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class="mw-page-title-main">Materialization (paranormal)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialisasi_(paranormal)" title="Materialisasi (paranormal) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Materialisasi (paranormal)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA%E5%8C%96%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="物質化現象 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物質化現象" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialisering_(parapsykologi)" title="Materialisering (parapsykologi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Materialisering (parapsykologi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Materialization (parapsychology)">Materialization (parapsychology)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Alleged creation or appearance of matter from unknown sources</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg/220px-Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg/330px-Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg/440px-Sir_William_Crookes_and_Katie_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>A depiction of Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> confronting the alleged spirit materialization of <a href="/wiki/Katie_King_(spirit)" title="Katie King (spirit)">Katie King</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> literature and some <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religions</a>, <b>materialization</b> (or <b>manifestation</b>) is the creation or appearance of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> from unknown sources. The existence of materialization has not been confirmed by laboratory experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous cases of fraudulent materialization demonstrations by mediums have been exposed. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialization_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 20th century a series of exposures of fraudulent activity led to a decline of materialization séances.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Barrett_Browning" title="Elizabeth Barrett Browning">Elizabeth</a> attended a séance on 23, July 1855 in Ealing with the Rymers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the séance a spirit face materialized which Home claimed was the son of Browning who had died in infancy. Browning seized the "materialization" and discovered it to be the bare foot of Home. To make the deception worse, Browning had never lost a son in infancy. Browning's son <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barrett_Browning" title="Robert Barrett Browning">Robert</a> in a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, December 5, 1902 referred to the incident "Home was detected in a vulgar fraud."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British materialization medium Rosina Mary Showers was caught in many fraudulent séances throughout her career.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1874 during a séance with <a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Cox" title="Edward William Cox">Edward William Cox</a> a sitter looked into the cabinet and seized the spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headdress</a> fell off and was revealed to be Showers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 29 and May 21, 1874 <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a> in her own Home held séances with William Crookes. It was alleged that a spirit called "<a href="/wiki/Katie_King_(spirit)" title="Katie King (spirit)">Katie King</a>" materialized, however according to the author Walter Mann "Katie was a confederate introduced by Florrie Cook. It was the easiest matter in the world to carry out this trick, since the room, described by Sir William as the "cabinet", was Florrie Cook's bedroom."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frank Herne a medium who formed a partnership with Charles Williams was repeatedly exposed in fraudulent materialization séances.<sup id="cite_ref-McHargue_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHargue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 113">: 113 </span></sup> In 1875, he was caught pretending to be a spirit during a séance in Liverpool and was found "clothed in about two yards of stiffened muslin, wound round his head and hanging down as far as his thigh."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cook_(medium)" title="Florence Cook (medium)">Florence Cook</a> had been "trained in the arts of the séance" by Herne and was repeatedly exposed as a fraudulent medium.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychical researchers <a href="/wiki/W._W._Baggally" title="W. W. Baggally">W. W. Baggally</a> and <a href="/wiki/Everard_Feilding" title="Everard Feilding">Everard Feilding</a> exposed the British materialization medium Christopher Chambers as a fraud in 1905. A false moustache was discovered in the séance room which he used to fabricate the spirit materializations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British medium Charles Eldred was exposed as a fraud in 1906. Eldred would sit in a chair in a curtained off area in the room known as a "séance cabinet". Various spirit figures would emerge from the cabinet and move around the séance room, however, it was discovered that the chair had a secret compartment that contained beards, cloths, <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a>, and wigs that Eldred would dress up in to fake the spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/170px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/255px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png/340px-Cardboard_cut_out_with_Eva_C.png 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a> with cardboard cut out figure <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">King Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Albert von Schrenck-Notzing">Albert von Schrenck-Notzing</a> investigated the medium <a href="/wiki/Eva_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Eva Carrière">Eva Carrière</a> and claimed her ectoplasm "materializations" were the result of "ideoplasty" in which the medium could form images onto ectoplasm from her mind.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schrenck-Notzing published the book <i>Phenomena of Materialisation</i> (1923) which included photographs of the ectoplasm. Critics pointed out the photographs of the ectoplasm revealed marks of magazine cut-outs, pins and a piece of string.<sup id="cite_ref-Heredia_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heredia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schrenck-Notzing admitted that on several occasions Carrière deceptively smuggled pins into the séance room.<sup id="cite_ref-Heredia_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heredia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magician <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a> replicated the ectoplasm of Carrière using a comb, gauze and a handkerchief.<sup id="cite_ref-Heredia_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heredia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._West" title="Donald J. West">Donald West</a> wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">ectoplasm</a> of Carrière was fake and was made of cut-out paper faces from <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">magazines</a> on which fold marks could sometimes be seen from the photographs. A photograph of Carrière taken from the back of the ectoplasm face revealed it to be made from a magazine cut out with the letters "Le Miro". The two-dimensional face had been clipped from the French magazine Le Miroir.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back issues of the magazine also matched some of Carrière's ectoplasm faces.<sup id="cite_ref-McHargue_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McHargue-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 187">: 187 </span></sup> Cut out faces that she used included <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">King Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a>, French president <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Raymond Poincaré">Raymond Poincaré</a> and the actress Mona Delza.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Schrenck-Notzing discovered Carrière had taken her ectoplasm faces from the magazine he defended her by claiming she had read the magazine but her memory had recalled the images and they had materialized into the ectoplasm.<sup id="cite_ref-Brady_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brady-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this Schrenck-Notzing was described as credulous.<sup id="cite_ref-Heredia_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heredia-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">Joseph McCabe</a> wrote "In Germany and Austria, Baron von Schrenck-Notzing is the laughing-stock of his medical colleagues."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Hereward_Carrington" title="Hereward Carrington">Hereward Carrington</a> exposed the tricks of fraudulent mediums such as those used in slate-writing, <a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">table-turning</a>, trumpet mediumship, materializations, sealed-letter reading and <a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">spirit photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 8 November and 31 December 1920 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Geley" title="Gustav Geley">Gustav Geley</a> of the Institute Metapsychique International attended fourteen séances with the medium <a href="/wiki/Franek_Kluski" title="Franek Kluski">Franek Kluski</a> in Paris. A bowl of hot paraffin was placed in the room and according to Kluski spirits dipped their limbs into the <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin</a> and then into a bath of water to materialize. Three other series of séances were held in Warsaw in Kluski's own apartment, these took place over a period of three years. Kluski was not searched in any of the séances. Photographs of the molds were obtained during the four series of experiments and were published by Geley in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human skin hairs were found on the moulds which has indicated fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> replicated the Kluski materialization moulds by using his hands and a bowl of hot paraffin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Erlendur_Haraldsson" title="Erlendur Haraldsson">Erlendur Haraldsson</a> investigated one of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Swami" title="Swami">swamis</a>, who are associated with frequent and widely accepted claims of materializations of objects or substances, namely Gyatri Swami, and reached a negative conclusion regarding his claims.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurus</a> <a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a> (died 2011) and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Premananda_of_Trichy" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Premananda of Trichy">Swami Premananda</a> have claimed to perform materializations. Spontaneous <a href="/wiki/Vibuthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibuthi">vibuthi</a> (holy ash) manifestations are reported by Baba's followers on his pictures at their homes.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. Source appears to be a user-generated site. (October 2017)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skeptics have suspected the materializations of Sathya Sai Baba were fraudulent and the result of <a href="/wiki/Sleight_of_hand" title="Sleight of hand">sleight of hand</a> tricks.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magician <a href="/wiki/P._C._Sorcar" title="P. C. Sorcar">P. C. Sorcar</a> wrote Sai Baba's vibhuti feat was a "common trick" conjured with an ash capsule.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialization_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apport_(paranormal)" title="Apport (paranormal)">Apport</a> – Paranormal transference</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a> – Western tradition of summoning a spirit, demon, god</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychokinesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychokinesis">Psychokinesis</a> – Influencing of objects without physical interaction<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> – Spiritual attainments in Indian religions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritism_(book)" title="Spiritism (book)"><i>Spiritism</i></a> – 1885 book by Eduard von Hartmann</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation</a> – Transfer between two points</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialization_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoach2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Roach" title="Mary Roach">Roach, Mary</a> (2008). <i>Six Feet Over: Adventures in the Afterlife</i>. Edinburgh: Canongate. pp. 122–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847670809" title="Special:BookSources/9781847670809"><bdi>9781847670809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Feet+Over%3A+Adventures+in+the+Afterlife&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=122-130&rft.pub=Canongate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781847670809&rft.aulast=Roach&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a> (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena</i>. Detroit, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578592098" title="Special:BookSources/9781578592098"><bdi>9781578592098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Phenomena&rft.place=Detroit%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781578592098&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Serrell_Thomas" title="Donald Serrell Thomas">Thomas, Donald</a> (1989). <i>Robert Browning: A Life Within a Life</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. pp. 157–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780297796398" title="Special:BookSources/9780297796398"><bdi>9780297796398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Browning%3A+A+Life+Within+a+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=157-158&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780297796398&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoudini2011" class="citation book cs1">Houdini, Harry (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNUo2iJ5wZIC&q=%22london+times%22+browning+home&pg=PA42"><i>A Magician Among the Spirits</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108027489" title="Special:BookSources/9781108027489"><bdi>9781108027489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magician+Among+the+Spirits&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781108027489&rft.aulast=Houdini&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNUo2iJ5wZIC%26q%3D%2522london%2Btimes%2522%2Bbrowning%2Bhome%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(academic)" title="John Casey (academic)">Casey, John</a> (2013). <i>After Lives: A Guide to Heaven, Hell, and Purgatory</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199975037" title="Special:BookSources/9780199975037"><bdi>9780199975037</bdi></a>. <q>The poet attended one of Home's seances where a face was materialized, which, Home's spirit guide announced, was that of Browning's dead son. Browning seized the supposed materialized head, and it turned out to be the bare foot of Home. The deception was not helped by the fact that Browning never had lost a son in infancy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Lives%3A+A+Guide+to+Heaven%2C+Hell%2C+and+Purgatory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780199975037&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherrie_Lynne_Lyons" title="Sherrie Lynne Lyons">Lyons, Sherrie Lynne</a> (2010). <i>Species, Serpents, Spirits, and Skulls: Science at the Margins in the Victorian Age</i>. Albany: State Univ Of New York Pr. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438427980" title="Special:BookSources/9781438427980"><bdi>9781438427980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species%2C+Serpents%2C+Spirits%2C+and+Skulls%3A+Science+at+the+Margins+in+the+Victorian+Age&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=State+Univ+Of+New+York+Pr&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438427980&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Sherrie+Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation book cs1">Owen, Alex (2004). <i>The Darkened Room: Women, Power and Spiritualism in late Victorian England</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 70–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226642055" title="Special:BookSources/9780226642055"><bdi>9780226642055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darkened+Room%3A+Women%2C+Power+and+Spiritualism+in+late+Victorian+England&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=70-71&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780226642055&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Mann. (1919). <i>The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism</i>. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co. p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McHargue-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McHargue_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McHargue_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcHargue1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgess_McHargue" title="Georgess McHargue">McHargue, Georgess</a> (1972). <i>Facts, Frauds, and Phantasms: A Survey of the Spiritualist Movement</i>. Doubleday. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385053051" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385053051"><bdi>978-0385053051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facts%2C+Frauds%2C+and+Phantasms%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Spiritualist+Movement&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0385053051&rft.aulast=McHargue&rft.aufirst=Georgess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOppenheim1985" class="citation book cs1">Oppenheim, Janet (1985). <i>The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850-1914</i>. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521265058" title="Special:BookSources/9780521265058"><bdi>9780521265058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+World%3A+Spiritualism+and+Psychical+Research+in+England%2C+1850-1914&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Cambridgeshire&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780521265058&rft.aulast=Oppenheim&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Kurtz, Paul</a> (1985). <i>A Skeptic's Handbook of Parapsychology</i>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879753009" title="Special:BookSources/9780879753009"><bdi>9780879753009</bdi></a>. <q>Florence Cook was caught cheating not only before her séances with Crookes but also afterward. Furthermore, she learned her trade from the mediums Frank Herne and Charles Williams, who were notorious for their cheating.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Skeptic%27s+Handbook+of+Parapsychology&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780879753009&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeneRauscher1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Lamar_Keene" title="M. Lamar Keene">Keene, M. Lamar</a>; Rauscher, William V. (1997). <a href="/wiki/The_Psychic_Mafia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Psychic Mafia"><i>The Psychic Mafia</i></a>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573921619" title="Special:BookSources/9781573921619"><bdi>9781573921619</bdi></a>. <q>The most famous of materialization mediums, Florence Cook-- though she managed to convince a scientist, Sir William Crookes, that she was genuine-- was repeatedly exposed in fraud. Florence had been trained in the arts of the séance by Frank Herne, a well-known physical medium whose materializations were grabbed on more than one occasion and found to be the medium himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychic+Mafia&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781573921619&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=M.+Lamar&rft.au=Rauscher%2C+William+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiseman-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiseman1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Wiseman, Richard</a> (1997). <i>Deception & Self-Deception: Investigating Psychics</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. 12–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573921213" title="Special:BookSources/9781573921213"><bdi>9781573921213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deception+%26+Self-Deception%3A+Investigating+Psychics&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=12-23&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781573921213&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brady-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brady_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrower2010" class="citation book cs1">Brower, M. Brady (2010). <i>Unruly Spirits: The Science of Psychic Phenomena in Modern France</i>. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252077517" title="Special:BookSources/9780252077517"><bdi>9780252077517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unruly+Spirits%3A+The+Science+of+Psychic+Phenomena+in+Modern+France&rft.place=Urbana&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780252077517&rft.aulast=Brower&rft.aufirst=M.+Brady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heredia-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heredia_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heredia_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heredia_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heredia_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Heredia" title="Carlos María de Heredia">Carlos María de Heredia</a>. (1922). <i>Spiritism and Common Sense</i>. P. J. Kenedy & Sons. pp. 186-198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Donald_J._West" title="Donald J. West">Donald West</a>. (1954). <i>Psychical Research Today</i>. Chapter Séance-Room Phenomena. Duckworth. p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Stein" title="Gordon Stein">Stein, Gordon</a> (1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i> (2nd ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. p. 520. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573920216" title="Special:BookSources/9781573920216"><bdi>9781573920216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Paranormal&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=520&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781573920216&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Frank (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780879758288/page/77"><i>Debates on the Meaning of Life, Evolution, and Spiritualism</i></a>. Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780879758288/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879758288" title="Special:BookSources/9780879758288"><bdi>9780879758288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debates+on+the+Meaning+of+Life%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Spiritualism&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780879758288&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780879758288%2Fpage%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrington1907" class="citation web cs1">Carrington, Hereward (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603123943/http://www.archive.org/stream/physicalphenomen00carr">"The Physical Phenomena of Spiritualism"</a>. Wayback Machine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/physicalphenomen00carr#page/n7/mode/2up">the original</a> on 3 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Physical+Phenomena+of+Spiritualism&rft.pub=Wayback+Machine&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Hereward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fphysicalphenomen00carr%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChéroux2005" class="citation book cs1">Chéroux, Clément (2005). <i>The Perfect Medium: Photography and the Occult</i>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300111361" title="Special:BookSources/9780300111361"><bdi>9780300111361</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Medium%3A+Photography+and+the+Occult&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=268&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780300111361&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A9roux&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9ment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogo1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._Scott_Rogo" title="D. Scott Rogo">Rogo, D. Scott</a> (1978). <i>Minds and Motion: The Riddle of Psychokinesis</i> (1st ed.). New York: Taplinger Pub. Co. pp. 245–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780800824556" title="Special:BookSources/9780800824556"><bdi>9780800824556</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minds+and+Motion%3A+The+Riddle+of+Psychokinesis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245-246&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Taplinger+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780800824556&rft.aulast=Rogo&rft.aufirst=D.+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Coleman. (1994). <i>The Kluski moulds: a reply</i>. Journal of the Society for Psychical Research. Volume 60: 98-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalseance00mass"><i>Final Séance: The Strange Friendship Between Houdini and Conan Doyle</i></a></span>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/finalseance00mass/page/71">71–73</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573928960" title="Special:BookSources/9781573928960"><bdi>9781573928960</bdi></a>. <q>At the time Houdini didn't press the argument further, but later on, experimenting with paraffin, he found no artifice was needed to duplicate Kluski's molds. As a series of pictures for a newspaper of the time shows, he immersed his hand in the hot paraffin, let it dry, and then carefully removed the hand from it. When one experiments with this technique, one realizes that it is not the plaster cast that has to be removed from the thin wax mold, which would be impossible to do without breaking the mold. One almost forgets that what has to be removed is the living hand, possibly the best-suited object to slip out of a mold without damaging it. In fact, a real hand is even more effective than any other artifice dreamed up to substitute for it. First, the paraffin doesn't stick to skin, only to quite long hair. Nonetheless, if one moves the fingers very slowly, one will realize that every small bit one pulls out will gradually allow the rest of the hand to be removed; that's similar to what happens when one pulls off a tight glove.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+S%C3%A9ance%3A+The+Strange+Friendship+Between+Houdini+and+Conan+Doyle&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pages=71-73&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781573928960&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffinalseance00mass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaraldssonHoutkooper1994" class="citation journal cs1">Haraldsson, Erlendur; Houtkooper, Joop M. (October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificexploration.org/docs/8/jse_08_3_haraldsson.pdf">"Report on an Indian Swami Claiming to Materialize Objects: The Value and Limitations of Field Observations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Scientific Exploration</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 381–397<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Scientific+Exploration&rft.atitle=Report+on+an+Indian+Swami+Claiming+to+Materialize+Objects%3A+The+Value+and+Limitations+of+Field+Observations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381-397&rft.date=1994-10&rft.aulast=Haraldsson&rft.aufirst=Erlendur&rft.au=Houtkooper%2C+Joop+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificexploration.org%2Fdocs%2F8%2Fjse_08_3_haraldsson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2020)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saibabamiracles.com/">"Gallery Of Miracles"</a>. Saibabamiracles.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gallery+Of+Miracles&rft.pub=Saibabamiracles.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saibabamiracles.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mick_Brown_(journalist)" title="Mick Brown (journalist)">Brown, Mick</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritualtourist00mick/page/29"><i>The Spiritual Tourist. A Personal Odyssey Through the Outer Reaches of Belief</i></a> (1st ed.). New York: Bloomsbury. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spiritualtourist00mick/page/29">29–30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1582340340" title="Special:BookSources/978-1582340340"><bdi>978-1582340340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Tourist.+A+Personal+Odyssey+Through+the+Outer+Reaches+of+Belief&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=29-30&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1582340340&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspiritualtourist00mick%2Fpage%2F29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2004" class="citation web cs1">Pillay, Prinella (17 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041010222501/http://www.thepost.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=154&fArticleId=375687">"Divine blessing"</a>. <i>The Post</i>. Wayback Machine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepost.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=154&fArticleId=375687">the original</a> on 10 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Post&rft.atitle=Divine+blessing&rft.date=2004-03-17&rft.aulast=Pillay&rft.aufirst=Prinella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepost.co.za%2Findex.php%3FfSectionId%3D154%26fArticleId%3D375687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shaffer, Paul (September–October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_life_and_death_of_living_god_sathya_sai_baba/">"The Life and Death of 'Living God' Sathya Sai Baba - CSI"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>35</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+%27Living+God%27+Sathya+Sai+Baba+-+CSI&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2011-09%2F2011-10&rft.aulast=Shaffer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fthe_life_and_death_of_living_god_sathya_sai_baba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034512/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20001204/cover3.shtml">"P.C. Sorcar: "Baba's a bad trickster"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>India Today Magazine</i>. Wayback Machine. 4 December 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20001204/cover3.shtml">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today+Magazine&rft.atitle=P.C.+Sorcar%3A+%22Baba%27s+a+bad+trickster%22&rft.date=2000-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.india-today.com%2Fitoday%2F20001204%2Fcover3.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Materialization_(paranormal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCabe1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" title="Joseph McCabe">McCabe, Joseph</a> (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/isspiritualismba00mccarich"><i>Is Spiritualism Based On Fraud? The Evidence Given By Sir A. C. Doyle and Others Drastically Examined</i></a>. London: Watts & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Spiritualism+Based+On+Fraud%3F+The+Evidence+Given+By+Sir+A.+C.+Doyle+and+Others+Drastically+Examined&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Watts+%26+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=McCabe&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fisspiritualismba00mccarich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodmore1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Podmore" title="Frank Podmore">Podmore, Frank</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/newerspiritualis00podmrich"><i>The Newer Spiritualism</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Newer+Spiritualism&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Podmore&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnewerspiritualis00podmrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolidoro2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Polidoro" title="Massimo Polidoro">Polidoro, Massimo</a> (2003). <i>Secrets of the Psychics: Investigating Paranormal Claims</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-086-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-086-8"><bdi>978-1-59102-086-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secrets+of+the+Psychics%3A+Investigating+Paranormal+Claims&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-086-8&rft.aulast=Polidoro&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceDingwall1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Price" title="Harry Price">Price, Harry</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dingwall" title="Eric Dingwall">Dingwall, Eric</a> (1975) [1891]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/revelationsofspi00farriala"><i>Revelations of a Spirit Medium</i></a>. Arno Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelations+of+a+Spirit+Medium&rft.pub=Arno+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft.au=Dingwall%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frevelationsofspi00farriala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span> This rare, overlooked, and forgotten, book gives the "insider's knowledge" of 19th century deceptions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Schrench-Notzing1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Albert von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrench-Notzing, Albert</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/phenomenaofmater00schr"><i>Phenomena of Materialisation</i></a>. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phenomena+of+Materialisation&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul%2C+Trench%2C+Trubner&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=von+Schrench-Notzing&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fphenomenaofmater00schr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffram2009" class="citation book cs1">Wolffram, Heather (2009). <i>The Stepchildren of Science: Psychical Research and Parapsychology in Germany, C. 1870-1939</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rodopi_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodopi (publisher)">Rodopi</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2728-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2728-2"><bdi>978-90-420-2728-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stepchildren+of+Science%3A+Psychical+Research+and+Parapsychology+in+Germany%2C+C.+1870-1939&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2728-2&rft.aulast=Wolffram&rft.aufirst=Heather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaterialization+%28paranormal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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