Astrometri" title="Astrometri">astrometri</a> menjadi lebih tepat, bintang kelompok didapati berkongsi <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_wajar" title="Gerakan wajar">gerakan wajar</a> melalui angkasa. Dengan membandingkan plat fotografi kelompok Pleiades yang diambil pada tahun 1918 dengan imej yang diambil pada tahun 1943, van Maanen dapat mengenal pasti bintang-bintang yang mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Gerakan_wajar" title="Gerakan wajar">gerakan yang betul</a> serupa dengan gerakan min kelompok, dan oleh itu lebih berkemungkinan menjadi ahli.<sup id="cite_ref-aj102_26_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj102_26-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pengukuran <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopi_astronomi" title="Spektroskopi astronomi">spektroskopi</a> mendedahkan <a href="/wiki/Halaju_jejarian" title="Halaju jejarian">halaju jejari</a> sepunya, dengan itu menunjukkan bahawa kelompok terdiri daripada bintang yang diikat bersama sebagai satu kumpulan.<sup id="cite_ref-seds_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seds-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rajah_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Rajah Hertzsprung-Russell">Gambar rajah magnitud warna</a> pertama kelompok terbuka telah diterbitkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ejnar_Hertzsprung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung (laman tidak wujud)">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a> pada tahun 1911, memberikan plot untuk <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang">kelompok bintang</a> Pleiades dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyades_(kelompok_bintang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyades (kelompok bintang) (laman tidak wujud)">Hyades</a>. Beliau meneruskan kerja ini pada kelompok terbuka untuk dua puluh tahun akan datang. Daripada data spektroskopi, dia dapat menentukan had atas gerakan dalaman untuk kelompok terbuka, dan boleh menganggarkan bahawa jumlah jisim objek ini tidak melebihi beberapa ratus kali jisim Matahari. Dia menunjukkan hubungan antara warna bintang dan magnitudnya, dan pada tahun 1929 menyedari bahawa kelompok Hyades dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Sarang_Lebah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Sarang Lebah (laman tidak wujud)">Praesepe</a> mempunyai populasi bintang yang berbeza daripada Pleiades. Ini kemudiannya akan ditafsirkan sebagai perbezaan umur bagi tiga kelompok.<sup id="cite_ref-strand1977_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-strand1977-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembentukan">Pembentukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Pembentukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pembentukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg/220px-Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg/330px-Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg/440px-Trapezium_cluster_optical_and_infrared_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption> Cahaya <a href="/wiki/Sinar_inframerah" title="Sinar inframerah">inframerah</a> mendedahkan kelompok terbuka padat yang terbentuk di tengah-tengah <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Belantik" title="Nebula Belantik">nebula Orion</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pembentukan kelompok terbuka bermula dengan runtuhnya sebahagian daripada <a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">awan molekul gergasi</a>, awan gas padat sejuk dan habuk yang mengandungi sehingga beribu-ribu kali <a href="/wiki/Jisim_suria" title="Jisim suria">jisim Matahari</a>. Awan ini mempunyai ketumpatan yang berbeza dari 10<sup>2</sup> hingga 10<sup>6</sup> molekul <a href="/wiki/Garis_hidrogen" title="Garis hidrogen">hidrogen neutral</a> per cm<sup>3</sup>, dengan pembentukan bintang berlaku di kawasan yang mempunyai ketumpatan melebihi 10<sup>4</sup> molekul per cm<sup>3</sup>. Biasanya, hanya 1–10% daripada awan mengikut volum berada di atas ketumpatan terakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsa368_1913_713_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsa368_1913_713-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sebelum meruntuh, awan ini mengekalkan keseimbangan mekanikalnya melalui medan magnet, pergolakan, dan putaran.<sup id="cite_ref-araa25_23_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-araa25_23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Banyak faktor boleh mengganggu keseimbangan awan molekul gergasi, mencetuskan keruntuhan dan memulakan pecah pembentukan bintang yang boleh mengakibatkan kelompok terbuka. Ini termasuk gelombang kejutan daripada <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a> berdekatan, perlanggaran dengan awan lain atau interaksi graviti. Walaupun tanpa pencetus luaran, kawasan awan boleh mencapai keadaan tidak stabil terhadap keruntuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-araa25_23_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-araa25_23-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rantau awan yang runtuh akan mengalami pemecahan hierarki kepada rumpun yang lebih kecil, termasuk bentuk yang sangat padat yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_gelap_inframerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan gelap inframerah (laman tidak wujud)">awan gelap inframerah</a>, akhirnya membawa kepada pembentukan sehingga beberapa ribu bintang. Pembentukan bintang ini mula diselubungi awan yang runtuh, menghalang protostar daripada penglihatan tetapi membenarkan pemerhatian inframerah<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsa368_1913_713_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsa368_1913_713-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam galaksi Bima Sakti, kadar pembentukan kelompok terbuka dianggarkan satu setiap beberapa ribu tahun.<sup id="cite_ref-mnras249_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras249-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/220px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/330px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg/440px-Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption> Apa yang dipanggil " Pillars of Creation ", kawasan Nebula Helang di mana awan molekul sedang disejat oleh bintang muda yang besar</figcaption></figure> <p>Bintang yang paling panas dan paling besar daripada bintang yang baru terbentuk (dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_OB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang OB (laman tidak wujud)">bintang OB</a>) akan memancarkan <a href="/wiki/Sinar_ultraungu" title="Sinar ultraungu">sinaran ultraungu</a> yang sengit, yang secara berterusan mengionkan gas sekeliling awan molekul gergasi, membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilayah_H_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilayah H II (laman tidak wujud)">rantau H II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angin_najam" title="Angin najam">Angin bintang</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_sinaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan sinaran (laman tidak wujud)">tekanan sinaran</a> daripada bintang besar mula menghalau gas terion panas pada halaju yang sepadan dengan kelajuan bunyi dalam gas. Selepas beberapa juta tahun, kelompok itu akan mengalami <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova runtuhan teras</a> pertamanya, yang juga akan mengeluarkan gas dari kawasan sekitar. Dalam kebanyakan kes, proses ini akan menghilangkan kelompok gas dalam tempoh sepuluh juta tahun dan tiada lagi pembentukan bintang akan berlaku. Namun, kira-kira separuh daripada objek protostellar yang terhasil akan dibiarkan dikelilingi oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cakera_lilit_najam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cakera lilit najam (laman tidak wujud)">cakera lilit najam</a>, yang kebanyakannya membentuk cakera tokokan.<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsa368_1913_713_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsa368_1913_713-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memandangkan hanya 30 hingga 40 peratus daripada gas dalam teras awan membentuk bintang, proses pembuangan gas sisa sangat merosakkan proses pembentukan bintang. Oleh itu, semua kelompok mengalami penurunan berat semasa muda yang ketara, manakala sebahagian besar mengalami kematian semasa muda. Pada ketika ini, pembentukan kelompok terbuka akan bergantung kepada sama ada bintang yang baru terbentuk terikat secara graviti antara satu sama lain; jika tidak, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesatuan_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesatuan bintang (laman tidak wujud)">kesatuan bintang</a> yang tidak terikat akan terhasil. Walaupun apabila kelompok seperti Pleiades terbentuk, ia mungkin hanya berpegang kepada satu pertiga daripada bintang asal, dengan selebihnya menjadi tidak terikat sebaik sahaja gas dikeluarkan.<sup id="cite_ref-mnras321_4_699_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras321_4_699-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bintang-bintang muda yang dilepaskan daripada kelompok kelahiran mereka menjadi sebahagian daripada populasi medan galaksi. </p><p>Memandangkan kebanyakan, jika tidak semua, bintang terbentuk dalam kelompok, <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang">kelompok bintang</a> harus dilihat sebagai blok bangunan asas galaksi. Peristiwa pengusiran gas ganas yang membentuk dan memusnahkan banyak kelompok bintang semasa lahir meninggalkan kesannya dalam struktur morfologi dan kinematik galaksi.<sup id="cite_ref-kroupa05_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kroupa05-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kebanyakan kelompok terbuka terbentuk dengan sekurang-kurangnya 100 bintang dan berjisim 50 atau lebih jisim suria. Kelompok terbesar boleh mempunyai lebih 10<sup>4</sup> jisim suria, dengan kelompok besar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerlund_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerlund 1 (laman tidak wujud)">Westerlund 1</a> dianggarkan pada 5 × 10<sup>4</sup> jisim suria dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=R136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R136 (laman tidak wujud)">R136</a> pada hampir 5 x 10<sup>5</sup>, biasa bagi kelompok globul.<sup id="cite_ref-ptrsa368_1913_713_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ptrsa368_1913_713-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun kelompok terbuka dan kelompok globul membentuk dua kumpulan yang agak berbeza, mungkin tidak terdapat banyak perbezaan intrinsik antara kelompok globul yang sangat jarang seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palomar_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palomar 12 (laman tidak wujud)">Palomar 12</a> dan kelompok terbuka yang sangat kaya. Sesetengah ahli astronomi percaya dua jenis kelompok bintang terbentuk melalui mekanisme asas yang sama, dengan perbezaannya ialah keadaan yang membenarkan pembentukan kelompok globul yang sangat kaya yang mengandungi ratusan ribu bintang tidak lagi berlaku di Bima Sakti.<sup id="cite_ref-apj480_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj480-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perkara biasa untuk dua atau lebih kelompok terbuka yang berasingan untuk terbentuk daripada awan molekul yang sama. Dalam <a href="/wiki/Awan_Magellan_Besar" title="Awan Magellan Besar">Awan Magellan Besar</a>, kedua-dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hodge_301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hodge 301 (laman tidak wujud)">Hodge 301</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=R136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R136 (laman tidak wujud)">R136</a> telah terbentuk daripada gas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebula_Tarantula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebula Tarantula (laman tidak wujud)">Nebula Tarantula</a>, manakala dalam galaksi kita sendiri, menjejak kembali gerakan melalui ruang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyades_(kelompok_bintang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyades (kelompok bintang) (laman tidak wujud)">Hyades</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praesepe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praesepe (laman tidak wujud)">Praesepe</a>, dua kelompok terbuka berdekatan yang menonjol, menunjukkan bahawa ia terbentuk dalam awan yang sama kira-kira 600 juta tahun dahulu.<sup id="cite_ref-mnras120_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mnras120-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kadangkala, dua kelompok yang lahir pada masa yang sama akan membentuk kelompok binari. Contoh paling terkenal dalam Bima Sakti ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Berganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Berganda (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Berganda</a> NGC 869 dan NGC 884 (juga dikenali sebagai h dan χ Persei), tetapi sekurang-kurangnya 10 lagi kelompok berganda diketahui wujud.<sup id="cite_ref-aaa302_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa302-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banyak lagi yang diketahui dalam Awan Magellan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_Magellan_Kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan Magellan Kecil (laman tidak wujud)">Kecil</a> dan Besar—ia lebih mudah dikesan dalam sistem luaran berbanding galaksi kita sendiri kerana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kesan_unjuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kesan unjuran (laman tidak wujud)">kesan unjuran</a> boleh menyebabkan kelompok yang tidak berkaitan dalam Bima Sakti kelihatan berdekatan antara satu sama lain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morfologi_dan_pengelasan">Morfologi dan pengelasan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Morfologi dan pengelasan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Morfologi dan pengelasan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg/220px-The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg/330px-The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg/440px-The_colourful_star_cluster_NGC_2367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8667" data-file-height="8179" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2367&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2367 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 2367</a> ialah kumpulan bintang baru lahir yang terletak di tengah-tengah struktur besar dan purba di pinggir <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kelompok terbuka terdiri daripada kelompok yang sangat jarang dengan hanya beberapa ahli kepada <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/agglomeration" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:agglomeration">aglomerasi</a> besar yang mengandungi beribu-ribu bintang. Ia biasanya terdiri daripada teras padat yang agak berbeza, dikelilingi oleh 'korona' ahli kelompok yang lebih meresap. Inti biasanya kira-kira 3-4 <a href="/wiki/Tahun_cahaya" title="Tahun cahaya">tahun cahaya</a>, dengan korona memanjang kepada kira-kira 20 tahun cahaya dari pusat kelompok. Ketumpatan bintang biasa di tengah kelompok adalah kira-kira 1.5 bintang setiap <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubic_light_year&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubic light year (laman tidak wujud)">tahun cahaya padu</a> ; ketumpatan bintang berhampiran Matahari adalah kira-kira 0.003 bintang setiap tahun cahaya padu.<sup id="cite_ref-aaa383_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa383-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelompok terbuka sering diklasifikasikan mengikut skema yang dibangunkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Trumpler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Trumpler (laman tidak wujud)">Robert Trumpler</a> pada tahun 1930. Skim Trumpler memberikan kelompok sebutan tiga bahagian, dengan <a href="/wiki/Angka_Rumi" title="Angka Rumi">angka Rom</a> dari I-IV untuk sedikit hingga sangat berbeza, <a href="/wiki/Angka_Arab" title="Angka Arab">angka Arab</a> dari 1 hingga 3 untuk julat kecerahan ahli (dari julat kecil hingga besar), dan <i>p</i>, <i>m</i> atau <i>r</i> untuk menunjukkan sama ada kelompok itu miskin, sederhana atau kaya dengan bintang. 'n' ditambah lagi jika kelompok terletak dalam <a href="/wiki/Nebula" title="Nebula">nebulositas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lob420_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lob420-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Di bawah skim Trumpler, Pleiades dikelaskan sebagai I3rn, Hyades berdekatan diklasifikasikan sebagai II3m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bilangan_dan_taburan">Bilangan dan taburan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Bilangan dan taburan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bilangan dan taburan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg/220px-NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg/330px-NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg/440px-NGC_346_in_Small_magellanic_cloud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6555" data-file-height="6995" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 346 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 346</a>, kelompok terbuka dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_Magellan_Kecil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan Magellan Kecil (laman tidak wujud)">Awan Magellan Kecil</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Terdapat lebih 1,100 kelompok terbuka yang diketahui di galaksi kita, tetapi jumlah sebenar mungkin sehingga sepuluh kali lebih tinggi daripada itu.<sup id="cite_ref-aaa389_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa389-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_pilin" title="Galaksi pilin">galaksi pilin</a>, kelompok terbuka sebahagian besarnya ditemui di lengan pilin tempat ketumpatan gas paling tinggi dan oleh itu kebanyakan pembentukan bintang berlaku, dan kelompok biasanya tersebar sebelum mereka mempunyai masa untuk mengembara melepasi lengan lingkaran mereka. Kelompok terbuka sangat tertumpu dekat dengan satah galaksi, dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketinggian_skala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketinggian skala (laman tidak wujud)">ketinggian skala</a> di galaksi kita kira-kira 180 tahun cahaya, berbanding dengan jejari galaksi kira-kira 50,000 tahun cahaya.<sup id="cite_ref-aj108_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj108-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_tak_nalar" title="Galaksi tak nalar">galaksi tak nalar</a>, kelompok terbuka boleh ditemui di seluruh galaksi, walaupun jumlahnya paling tinggi apabila ketumpatan gas paling tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-pasp109_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp109-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Kelompok terbuka tidak kelihatan dalam <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_elips" title="Galaksi elips">galaksi elips</a> : pembentukan bintang terhenti berjuta-juta tahun yang lalu dalam elips, dan kelompok terbuka yang pada asalnya hadir telah lama tersebar.<sup id="cite_ref-binney_merrifield98_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-binney_merrifield98-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dalam galaksi Bima Sakti, taburan kelompok bergantung pada umur, dengan kelompok yang lebih tua lebih disukai ditemui pada jarak yang lebih jauh dari <a href="/wiki/Pusat_galaksi" title="Pusat galaksi">Pusat Galaksi</a>, umumnya pada jarak yang jauh di atas atau di bawah <a href="/wiki/Satah_galaktik" title="Satah galaktik">satah galaksi</a>..<sup id="cite_ref-Friel_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friel-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daya_pasang_surut" title="Daya pasang surut">Daya pasang surut</a> lebih kuat menghampiri pusat galaksi, meningkatkan kadar gangguan kelompok, dan juga awan molekul gergasi yang menyebabkan gangguan kelompok tertumpu ke arah kawasan dalam galaksi, jadi kelompok di kawasan dalam galaksi cenderung tersebar pada usia yang lebih muda daripada rakan-rakan mereka di kawasan luar.<sup id="cite_ref-aaa88_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa88-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Komposisi_najam">Komposisi najam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Komposisi najam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Komposisi najam"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg/220px-Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg/330px-Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg/440px-Tarantula_nebula_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption> Sekumpulan bintang berusia beberapa juta tahun di bahagian bawah sebelah kanan menerangi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nebula_Tarantula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nebula Tarantula (laman tidak wujud)">Nebula Tarantula</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Awan_Magellan_Besar" title="Awan Magellan Besar">Awan Magellan Besar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oleh kerana kelompok terbuka cenderung tersebar sebelum kebanyakan bintangnya mencapai penghujung hayatnya, cahaya daripadanya cenderung dikuasai oleh bintang biru muda yang panas. Bintang-bintang ini adalah yang paling besar, dan mempunyai hayat terpendek beberapa puluh juta tahun. Kelompok terbuka yang lebih tua cenderung mengandungi lebih banyak bintang kuning. </p><p>Kekerapan bintang dalam <a href="/wiki/Bintang_ganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bintang ganda">sistem binari</a> telah diperhatikan lebih tinggi dalam kelompok terbuka berbanding di luar kelompok terbuka. Ini dilihat sebagai bukti bahawa bintang tunggal dikeluarkan dari kelompok terbuka kerana interaksi dinamik. <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa kelompok terbuka mengandungi bintang biru panas yang kelihatan jauh lebih muda daripada kelompok yang lain. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanyutan_biru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanyutan biru (laman tidak wujud)">Hanyutan biru</a> ini juga diperhatikan dalam kelompok globul, dan dalam teras globul yang sangat padat ia dipercayai timbul apabila bintang berlanggar, membentuk bintang yang lebih panas dan lebih besar. Walau bagaimanapun, ketumpatan bintang dalam kelompok terbuka jauh lebih rendah daripada kelompok globul, dan perlanggaran bintang tidak dapat menjelaskan bilangan hanyutan biru yang diperhatikan. Sebaliknya, dianggap bahawa kebanyakannya mungkin berasal apabila interaksi dinamik dengan bintang lain menyebabkan sistem binari bergabung menjadi satu bintang.<sup id="cite_ref-baas35_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baas35-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apabila mereka telah menghabiskan bekalan <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Lakuran_nuklear" title="Lakuran nuklear">pelakuran nuklear</a>, bintang berjisim sederhana hingga rendah melepaskan lapisan luarnya untuk membentuk <a href="/wiki/Nebula_planet" title="Nebula planet">nebula planet</a> dan berkembang menjadi <a href="/wiki/Kerdil_putih" title="Kerdil putih">kerdil putih</a>. Walaupun kebanyakan kelompok tersebar sebelum sebahagian besar ahlinya mencapai peringkat kerdil putih, bilangan kerdil putih dalam kelompok terbuka secara amnya masih jauh lebih rendah daripada yang dijangkakan, memandangkan umur kelompok dan jangkaan taburan jisim awal bagi bintang. Satu penjelasan yang mungkin untuk kekurangan kerdil putih ialah apabila <a href="/wiki/Gergasi_merah" title="Gergasi merah">gergasi merah</a> mengeluarkan lapisan luarnya untuk menjadi nebula planet, asimetri sedikit dalam kehilangan bahan boleh memberikan bintang itu 'tendangan' beberapa <a href="/wiki/Meter_per_saat" title="Meter per saat">kilometer sesaat</a>, cukup untuk mengeluarkannya daripada kelompok.<sup id="cite_ref-apj595_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj595-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memandangkan ketumpatannya yang tinggi, pertemuan rapat antara bintang dalam kelompok terbuka adalah perkara biasa. Untuk kelompok biasa dengan 1,000 bintang dengan 0.5 jejari separuh jisim parsek, secara purata bintang akan bertemu dengan ahli lain setiap 10 juta tahun. Kadarnya lebih tinggi dalam kelompok yang lebih padat. Pertemuan ini boleh memberi kesan yang ketara pada cakera bulatan bahan yang mengelilingi banyak bintang muda. Gangguan pasang surut cakera besar boleh mengakibatkan pembentukan planet besar dan <a href="/wiki/Kerdil_perang" title="Kerdil perang">kerdil coklat</a>, menghasilkan pasangan pada jarak 100 <a href="/wiki/Unit_astronomi" title="Unit astronomi">AU</a> atau lebih daripada bintang induk.<sup id="cite_ref-apj717_1_577_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj717_1_577-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nasib_akhirnya">Nasib akhirnya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Nasib akhirnya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Nasib akhirnya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/220px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/330px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg/440px-Nursery_of_New_Stars_-_GPN-2000-000972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1127" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>NGC 604 dalam <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_Triangulum" title="Galaksi Triangulum">Galaksi Triangulum Galaxy</a> ialah kelompok terbuka yang sangat besar yang dikelilingi oleh rantau H II.</figcaption></figure> <p>Banyak kelompok terbuka sememangnya tidak stabil, dengan jisim yang cukup kecil sehingga <a href="/wiki/Halaju_lepas" title="Halaju lepas">halaju lepas</a> sistem adalah lebih rendah daripada <a href="/wiki/Halaju" title="Halaju">halaju</a> purata bintang juzuknya. Kelompok ini akan bersurai dengan cepat dalam beberapa juta tahun. Dalam kebanyakan kes, pelucutan gas dari mana kelompok terbentuk oleh tekanan sinaran bintang muda panas mengurangkan jisim kelompok yang cukup untuk membolehkan penyebaran pantas.<sup id="cite_ref-apj235_1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apj235_1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelompok yang mempunyai jisim yang cukup untuk diikat secara graviti sebaik sahaja nebula di sekelilingnya telah tersejat boleh kekal berbeza selama berpuluh-puluh juta tahun, tetapi dari masa ke masa proses dalaman dan luaran juga cenderung untuk menyebarkannya. Secara dalaman, pertemuan rapat antara bintang boleh meningkatkan halaju ahli melebihi halaju melarikan diri kelompok. Ini mengakibatkan 'penyejatan' ahli kelompok secara beransur-ansur.<sup id="cite_ref-pasp110_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Secara luaran, kira-kira setiap setengah bilion tahun atau lebih kelompok terbuka cenderung diganggu oleh faktor luaran seperti melalui dekat atau melalui awan molekul. <a href="/wiki/Daya_pasang_surut" title="Daya pasang surut">Daya pasang surut</a> graviti yang dihasilkan oleh pertemuan sedemikian cenderung untuk mengganggu kelompok. Akhirnya, kelompok itu menjadi aliran bintang, tidak cukup dekat untuk menjadi kelompok tetapi semuanya berkaitan dan bergerak dalam arah yang sama pada kelajuan yang sama. Skala masa di mana kelompok terganggu bergantung pada ketumpatan bintang awalnya, dengan kelompok yang lebih padat kekal lebih lama. Anggaran <a href="/wiki/Separuh_hayat" title="Separuh hayat">separuh hayat</a> kelompok, selepas itu separuh ahli kelompok asal akan hilang, berkisar antara 150–800 juta tahun, bergantung pada ketumpatan asal.<sup id="cite_ref-pasp110_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp110-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selepas kelompok menjadi tidak terikat secara graviti, banyak bintang konstituennya masih akan bergerak melalui angkasa pada trajektori yang serupa, dalam apa yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persatuan_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persatuan bintang (laman tidak wujud)">persatuan bintang</a>, kelompok bergerak atau <a href="/wiki/Kinematik_bintang" title="Kinematik bintang">kumpulan bergerak</a>. Beberapa bintang paling terang dalam <a href="/wiki/Bintang_Biduk" title="Bintang Biduk">Biduk</a> <a href="/wiki/Beruang_Besar_(buruj)" title="Beruang Besar (buruj)">Ursa Major</a> adalah bekas ahli kelompok terbuka yang kini membentuk persatuan sedemikian, dalam kes ini, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_Bergerak_Ursa_Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan Bergerak Ursa Major (laman tidak wujud)">Kumpulan Bergerak Ursa Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aj105_1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj105_1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Akhirnya halaju relatif mereka yang sedikit berbeza akan melihat mereka bertaburan di seluruh galaksi. Kelompok yang lebih besar kemudiannya dikenali sebagai aliran, jika kita menemui halaju dan umur yang sama bagi bintang yang dipisahkan dengan baik.<sup id="cite_ref-aspcs92_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aspcs92-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baas38_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baas38-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mempelajari_evolusi_bintang">Mempelajari evolusi bintang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Mempelajari evolusi bintang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Mempelajari evolusi bintang"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/220px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/330px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif/440px-Open_cluster_HR_diagram_ages.gif 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Rajah Hertzsprung-Russell">Gambar rajah Hertzsprung–Russell</a> untuk dua kelompok terbuka. <a href="/wiki/NGC_188" title="NGC 188">NGC 188</a> lebih lama, dan menunjukkan penyimpangan yang lebih rendah daripada <a href="/wiki/Jujukan_utama" title="Jujukan utama">jujukan utama</a> daripada yang dilihat dalam <a href="/wiki/Messier_67" title="Messier 67">M67</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apabila <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Hertzsprung-Russell" title="Rajah Hertzsprung-Russell">gambar rajah Hertzsprung–Russell</a> diplot untuk kelompok terbuka, kebanyakan bintang terletak pada <a href="/wiki/Jujukan_utama" title="Jujukan utama">jujukan utama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-orsa_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orsa-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bintang yang paling besar telah mula berkembang jauh daripada jujukan utama dan menjadi <a href="/wiki/Gergasi_merah" title="Gergasi merah">gergasi merah</a> ; kedudukan menyimpang dari jujukan utama boleh digunakan untuk menganggar umur kelompok. <sup id="cite_ref-BOB4767_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOB4767-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Memandangkan bintang dalam kelompok terbuka semuanya berada pada jarak yang lebih kurang sama dari <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>, dan dilahirkan pada masa yang hampir sama daripada bahan mentah yang sama, perbezaan kecerahan ketara di kalangan ahli kelompok hanya disebabkan oleh jisimnya.<sup id="cite_ref-orsa_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orsa-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ini menjadikan kelompok terbuka sangat berguna dalam kajian evolusi bintang, kerana apabila membandingkan satu bintang dengan bintang lain, banyak parameter pembolehubah ditetapkan. <sup id="cite_ref-BOB4767_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOB4767-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kajian tentang kelimpahan <a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">litium</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Berilium" title="Berilium">berilium</a> dalam bintang kelompok terbuka boleh memberi petunjuk penting tentang evolusi bintang dan struktur dalamannya. Manakala nukleus <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen" title="Hidrogen">hidrogen</a> tidak boleh bercantum membentuk <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> sehingga suhu mencecah kira-kira 10 juta <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>, litium dan berilium dimusnahkan pada suhu 2.5 juta K dan 3.5 juta K masing-masing. Ini bermakna bahawa kelimpahan mereka sangat bergantung pada berapa banyak percampuran yang berlaku di bahagian dalam bintang. Dengan mengkaji kelimpahan mereka dalam bintang kelompok terbuka, pembolehubah seperti umur dan komposisi kimia ditetapkan.<sup id="cite_ref-pasp116_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp116-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kajian telah menunjukkan bahawa kelimpahan unsur cahaya ini jauh lebih rendah daripada model yang diramalkan oleh evolusi bintang. Walaupun sebab kekurangan ini masih belum difahami sepenuhnya, satu kemungkinan ialah <a href="/wiki/Perolakan" title="Perolakan">perolakan</a> di bahagian dalam bintang boleh 'terlalu lama' ke kawasan yang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenaga_sinaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenaga sinaran (laman tidak wujud)">sinaran</a> biasanya merupakan mod pengangkutan tenaga yang dominan.<sup id="cite_ref-pasp116_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pasp116-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skala_jarak_astronomi">Skala jarak astronomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Skala jarak astronomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Skala jarak astronomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Messier11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Messier11.jpg/220px-Messier11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Messier11.jpg/330px-Messier11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Messier11.jpg/440px-Messier11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Itik_Liar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Itik Liar (laman tidak wujud)">M11</a>, juga dikenali sebagai 'Kelompok Itik Liar', ialah kelompok yang sangat kaya yang terletak di arah pusat <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Menentukan jarak ke objek astronomi adalah penting untuk memahaminya, tetapi sebahagian besar objek terlalu jauh untuk jaraknya ditentukan secara langsung. Penentukuran <a href="/wiki/Tangga_jarak_kosmos" title="Tangga jarak kosmos">skala jarak astronomi</a> bergantung pada jujukan ukuran tidak langsung dan kadangkala tidak pasti yang mengaitkan objek terdekat, yang mana jarak boleh diukur secara langsung, dengan objek yang semakin jauh.<sup id="cite_ref-keel09_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keel09-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelompok terbuka adalah langkah penting dalam urutan ini. </p><p>Kelompok terbuka yang paling dekat boleh diukur jaraknya secara langsung dengan salah satu daripada dua kaedah. Pertama, <a href="/wiki/Ralat_paralaks" title="Ralat paralaks">paralaks</a> (perubahan kecil dalam kedudukan ketara dalam tempoh setahun yang disebabkan oleh Bumi bergerak dari satu sisi orbitnya mengelilingi Matahari ke sisi lain) bintang dalam kelompok terbuka rapat boleh diukur, seperti bintang individu lain. Kelompok seperti Pleiades, Hyades dan beberapa yang lain dalam kira-kira 500 tahun cahaya adalah cukup dekat untuk kaedah ini berdaya maju, dan hasil daripada satelit pengukur kedudukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hipparcos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hipparcos (laman tidak wujud)">Hipparcos</a> menghasilkan jarak yang tepat untuk beberapa kelompok.<sup id="cite_ref-rmaa11_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmaa11-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaa400_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa400-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaedah langsung yang lain ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaedah_kelompok_bergerak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaedah kelompok bergerak (laman tidak wujud)">kaedah kelompok bergerak</a> yang dipanggil. Ini bergantung pada fakta bahawa bintang-bintang kelompok berkongsi gerakan yang sama melalui ruang angkasa. Mengukur pergerakan ahli kelompok yang betul dan merancang gerakan jelas mereka merentasi langit akan mendedahkan bahawa mereka bertumpu pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titik_lenyap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titik lenyap (laman tidak wujud)">titik lenyap</a>. Halaju jejari ahli kelompok boleh ditentukan daripada ukuran <a href="/wiki/Kesan_Doppler" title="Kesan Doppler">anjakan Doppler</a> <a href="/wiki/Spektrum_elektromagnet" title="Spektrum elektromagnet">spektrumnya</a>, dan sebaik sahaja halaju jejarian, gerakan yang betul dan jarak sudut dari kelompok ke titik lenyapnya diketahui, <a href="/wiki/Trigonometri" title="Trigonometri">trigonometri</a> mudah akan mendedahkan jarak ke kelompok. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hyades_(kelompok_bintang)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hyades (kelompok bintang) (laman tidak wujud)">Hyades</a> adalah aplikasi yang paling terkenal bagi kaedah ini, yang mendedahkan jarak mereka menjadi 46.3 <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parsek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aj80_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aj80-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah jarak ke kelompok berdekatan telah ditetapkan, teknik selanjutnya boleh memanjangkan skala jarak ke kelompok yang lebih jauh. Dengan memadankan <a href="/wiki/Jujukan_utama" title="Jujukan utama">jujukan utama</a> pada rajah Hertzsprung-Russell untuk kelompok pada jarak yang diketahui dengan kelompok yang lebih jauh, jarak ke kelompok yang lebih jauh boleh dianggarkan. Kelompok terbuka yang terdekat ialah Hyades: persatuan bintang yang terdiri daripada kebanyakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_bergerak_Ursa_Major&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumpulan bergerak Ursa Major (laman tidak wujud)">bintang Biduk</a> berada pada kira-kira separuh jarak Hyades, tetapi merupakan persatuan bintang dan bukannya kelompok terbuka kerana bintang-bintang tidak terikat secara graviti antara satu sama lain. Kelompok terbuka yang paling jauh diketahui dalam galaksi kita ialah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkeley_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkeley 29 (laman tidak wujud)">Berkeley 29</a>, pada jarak kira-kira 15,000 parsek.<sup id="cite_ref-aaa429_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaa429-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kelompok terbuka, terutamanya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_bintang_super&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok bintang super (laman tidak wujud)">kelompok bintang super</a>, juga mudah dikesan dalam kebanyakan galaksi <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_Tempatan" title="Kumpulan Tempatan">Kumpulan Tempatan</a> dan berdekatan: cth, <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_346&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 346 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 346</a> dan SSC <a href="/w/index.php?title=R136&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R136 (laman tidak wujud)">R136</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_1569&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 1569 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 1569 A dan B</a>. </p><p>Pengetahuan yang tepat tentang jarak kelompok terbuka adalah penting untuk menentukur perhubungan kecerahan tempoh yang ditunjukkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Bintang_berubah" title="Bintang berubah">bintang boleh ubah</a> seperti bintang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolehubah_Cepheid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolehubah Cepheid (laman tidak wujud)">cepheid</a>, yang membolehkan mereka digunakan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Tangga_jarak_kosmos" title="Tangga jarak kosmos">lilin piawai</a>. Bintang bercahaya ini boleh dikesan pada jarak yang jauh, dan kemudiannya digunakan untuk melanjutkan skala jarak ke galaksi berdekatan dalam Kumpulan Tempatan.<sup id="cite_ref-ssr48_1_2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ssr48_1_2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sesungguhnya, kelompok terbuka yang ditetapkan NGC 7790 menjadi tuan rumah tiga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cepheid_Klasik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cepheid Klasik (laman tidak wujud)">Cepheids klasik</a>..<sup id="cite_ref-sa1958_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa1958-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ma2013_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ma2013-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembolehubah_RR_Lyrae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembolehubah RR Lyrae (laman tidak wujud)">Pembolehubah RR Lyrae</a> terlalu lama untuk dikaitkan dengan kelompok terbuka, dan sebaliknya ditemui dalam <a href="/wiki/Kelompok_globul" title="Kelompok globul">kelompok globul</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planet">Planet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Planet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Planet"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bintang dalam kelompok terbuka boleh menjadi tuan rumah <a href="/wiki/Eksoplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eksoplanet">eksoplanet</a>, sama seperti bintang di luar kelompok terbuka. Sebagai contoh, kelompok terbuka <a href="/wiki/NGC_6811" title="NGC 6811">NGC 6811</a> mengandungi dua sistem planet yang diketahui, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-66&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-66 (laman tidak wujud)">Kepler-66</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-67&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-67 (laman tidak wujud)">Kepler-67</a>. Selain itu, beberapa <a href="/wiki/Musytari_panas" title="Musytari panas">Musytari panas</a> diketahui wujud dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_Sarang_Lebah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelompok Sarang Lebah (laman tidak wujud)">Kelompok Sarang Lebah</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kelompok terbuka (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai kelompok terbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematik_bintang" title="Kinematik bintang">Kumpulan bergerak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga kelompok terbuka (laman tidak wujud)">Keluarga kelompok terbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sisa_kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sisa kelompok terbuka (laman tidak wujud)">Sisa kelompok terbuka</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-seds-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seds_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seds_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seds_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFFrommert,_HartmutKronberg,_Christine2007" class="citation web cs1">Frommert, Hartmut; Kronberg, Christine (August 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222064251/http://seds.org/messier/open.html">"Open Star Clusters"</a>. <i>SEDS</i>. University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Lab. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seds.org/messier/open.html">yang asal</a> pada December 22, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SEDS&rft.atitle=Open+Star+Clusters&rft.date=2007-08-27&rft.au=Frommert%2C+Hartmut&rft.au=Kronberg%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seds.org%2Fmessier%2Fopen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karttunen_et_al_03-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karttunen_et_al_03_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKarttunen,_Hannu2003" class="citation book cs1">Karttunen, Hannu; dll. (2003). <i>Fundamental astronomy</i>. Physics and Astronomy Online Library (ed. 4th). Springer. m/s. 321. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/3-540-00179-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/3-540-00179-4"><bdi>3-540-00179-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+astronomy&rft.series=Physics+and+Astronomy+Online+Library&rft.pages=321&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-540-00179-4&rft.au=Karttunen%2C+Hannu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-payne-gaposchkin79-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-payne-gaposchkin79_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFPayne-Gaposchkin,_C.1979" class="citation book cs1">Payne-Gaposchkin, C. (1979). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Pendaftaran percuma diperlukan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starsclusters00gapo"><i>Stars and clusters</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979stcl.book.....P">1979stcl.book.....P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-674-83440-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-674-83440-2"><bdi>0-674-83440-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stars+and+clusters&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979stcl.book.....P&rft.isbn=0-674-83440-2&rft.au=Payne-Gaposchkin%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarsclusters00gapo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apj62-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apj62_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A good example of this is <a href="/w/index.php?title=NGC_2244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NGC 2244 (laman tidak wujud)">NGC 2244</a>, in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosette_Nebula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosette Nebula (laman tidak wujud)">Rosette Nebula</a>. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Harold_L.1962" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Harold L. (November 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F147466">"The Galactic Cluster, NGC 2244"</a>. <i>Astrophysical Journal</i>. <b>136</b>: 1135. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962ApJ...136.1135J">1962ApJ...136.1135J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F147466">10.1086/147466</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Galactic+Cluster%2C+NGC+2244&rft.volume=136&rft.pages=1135&rft.date=1962-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F147466&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962ApJ...136.1135J&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Harold+L.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F147466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neata09-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neata09_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFNeata" class="citation web cs1">Neata, Emil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightskyinfo.com/open_clusters/">"Open Star Clusters: Information and Observations"</a>. <i>Night Sky Info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">2009-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Night+Sky+Info&rft.atitle=Open+Star+Clusters%3A+Information+and+Observations&rft.aulast=Neata&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nightskyinfo.com%2Fopen_clusters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1128/">"VISTA Finds 96 Star Clusters Hidden Behind Dust"</a>. <i>ESO Science Release</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESO+Science+Release&rft.atitle=VISTA+Finds+96+Star+Clusters+Hidden+Behind+Dust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso1128%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moore_rees2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moore_rees2011_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMooreRees2011" class="citation cs2">Moore, Patrick; Rees, Robin (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2FNfjWKBZx8C&pg=PA339"><i>Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy</i></a> (ed. 2nd), Cambridge University Press, m/s. 339, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-89935-2" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-0-521-89935-2"><bdi>978-0-521-89935-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patrick+Moore%27s+Data+Book+of+Astronomy&rft.pages=339&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89935-2&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Rees%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2FNfjWKBZx8C%26pg%3DPA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jones91-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jones91_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJones1991" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Kenneth Glyn (1991). <i>Messier's nebulae and star clusters</i>. Practical astronomy handbook (ed. 2nd). Cambridge University Press. m/s. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-37079-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-37079-5"><bdi>0-521-37079-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messier%27s+nebulae+and+star+clusters&rft.series=Practical+astronomy+handbook&rft.pages=6-7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-521-37079-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Glyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaler06-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaler06_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaler06_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaler06_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaler2006" class="citation book cs1">Kaler, James B. (2006). <i>Cambridge Encyclopedia of Stars</i>. Cambridge University Press. m/s. 167. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-521-81803-6" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-521-81803-6"><bdi>0-521-81803-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+Stars&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-81803-6&rft.aulast=Kaler&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1416/">"A Star Cluster in the Wake of Carina"</a>. <i>ESO Press Release</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESO+Press+Release&rft.atitle=A+Star+Cluster+in+the+Wake+of+Carina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso1416%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maran_marshall2009-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-maran_marshall2009_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMaranMarschall2009" class="citation cs2">Maran, Stephen P.; Marschall, Laurence A. (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cs41G1EZRm0C&pg=PA128"><i>Galileo's new universe: the revolution in our understanding of the cosmos</i></a>, BenBella Books, m/s. 128, <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-1-933771-59-5" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-1-933771-59-5"><bdi>978-1-933771-59-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Galileo%27s+new+universe%3A+the+revolution+in+our+understanding+of+the+cosmos&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=BenBella+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-933771-59-5&rft.aulast=Maran&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft.au=Marschall%2C+Laurence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCs41G1EZRm0C%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-donofrio_burigana09-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-donofrio_burigana09_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFD'Onofrio,_MauroBurigana,_Carlo2009" class="citation book cs1">D'Onofrio, Mauro; Burigana, Carlo (17 July 2009). "Introduction". Dalam Mauro D'Onofrio; Carlo Burigana (penyunting). <i>Questions of Modern Cosmology: Galileo's Legacy</i>. Springer, 2009. m/s. 1. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/978-3-642-00791-0" title="Khas:Sumber buku/978-3-642-00791-0"><bdi>978-3-642-00791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Questions+of+Modern+Cosmology%3A+Galileo%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer%2C+2009&rft.date=2009-07-17&rft.isbn=978-3-642-00791-0&rft.au=D%27Onofrio%2C+Mauro&rft.au=Burigana%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jha16_1_1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jha16_1_1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFFodera-SerioIndoratoNastasi1985" class="citation cs2">Fodera-Serio, G.; Indorato, L.; Nastasi, P. (February 1985), "Hodierna's Observations of Nebulae and his Cosmology", <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>, <b>16</b> (1): 1, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985JHA....16....1F">1985JHA....16....1F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868501600101">10.1177/002182868501600101</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Hodierna%27s+Observations+of+Nebulae+and+his+Cosmology&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1985-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868501600101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985JHA....16....1F&rft.aulast=Fodera-Serio&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Indorato%2C+L.&rft.au=Nastasi%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jha17_50-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jha17_50_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFJones1986" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, K. G. (August 1986). "Some Notes on Hodierna's Nebulae". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>17</b> (50): 187–188. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JHA....17..187J">1986JHA....17..187J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868601700303">10.1177/002182868601700303</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117590918">117590918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+Hodierna%27s+Nebulae&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=187-188&rft.date=1986-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117590918%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868601700303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JHA....17..187J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=K.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rasqj30_4_399-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rasqj30_4_399_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFChapman1989" class="citation cs2">Chapman, A. (December 1989), "William Herschel and the Measurement of Space", <i>Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, <b>30</b> (4): 399–418, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989QJRAS..30..399C">1989QJRAS..30..399C</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=William+Herschel+and+the+Measurement+of+Space&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-418&rft.date=1989-12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989QJRAS..30..399C&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pt57-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pt57_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1767" class="citation journal cs1">Michell, J. (1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0028">"An Inquiry into the probable Parallax, and Magnitude, of the Fixed Stars, from the Quantity of Light which they afford us, and the particular Circumstances of their Situation"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions</i>. <b>57</b>: 234–264. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1767RSPT...57..234M">1767RSPT...57..234M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0028">10.1098/rstl.1767.0028</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=An+Inquiry+into+the+probable+Parallax%2C+and+Magnitude%2C+of+the+Fixed+Stars%2C+from+the+Quantity+of+Light+which+they+afford+us%2C+and+the+particular+Circumstances+of+their+Situation&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=234-264&rft.date=1767&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0028&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1767RSPT...57..234M&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frstl.1767.0028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jha10-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jha10_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFHoskin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Hoskin, M. 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"The extragalactic distance scale". <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. <b>48</b> (1–2): 1–71. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988SSRv...48....1R">1988SSRv...48....1R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00183129">10.1007/BF00183129</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-6308">0038-6308</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121736592">121736592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+extragalactic+distance+scale&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-71&rft.date=1988-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00183129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121736592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0038-6308&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988SSRv...48....1R&rft.au=Rowan-Robinson%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sa1958-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sa1958_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sandage, Allan (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJ...128..150S"><i>Cepheids in Galactic Clusters. I. CF Cass in NGC 7790.</i></a>, AJ, 128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ma2013-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ma2013_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Majaess, D.; Carraro, G.; Moni Bidin, C.; Bonatto, C.; Berdnikov, L.; Balam, D.; Moyano, M.; Gallo, L.; Turner, D.; Lane, D.; Gieren, W.; Borissova, J.; Kovtyukh, V.; Beletsky, Y. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013A%26A...560A..22M"><i>Anchors for the cosmic distance scale: the Cepheids U Sagittarii, CF Cassiopeiae, and CEab Cassiopeiae</i></a>, A&A, 260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFQuinnWhiteLathamBuchhave2012" class="citation journal cs1">Quinn, Samuel N.; White, Russel J.; Latham, David W.; Buchhave, Lars A.; Cantrell, Justin R.; Dahm, Scott E.; Fűrész, Gabor; Szentgyorgyi, Andrew H.; Geary, John C. (2012-08-22). "Two 'b's in the Beehive: The Discovery of the First Hot Jupiters in an Open Cluster". <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_American_Astronomical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The American Astronomical Society (laman tidak wujud)">The American Astronomical Society</a>. <b>756</b> (2): L33. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Boleh diakses dengan percuma"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1207.0818">1207.0818</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...756L..33Q">2012ApJ...756L..33Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F756%2F2%2FL33">10.1088/2041-8205/756/2/L33</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Two+%27b%27s+in+the+Beehive%3A+The+Discovery+of+the+First+Hot+Jupiters+in+an+Open+Cluster&rft.volume=756&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=L33&rft.date=2012-08-22&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1207.0818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F756%2F2%2FL33&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012ApJ...756L..33Q&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Samuel+N.&rft.au=White%2C+Russel+J.&rft.au=Latham%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Buchhave%2C+Lars+A.&rft.au=Cantrell%2C+Justin+R.&rft.au=Dahm%2C+Scott+E.&rft.au=F%C5%B1r%C3%A9sz%2C+Gabor&rft.au=Szentgyorgyi%2C+Andrew+H.&rft.au=Geary%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lanjut">Bacaan lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Bacaan lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bacaan lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann,_W._J.1994" class="citation book cs1">Kaufmann, W. J. (1994). <i>Universe</i>. W H Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-7167-2379-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-7167-2379-4"><bdi>0-7167-2379-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe&rft.pub=W+H+Freeman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7167-2379-4&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+W.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_E.V.P.Jacobs,_K.C.Zeilik,_M.Gregory,_S.A.1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elske_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elske Smith (laman tidak wujud)">Smith, E.V.P.</a>; Jacobs, K.C.; Zeilik, M.; Gregory, S.A. (1997). <i>Introductory Astronomy and Astrophysics</i>. Thomson Learning. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Buku_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Buku Piawai Antarabangsa">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumber_buku/0-03-006228-4" title="Khas:Sumber buku/0-03-006228-4"><bdi>0-03-006228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introductory+Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.pub=Thomson+Learning&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-03-006228-4&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.V.P.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+K.C.&rft.au=Zeilik%2C+M.&rft.au=Gregory%2C+S.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AKelompok+terbuka" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelompok_terbuka&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=12.895&de=-60.3667&zoom=10&img_source=IMG_all">The Jewel Box (juga dikenali sebagai NGC 4755 atau Kappa Crucis Cluster) – kelompok terbuka dalam buruj Crux @ SKY-MAP.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sky-map.org/?ra=12.895&de=-60.3667&zoom=10&img_source=IMG_all">ORG</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messier.seds.org/open.html">Buka halaman Kelompok Bintang @ SEDS Messier</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050218133220/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/astronomy/OpeClu.html">Gambaran keseluruhan umum kelompok terbuka</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408171117/http://zebu.uoregon.edu/~soper/Stars/movingcluster.html">Kaedah kelompok bergerak</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightskyinfo.com/open_clusters">Kelompok Terbuka – Maklumat dan pemerhatian amatur</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sistem_Najam" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi" title="Galaksi">Galaksi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaksi_kerdil" title="Galaksi kerdil">Galaksi kerdil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelompok_bintang" title="Kelompok bintang">Kelompok bintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelompok_globul" title="Kelompok globul">Kelompok globul</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kelompok terbuka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sistem_bintang_hipermampat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sistem bintang hipermampat (laman tidak wujud)">Sistem bintang hipermampat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_bintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem bintang">Sistem bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintang_dedua" title="Bintang dedua">Bintang dedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_planet" title="Sistem planet">Sistem planet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tidak terikat</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strim_najam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strim najam (laman tidak wujud)">Strim najam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rangkaian_najam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rangkaian najam (laman tidak wujud)">Rangkaian najam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematik_bintang" title="Kinematik bintang">Kumpulan bergerak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_pelarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang pelarian (laman tidak wujud)">Bintang pelarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinematik_bintang#Bintang_berhalaju_hiper" title="Kinematik bintang">Bintang berhalaju hiper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pengumpulan visual</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_berganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang berganda (laman tidak wujud)">Bintang berganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bintang_berbilang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bintang berbilang (laman tidak wujud)">Bintang berbilang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Awan_bintang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Awan bintang (laman tidak wujud)">Awan bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterisme_(astronomi)" title="Asterisme (astronomi)"> Asterisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buruj" title="Buruj">Buruj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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