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id="toc-Card-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sorting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sorting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Library catalog</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteekkatalogus" title="Biblioteekkatalogus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biblioteekkatalogus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="فهرس مكتبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فهرس مكتبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistemli_kataloq" title="Sistemli kataloq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sistemli kataloq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Библиотечен каталог – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиотечен каталог" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_de_biblioteca" title="Catàleg de biblioteca – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catàleg de biblioteca" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliothekskatalog" title="Bibliothekskatalog – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bibliothekskatalog" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataloog" title="Kataloog – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kataloog" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Κατάλογος βιβλιοθήκης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κατάλογος βιβλιοθήκης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A1logo_de_biblioteca" title="Catálogo de biblioteca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catálogo de biblioteca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_katalogo" title="Biblioteka katalogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblioteka katalogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalogo_bibliografiko" title="Katalogo bibliografiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katalogo bibliografiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="برگه‌دان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برگه‌دان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_de_biblioth%C3%A8que" title="Catalogue de bibliothèque – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catalogue de bibliothèque" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C_%EB%AA%A9%EB%A1%9D" title="도서 목록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도서 목록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रन्थालय का सूचीपत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रन्थालय का सूचीपत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalogizacija" title="Katalogizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katalogizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalog_perpustakaan" title="Katalog perpustakaan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katalog perpustakaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isijengamazwi_somtapowolwazi" title="Isijengamazwi somtapowolwazi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isijengamazwi somtapowolwazi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogo_di_biblioteca" title="Catalogo di biblioteca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Catalogo di biblioteca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="קטלוג ספרייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קטלוג ספרייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರಂಥಾಲಯ ಗ್ರಂಥಪಟ್ಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1ri_katal%C3%B3gus" title="Könyvtári katalógus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Könyvtári katalógus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="ലൈബ്രറി കാറ്റലോഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൈബ്രറി കാറ്റലോഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalog_perpustakaan" title="Katalog perpustakaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katalog perpustakaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%B2" title="図書目録 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="図書目録" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1" title="ਕੈਟਾਲੌਗ ਕਾਰਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਟਾਲੌਗ ਕਾਰਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalog_biblioteczny" title="Katalog biblioteczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katalog biblioteczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Библиотечный каталог – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотечный каталог" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalogu_i_bibliotek%C3%ABs" title="Katalogu i bibliotekës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katalogu i bibliotekës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පුස්තකාල සුචිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුස්තකාල සුචිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%BD%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF" title="لائبريري ڪيٽلاگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لائبريري ڪيٽلاگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knji%C5%BEni%C4%8Dni_katalog" title="Knjižnični katalog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Knjižnični katalog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Библиотекарски каталог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Библиотекарски каталог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korttiluettelo" title="Korttiluettelo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korttiluettelo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotekskatalog" title="Bibliotekskatalog – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bibliotekskatalog" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalogo_ng_aklatan" title="Katalogo ng aklatan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katalogo ng aklatan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="สารบัญแฟ้มห้องสมุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารบัญแฟ้มห้องสมุด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Register of bibliographic items</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_card_catalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yale_card_catalog.jpg/220px-Yale_card_catalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yale_card_catalog.jpg/330px-Yale_card_catalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Yale_card_catalog.jpg/440px-Yale_card_catalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The card catalog at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Memorial_Library" title="Sterling Memorial Library">Sterling Memorial Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SML-Card-Catalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/SML-Card-Catalog.jpg/220px-SML-Card-Catalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/SML-Card-Catalog.jpg/330px-SML-Card-Catalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/SML-Card-Catalog.jpg/440px-SML-Card-Catalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Another view of the SML card catalog</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg/220px-2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg/330px-2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg/440px-2010_Manchester_UK_4467481691.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The card catalog in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Central_Library" title="Manchester Central Library">Manchester Central Library</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Library of Congress Main Reading Room" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/220px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/330px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg/440px-LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6144" data-file-height="4098" /></a><figcaption>Finding aids are utilized to assist information professionals and help researchers find materials within an archive<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Card Catalog at the Library of Congress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg/220px-Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg/330px-Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg/440px-Library_Of_Congress_Card_Catalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The Card Catalog at the Library of Congress</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>library catalog</b> (or <b>library catalogue</b> in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a register of all <a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographic</a> items found in a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> or group of libraries, such as a network of libraries at several locations. A catalog for a group of libraries is also called a <a href="/wiki/Union_catalog" title="Union catalog">union catalog</a>. A bibliographic item can be any information entity (e.g., books, computer files, graphics, <a href="/wiki/Realia_(library_science)" title="Realia (library science)">realia</a>, cartographic materials, etc.) that is considered library material (e.g., a single <a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">novel</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Anthology" title="Anthology">anthology</a>), or a group of library materials (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Trilogy" title="Trilogy">trilogy</a>), or linked from the catalog (e.g., a webpage) as far as it is relevant to the catalog and to the users (patrons) of the library. </p><p>The <b>card catalog</b> was a familiar sight to library users for generations, but it has been effectively replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">online public access catalog</a> (OPAC). Some still refer to the online catalog as a "card catalog".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some libraries with OPAC access still have card catalogs on site, but these are now strictly a secondary resource and are seldom updated. Many libraries that retain their physical card catalog will post a sign advising the last year that the card catalog was updated. Some libraries have eliminated their card catalog in favor of the OPAC for the purpose of saving space for other use, such as additional shelving. </p><p>The largest international library catalog in the world is the <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a> union catalog managed by the non-profit library cooperative <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-largest_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-largest-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2021, WorldCat had over half a billion catalog records and three billion library holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yale_VI.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yale_VI.JPG/220px-Yale_VI.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yale_VI.JPG/330px-Yale_VI.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yale_VI.JPG/440px-Yale_VI.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>Card catalog at Yale</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goal">Goal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Goal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_(1898).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg/220px-Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg/330px-Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg/440px-Card_catalog_from_page_167_of_%22Manual_of_library_classification_and_shelf_arrangement%22_%281898%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1304" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from <i>Manual of library classification and shelf arrangement</i>, 1898</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genesio_Maria_Panizzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi">Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi</a> in 1841<sup id="cite_ref-Panizzi_1841_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Panizzi_1841-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ammi_Cutter" title="Charles Ammi Cutter">Charles Ammi Cutter</a> in 1876<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter_1876_1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter_1876_1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> undertook pioneering work in the definition of early cataloging rule sets formulated according to theoretical models. Cutter made an explicit statement regarding the objectives of a bibliographic system in his <i>Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalog</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cutter_1876_2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cutter_1876_2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Cutter, those objectives were </p><p>1. to enable a person to find a book of which any of the following is known (Identifying objective): </p> <ul><li>the author</li> <li>the title</li> <li>the subject</li> <li>the date of publication</li></ul> <p>2. to show what the library has (Collocating objective) </p> <ul><li>by a given author</li> <li>on a given subject</li> <li>in a given kind of literature</li></ul> <p>3. to assist in the choice of a book (Evaluating objective) </p> <ul><li>as to its edition (bibliographically)</li> <li>as to its character (literary or topical)</li></ul> <p>These objectives can still be recognized in more modern definitions<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> formulated throughout the 20th century. </p><p>Other influential pioneers in this area were <a href="/wiki/Shiyali_Ramamrita_Ranganathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan">Shiyali Ramamrita Ranganathan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Lubetzky" title="Seymour Lubetzky">Seymour Lubetzky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Denton-Taylor_2007_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denton-Taylor_2007-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cutter's objectives were revised by Lubetzky and the <a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Cataloging_Principles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference on Cataloging Principles">Conference on Cataloging Principles</a> (CCP) in Paris in 1960/1961, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(cataloging)" title="Paris Principles (cataloging)">Paris Principles</a> (PP). </p><p>A more recent attempt to describe a library catalog's functions was made in 1998 with <a href="/wiki/Functional_Requirements_for_Bibliographic_Records" title="Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records">Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records</a> (FRBR), which defines four user tasks: find, identify, select, and obtain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A catalog helps to serve as an <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">bookkeeping</a> of the library's contents. If an item is not found in the catalog, the user may continue their search at another library. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Card">Card</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Card"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A catalog card is an individual entry in a library catalog containing bibliographic information, including the author's name, title, and location. Eventually the mechanization of the modern era brought the efficiencies of card catalogs. It was around 1780 that the first card catalog appeared in Vienna. It solved the problems of the structural catalogs in marble and clay from ancient times and the later codex—handwritten and bound—catalogs that were manifestly inflexible and presented high costs in editing to reflect a changing collection.<sup id="cite_ref-oldest_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first cards may have been French playing cards, which in the 1700s were blank on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-kraj_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraj-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1789, during the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a>, the process of collecting all books from religious houses was initiated. Using these books in a new system of public libraries included an inventory of all books. The backs of the playing cards contained the bibliographic information for each book and this inventory became known as the "French Cataloging Code of 1791".<sup id="cite_ref-Nix_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English inventor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Francis Ronalds</a> began using a catalog of cards to manage his growing book collection around 1815, which has been denoted as the first practical use of the system.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1800s, <a href="/wiki/Natale_Battezzati" title="Natale Battezzati">Natale Battezzati</a>, an Italian publisher, developed a card system for booksellers in which cards represented authors, titles and subjects. Very shortly afterward, <a href="/wiki/Melvil_Dewey" title="Melvil Dewey">Melvil Dewey</a> and other American librarians began to champion the card catalog because of its great expandability. In some libraries books were cataloged based on the size of the book while other libraries organized based only on the author's name.<sup id="cite_ref-schifman_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schifman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This made finding a book difficult. </p><p>The first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>, the official publication of the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA), made clear that the most pressing issues facing libraries were the lack of a standardized catalog and an agency to administer a centralized catalog. Responding to the standardization matter, the ALA formed a committee that quickly recommended the 2-by-5-inch (5 cm × 13 cm) "Harvard College-size" cards as used at Harvard and the Boston Athenaeum. It also suggested that a larger card, approximately 3 by 5 inches (8 cm × 13 cm), would be preferable. By the end of the nineteenth century, the bigger card won out, mainly to the fact that the 3-by-5-inch (8 cm × 13 cm) card was already the "postal size" used for postcards. </p><p>Melvil Dewey saw well beyond the importance of standardized cards and sought to outfit virtually all facets of library operations. To the end he established a Supplies Department as part of the ALA, later to become a stand-alone company renamed the <a href="/wiki/Library_Bureau" title="Library Bureau">Library Bureau</a>. In one of its early distribution catalogs, the bureau pointed out that "no other business had been organized with the definite purpose of supplying libraries". With a focus on machine-cut <a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">index cards</a> and the trays and cabinets to contain them, the Library Bureau became a veritable furniture store, selling tables, chairs, shelves and display cases, as well as date stamps, newspaper holders, hole punchers, paper weights, and virtually anything else a library could possibly need. With this one-stop shopping service, Dewey left an enduring mark on libraries across the country. Uniformity spread from library to library.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dewey and others devised a system where books were organized by subject, then alphabetized based on the author's name. Each book was assigned a <a href="/wiki/Call_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Call number">call number</a> which identified the subject and location, with a decimal point dividing different sections of the call number. The call number on the card matched a number written on the spine of each book.<sup id="cite_ref-schifman_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schifman-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1860, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Abbot" title="Ezra Abbot">Ezra Abbot</a> began designing a card catalog that was easily accessible and secure for keeping the cards in order; he managed this by placing the cards on edge between two wooden blocks. He published his findings in the annual report of the library for 1863 and they were adopted by many American libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-Nix_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on the catalog began in 1862 and within the first year, 35,762 catalog cards had been created. Catalog cards were 2 by 5 inches (5 cm × 13 cm); the Harvard College size. One of the first acts of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> in 1908 was to set standards for the size of the cards used in American libraries, thus making their manufacture and the manufacture of cabinets, uniform.<sup id="cite_ref-kraj_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraj-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>, major supplier of catalog cards, printed the last one in October 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a physical catalog, the information about each item is on a separate card, which is placed in order in the catalog drawer depending on the type of record. If it was a non-fiction record, Charles A. Cutter's classification system would help the patron find the book they wanted in a quick fashion. Cutter's classification system is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>A: encyclopedias, periodicals, society publications</li> <li>B–D: philosophy, psychology, religion</li> <li>E–G: biography, history, geography, travels</li> <li>H–K: social sciences, law</li> <li>L–T: science, technology</li> <li>X–Z: philology, book arts, bibliography</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sample_Catalog_Record.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sample_Catalog_Record.png/220px-Sample_Catalog_Record.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sample_Catalog_Record.png/330px-Sample_Catalog_Record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Sample_Catalog_Record.png/440px-Sample_Catalog_Record.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Sample card catalog record</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_(card_catalog_card).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg/220px-The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg/330px-The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg/440px-The_fine_art_of_literary_mayhem_%28card_catalog_card%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Card from card catalog: <i>The fine art of literary mayhem</i> by Myrick Land</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditionally, there are the following types of catalog: </p> <ul><li><i>Author</i> catalog: a formal catalog, <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">sorted</a> alphabetically according to the names of authors, editors, illustrators, etc.</li> <li>Subject catalog: a catalog that sorted based on the Subject.</li> <li><i>Title</i> catalog: a formal catalog, sorted alphabetically according to the article of the entries.</li> <li><i>Dictionary</i> catalog: a catalog in which all entries (author, title, subject, series) are interfiled in a single alphabetical order. This was a widespread form of card catalog in North American libraries prior to the introduction of the computer-based catalog.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiegand_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiegand-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_term" title="Index term">Keyword</a></i> catalog: a subject catalog, sorted alphabetically according to some system of keywords.</li> <li>Mixed alphabetic catalog forms: sometimes, one finds a mixed author / title, or an author / title / keyword catalog.</li> <li><i>Systematic</i> catalog: a subject catalog, sorted according to some systematic subdivision of subjects. Also called a <i>Classified</i> catalog.</li> <li><i>Shelf list</i> catalog: a formal catalog with entries sorted in the same order as bibliographic items are shelved. This catalog may also serve as the primary inventory for the library.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg/220px-Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg/330px-Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg/440px-Insciptio_library_catalog_hellenistic_Taormina_121842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3471" data-file-height="2311" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistic catalog of the Gymnasium of Taormina</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sozomeno,_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae,_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg/220px-Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg/330px-Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg/440px-Sozomeno%2C_Giovanni_%E2%80%93_Catalogus_librorum_Bibliothecae_Venetae%2C_1624_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13864391.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1148" data-file-height="1718" /></a><figcaption>The catalog of the <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Marciana" title="Biblioteca Marciana">Library of the Republic of Venice</a>, published in 1624.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schlagwortkatalog.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/220px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/330px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Schlagwortkatalog.jpg/440px-Schlagwortkatalog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2128" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>A card catalog in the <a href="/wiki/University_Library_of_Graz" class="mw-redirect" title="University Library of Graz">University Library of Graz</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest librarians created rules for how to record the details of the catalog. By 700 BCE the Assyrians followed the rules set down by the Babylonians. The seventh century BCE Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a> was led by the librarian Ibnissaru who prescribed a catalog of clay tablets by subject. Subject catalogs were the rule of the day, and author catalogs were unknown at that time. The frequent use of subject-only catalogs hints that there was a code of practice among early catalog librarians and that they followed some set of rules for subject assignment and the recording of the details of each item. These rules created efficiency through consistency—the catalog librarian knew how to record each item without reinventing the rules each time, and the reader knew what to expect with each visit. The task of recording the contents of libraries is more than an instinct or a compulsive tic exercised by librarians; it began as a way to broadcast to readers what is available among the stacks of materials. The tradition of open stacks of printed books is paradigmatic to modern American library users, but ancient libraries featured stacks of clay or prepaper scrolls that resisted browsing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As librarian, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_van_Swieten" title="Gottfried van Swieten">Gottfried van Swieten</a> introduced the world's first card catalog (1780) as the Prefect of the Imperial Library, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-oldest_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldest-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early modern period, libraries were organized through the direction of the librarian in charge. There was no universal method, so some books were organized by language or book material, for example, but most scholarly libraries had recognizable categories (like philosophy, saints, mathematics). The first library to list titles alphabetically under each subject was the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_interuniversitaire_de_la_Sorbonne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque interuniversitaire de la Sorbonne">Sorbonne library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. Library catalogs originated as <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a> lists, arranged by format (<a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">folio</a>, quarto, etc.) or in a rough alphabetical arrangement by author. Before printing, librarians had to enter new acquisitions into the margins of the catalog list until a new one was created. Because of the nature of creating texts at this time, most catalogs were not able to keep up with new acquisitions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the printing press became well-established, strict cataloging became necessary because of the influx of printed materials. Printed catalogs, sometimes called <i>dictionary catalogs</i>, began to be published in the early modern period and enabled scholars outside a library to gain an idea of its contents.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Copies of these in the library itself would sometimes be interleaved with blank leaves on which additions could be recorded, or bound as <i>guardbooks</i> in which slips of paper were bound in for new entries. Slips could also be kept loose in cardboard or tin boxes, stored on shelves. The first <a href="/wiki/Index_card" title="Index card">card catalogs</a> appeared in the late 19th century after the standardization of the 5 in. x 3 in. card for personal filing systems, enabling much more flexibility, and toward the end of the 20th century the online public access catalog was developed (see below). These gradually became more common as some libraries progressively abandoned such other catalog formats as paper slips (either loose or in sheaf catalog form), and guardbooks. The beginning of the Library of Congress's catalog card service in 1911 led to the use of these cards in the majority of American libraries. An equivalent scheme in the United Kingdom was operated by the <a href="/wiki/British_National_Bibliography" title="British National Bibliography">British National Bibliography</a> from 1956<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was subscribed to by many public and other libraries. </p> <ul><li>c. Seventh century BCE, the royal <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Ashurbanipal" title="Library of Ashurbanipal">Library of Ashurbanipal</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> had 30,000 clay tablets, in several languages, organized according to shape and separated by content. Assurbanipal sent scribes to transcribe works in other libraries within the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. Third century BCE, <a href="/wiki/Pinakes" title="Pinakes">Pinakes</a> by <a href="/wiki/Callimachus" title="Callimachus">Callimachus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> was arguably the first library catalog.</li> <li>9th century: Libraries of <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian Schools">Carolingian Schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">monasteries</a> employ library catalog system to organize and loan out books.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10th century</span>: The Persian city of Shiraz's library had over 300 rooms and thorough catalogs to help locate texts these were kept in the storage chambers of the library and they covered every topic imaginable.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1246</span>: Library at <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> uses call numbers associated with the location of books.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1542</span>–1605: The <a href="/wiki/Mughul" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughul">Mughul</a> emperor Akbar was a warrior, sportsman, and famous cataloger. He organized a catalog of the Imperial Library's 24,000 texts, and he did most of the classifying himself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1595: <i>Nomenclator</i> of <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University_Library" title="Leiden University Library">Leiden University Library</a> appears, the first printed catalog of an institutional library.</li> <li>Renaissance Era: In Paris, France The Sorbonne Library was one of the first libraries to list titles alphabetically based on the subject they happened to fall under. This became a new organization method for catalogs.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Early 1600s: Sir Thomas Bodley divided cataloging into three different categories. History, poesy, and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1674: Thomas Hyde's catalog for the Bodleian Library.</li> <li>1791: The French Cataloging Code of 1791<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1815: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> sells his personal library to the US government to establish the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. He had organized his library by adapting <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>'s organization of knowledge, specifically using Memory, Reason, and Imagination as his three areas, which were then broken down into 44 subdivisions.</li> <li>1874/1886: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Breslauer_Instructionen" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslauer Instructionen">Breslauer Instructionen</a></i></span> (English: Wroclaw instructions) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dziatzko" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Dziatzko">Karl Dziatzko</a></li> <li>1899: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Instruktionen" title="Preußische Instruktionen">Preußische Instruktionen</a></i></span> (PI) (English: Prussian instructions) for scientific libraries in German-speaking countries and beyond</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/DIN_1505" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN 1505">DIN 1505</a></li> <li>1938: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Anweisungen" title="Berliner Anweisungen">Berliner Anweisungen</a></i></span> (BA) (English: Berlin instructions) for public libraries in Germany</li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Paris_Principles_(cataloging)" title="Paris Principles (cataloging)">Paris Principles</a> (PP), internationally agreed upon principles for cataloging</li> <li>1967: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Cataloguing_Rules" title="Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules">Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules</a> (AACR)</li> <li>1971: <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bibliographic_Description" title="International Standard Bibliographic Description">International Standard Bibliographic Description</a> (ISBD)</li> <li>1976/1977: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regeln_f%C3%BCr_die_alphabetische_Katalogisierung" title="Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung">Regeln für die alphabetische Katalogisierung</a></i></span> (RAK) (English: Rules for alphabetical cataloging) in Germany and Austria</li></ul> <p>More about the early history of library catalogs has been collected in 1956 by Strout.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sorting">Sorting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sorting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">Collation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm,_Minnesota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg/220px-Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg/330px-Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg/440px-Librarian_at_the_card_files_at_a_senior_high_school_in_New_Ulm%2C_Minnesota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2957" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Librarian at the card files at a senior high school in <a href="/wiki/New_Ulm,_Minnesota" title="New Ulm, Minnesota">New Ulm, Minnesota</a> (1974)</figcaption></figure> <p>In a title catalog, one can distinguish two sort orders: </p> <ul><li>In the <i>grammatical</i> sort order (used mainly in older catalogs), the most important word of the title is the first sort term. The importance of a word is measured by grammatical rules; for example, the first noun may be defined to be the most important word.</li> <li>In the <i>mechanical</i> sort order, the first word of the title is the first sort term. Most new catalogs use this scheme, but still include a trace of the grammatical sort order: they neglect an article (The, A, etc.) at the beginning of the title.</li></ul> <p>The grammatical sort order has the advantage that often, the most important word of the title is also a good keyword (question 3), and it is the word most users remember first when their memory is incomplete. To its disadvantage, many elaborate grammatical rules are needed, so many users may only search with help from a librarian. </p><p>In some catalogs, persons' names are standardized (i. e., the name of the person is always cataloged and sorted in a standard form) even if it appears differently in the library material. This standardization is achieved by a process called <a href="/wiki/Authority_control" title="Authority control">authority control</a>. Simply put, authority control is defined as the establishment and maintenance of consistent forms of <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature" title="Nomenclature">terms</a> – such as names, subjects, and titles – to be used as headings in bibliographic records.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An advantage of the authority control is that it is easier to answer question 2 (Which works of some author does the library have?). On the other hand, it may be more difficult to answer question 1 (Does the library have some specific material?) if the material spells the author in a peculiar variant. For the cataloger, it may incur too much work to check whether <i>Smith, J.</i> is <i>Smith, John</i> or <i>Smith, Jack</i>. </p><p>For some works, even the title can be standardized. The technical term for this is <i><a href="/wiki/Uniform_title" title="Uniform title">uniform title</a></i>. For example, translations and re-editions are sometimes sorted under their original title. In many catalogs, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> are sorted under the standard name of the book(s) they contain. The plays of William Shakespeare are another frequently cited example of the role played by a <i>uniform title</i> in the library catalog. </p><p>Many complications about alphabetic sorting of entries arise. Some examples: </p> <ul><li>Some languages know sorting conventions that differ from the language of the catalog. For example, some <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> catalogs sort <i>IJ</i> as <i>Y</i>. Should an English catalog follow this suit? And should a Dutch catalog sort non-Dutch words the same way? There are also pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> which sometimes come at the beginning of a word, such as <a href="/wiki/%C5%92dipus" class="mw-redirect" title="Œdipus">Œdipus</a>. See also <a href="/wiki/Collation" title="Collation">Collation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Locale_(computer_software)" title="Locale (computer software)">Locale (computer software)</a>.</li> <li>Some titles contain numbers, for example <i><a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(novel)" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (novel)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a></i>. Should they be sorted as numbers, or spelled out as <i><u>T</u>wo thousand and one</i>? (Book-titles that begin with non-numeral-non-alphabetic glyphs such as <b>#1</b> are similarly very difficult. Books which have <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> in the first letter are a similar but far-more-common problem; <a href="/wiki/Casefolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Casefolding">casefolding</a> of the title is standard, but stripping the diacritics off can change the meaning of the words.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">de Balzac, Honoré</a></i> or <i>Balzac, Honoré de</i>? <i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset, José</a></i> or <i>Gasset, José Ortega y</i>? (In the first example, "de Balzac" is the legal and cultural last name; splitting it apart would be the equivalent of listing a book about tennis under "-enroe, John Mac-" for instance. In the second example, culturally and legally the lastname is "Ortega y Gasset" which is sometimes shortened to simply "Ortega" as the masculine lastname; again, splitting is culturally incorrect by the standards of the culture of the author, but defies the normal understanding of what a 'last name' is—i.e. the final word in the ordered list of names that define a person—in cultures where multi-word-lastnames are rare. See also authors such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a>, where in the author's culture the surname is traditionally printed first, and thus the 'last name' in terms of order is in fact the person's first-name culturally.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Library classification</a></div> <p>In a subject catalog, one has to decide on which <a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">classification</a> system to use. The cataloger will select appropriate <a href="/wiki/Subject_heading" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject heading">subject headings</a> for the bibliographic item and a unique classification number (sometimes known as a "call number") which is used not only for identification but also for the purposes of shelving, placing items with similar subjects near one another, which aids in browsing by library users, who are thus often able to take advantage of <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a> in their search process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online">Online</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Online"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">Online public access catalog</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/220px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/330px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg/440px-Dynix-Main-Menu-via-Telnet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dynix_(software)" title="Dynix (software)">Dynix</a>, an early but popular and long-lasting online catalog</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg/330px-Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg/495px-Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg/660px-Card_Division_of_the_Library_of_Congress_3c18631u_original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3266" /></a><figcaption>Card Division, United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, 1910s or 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>Online cataloging, through such systems as the <a href="/wiki/Dynix_(software)" title="Dynix (software)">Dynix</a> software<sup id="cite_ref-dynix_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dynix-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> developed in 1983 and used widely through the late 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-systemsinstalled_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-systemsinstalled-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has greatly enhanced the <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> of catalogs, thanks to the rise of <a href="/wiki/MARC_standards" title="MARC standards">MARC standards</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> for MAchine Readable Cataloging) in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rules governing the creation of MARC catalog records include not only formal cataloging rules such as <a href="/wiki/Anglo-American_Cataloguing_Rules" title="Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules">Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules</a>, second edition (AACR2),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Resource_Description_and_Access" title="Resource Description and Access">Resource Description and Access</a> (RDA)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also rules specific to MARC, available from both the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> and from <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>, which builds and maintains <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCat_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCat-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MARC was originally used to automate the creation of physical catalog cards, but its use evolved into direct access to the MARC computer files during the search process.<sup id="cite_ref-Avram_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avram-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPACs</a> have enhanced usability over traditional card formats because:<sup id="cite_ref-DESIDOC_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DESIDOC-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The online catalog does not need to be sorted statically; the user can choose author, title, keyword, or systematic order dynamically.</li> <li>Most online catalogs allow searching for any word in a title or other field, increasing the ways to find a record.</li> <li>Many online catalogs allow links between several variants of an author's name.</li> <li>The elimination of paper cards has made the information more accessible to many people with disabilities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Visually_impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Visually impaired">visually impaired</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheelchair" title="Wheelchair">wheelchair</a> users, and those who suffer from <a href="/wiki/Mold_health_issues" title="Mold health issues">mold allergies</a> or other paper- or building-related problems.</li> <li>Physical storage space is considerably reduced.</li> <li>Updates are significantly more efficient.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataloging">Cataloging</a> – Process of creating meta-data for information resources to include in a catalog database<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bibliographic_Description" title="International Standard Bibliographic Description">International Standard Bibliographic Description</a> – human-readable standard for description of bibliographic resources<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cataloging_application" title="Social cataloging application">Social cataloging application</a> – collaborative cataloging of literature based in web<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHighsmith2009" class="citation cs2">Highsmith, Carol M. (2009), <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg#file"><i>Main Reading Room of the Library of Congress in the Thomas Jefferson Building</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190615051608/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg#file">archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Reading+Room+of+the+Library+of+Congress+in+the+Thomas+Jefferson+Building&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Highsmith&rft.aufirst=Carol+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ALOC_Main_Reading_Room_Highsmith.jpg%23file&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the website of the Childress Public Library in <a href="/wiki/Childress,_Texas" title="Childress, Texas">Childress, Texas</a> refers to its online catalog as a "card catalog": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010151347/https://harringtonlc.org/childress/search-for-books/">"Online Card Catalog | Childress Public Library"</a>. <i>harringtonlc.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harringtonlc.org/childress/search-for-books/">the original</a> on 2022-10-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harringtonlc.org&rft.atitle=Online+Card+Catalog+%7C+Childress+Public+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharringtonlc.org%2Fchildress%2Fsearch-for-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span> Another example of the term "card catalog" used to refer to an online catalog is in an instructional presentation produced by the Hayner Public Library District, which serves <a href="/wiki/Township_(United_States)" title="Township (United States)">townships</a> around <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordes" class="citation web cs1">Cordes, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007103427/https://www.haynerlibrary.org/images/Card_Catalog_Instructions_Final_.pdf">"Searching the Card Catalog and Managing Your Library Account Online"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.haynerlibrary.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haynerlibrary.org/images/Card_Catalog_Instructions_Final_.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2022-10-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.haynerlibrary.org&rft.atitle=Searching+the+Card+Catalog+and+Managing+Your+Library+Account+Online&rft.aulast=Cordes&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haynerlibrary.org%2Fimages%2FCard_Catalog_Instructions_Final_.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-largest-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-largest_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOswald2017" class="citation book cs1">Oswald, Godfrey (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G4owDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA291">"Largest unified international library catalog"</a>. <i>Library world records</i> (3rd ed.). Jefferson, NC: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. p. 291. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476667775" title="Special:BookSources/9781476667775"><bdi>9781476667775</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/959650095">959650095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Largest+unified+international+library+catalog&rft.btitle=Library+world+records&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=291&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F959650095&rft.isbn=9781476667775&rft.aulast=Oswald&rft.aufirst=Godfrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG4owDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat/inside-worldcat.html">"Inside WorldCat"</a>. <i>OCLC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130152208/https://www.oclc.org/en/worldcat/inside-worldcat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OCLC&rft.atitle=Inside+WorldCat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclc.org%2Fen%2Fworldcat%2Finside-worldcat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Panizzi_1841-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Panizzi_1841_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanizzi1841" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genesio_Maria_Panizzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi">Panizzi, Antonio "Anthony" Genesio Maria</a> (1841). "Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue". <i>Catalogue of Printed Books in the British Museum</i>. Vol. 1. London, UK. pp. V–IX.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rules+for+the+Compilation+of+the+Catalogue&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Printed+Books+in+the+British+Museum&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=V-IX&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Panizzi&rft.aufirst=Antonio+%22Anthony%22+Genesio+Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutter_1876_1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cutter_1876_1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutter1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Ammi_Cutter" title="Charles Ammi Cutter">Cutter, Charles</a> (1876). <i>Rules for a dictionary catalog</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rules+for+a+dictionary+catalog&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Cutter&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cutter_1876_2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cutter_1876_2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutter1876" class="citation book cs1">Cutter, Charles Ammi (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rj-f4-Ps-AkC"><i>Public Libraries in the United States of America their History, Condition, and Management</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Libraries+in+the+United+States+of+America+their+History%2C+Condition%2C+and+Management&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Cutter&rft.aufirst=Charles+Ammi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drj-f4-Ps-AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001930/http://www.allegro-c.de/formate/gz-1e.htm">"What Should Catalogs Do? / Eversberg"</a>. 2016-03-05. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allegro-c.de/formate/gz-1e.htm">the original</a> on 2016-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Should+Catalogs+Do%3F+%2F+Eversberg&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allegro-c.de%2Fformate%2Fgz-1e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denton-Taylor_2007-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denton-Taylor_2007_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenton2007" class="citation book cs1">Denton, William (2007). "FRBR and the History of Cataloging". In Taylor, Arlene G. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10315/1250"><i>Understanding FRBR. What it is and how it will affect our Retrieval Tools</i></a>. Westport: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 35–57 [35–49]. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10315%2F1250">10315/1250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FRBR+and+the+History+of+Cataloging&rft.btitle=Understanding+FRBR.+What+it+is+and+how+it+will+affect+our+Retrieval+Tools&rft.place=Westport&rft.pages=35-57+35-49&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10315%2F1250&rft.aulast=Denton&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10315%2F1250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHider2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hider, Philip (2017-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639374.2016.1254698">"A Critique of the FRBR User Tasks and Their Modifications"</a>. <i>Cataloging & Classification Quarterly</i>. <b>55</b> (2): 55–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639374.2016.1254698">10.1080/01639374.2016.1254698</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0163-9374">0163-9374</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:63488662">63488662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cataloging+%26+Classification+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+the+FRBR+User+Tasks+and+Their+Modifications&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-74&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A63488662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0163-9374&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639374.2016.1254698&rft.aulast=Hider&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01639374.2016.1254698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldest-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oldest_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302063835/https://www.onb.ac.at/en/about-us/650th-anniversary/timeline/1780-the-oldest-card-catalogue">"1780: The Oldest Card Catalogue"</a>. <i>Österreichische Nationalbibliothek</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.onb.ac.at/en/about-us/650th-anniversary/timeline/1780-the-oldest-card-catalogue">the original</a> on 2022-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%96sterreichische+Nationalbibliothek&rft.atitle=1780%3A+The+Oldest+Card+Catalogue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.onb.ac.at%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F650th-anniversary%2Ftimeline%2F1780-the-oldest-card-catalogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kraj-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kraj_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kraj_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrajewski2011" class="citation book cs1">Krajewski, M. (2011). <i>Paper Machines: About Cards & Catalogs, 1548–1929</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262015899" title="Special:BookSources/9780262015899"><bdi>9780262015899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+Machines%3A+About+Cards+%26+Catalogs%2C+1548%E2%80%931929&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780262015899&rft.aulast=Krajewski&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nix-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nix_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNix2009" class="citation web cs1">Nix, L. T. (21 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libraryhistorybuff.org/cardcatalog-evolution.htm">"Evolution of the Library Card Catalog"</a>. <i>The Library History Buff</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320150011/http://libraryhistorybuff.org/cardcatalog-evolution.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Library+History+Buff&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+Library+Card+Catalog&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Nix&rft.aufirst=L.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.libraryhistorybuff.org%2Fcardcatalog-evolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1902" class="citation journal cs1">James, M. S. (1902). "The Progress of the Modern Card Catalog Principle". <i><a href="/wiki/Public_Libraries_(journal)" title="Public Libraries (journal)">Public Libraries</a></i>. <b>7</b> (187): 185–189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Libraries&rft.atitle=The+Progress+of+the+Modern+Card+Catalog+Principle&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=187&rft.pages=185-189&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonalds2016" class="citation book cs1">Ronalds, B. F. (2016). <i>Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">ICP</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783269174" title="Special:BookSources/9781783269174"><bdi>9781783269174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Ronalds%3A+Father+of+the+Electric+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft.pub=ICP&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781783269174&rft.aulast=Ronalds&rft.aufirst=B.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schifman-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schifman_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schifman_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchifman2016" class="citation web cs1">Schifman, J. (11 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//popularmechanics.com/a19379">"How the Humble Index Card Foresaw the Internet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=How+the+Humble+Index+Card+Foresaw+the+Internet&rft.date=2016-02-11&rft.aulast=Schifman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=%2F%2Fpopularmechanics.com%2Fa19379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLOC2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">LOC</a> (2017). <i>The Card Catalog: Books, Cards, and Literary Treasures</i>. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle</a>. pp. 84–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452145402" title="Special:BookSources/9781452145402"><bdi>9781452145402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Card+Catalog%3A+Books%2C+Cards%2C+and+Literary+Treasures&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Chronicle&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781452145402&rft.au=LOC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15003coll6/id/386">"OCLC prints last library catalog cards"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Computer+Library+Center&rft.atitle=OCLC+prints+last+library+catalog+cards&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp15003coll6%2Fid%2F386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, S. A. F. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/205"><i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Skyhorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhorse">Skyhorse</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr/page/205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781602397064" title="Special:BookSources/9781602397064"><bdi>9781602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Skyhorse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781602397064&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=S.+A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiegand-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wiegand_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiegandDavis1994" class="citation book cs1">Wiegand, Wayne; Davis, Donald G. Jr. (1994). <i>Encyclopedia of Library History</i>. Garland Publishing, Inc. pp. 605–606. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0824057879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0824057879"><bdi>978-0824057879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+History&rft.pages=605-606&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0824057879&rft.aulast=Wiegand&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Davis%2C+Donald+G.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Murray">Murray</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. (1) Radcliffe, John <i>Bibliotheca chethamensis: <a href="/wiki/Chetham%27s_Library" title="Chetham's Library">Bibliothecae publicae Mancuniensis</a> ab Humfredo Chetham, armigero fundatae catalogus, exhibens libros in varias classas pro varietate argumenti distributos</i>; [begun by John Radcliffe, continued by Thomas Jones]. 5 vols. Mancuni: Harrop, 1791–1863. (2) Wright, C. T. Hagberg & Purnell, C. J. <i>Catalogue of the <a href="/wiki/London_Library" title="London Library">London Library</a>, St. James's Square, London</i>. 10 vols. London, 1913–55. Includes: Supplement: 1913–20. 1920. Supplement: 1920–28. 1929. Supplement: 1928–53. 1953 (in 2 vols). Subject index: (Vol. 1). 1909. Vol. 2: Additions, 1909–22. Vol. 3: Additions, 1923–38. 1938. Vol. 4: (Additions), 1938–53. 1955.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walford, A. J., ed. (1981) <i>Walford's Concise Guide to Reference Material</i>. London: Library Association; p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0"><bdi>978-1-61608-453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-453-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchutz,_Herbert2004" class="citation book cs1">Schutz, Herbert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZJONlzdyPsC&pg=PA161"><i>The Carolingians in Central Europe, Their History, Arts, and Architecture: A Cultural History of Central Europe, 750–900</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 160–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13149-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13149-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Carolingians+in+Central+Europe%2C+Their+History%2C+Arts%2C+and+Architecture%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+Central+Europe%2C+750%E2%80%93900&rft.pages=160-162&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13149-1&rft.au=Schutz%2C+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ZJONlzdyPsC%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColish,_Marcia_L.1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Colish" title="Marcia Colish">Colish, Marcia L.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcAO2aORgfgC&pg=PA68"><i>Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400–1400</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07852-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07852-7"><bdi>978-0-300-07852-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Foundations+of+the+Western+Intellectual+Tradition%2C+400%E2%80%931400&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07852-7&rft.au=Colish%2C+Marcia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDcAO2aORgfgC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner,_Fred2001" class="citation book cs1">Lerner, Fred (2001-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVhWu06J5j0C&pg=PA48"><i>Story of Libraries: From the Invention of Writing to the Computer Age</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1325-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1325-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-1325-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Story+of+Libraries%3A+From+the+Invention+of+Writing+to+the+Computer+Age&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1325-3&rft.au=Lerner%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVhWu06J5j0C%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Murray">Murray</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachim,_Martin_D.2003" class="citation book cs1">Joachim, Martin D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bndEFNo-e5oC&pg=PA460"><i>Historical Aspects of Cataloging and Classification</i></a>. Haworth Information Press. p. 460. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-1981-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-1981-3"><bdi>978-0-7890-1981-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Aspects+of+Cataloging+and+Classification&rft.pages=460&rft.pub=Haworth+Information+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-1981-3&rft.au=Joachim%2C+Martin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbndEFNo-e5oC%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Murray">Murray</a>, pp. 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-453-0"><bdi>978-1-61608-453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-453-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/gleazer/296_readings/Strout.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+catalog+and+cataloging+codes&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=254-75&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F618341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144623376%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Strout%2C+R.F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolaris.gseis.ucla.edu%2Fgleazer%2F296_readings%2FStrout.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/authority-control">"Authority Control"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com Unabridged</i>. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Authority+Control&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft.date=2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fauthority-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dynix-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dynix_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunsirePinder1991" class="citation journal cs1">Dunsire, G.; Pinder, C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Code4Lib+Journal&rft.atitle=MARC21+as+Data%3A+A+Start&rft.issue=14&rft.date=2011-07-25&rft.au=Coyle%2C+Karen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournal.code4lib.org%2Farticles%2F5468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aacr2.org/">"AACR2"</a>. <i>www.aacr2.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322220823/http://www.aacr2.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aacr2.org&rft.atitle=AACR2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aacr2.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716192234/http://access.rdatoolkit.org/">"RDA Toolkit"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://access.rdatoolkit.org/">the original</a> on 2015-07-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RDA+Toolkit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccess.rdatoolkit.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCat-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WorldCat_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oclc.org/ca/en/worldcat/statistics/default.htm">"WorldCat facts and statistics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">Online Computer Library Center</a>. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205010000/http://www.oclc.org/ca/en/worldcat/statistics/default.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WorldCat+facts+and+statistics&rft.pub=Online+Computer+Library+Center&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oclc.org%2Fca%2Fen%2Fworldcat%2Fstatistics%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avram-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Avram_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvram1975" class="citation book cs1">Avram, Henriette D. (1975). <i>MARC, its history and implications</i>. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015034388556">2027/mdp.39015034388556</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0844401768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0844401768"><bdi>978-0844401768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MARC%2C+its+history+and+implications&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015034388556&rft.isbn=978-0844401768&rft.aulast=Avram&rft.aufirst=Henriette+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DESIDOC-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DESIDOC_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusainAnsari2006" class="citation journal cs1">Husain, Rashid; Ansari, Mehtab Alam (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207093710/http://desidoc.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/viewFile/3679/2091">"From Card Catalogue to Web OPACs"</a>. <i>DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 41–47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14429%2Fdbit.26.2.3679">10.14429/dbit.26.2.3679</a>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desidoc.drdo.gov.in/ojs/index.php/djlit/article/viewFile/3679/2091">the original</a></span> on 2016-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=DESIDOC+Bulletin+of+Information+Technology&rft.atitle=From+Card+Catalogue+to+Web+OPACs&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=41-47&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14429%2Fdbit.26.2.3679&rft.aulast=Husain&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft.au=Ansari%2C+Mehtab+Alam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesidoc.drdo.gov.in%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fdjlit%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3679%2F2091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Murray" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libraryillustrat0000murr"><i>The Library: An Illustrated History</i></a></span>. Chicago: Skypoint Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602397064" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602397064"><bdi>978-1602397064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Skypoint+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1602397064&rft.au=Murray%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibraryillustrat0000murr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_catalog&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Library_catalogs" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Library catalogs">Library catalogs</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lois_Mai_Chan" title="Lois Mai Chan">Chan, Lois Mai</a> (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogingclassi0000chan"><i>Cataloging and Classification: An Introduction</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810860001" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810860001"><bdi>978-0810860001</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/124031949">124031949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cataloging+and+Classification%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Lanham&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F124031949&rft.isbn=978-0810860001&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Lois+Mai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogingclassi0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._C._M._Hanson" title="J. C. M. Hanson">Hanson, James C. M.</a>; et al. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catalogrulesauth00hans"><i>Catalog Rules: Author and Title Entries</i></a> (American ed.). Chicago: American Library Association. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1466843">1466843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalog+Rules%3A+Author+and+Title+Entries&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=American&rft.pub=American+Library+Association&rft.date=1908&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1466843&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=James+C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcatalogrulesauth00hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoudreyTaylorMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Joudrey, Daniel N.; Taylor, Arlene G.; Miller, David P. (2015). <i>Introduction to Cataloging and Classification</i> (11th ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: Libraries Unlimited/ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-856-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-856-4"><bdi>978-1-59884-856-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911180115">911180115</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Cataloging+and+Classification&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited%2FABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911180115&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-856-4&rft.aulast=Joudrey&rft.aufirst=Daniel+N.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Arlene+G.&rft.au=Miller%2C+David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2017" class="citation book cs1">Library of Congress (2017). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cardcatalogbooks0000unse_u0u5"><i>The Card Catalog: Books, Cards, and Literary Treasures</i></a></span>. Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452145402" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452145402"><bdi>978-1452145402</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953599088">953599088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Card+Catalog%3A+Books%2C+Cards%2C+and+Literary+Treasures&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953599088&rft.isbn=978-1452145402&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcardcatalogbooks0000unse_u0u5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvenonius2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Svenonius" title="Elaine Svenonius">Svenonius, Elaine</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intellectualfoun0000sven"><i>The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262194334" title="Special:BookSources/9780262194334"><bdi>9780262194334</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42040872">42040872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intellectual+Foundation+of+Information+Organization&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42040872&rft.isbn=9780262194334&rft.aulast=Svenonius&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintellectualfoun0000sven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archer_Taylor" title="Archer Taylor">Taylor, Archer</a> (1986). <i>Book Catalogues: Their Varieties and Uses</i>. Introductions, corrections and additions by W. P. Barlow, Jr. (2nd ed.). New York: Frederic C. Beil. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0913720660" title="Special:BookSources/978-0913720660"><bdi>978-0913720660</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14931714">14931714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Catalogues%3A+Their+Varieties+and+Uses&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frederic+C.+Beil&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14931714&rft.isbn=978-0913720660&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Archer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span> Previous edition: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1957" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Archer (1957). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookcataloguesth00tayl"><i>Book Catalogues: Their Varieties and Uses</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Library" title="Newberry Library">Newberry Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1705207">1705207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Book+Catalogues%3A+Their+Varieties+and+Uses&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Newberry+Library&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1705207&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookcataloguesth00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+catalog" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Template talk:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries_and_library_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Libraries and library science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Libraries_and_library_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Libraries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">library science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_library" title="Category:Types of library">Types of library</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_branch" title="Library branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library#Children's_libraries" title="Library">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_library" title="Christian library">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_consortium" title="Library consortium">Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_library" title="Shadow library">shadow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_library" title="Hybrid library">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_library" title="Law library">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lending_library" title="Lending library">Lending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_things" title="Library of things">Library of things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_collection" title="Map collection">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_library" title="Medical library">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmobile" title="Bookmobile">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_library" title="Music library">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_library" title="National library">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library" title="Presidential library">Presidential</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_library_system" title="Presidential library system">U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_library" title="Prison library">Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_library" title="Private library">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">Public</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_library" title="Carnegie library">Carnegie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_library" title="School library">School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Resource_Centre" title="Learning Resource Centre">Learning Resource Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school_libraries_in_the_United_States" title="Virtual school libraries in the United States">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_collections" title="Special collections">Special collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_library" title="Special library">Special library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bookcase" title="Public bookcase">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscription_library" title="Subscription library">Subscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_library" title="Tool library">Tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_library" title="Toy library">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_library" title="Transportation library">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traveling_library" title="Traveling library">Traveling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education_librarian" title="Distance education librarian">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Science_librarianship" title="E-Science librarianship">E-science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign,_comparative,_and_international_law_librarian" title="Foreign, comparative, and international law librarian">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_librarianship" title="Music librarianship">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ensemble_librarianship" title="Ensemble librarianship">ensemble</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodicals_librarian" title="Periodicals librarian">Periodicals/serials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher-librarian" title="Teacher-librarian">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_professional" title="Information professional">Information professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informationist" title="Informationist">Informationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_scientist" title="Library and information scientist">Library and information scientist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">Library science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_laws_of_library_science" title="Five laws of library science">Five laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_and_information_science" title="Library and information science">Library and information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_for_librarianship" title="Education for librarianship">Education for librarianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_acquisitions" title="Library acquisitions">Acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_science" title="Archival science">Archival science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_assessment" title="Library assessment">Assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataloging_(library_science)" title="Cataloging (library science)">Cataloging</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_public_access_catalog" title="Online public access catalog">OPAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_circulation" title="Library circulation">Circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_classification" title="Library classification">Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_development" title="Collection development">Collection development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_collection" title="Collective collection">Collective collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_system_(bibliographic_search)" title="Discovery system (bibliographic search)">Discovery system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_resource_management" title="Electronic resource management">Electronic resource management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit" title="Legal deposit">Legal deposit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_history" title="Library history">Library history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_instruction" title="Library instruction">Library instruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_management" title="Library management">Library management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_publishing" title="Library publishing">Library publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readers%27_advisory" title="Readers' advisory">Readers' advisory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reference_desk" title="Reference desk">Reference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_reference" title="Digital reference">virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving_reference" title="Roving reference">roving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_technical_services" title="Library technical services">Technical services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeding_(library)" title="Weeding (library)">Weeding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_libraries" title="History of libraries">History of libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_science#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Library science">History of library science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Library_nav" title="Template:Library nav">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries" title="List of libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of libraries by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_libraries" title="List of largest libraries">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_the_ancient_world" title="List of libraries in the ancient world">ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_libraries" title="List of destroyed libraries">destroyed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_libraries" title="List of medical libraries">medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_and_state_libraries" title="List of national and state libraries">national</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_associations" title="List of library associations">Library associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_library_science_schools" title="List of library science schools">Library schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_librarians" title="List of librarians">Librarians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_librarians" title="List of female librarians">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_and_librarians_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries and librarians in fiction">fictional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archivists" title="List of archivists">Archivists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_archivists" title="List of female archivists">women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Libraries" title="Category:Libraries">Category:Libraries</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Library_science" title="Category:Library science">Category:Library science</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Libraries" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_library_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Outline of library science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Libraries" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Libraries">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bibliothekskatalog"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4145270-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Library catalogs"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85076668">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catalogues de bibliothèques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11931123n">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Catalogues de bibliothèques"><a rel="nofollow" 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