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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_Marakkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_Marakkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins of Marakkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_Marakkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kunjali_Marakkar_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kunjali_Marakkar_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kunjali Marakkar I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kunjali_Marakkar_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Against_the_Portuguese_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Against_the_Portuguese_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Against the Portuguese Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Against_the_Portuguese_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marakkar_Kotta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marakkar_Kotta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marakkar Kotta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marakkar_Kotta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fleet admiral of the Samoothiri</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kunjali Marakkar (disambiguation)">Kunjali Marakkar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A metallic bust of Kunjali Marakkar III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg/220px-Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg/330px-Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg/440px-Bust_of_Kunhali_Marakkar_III_at_Visakha_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2905" data-file-height="3455" /></a><figcaption>Bust of the third Kunjali Marakkar at <a href="/wiki/Visakha_Museum" title="Visakha Museum">Visakha Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kunjali Marakkar</b> was the title inherited by the <a href="/wiki/Admiral_of_the_fleet" title="Admiral of the fleet">Admiral of the fleet</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">King Samoothiri</a> / Zamorin, the King of Calicut, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, India. There were four Marakkars whose war tactics defended against the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese</a> invasion from 1520 to 1600. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG/300px-Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG/450px-Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG/600px-Marakkar-Inscriptions.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Inscriptions on the Kunjali Marakkar Memorial at Kottakkal, Vatakara</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_Marakkar">Origins of Marakkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins of Marakkar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marakkars originate from a branch of Tamil-speaking merchants within the seafaring community who settled in Kochi. They were involved in trade and engaged in collaboration with the Portuguese. The 16th century writer <a href="/wiki/Zainuddin_Makhdoom_II" title="Zainuddin Makhdoom II">Zainuddin Makhdoom II</a> who wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat-ul-Mujahideen</a></i> stated in 1524 that the Marakkars had turned against the Portuguese when the latter disrupted the former's trade networks by purchasing spices and commodities directly from local people in Kochi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial,_Iringal,_Kozhikkod_1_(3).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG/220px-Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG/330px-Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG/440px-Kunjali_Marakkar_Memorial%2C_Iringal%2C_Kozhikkod_1_%283%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Ancestral home of Kunjali Marakkar at Iringal, Kottakkal, near Calicut, now preserved as a Museum.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kunjali_Marakkar_I">Kunjali Marakkar I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kunjali Marakkar I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kutty Ahmed Ali was a Admiral of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> he played a significant role in resisting the portuguese expansion. In 1524 <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> Kingdom helped the ceylonese king in his campaign to expel the Portuguese from ceylon and reduced the <a href="/wiki/Colombo_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Colombo Fort">Colombo Fort</a> with the help of Zamorin navy under the command of ahmed ali.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1525 Portuguese established a fortress in calicut a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> ships under the command of kutty ahmed ali bombarded the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later that year entered the port of <a href="/wiki/Cochin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin">Cochin</a> setting fire to number of Portuguese vessels and returned safely to <a href="/wiki/Calicut" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut">Calicut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1529 <a href="/wiki/Zamorin" title="Zamorin">Zamorin</a> navy defeated Portuguese navy in the battle of chetwai river.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Against_the_Portuguese_Empire">Against the Portuguese Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Against the Portuguese Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kunjali IV had rescued a Chinese boy, called Chinali, who was said to have been enslaved on a Portuguese ship.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kunjali was very fond of him, and he became one of his most feared lieutenants, a Muslim and enemy of the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese were terrorized by the Kunjali and his Chinese right-hand man, eventually, after the Portuguese allied with Calicut's Zamorin, under <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Furtado_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="André Furtado de Mendonça">André Furtado de Mendonça</a> they attacked the Kunjali and Chinali's forces, and they were handed over to the Portuguese by the Samorin after he reneged on a promise to let them go.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diogo_do_Couto" title="Diogo do Couto">Diogo do Couto</a>, a Portuguese historian, questioned the Kunjali and Chinali when they were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was present when the Kunjali surrendered to the Portuguese and was described: "One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, de Couto's claim that he tortured Christians was questionable, since no other source reported this, and is dismissed as ridiculous.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunhali-Sword.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kunhali-Sword.JPG/170px-Kunhali-Sword.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kunhali-Sword.JPG/255px-Kunhali-Sword.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kunhali-Sword.JPG/340px-Kunhali-Sword.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="3015" /></a><figcaption>The sword used by the last Kunjali Marakkar at the mosque at Kottakkal, Vatakara</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marakkar-Navy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marakkar-Navy.JPG/170px-Marakkar-Navy.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="437" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marakkar-Navy.JPG/255px-Marakkar-Navy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marakkar-Navy.JPG/340px-Marakkar-Navy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption>The Kunjali Marakkar Memorial erected by the Indian navy at Kottakkal, Vatakar</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marakkar_Kotta">Marakkar Kotta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marakkar Kotta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Such a practice also prevailed in Calicut, registering the goods, Pyrard called the system "most admirable". Malabar pirates had four harbours under the ambit of the Samoothiri, there they built their galleys. These harbours were Moutingue (Muttungal), Badara (Vadakara), Chombaye (Chambal), and Cangelotte (Kaniyaram Kottu). They were fortified only on the seas-side under the patronage of Samoothiri, who granted these ports to Marakkar family who fortified them. These ports were two leagues from each other. Portuguese made multiple attempts to conquer these fortified ports, without effect or to their own loss, mainly at Badara.<sup id="cite_ref-Saletore_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saletore-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>There is a temple dedicated to "Kunjali Maraikkayar" at Madhavan Kurichi village in <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi_district" title="Thoothukudi district">Thoothukudi district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. Known as <i>perumal</i> temple, it is situated near to <a href="/wiki/Manapad" title="Manapad">Manapad</a> which was a Portuguese stronghold in the 16th century. Villagers worship Maraikkayar as a deity and observe annual festivals. Stories of Maraikkayar are part of their <a href="/wiki/Villu_Paatu" title="Villu Paatu">Villu Paatu</a> songs.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>At <a href="/wiki/Iringal" title="Iringal">Iringal</a>, a village about 35 km north of <a href="/wiki/Kozhikode" title="Kozhikode">Kozhikode</a>, a small museum has been built in a hut that used to belong to the Marakkar family, with collection of ancient swords, cannonballs and knives. This is maintained by the State Archeology Dept <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041222115758/http://www.kerala.gov.in/dept_archaeology/monuments.htm">[1]</a>.</li> <li>The Kunjali Marakkar Centre for West Asian Studies at <a href="/wiki/Calicut_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicut University">Calicut University</a> is named in honour of Kunjali Marakkar.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1967, S. S. Rajan made the <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Kunjali_Marakkar_(film)" title="Kunjali Marakkar (film)">Kunjali Marakkar</a></i> starring <a href="/wiki/Kottarakkara_Sreedharan_Nair" title="Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair">Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair</a> in the title role. The film won the <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Malayalam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam">National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marakkar:_Lion_of_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea">Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea</a></i>, a film made by director <a href="/wiki/Priyadarshan" title="Priyadarshan">Priyadarshan</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Mohanlal" title="Mohanlal">Mohanlal</a> won the <a href="/wiki/50th_Kerala_State_Film_Awards" title="50th Kerala State Film Awards">50th Kerala State Film Awards</a> and <a href="/wiki/67th_National_Film_Awards" title="67th National Film Awards">67th National Film Awards</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The film is said to be historically inaccurate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_Ul_Mujahideen" title="Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen">Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayimama_Marakkar" title="Mayimama Marakkar">Mayimama Marakkar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Asian+Age&rft.atitle=Give+Indian+Navy+its+due&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianage.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2F110217%2Fgive-indian-navy-its-due.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazeer2020" class="citation news cs1">Nazeer, Mohamed (16 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/who-were-the-kunjali-marakkars/article31085530.ece">"Who were the Kunjali Marakkars?"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Kunjali+Marakkars%3F&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Nazeer&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fwho-were-the-kunjali-marakkars%2Farticle31085530.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode2023" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sOzEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kutty+Ahmed+Ali&pg=PA114"><i>Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7"><bdi>978-1-68247-867-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Clashes+along+the+Maritime+Silk+Road%3A+Lessons+from+History+to+Shape+Current+Strategy&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68247-867-7&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=Grant+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sOzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKutty%2BAhmed%2BAli%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2014" class="citation book cs1">MacDougall, Philip (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-948-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Resistance+to+Britain%27s+Growing+Power+in+India%2C+1660-1800%3A+The+Saffron+Banner+and+the+Tiger+of+Mysore&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-948-4&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIKfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall2014" class="citation book cs1">MacDougall, Philip (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIKfBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Naval Resistance to Britain's Growing Power in India, 1660-1800: The Saffron Banner and the Tiger of Mysore</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-948-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-948-4"><bdi>978-1-84383-948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Resistance+to+Britain%27s+Growing+Power+in+India%2C+1660-1800%3A+The+Saffron+Banner+and+the+Tiger+of+Mysore&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-948-4&rft.aulast=MacDougall&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAIKfBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode2023" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sOzEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kutty+Ahmed+Ali&pg=PA114"><i>Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7"><bdi>978-1-68247-867-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Clashes+along+the+Maritime+Silk+Road%3A+Lessons+from+History+to+Shape+Current+Strategy&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68247-867-7&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=Grant+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sOzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKutty%2BAhmed%2BAli%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhode2023" class="citation book cs1">Rhode, Grant Frederick (15 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9sOzEAAAQBAJ&dq=Kutty+Ahmed+Ali&pg=PA114"><i>Great Power Clashes along the Maritime Silk Road: Lessons from History to Shape Current Strategy</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-867-7"><bdi>978-1-68247-867-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Power+Clashes+along+the+Maritime+Silk+Road%3A+Lessons+from+History+to+Shape+Current+Strategy&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-68247-867-7&rft.aulast=Rhode&rft.aufirst=Grant+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9sOzEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKutty%2BAhmed%2BAli%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaletore1978" class="citation book cs1">Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&q=Chinali"><i>Indian Pirates</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Pirates&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Saletore&rft.aufirst=Rajaram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PVMMoChwY4C%26q%3DChinali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Ralph_Boxer1948" class="citation book cs1">Charles Ralph Boxer (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PePUAAAAMAAJ&q=kunhali+slave+youth"><i>Fidalgos in the Far East, 1550-1770: fact and fancy in the history of Macao</i></a>. M. Nijhoff. p. 225<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>we meet with a surprisingly frequent number of references to Chinese wayfarers or sojourners in India Portuguesa. One Chinese slave who was taken by Malabar pirates in his youth, subsequently became a terrible scourge to his late masters, as the right hand man of the famous Moplah pirate Kunhali. His eventual conqueror in 1600, the great Captain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fidalgos+in+the+Far+East%2C+1550-1770%3A+fact+and+fancy+in+the+history+of+Macao&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1948&rft.au=Charles+Ralph+Boxer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPePUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkunhali%2Bslave%2Byouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_Yat-Sen_institute_for_the_advancement_of_culture_and_education1939" class="citation book cs1">Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=kunhali+chinese"><i>T'ien Hsia monthly</i></a>. Vol. 9. p. 456<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>and said to have been slave to a Portuguese, before he was captured in his youth and brought before Kunhala, who took such a fancy to him that he entrusted him with everything. He was he most fanatical Moslem and enemy of the Christian faith along the whole Malabar coast. For when prisoners were taken at sea and brought to him, he invented the most fiendish tortures ever seen, with which he martyred them."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%27ien+Hsia+monthly&rft.pages=456&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Sun+Yat-Sen+institute+for+the+advancement+of+culture+and+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDMZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkunhali%2Bchinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_Yat-Sen_institute_for_the_advancement_of_culture_and_education1939" class="citation book cs1">Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=prisoners+goa+Diogo+do+Couto"><i>T'ien Hsia monthly</i></a>. Vol. 9. p. 456<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>Kunhali and Chinale were for years the greatest scourge of the Portuguese in the India seas. They made such effective depredations against Lusitanian shipping that the former assumed the high</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%27ien+Hsia+monthly&rft.pages=456&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Sun+Yat-Sen+institute+for+the+advancement+of+culture+and+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDMZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dprisoners%2Bgoa%2BDiogo%2Bdo%2BCouto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun_Yat-Sen_institute_for_the_advancement_of_culture_and_education1939" class="citation book cs1">Sun Yat-Sen institute for the advancement of culture and education (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDMZAAAAIAAJ&q=interviewed+Diogo+do+Couto"><i>T'ien Hsia monthly</i></a>. Vol. 9. p. 456<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>command of Andre Furtado de Mendoça, and in alliance with the Samorin of Calicut, was more successful. Kottakkal was taken by storm and both Kunhali and his Chinese lieutenant carried off as prisoners to Goa. They remained for some time in the Goa prison, where they were interviewed by the historian Diogo do Couto.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%27ien+Hsia+monthly&rft.pages=456&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Sun+Yat-Sen+institute+for+the+advancement+of+culture+and+education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDMZAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dinterviewed%2BDiogo%2Bdo%2BCouto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_PyrardPierre_de_BergeronJérôme_Bignon1890" class="citation book cs1">François Pyrard; Pierre de Bergeron; Jérôme Bignon (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmcMAAAAIAAJ&q=kunhali+chinese&pg=PA523"><i>The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil</i></a>. Vol. 2. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 523<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q><p>allied forces the remnants of the garrison marched forth. "First came 400 Moors, many of them wounded, with their children and wives, in such an impoverished condition that they seemed as dead. These the Samorin bade go where they pleased. Last of all came Kunhali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinale, a Chinese, who had been a servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta, and afterwards brought to Kunhali, who conceived such an affection for him that he trusted him with everything. He was the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and enemy of the Christians in all Malabar, and for those taken captive at sea and brought thither he invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them.</p><p>"Kunhali walked straight to the Samorin and delivered to him his sword in token of submission, throwing himself at his feet with much humility. Some say that the Samorin, inasmuch as he had promised him life, had secretly advised the Chief Captain, when Kunhali should deliver himself up, to lay hands upon him, as though he were taking him by force; and so the Chief Captain did. For, as the Samoriu was standing by him, Andre Furtado advanced, and, seizing him by the arm, pulled him aside; while the other gave a great lurch so as to get free.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As he was then at the brink of a hole, the Chief Captain was in risk of falling therein, had not his arm been seized by Padre Fr. Diogo Horaen, a Religious of the Order of the Glorious Father S. Francisco, who stood on one side; Diogo Moniz Barreto, who was on the other, fell into the hole and skinned all his leg."</p><p>A tumult now arose among the Nairs, which the Samorin with difficulty suppressed. In the midst of it, Chinale and Cotiale, the pirate-chief's nephew, and the other captains, attempted to escape, but were seized and manacled by the Portuguese soldiery. Kunhali himself was led off under a strong guard to the Portuguese lines. Furtado, after entering the fort hand-iu-hand with the Samorin, prudently gave up the place to be sacked by the</p></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voyage+of+Fran%C3%A7ois+Pyrard+of+Laval+to+the+East+Indies%2C+the+Maldives%2C+the+Moluccas+and+Brazil&rft.place=LONDON+%3A+WHITING+AND+CO.%2C+SARDINIA+STREET.+LINCOLN%27S+INN+FIELDS&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+society&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Pyrard&rft.au=Pierre+de+Bergeron&rft.au=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+Bignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmcMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkunhali%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Madhava_Menon,_International_School_of_Dravidian_Linguistics2000" class="citation book cs1">T. Madhava Menon, International School of Dravidian Linguistics (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FltwAAAAMAAJ&q=Kunjali+was+led+to+the+scaffold.+He+was+fifty+years+of+age,+fair,+thick+set+and+broadbreasted.+He+was+'of+a+low+stature,+well-shaped+and+strong'.+With+him+was+Chinali,+a+Chinese+youth+whom+Kunjali+had+rescued+from+a+Portuguese+ship."><i>A handbook of Kerala</i></a>. Vol. 1. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85692-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-85692-27-0"><bdi>81-85692-27-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>Kunjali was led to the scaffold. He was fifty years of age, fair, thick set and broadbreasted. He was 'of a low stature, well-shaped and strong'. With him was Chinali, a Chinese youth whom Kunjali had rescued from a Portuguese ship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+handbook+of+Kerala&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=International+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=81-85692-27-0&rft.au=T.+Madhava+Menon%2C+International+School+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFltwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DKunjali%2Bwas%2Bled%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bscaffold.%2BHe%2Bwas%2Bfifty%2Byears%2Bof%2Bage%2C%2Bfair%2C%2Bthick%2Bset%2Band%2Bbroadbreasted.%2BHe%2Bwas%2B%27of%2Ba%2Blow%2Bstature%2C%2Bwell-shaped%2Band%2Bstrong%27.%2BWith%2Bhim%2Bwas%2BChinali%2C%2Ba%2BChinese%2Byouth%2Bwhom%2BKunjali%2Bhad%2Brescued%2Bfrom%2Ba%2BPortuguese%2Bship.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdayamadath_Kunjappa_Nambiar1963" class="citation book cs1">Odayamadath Kunjappa Nambiar (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iaQ9AAAAMAAJ&q=kunjali+chinali+chinese"><i>The Kunjalis, admirals of Calicut</i></a> (2 ed.). Asia Pub. House. p. 133<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>Last of all came Kunjali with a black kerchief on his head, and a sword in his hand with the point lowered. He was at that time a man of fifty, of middle height, muscular and broad-shouldered. He walked between three of his chief Moors. One of these was Chinali a Chinese who had been servant at Malacca, and said to have been the captive of a Portuguese, taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunjali, who conceived such an affection for him that he</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kunjalis%2C+admirals+of+Calicut&rft.pages=133&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Asia+Pub.+House&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Odayamadath+Kunjappa+Nambiar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiaQ9AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkunjali%2Bchinali%2Bchinese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&q=kunhali+chinese&pg=PA138"><i>Indian Pirates</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. 1978. p. 138<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>He walked between three of his chief Muslims: one of them was Chinali "A Chinese who had been a servant at Malacca and said to have been a captive of the Portuguese taken as a boy from a fusta and afterwards brought to Kunhali." He had conceived such an affection for him that "he treated him with everything." He was "the greatest exponent of the Moorish superstition and an enemy of the Christians in all Malabar." It is said of him that for those captured at sea and brought to Kunhali's little kingdom, he "invented the most exquisite kinds of torture when he martyred them." This wild assertion of de Couto, lacking corroboration, is apparently incredible.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Pirates&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PVMMoChwY4C%26q%3Dkunhali%2Bchinese%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_PyrardPierre_de_BergeronJérôme_Bignon1890" class="citation book cs1">François Pyrard; Pierre de Bergeron; Jérôme Bignon (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qmcMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA516"><i>The voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil</i></a>. Vol. 2. LONDON : WHITING AND CO., SARDINIA STREET. LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS: Printed for the Hakluyt society. p. 516<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q><p>withdrew to his camp. All this time the obstructions in the river, and the deficiency of boats, had kept Luiz da Gama a mere spectator of the scene, unable either to direct or to succour. We have, from de Couto, a picture of him standing knee-deep in the mud of the river bar, endeavouring to embark succours in the boats, while ever and anon his attempts thus to rally his forces were frustrated by the sight of the fugitives, some in boats, some swimming down the river, and all shouting, "Treason! Treason!" The body of the brave Luiz da Sylva had been got into a boat, wrapped in his flag, which a captain had torn from its standard, in order to conceal the fact of his fall. This manoeuvre, however, only added to the disorder of the soldiery, who found themselves of a sudden, and at the critical moment of the attack, without a competent leader and without colours. Thus ended the gravest disaster which had as yet befallen the Portuguese arms in India. De Couto gives a long list of noble fidalgos who fell that day, sacrificed by the incapacity of their leaders; and though he confidently asserts that the total loss was 230 men and no more, his own story of the events of the fight gives colour to the statement of Pyrard that the loss amounted to no less than 500 lives. It is further stated by de Couto, who talked the matter over with Kunhali and his lieutenant, Chinale, when they were in the Goa prison, that the loss of the besieged exceeded 500 men.</p><p>The sorrow and vexation of Luiz da Gama at the death of his brave captain and the miscarriage of the whole enterprise were unbounded. His next measures, however, were dictated by good sense and humanity. Leaving a small force to blockade the fort under Francisco de Sousa, and despatching the body of da Sylva to Cannanor, where it was temporarily interred with all available pomp,1 he withdrew his shattered forces to Cochin, where the wounded received attention at the hospital and in the houses of the citizens.</p><p>The blockading force was insufficient, and Kunhali, who had thirteen galeots ready for action in his port, might easily have forced a way to sea, had not de Sousa, by a skillful ruse, led him</p><p>It was afterwards conveyed to Portugal.</p></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+voyage+of+Fran%C3%A7ois+Pyrard+of+Laval+to+the+East+Indies%2C+the+Maldives%2C+the+Moluccas+and+Brazil&rft.place=LONDON+%3A+WHITING+AND+CO.%2C+SARDINIA+STREET.+LINCOLN%27S+INN+FIELDS&rft.pages=516&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Hakluyt+society&rft.date=1890&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+Pyrard&rft.au=Pierre+de+Bergeron&rft.au=J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me+Bignon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqmcMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saletore-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saletore_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaletore1978" class="citation book cs1">Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C"><i>Indian Pirates</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 175–177<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Pirates&rft.pages=175-177&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Saletore&rft.aufirst=Rajaram+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1PVMMoChwY4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnwar2019" class="citation news cs1">Anwar, Kombai S. (24 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/kunjali-maraikkayars-bold-adventurers/article26078569.ece">"Kunjali Maraikkayars — bold adventurers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kunjali+Maraikkayars+%E2%80%94+bold+adventurers&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Kombai+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fkunjali-maraikkayars-bold-adventurers%2Farticle26078569.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110808134433/http://www.universityofcalicut.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=336">"Official website of Calicut University - About"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universityofcalicut.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=336">the original</a> on 8 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+Calicut+University+-+About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universityofcalicut.info%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVijayakumar2011" class="citation news cs1">Vijayakumar, B. (14 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article2353953.ece">"Kunjali Marakkar - 1967"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Chennai, India.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Kunjali+Marakkar+-+1967&rft.date=2011-08-14&rft.aulast=Vijayakumar&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Flife-and-style%2Fmetroplus%2Farticle2353953.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"DECLARATION – 50th KERALA STATE FILM AWARDS FOR MALAYALAM FILMS & WRITINGS ON CINEMA 2019"(PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.keralafilm.com/index.php/archive/awards">"Marakkar: Lion of Arabian Sea"</a>. <i>keralafilm.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=keralafilm.com&rft.atitle=Marakkar%3A+Lion+of+Arabian+Sea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.keralafilm.com%2Findex.php%2Farchive%2Fawards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kunjali_Marakkar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kunjali Marakkar">Kunjali Marakkar</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKmXcBCKEcAC">India's naval traditions: the role of Kunhali Marakkars</a> – <a href="/wiki/K._K._N._Kurup" title="K. K. N. Kurup">K. K. N. Kurup</a>, Northern Book Centre, 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Gundert" title="Hermann Gundert">Gundert, Herman</a> <i>Keralappalama (History of Malabar from A.D. 1498 – 1531)</i> in Malayalam, first published 1868, Kottayam: Vidyarthi Mithram, 1964</li> <li>Mathew, K.S. <i>Portuguese Trade with India in the sixteenth century</i></li> <li>Queyroz Fr. The Temporal and Spiritual Conquest of Ceylaö,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Muhammad_Hussain_Nainar1942" class="citation cs2">S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar (1942), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage"><i>Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin%3A+An+Historical+Work+in+The+Arabic+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft.date=1942&rft.au=S.+Muhammad+Hussain+Nainar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKunjali+Marakkar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&oldid=1250702376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunjali_Marakkar&oldid=1250702376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Kerala" title="Category:History of Kerala">History of Kerala</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malayali_people" title="Category:Malayali people">Malayali people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_Muslims" title="Category:Indian Muslims">Indian Muslims</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Kozhikode" title="Category:People from Kozhikode">People from Kozhikode</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mappilas" title="Category:Mappilas">Mappilas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_history_of_India" title="Category:Naval history of India">Naval history of India</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2023">Use dmy dates from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Indian_English_from_November_2023" title="Category:Use Indian English from November 2023">Use Indian English from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Indian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 October 2024, at 00:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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