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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Number</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definiteness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definiteness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Definiteness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definiteness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocative_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocative_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vocative form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocative_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_grammatical_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_grammatical_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Remnants of grammatical cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_grammatical_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_grammatical_cases_in_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_grammatical_cases_in_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Remnants of grammatical cases in pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_grammatical_cases_in_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Definite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formerly_inflected_nouns_as_other_parts_of_speech" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formerly_inflected_nouns_as_other_parts_of_speech"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3</span> <span>Formerly inflected nouns as other parts of speech</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formerly_inflected_nouns_as_other_parts_of_speech-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_the_accusative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_the_accusative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.1</span> <span>Remnants of the accusative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_the_accusative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_the_dative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_the_dative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.2</span> <span>Remnants of the dative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_the_dative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_the_genitive_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_the_genitive_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.3</span> <span>Remnants of the genitive case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_the_genitive_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_the_instrumental_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_the_instrumental_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.4</span> <span>Remnants of the instrumental case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_the_instrumental_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remnants_of_the_locative_case" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remnants_of_the_locative_case"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.3.5</span> <span>Remnants of the locative case</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remnants_of_the_locative_case-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Word_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Word_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Word order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Word_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Syntax subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Other features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Questions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Questions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Significant verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Съм" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Съм"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.1</span> <span>Съм</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Съм-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ще" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ще"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.2</span> <span>Ще</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ще-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Имам_and_нямам" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Имам_and_нямам"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2.3</span> <span>Имам and нямам</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Имам_and_нямам-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conjunctions_and_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conjunctions_and_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Conjunctions and particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conjunctions_and_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-But" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#But"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.1</span> <span>But</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-But-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocative_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocative_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.2</span> <span>Vocative particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocative_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modal_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modal_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.3</span> <span>Modal particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modal_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intentional_particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intentional_particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.4</span> <span>Intentional particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intentional_particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns_of_quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns_of_quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Pronouns of quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns_of_quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Bulgarian is a <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="South Slavic language">South Slavic language</a> that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic" title="Old Church Slavonic">Old Church Slavonic</a>—the written norm for the Slavic languages in the Middle Ages which derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a>. Bulgarian is also a part of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Balkan sprachbund</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian dialect</a> of Serbian. It shares with them several grammatical innovations that set it apart from most other <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>, even other South Slavic languages. Among these are a sharp reduction in noun <a href="/wiki/Inflections" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflections">inflections</a>—Bulgarian has lost the <a href="/wiki/Noun_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Noun cases">noun cases</a> but has developed a <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a>, which is suffixed at the end of words. In <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs" title="Bulgarian verbs">its verbal system</a>, Bulgarian is set apart from most Slavic languages by the loss of the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, the preservation of most of the complexities of the older <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a> system (including the opposition between <a href="/wiki/Aorist" title="Aorist">aorist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperfect" title="Imperfect">imperfect</a>) and the development of a complex <a href="/wiki/Evidentiality" title="Evidentiality">evidential</a> system to distinguish between witnessed and several kinds of non-witnessed information. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nouns" title="Bulgarian nouns">Bulgarian nouns</a></div> <p>Bulgarian nouns have the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_category" title="Grammatical category">categories</a> <b><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">grammatical gender</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (including count form)</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definiteness</a></b> and <b><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative form</a></b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noun has one of three specific grammatical genders (masculine, feminine, neuter). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number">Number</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A noun has two numbers (singular and plural), plus a <b>numerical plural form</b>. The plural is formed by adding to or replacing the singular ending, most commonly in the following ways: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>sing. </td> <td>plur. </td></tr> <tr> <td>masc. </td> <td>-<a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">conson.</a> </td> <td>+и <p>+ове (<a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosyllabic">monosyl.</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fem. </td> <td>-а / -я </td> <td>-и </td></tr> <tr> <td>neut. </td> <td>-о <p>-е </p> </td> <td>-а <p>+та </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With cardinal numbers and some adverbs, masculine nouns use a separate <b>numerical plural form</b> <i>бройна множествена форма (broyna mnozhestvena forma)</i>. It is a vestige of the grammatical <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual number</a>, which disappeared from the language in the Middle Ages. The numerical form is used in the <b>masculine</b> whenever there is a <i>precise amount</i> of something, regardless of the actual number, e.g. – </p> <ul><li><i>стол</i> (<i>stol</i> "chair") → <i>много стол<b>ове</b></i> (<i>mnogo stol<b>ove</b></i> "many chairs", general plural) → <i>два стол<b>а</b> / десет стол<b>а</b></i> (<i>dva stol<b>a</b> / deset stol<b>a</b></i> "two chairs / ten chairs", numerical plural). <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stol2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stol2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definiteness">Definiteness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Definiteness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Definiteness is expressed by a <b><a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite article</a></b> which is postfixed to the noun: </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <td>masc. </td> <td>fem. </td> <td>neut. </td></tr> <tr> <td>sing. </td> <td>-ът / -ят <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical subject">(subject)</a> <p>-a / -я <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical object">(object)</a> </p> </td> <td>-та </td> <td>-то </td></tr> <tr> <td>plur. </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">-те </td> <td>-та after а/я or <br /> <p>-те after и/е<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The definite article comes after plural ending:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>стол [stol] <p><sup>(chair)</sup> </p> </td> <td>стол<i><b>ът</b></i> [stol<i><b>at</b></i>] (subject) <p>стол<i><b>а</b></i> [stol<i><b>a</b></i>] (object) </p><p><sup>(the chair)</sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>стол<i><b>ове</b></i> [stol<i><b>ove</b></i>] <p><sup>(chairs)</sup> </p> </td> <td>стол<i><b>овете</b></i> [stol<i><b>ovete</b></i>] <p><sup>(the chairs)</sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>маса [masa] <p><sup>(table)</sup> </p> </td> <td>маса<i><b>та</b></i> [masa<i><b>ta</b></i>] <p><sup>(the table)</sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>мас<i><b>и</b></i> [mas<i><b>i</b></i>] <p><sup>(tables)</sup> </p> </td> <td>мас<i><b>ите</b></i> [mas<i><b>ite</b></i>] <p><sup>(the tables)</sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td>копче [kopche] <p><sup>(button)</sup> </p> </td> <td>копче<i><b>то</b></i> [kopche<i><b>to</b></i>] <p><sup>(the button)</sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>копче<i><b>та</b></i> [kopche<i><b>ta</b></i>] <p><sup>(buttons)</sup> </p> </td> <td>копче<i><b>тата</b></i> [kopche<i><b>tata</b></i>] <p><sup>(the buttons)</sup> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocative_form">Vocative form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vocative form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vocative form is used for a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> that identifies a person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed. </p> <ul><li>for family members – e.g. <i>майка → майк<b>о</b></i> (<i>majka → majk<b>o</b></i> "mother")</li> <li>for masculine names – e.g. <i>Петър</i> → <i>Петр<b>е</b></i> (<i>Petar</i> → <i>Petr<b>e</b></i>)</li> <li>in social descriptors – e.g. <i>приятел</i> → <i>приятел<b>ю</b></i> (<i>prijatel</i> → <i>prijatel<b>ju</b></i> "friend"), <i>учител</i> → <i>учител<b>ю</b></i> (<i>učitel</i> → <i>učitel<b>ju</b></i> "teacher")</li></ul> <p>From the first decades of the 20th century, there is a tendency to avoid vocative forms. This is true for many personal names, as the use of feminine name forms in -[ь/й]o<sup id="cite_ref-krastev2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krastev2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the potential vocative forms of foreign names has come to be considered rude or rustic. Thus, Любомире means 'hey, Lyubomir', while the corresponding feminine forms Елено ('hey, Elena'), Маргарито ('hey, Margarita') are today seen as rude<sup id="cite_ref-krastev2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-krastev2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or unceremonious, and declining foreign names as in *Джоне ('hey, John') or *Саймъне ('hey, Simon') is considered humorous. </p><p>The tendency to avoid vocative forms for foreign names does not apply to names from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a>, with the source languages having the vocative case as well: cf. Цезаре' ('O <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>'), Перикле ('O <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>'), Зевсе ('O <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'), etc. </p><p>Vocative is still in full and regular use for general nouns such as <i>господин<b>е</b></i> (<i>gospodin<b>e</b></i> "mister"), <i>госпожиц<b>е</b></i> (<i>gospožic<b>e</b></i> "miss"), <i>госпож<b>о</b></i> (<i>gospož<b>o</b></i> "Mrs"), <i>баб<b>о</b></i> (<i>bab<b>o</b></i> "grandma"), <i>майк<b>о</b></i> (majk<b>o</b> "mother"), <i>син<b>е</b></i> (sin<b>e</b> "son"). <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remnants_of_grammatical_cases">Remnants of grammatical cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Remnants of grammatical cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old Bulgarian had an extensive system of declension which included seven grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, locative, instrumental and vocative; of these, only what used to be nominative and vocative cases survives in modern Bulgarian. Though Bulgarian has lost its old declensional system, pronouns still have grammatical case; also, some nouns in indirect cases became fossilized and were reanalyzed as other parts of speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remnants_of_grammatical_cases_in_pronouns">Remnants of grammatical cases in pronouns</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Remnants of grammatical cases in pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal pronouns still have different subject, direct object and indirect object forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Personal pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Person </th> <th rowspan="2">subject <p>(nominative case) </p> </th> <th colspan="2">direct object <p>(accusative case) </p> </th> <th colspan="3">indirect object <p>(dative case) </p> </th> <th rowspan="2">with preposition </th></tr> <tr> <th>long </th> <th>short </th> <th><i>long,</i> <p><i>obsolete</i> </p> </th> <th>long </th> <th>short </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">First </th> <td>аз </td> <td>мене / мен </td> <td>ме </td> <td><i>мене</i> </td> <td>на мене / на мен </td> <td>ми </td> <td>с мене / с мен </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Second </th> <td>ти </td> <td>тебе / теб </td> <td>те </td> <td><i>тебе</i> </td> <td>на тебе / на теб </td> <td>ти </td> <td>с тебе / с теб </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Third </th> <th>Masculine </th> <td>той </td> <td>него </td> <td>го </td> <td><i>нему</i> </td> <td>на него </td> <td>му </td> <td>с него </td></tr> <tr> <th>Feminine </th> <td>тя </td> <td>нея </td> <td>я </td> <td><i>ней</i> </td> <td>на нея </td> <td>ѝ* </td> <td>с нея </td></tr> <tr> <th>Neuter </th> <td>то </td> <td>него </td> <td>го </td> <td><i>нему</i> </td> <td>на него </td> <td>му </td> <td>с него </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Plural </th> <th colspan="2">First </th> <td>ние </td> <td>нас </td> <td>ни </td> <td><i>нам</i> </td> <td>на нас </td> <td>ни </td> <td>с нас </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Second </th> <td>вие </td> <td>вас </td> <td>ви </td> <td><i>вам</i> </td> <td>на вас </td> <td>ви </td> <td>с вас </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Third </th> <td>те </td> <td>тях </td> <td>ги </td> <td><i>тям</i> </td> <td>на тях </td> <td>им </td> <td>с тях </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The set of pronouns in italic is obsolete and is nowadays substituted by на + long direct object pronouns: <i>на мен/на мене, на теб/на тебе, на него, на нея, на него, на нас, на вас, на тях.</i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interrogative, indefinite, negative, relative and universal pronouns have different subject and object forms, but only if some conditions are met: </p> <ul><li>they are different only for masculine singular pronouns;</li> <li>only if pronoun refers to a male human being: e.g. човекът, с <i>когото</i> говоря <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃoˈvɛkɐt,<span class="wrap"> </span>s<span class="wrap"> </span>koˈɡɔto<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡoˈvɔrjɐ/</span> 'the man that I'm talking to'; note that <i>когото</i> can be replaced with <i>който</i> in spoken language<b>;</b> but e.g. столът, на <i>който</i> седя <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈstɔɫɐt,<span class="wrap"> </span>nɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkɔjto<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛˈdjɐ/</span> 'the chair that I'm sitting on'.</li> <li>only if the pronoun is used alone, not attributively.</li></ul> <p>Otherwise, the subject and object pronouns are the same. The complete declension is summed up in the table below: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">masculine singular pronouns </th></tr> <tr> <th>pronoun <p>type </p> </th> <th>subject <p>(nominative case) </p> </th> <th>direct object <p>(accusative case) </p> </th> <th>direct object <p>(accusative case)* </p> </th> <th>indirect object <p>(dative case) </p> </th> <th>indirect object <p>(dative case)* </p> </th> <th><i>indirect object</i> <p><i>(dative case),</i> </p><p><i>obsolete</i> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th><b>interrogative</b> </th> <td>кой </td> <td>кой </td> <td>кого </td> <td>на кой </td> <td>на кого </td> <td><i>кому</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>indefinite</b> </th> <td>някой </td> <td>някой </td> <td>някого </td> <td>на някой </td> <td>на някого </td> <td><i>някому</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>negative</b> </th> <td>никой </td> <td>никой </td> <td>никого </td> <td>на никой </td> <td>на никого </td> <td><i>никому</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>relative</b> </th> <td>който </td> <td>който </td> <td>когото </td> <td>на който </td> <td>на когото </td> <td><i>комуто</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b>universal</b> </th> <td>всеки </td> <td>всеки </td> <td>всекиго </td> <td>на всеки </td> <td>на всекиго </td> <td><i>всекиму</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*These sets of pronouns are falling out of use, especially in spoken language. Instead of object forms, the subject ones tend to be used in more instances, e.g. <i>на кой</i> is used instead of <i>на кого</i> and <i>кой</i> instead of <i>кого</i> and so on. </p><p>Single-word indirect object pronouns are obsolete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definite_article">Definite article</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Definite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grammarians who standardised the Bulgarian literary language introduced the subject definite article (пълен член) <i>-ът/-ят and</i> the object definite article (кратък член) <i>-a/-я</i>. This distinction was artificial and did not occur in any Bulgarian dialect of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject definite article is used with definite masculine singular nouns which are the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> of a sentence, otherwise the object definite article is used. </p><p>e.g. <i>стол</i> (<i>stol</i> "a chair") → <i>стол<b>ът</b></i> (<i>stol<b>at</b></i> "the chair", subject) → <i>под стол<b>а</b></i> (<i>pod stol<b>a</b></i> "under the chair", object). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formerly_inflected_nouns_as_other_parts_of_speech">Formerly inflected nouns as other parts of speech</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Formerly inflected nouns as other parts of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Remnants_of_the_accusative_case">Remnants of the accusative case</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Remnants of the accusative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs: <i>сутрин</i>, <i>вечер</i>, <i>зимъс</i>, <i>днес</i>, <i>нощес</i>, <i>есенес</i>, <i>пролетес</i>, <i>лятос</i>, <i>вред.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Remnants_of_the_dative_case">Remnants of the dative case</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Remnants of the dative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs and prepositions: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Remnants_of_the_genitive_case">Remnants of the genitive case</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Remnants of the genitive case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs: <i>снощи</i>, <i>отстрани</i>, <i>довечера</i>, <i>отръки</i>, <i>допъти.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Remnants_of_the_instrumental_case">Remnants of the instrumental case</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Remnants of the instrumental case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs and prepositions: <i>нощем</i> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">noštem</i></span> "during the night", from <i>нощ</i> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nošt</i></span> "night"); <i>сбогом</i> (<i>sbogom</i> "farewell" – lit. "with God", from <i>с + бог</i> <i>s + bog</i>); <i>бегом</i> (<i>begom</i> "while running" from <i>бяг</i> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">byag</i></span> – running), <i>посредством</i>, <i>пешком</i>, <i>пълзешком</i>, <i>силом</i>, <i>денем</i>, <i>кръгом</i>, <i>гърбом</i>, <i>редом</i>, <i>тихом</i>, <i>мигом</i>, <i>ребром, цифром, числом, словом.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Remnants_of_the_locative_case">Remnants of the locative case</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Remnants of the locative case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adverbs and prepositions: <i>горе</i>, <i>отгоре</i>, <i>долу</i>, <i>отдолу</i>, <i>зиме</i>, <i>лете</i>, <i>утре</i>, <i>вкратце</i>, <i>есени</i>, <i>пролети</i>, <i>върху</i>, <i>срещу, между.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> agrees in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> and <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definiteness</a> with the noun it is appended to and is usually put before it. The <a href="/wiki/Comparative" title="Comparative">comparative</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">superlative</a> form are formed with the (hyphenated) prefixes <i>по-</i> and <i>най-</i> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_pronouns" title="Bulgarian pronouns">Bulgarian pronouns</a></div> <p>Nicolova distinguishes the following types of Bulgarian pronouns: </p> <ul><li>personal;</li> <li>reflexive;</li> <li>possessive;</li> <li>reflexive possessive;</li> <li>demonstrative;</li> <li>universal;</li> <li>interrogative;</li> <li>relative;</li> <li>negative;</li> <li>indefinite.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs" title="Bulgarian verbs">Bulgarian verbs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Word_order">Word order</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Word order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Bulgarian has almost no noun cases its <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> is rather free. It is even freer than the word order of some languages that have cases, for example <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>. This is due to the <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> of a sentence. So in Bulgarian the sentence "I saw Lyubomir" can be expressed thus: </p> <pre>Видях Любомир. saw-1pSg Lyubomir Любомир (го) видях. Lyubomir (him) saw-1pSg </pre> <p>It is clear that the subject is "<b>аз</b>" ("I") (it has been dropped), because the verb "<b>видях</b>" is in the first person singular. </p><p>Other examples – Lyubomir greeted the girls: </p> <pre>Любомир поздрави момичетата. Lyubomir greeted-3pSg girls-the. Момичетата (ги) поздрави Любомир. Girls-the (them) greeted-3pSg Lyubomir. Любомир момичетата поздрави. Lyubomir girls-the greeted-3pSg. Момичетата Любомир (ги) поздрави. Girls-the Lyubomir (them) greeted-3pSg. Поздрави Любомир момичетата. Greeted-3pSg Lyubomir girls-the. Поздрави (ги) момичетата Любомир. Greeted-3pSg (them) girls-the Lyubomir. </pre> <p>Theoretically all permutations are possible but the last one sounds rather odd. </p><p>The girls greeted Lyubomir: </p> <pre>Момичетата поздравиха Любомир. Girls-the greeted-3pPl Lyubomir. Любомир (го) поздравиха момичетата. Lyubomir (him) greeted-3pPl girls-the. Момичетата Любомир поздравиха. Girls-the Lyubomir greeted-3pPl. Любомир момичетата (го) поздравиха. Lyubomir girls-the (him) greeted-3pPl. Поздравиха момичетата Любомир. Greeted-3pPl girls-the Lyubomir. Поздравиха (го) Любомир момичетата. Greeted-3pPl (him) Lyubomir girls-the. </pre> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Clitic_doubling" title="Clitic doubling">clitic doubling</a> (го/ги) is obligatory only when the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> are both in third person, and they are either both <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a> or both <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">plural</a>, but when the meaning is clear from the context it can be omitted. Examples: </p> <pre>Любомир <b>го</b> поздрави Мария. Lyubomir him greeted-3pSg Maria. Maria greeted Lyubomir. Мария <b>я</b> поздрави Любомир. Maria her greeted-3pSg Lyubomir. Lyubomir greeted Maria. </pre> <p>but </p> <pre>Ролите озвучиха артистите... Roles-the sound-screened-3pPl artists-the... The artists...(their names) sound-screened the roles. (They made the soundtrack for the film.) </pre> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense#Compound_tenses" title="Grammatical tense">compound tenses</a>, when a <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participle</a> is used, and when the subject and the object are of different <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Clitic_doubling" title="Clitic doubling">clitic doubling</a> can also be left out. So the first two of the above examples can be expressed in a compound tense thus: </p> <pre>Любомир (го) е поздрави<b>ла</b> Мария. Lyubomir (him) has greeted-3pSgFem Maria. Maria has greeted Lyubomir. Мария (я) е поздрави<b>л</b> Любомир. Maria (her) has greeted-3pSgMasc Lyubomir. Lyubomir has greeted Maria. </pre> <p>The above two examples sound a bit odd without the doubling, unless it is a case of <a href="/wiki/Topicalization" title="Topicalization">topicalization</a> and special stress is put on the first word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgarian employs <a href="/wiki/Clitic_doubling" title="Clitic doubling">clitic doubling</a>, mostly for emphatic purposes. For example, the following constructions are common in colloquial Bulgarian: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Аз (го) дадох подаръка на Мария.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "I gave <i>it</i> the present to Maria.")</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Аз (ѝ го) дадох подаръка на Мария.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "I gave <i>her it</i> the present to Maria.")</dd></dl> <p>The phenomenon is practically obligatory in the spoken language in the case of inversion signalling information structure (in writing, clitic doubling may be skipped in such instances, with a somewhat bookish effect): </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Подаръка (ѝ) го дадох на Мария.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "The present [<i>to her</i>] <i>it</i> I-gave to Maria.")</dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">На Мария ѝ (го) дадох подаръка.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "To Maria <i>to her</i> [<i>it</i>] I-gave the present.")</dd></dl> <p>Sometimes, the doubling signals syntactic relations, thus: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Петър и Иван ги изядоха вълците.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir <i>them</i> ate the wolves.")</dd> <dd>Transl.: "Petar and Lyubomir were eaten by the wolves".</dd></dl> <p>This is contrasted with: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Петър и Иван изядоха вълците.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir ate the wolves")</dd> <dd>Transl.: "Petar and Lyubomir ate the wolves".</dd></dl> <p>In this case, clitic doubling can be a colloquial alternative of the more formal or bookish passive voice, which would be constructed as follows: </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Петър и Иван бяха изядени от вълците.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "Petar and Lyubomir were eaten by the wolves.")</dd></dl> <p>Clitic doubling is also fully obligatory, both in the spoken and in the written norm, in clauses including several special expressions that use the short accusative and dative pronouns such as "<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">играе ми се</span></span>" (I feel like playing), студено ми е (I am cold), and боли ме ръката (my arm hurts): </p> <dl><dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">На мен ми се спи, а на Иван му се играе.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "To me <i>to me</i> it-feels-like-sleeping, and to Lyubomir <i>to him</i> it-feels-like-playing")</dd> <dd>Transl.: "I feel like sleeping, and Lyubomir feels like playing."</dd> <dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">На нас ни е студено, а на вас ви е топло.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. "To us <i>to us</i> it-is cold, and to you-plur. <i>to you-plur.</i> it-is warm")</dd> <dd>Transl.: "We are cold, and you are warm."</dd> <dd><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Иван го боли гърлото, а мене ме боли главата.</span></span></dd> <dd>(lit. Lyubomir <i>him</i> aches the throat, and me <i>me</i> aches the head)</dd> <dd>Transl.: Lyubomir has sore throat, and I have a headache.</dd></dl> <p>Except the above examples, clitic doubling is considered inappropriate in a formal context. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features">Other features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Questions">Questions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Questions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Questions in Bulgarian which do not use a question word (such as who? what? etc.) are formed with the particle <b>ли</b> after the verb; a subject is not necessary, as the verbal conjugation suggests who is performing the action: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Идваш</span></span> – 'you are coming'; <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Идваш ли?</span></span> – 'are you coming?'</li></ul> <p>While the particle <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ли</span></span> generally goes after the verb, it can go after a noun or adjective if a contrast is needed: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Идваш ли с нас?</span></span> – 'are you coming with us?';</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">С нас ли идваш?</span></span> – 'are you coming with <i>us</i>'?</li></ul> <p>A verb is not always necessary, e.g. when presenting a choice: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Той ли?</span></span> – 'him?'; <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Жълтият ли?</span></span> – 'the yellow one?'<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Rhetorical questions can be formed by adding <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ли</span></span> to a question word, thus forming a "double interrogative" – </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Кой?</span></span> – 'Who?'; <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Кой ли?!</span></span> – 'I wonder who(?)'</li></ul> <p>The same construction +не ('no') is an emphasized positive – </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Кой беше там?</span></span> – 'Who was there?' – <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">Кой ли не!</span></span> – 'Nearly everyone!' (lit. 'I wonder who <i>wasn't</i> there')</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Significant_verbs">Significant verbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Significant verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Съм"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.8A.D0.BC"></span>Съм</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Съм"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">съм</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/sɤm/</span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 'to be' is also used as an <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> for forming the <a href="/wiki/Perfect_(grammar)" title="Perfect (grammar)">perfect</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">passive</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>: </p> <ul><li>past tense – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oˈdariɫ<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐm/</span> – 'I have hit'</li> <li>passive – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oˈdarɛn<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐm/</span> – 'I am hit'</li> <li>past passive – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bʲax<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈdarɛn/</span> – 'I was hit'</li> <li>conditional – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bix<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈdaril/</span> – 'I would hit'</li></ul> <p>Two alternate forms of <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">съм</span></span> exist: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">бъда</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbɤdɐ/</span> – interchangeable with съм in most tenses and moods, but never in the <a href="/wiki/Present_indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Present indicative">present indicative</a> – e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈiskɐm<span class="wrap"> </span>dɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɤdɐ/</span> ('I want to be'), <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɤdɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>tuk/</span> ('I will be here'); in the imperative, only бъда is used – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/bɤˈdi<span class="wrap"> </span>tuk/</span> ('be here');</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">бивам</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbivɐm/</span> – slightly archaic, imperfective form of бъда – e.g. Биваше заплашен. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbivɐʃɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>zaˈplaʃɛn/</span> ('he used to get threats'); in contemporary usage, it is mostly used in the negative to mean "ought not", e.g. Не бива да пушиш. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbivɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>dɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈpuʃiʃ/</span> ('you shouldn't smoke').<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ще"><span id=".D0.A9.D0.B5"></span>Ще</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ще"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The impersonal verb <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ще</span></span> (lit. 'it wants')<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is used to form the (positive) future tense: </p> <ul><li>отивам <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oˈtivɐm/</span> – 'I am going'</li> <li>ще отивам <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈtivɐm/</span> – 'I will be going'</li></ul> <p>The negative future is formed with the invariable construction <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">няма да</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɲamɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>dɐ/</span> (see <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">няма</span></span> below):<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>няма да отивам <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɲamɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>dɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈtivɐm/</span> – 'I will not be going'</li></ul> <p>The past tense of this verb – щях <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtʲax/</span> is conjugated to form the past conditional ('would have' – again, with да, since it is <i><a href="/wiki/Irrealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrealis">irrealis</a></i>): </p> <ul><li>щях да отида <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtʲax<span class="wrap"> </span>dɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>oˈtidɐ/</span> – 'I would have gone;' щеше да отидеш <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃtɛʃɛ<span class="wrap"> </span>da<span class="wrap"> </span>otidɛʃ/</span> 'you would have gone'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Имам_and_нямам"><span id=".D0.98.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BC_and_.D0.BD.D1.8F.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BC"></span>Имам and нямам</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Имам and нямам"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verbs <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">имам</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈimɐm/</span> ('to have') and <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">нямам</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɲamɐm/</span> ('to not have'): </p> <ul><li>the third person singular of these two can be used impersonally to mean 'there is/there are' or 'there isn't/aren't any,'<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e.g. <ul><li>Има време. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/imɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈvrɛmɛ/</span> ('there is still time' – compare Spanish <i>hay</i>);</li> <li>Няма никого. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɲamɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈnikoɡo/</span> ('there is no one there').</li></ul></li> <li>The impersonal form няма is used in the negative future – (see ще above). <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">няма</span></span> used on its own can mean simply 'I won't' – a simple refusal to a suggestion or instruction.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjunctions_and_particles">Conjunctions and particles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Conjunctions and particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="But">But</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: But"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bulgarian, there are several conjunctions all translating into English as "but", which are all used in distinct situations. They are <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">но</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">no</i></span>), <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ама</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">amà</i></span>), <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">а</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">a</i></span>), <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ами</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">amì</i></span>), and <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ала</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">alà</i></span>) (and <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">обаче</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">obache</i></span>) – "however", identical in use to <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">но</span></span>). </p><p>While there is some overlapping between their uses, in many cases they are specific. For example, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ami</i></span> is used for a choice – Не това, ами това. (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ne tova, ami onova</i></span>) – "not this one, but that one" (compare Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sino</i></span>), while ама (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ama</i></span>) is often used to provide extra information or an opinion – Казах го, ама сгреших. (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">kazah go, ama sgreshih</i></span>) – "I said it, but I was wrong". Meanwhile, а (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">a</i></span>) provides contrast between two situations, and in some sentences can even be translated as "although", "while" or even "and" – Аз работя, а той блее. (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">az rabotya, a toy blee</i></span>) – "I'm working, and he's daydreaming". </p><p>Very often, different words can be used to alter the emphasis of a sentence – e.g. while <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">pusha, no ne tryabva</i></span> and <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">pusha, a ne tryabva</i></span> both mean "I smoke, but I shouldn't", the first sounds more like a statement of fact ("...but I mustn't"), while the second feels more like a <i>judgement</i> ("...but I oughtn't"). Similarly, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">az ne iskam, ama toy iska</i></span> and <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">az ne iskam, a toy iska</i></span> both mean "I don't want to, but he does", however the first emphasizes the fact that <i>he</i> wants to, while the second emphasizes the <i>wanting</i> rather than the person. </p><p><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Ala</i></span> is interesting in that, while it feels archaic, it is often used in poetry and frequently in children's stories, since it has quite a moral/ominous feel to it. </p><p>Some common expressions use these words, and some can be used alone as interjections: </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">da, ama ne</i></span> (lit. "yes, but no") – means "you're wrong to think so".</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ama</i></span> can be tagged onto a sentence to express surprise: <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ama toy spi!</i></span> – "he's sleeping!"</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ами!</span></span> – "you don't say!", "really!"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Vocative_particles">Vocative particles</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vocative particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgarian has several abstract particles which are used to strengthen a statement. These have no precise translation in English.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The particles are strictly informal and can even be considered rude by some people and in some situations. They are mostly used at the end of questions or instructions. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">бе</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">be</i></span>) – the most common particle. It can be used to strengthen a statement or, sometimes, to indicate derision of an opinion, aided by the tone of voice. (Originally purely masculine, it can now be used towards both men and women.) <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">kazhi mi, be</i></span> – tell me (insistence); <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">taka li, be?</i></span> – is that so? (derisive); <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">vyarno li, be?</i></span> – you don't say!.</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">де</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">de)</i></span> – expresses urgency, sometimes pleading. <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">stavay, de!</i></span> – come on, get up!</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">ма</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ma</i></span>) (feminine only) – originally simply the feminine counterpart of <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">be</i></span>, but today perceived as rude and derisive (compare the similar evolution of the vocative forms of feminine names).</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">бре</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">bre</i></span>, masculine), <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">мари</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">mari</i></span>, feminine) – similar to <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">be</i></span> and <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ma</i></span>, but archaic. Although informal, can sometimes be heard being used by older people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Modal_particles">Modal particles</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modal particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are "tagged" on to the beginning or end of a sentence to express the mood of the speaker in relation to the situation. They are mostly <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> or slightly <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative</a> in nature. There is no change in the grammatical mood when these are used (although they may be expressed through different grammatical moods in other languages). </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">нали</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nalì</i></span>) – is a universal affirmative tag, like "isn't it"/"won't you", etc. (it is invariable, like the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">n'est-ce pas</i></span>). It can be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, and does not always require a verb: <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">shte doydesh, nali?</i></span> – you are coming, aren't you?; <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nali iskaha?</i></span> – didn't they want to?; <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nali onzi?</i></span> – that one, right?;</li> <li>it can express quite complex thoughts through simple constructions – <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nali nyamashe?</i></span> – "I thought you weren't going to!" or "I thought there weren't any!" (depending on context – the verb <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nyama</i></span> presents general negation/lacking, see "nyama", above).</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">дали</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">dalì</i></span>) – expresses uncertainty (if in the middle of a clause, can be translated as "whether") – e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">dali shte doyde?</i></span> – "do you think he will come?"</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">нима</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nimà</i></span>) – presents disbelief ~"don't tell me that<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." – e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nima iskash?!</i></span> – "don't tell me you want to!". It is slightly archaic, but still in use. Can be used on its own as an <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjection</a> – <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nima!</i></span></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">дано</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">danò</i></span>) – expresses hope – <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">shte doyde</i></span> – "he will come"; <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">dano doyde</i></span> – "I hope he comes" (compare Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ojalá</i></span>). Grammatically, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">dano</i></span> is entirely separate from the verb <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nadyavam se</i></span> – "to hope".</li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">нека</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nèka</i></span>) – means "let('s)" – e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">neka doyde</i></span> – "let him come"; when used in the first person, it expresses extreme politeness: <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">neka da otidem...</i></span> – "let us go" (in colloquial situations, <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">hayde</i></span>, below, is used instead). <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><i lang="bg">neka</i></span>, as an interjection, can also be used to express judgement or even <a href="/wiki/Schadenfreude" title="Schadenfreude">schadenfreude</a> – <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">neka mu!</i></span> – "he deserves it!".</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Intentional_particles">Intentional particles</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Intentional particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These express intent or desire, perhaps even pleading. They can be seen as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Cohortative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative mood">cohortative</a> side to the language. (Since they can be used by themselves, they could even be considered as verbs in their own right.) They are also highly informal. </p> <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">хайде</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">hàide</i></span>) – "come on", "let's" <ul><li>e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">hayde, po-barzo</i></span> – "faster!"</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">я</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ya</i></span>) – "let me" – exclusively when asking someone else for something. It can even be used on its own as a request or instruction (depending on the tone used), indicating that the speaker wants to partake in or try whatever the listener is doing. <ul><li><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ya da vidya</i></span> – let me see; <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ya?</i></span> or <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ya!</i></span> – "let me.../give me..."</li></ul></li> <li><span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">недей</span></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedèi</i></span>) (plural <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedèyte</i></span>) – can be used to issue a negative instruction – e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedey da idvash</i></span> – "don't come" (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedey</i></span> + subjunctive). In some dialects, the construction <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedey idva</i></span> (<span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedey</i></span> + <a href="/wiki/Preterite" title="Preterite">preterite</a>) is used instead. As an interjection – <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedei!</i></span> – "don't!" (See section on <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Mood">imperative mood</a>).</li></ul> <p>These particles can be combined with the vocative particles for greater effect, e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">ya da vidya, be</i></span> (let me see), or even exclusively in combinations with them, with no other elements, e.g. <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">hayde, de!</i></span> (come on!); <span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">nedey, de!</i></span> (I told you not to!). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronouns_of_quality">Pronouns of quality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Pronouns of quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bulgarian has several pronouns of quality which have no direct parallels in English – <i>kakav</i> (what sort of); <i>takuv</i> (this sort of); <i>onakuv</i> (that sort of – colloq.); <i>nyakakav</i> (some sort of); <i>nikakav</i> (no sort of); <i>vsyakakav</i> (every sort of); and the relative pronoun <i>kakavto</i> (the sort of ... that ... ). The adjective <i>ednakuv</i> ("the same") derives from the same radical.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example phrases include: </p> <ul><li><i>kakav chovek?!</i> – "what person?!"; <i>kakav chovek e toy?</i> – what sort of person is he?</li> <li><i>ne poznavam takuv</i> – "I don't know any (people like that)" (lit. "I don't know this sort of (person)")</li> <li><i>nyakakvi hora</i> – lit. "some type of people", but the understood meaning is "a bunch of people I don't know"</li> <li><i>vsyakakvi hora</i> – "all sorts of people"</li> <li><i>kakav iskash?</i> – "which type do you want?"; <i>nikakav!</i> – "I don't want any!"/"none!"</li></ul> <p>An interesting phenomenon is that these can be strung along one after another in quite long constructions, e.g. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>word </th> <th>literal meaning </th> <th>sentence </th> <th>meaning of sentence as a whole </th></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>edna kola </td> <td>a car </td></tr> <tr> <td>takava </td> <td>this sort of </td> <td>edna <b>takava</b> kola ... </td> <td>this car <b>(that I'm trying to describe)</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>nikakva </td> <td>no sort of </td> <td>edna takava <b>nikakva</b> kola </td> <td>this <b>worthless</b> car (that I'm trying to describe) </td></tr> <tr> <td>nyakakva </td> <td>some sort of </td> <td>edna takava <b>nyakakva</b> nikakva kola </td> <td>this <b>sort of</b> worthless car (that I'm trying to describe) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An extreme, albeit colloquial, example with almost no intrinsic lexical meaning – yet which is meaningful to the Bulgarian ear – would be: </p> <ul><li>"kakva e taya takava edna nyakakva nikakva?!"</li> <li>inferred translation – "what kind of no-good person is she?"</li> <li>literal translation: "what kind of – is – this one here (she) – this sort of – one – some sort of – no sort of"</li></ul> <p>—Note: the subject of the sentence is simply the pronoun "taya" (lit. "this one here"; colloq. "she"). </p><p>Another interesting phenomenon that is observed in colloquial speech is the use of <i>takova</i> (neuter of <i>takyv</i>) not only as a substitute for an adjective, but also as a substitute for a verb. In that case the base form <i>takova</i> is used as the third person singular in the present indicative and all other forms are formed by analogy to other verbs in the language. Sometimes the "verb" may even acquire a derivational prefix that changes its meaning. Examples: </p> <ul><li><i>takovah ti shapkata</i> – I did something to your hat (perhaps: I took your hat)</li> <li><i>takovah si ochilata</i> – I did something to my glasses (perhaps: I lost my glasses)</li> <li><i>takovah se</i> – I did something to myself (perhaps: I hurt myself)</li></ul> <p>Another use of <i>takova</i> in colloquial speech is the word <i>takovata</i>, which can be used as a substitution for a noun, but also, if the speaker doesn't remember or is not sure how to say something, they might say <i>takovata</i> and then pause to think about it: </p> <ul><li><i>i posle toy takovata...</i> – and then he [no translation] ...</li> <li><i>izyadoh ti takovata</i> – I ate something of yours (perhaps: I ate your dessert). Here the word <i>takovata</i> is used as a substitution for a noun.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The commonly cited phenomenon of Bulgarian people shaking their head for "yes" and nodding for "no" is true, but it is important to note that the shaking and nodding are <i>not</i> identical to the Western gestures. The "nod" for <i>no</i> is actually an <i>upward</i> movement of the head rather than a downward one, while the shaking of the head for <i>yes</i> is not completely horizontal, but also has a slight "wavy" aspect to it. This makes the Bulgarian gestures for yes and no compatible with the Western ones, and allows one to use either system unambiguously. <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span> (similar to the English "tsk") also means "no" (informal), as does <i>ъ-ъ</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔəʔə]</span> (the only occurrence in Bulgarian of the <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a>). The two are often said with the upward 'nod'.</li> <li>The head-shaking gesture used to signify "no" in Western Europe may also be used interrogatively, with the meaning of "what is it?" or "what's wrong?".</li></ul></li> <li>Bulgarian has an extensive vocabulary covering <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">family relationships</a>. The biggest range of words is for uncles and aunts, e.g. <i>chicho</i> (your father's brother), <i>vuicho</i> (your mother's brother), svako (your aunt's husband); an even larger number of synonyms for these three exists in the various dialects of Bulgarian, including <i>kaleko, lelincho, tetin</i>, etc. The words do not only refer to the closest members of the family (such as <i>brat</i> – brother, but <i>batko</i>/<i>bate</i> – older brother, <i>sestra</i> – sister, but <i>kaka</i> – older sister), but extend to its furthest reaches, e.g. <i>badzhanak</i> from <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <i>bacanak</i> (the relationship of the husbands of two sisters to each other) and <i>etarva</i> (the relationships of two brothers' wives to each other). For all in-laws, there are specific names, e.g. a woman's husband's brother is her <i>dever</i> and her husband's sister is her <i>zalva</i>. In the traditional rural extended family before 1900, there existed separate subcategories for different brothers-in-law/sisters-in-law of a woman with regard to their age relative to hers, e.g. instead of simply a <i>dever</i> there could be a <i>braino</i> (older), a <i>draginko</i> (younger), or an <i>ubavenkyo</i> (who is still a child).</li> <li>As with many Slavic languages, the <a href="/wiki/Double_negative" title="Double negative">double negative</a> in Bulgarian is grammatically correct, while some forms of it, when used instead of a single negative form, are grammatically incorrect. The following are literal translations of grammatically correct Bulgarian sentences that utilize a double or multiple negation: "Никой никъде никога нищо не е направил." (multiple negation without the use of a compound double negative form, i.e. using a listing of several successive single negation words) – "Nobody never nowhere nothing did not do." (translated as "nobody has ever done anything, anywhere"); "Никога не съм бил там." (double negation without the use of a compound double negative form, i.e. using a listing of several successive single negation words) – I never did not go there ("[I] have never been there"); Никога никакви чувства не съм имал! – I never no feelings had not have! (I have never had any feelings!). The same applies for Macedonian.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Bulgarian, the numerals <b>1</b> and <b>2</b> are inflected for gender. </p><p>Furthermore, cardinal numerals take special endings when: </p> <ul><li>referring to <b>men</b> (2–6 and 10) – add <i><b>"-ma"</b></i> <ul><li>e.g. 2 chairs – <i>dva stola</i>; 2 brothers – <i>dva<b>ma</b> bratya</i></li></ul></li> <li>referring to an approximate number (10–100 and, rarely, 7–9) – add <i><b>"-ina"</b></i> <ul><li>e.g. <i>dvadeset dushi</i> – 20 people; <i>dvadeset<b>ina</b> dushi</i> – about 20 people</li></ul></li> <li>they are used as <a href="/wiki/Common_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Common noun">common nouns</a> – add the feminine <i>"<b>-ka</b></i>/<i><b>-tsa</b>"</i> <b><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></li></ul> <table style="border:0"> <tbody><tr> <td>№ </td> <td width="210px"><b>Cardinal numerals</b> </td> <td>numbers relating to men </td> <td>"roundabout" numbers </td> <td>ordinal numbers </td> <td>as a common noun </td> <td>notes / other </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>1</b> </td> <td><b>edìn</b> (masc) – <b>ednà</b> (fem) <p><b>ednò</b> (neut) – <b>ednì</b> (plur.) * </p> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>prav / pàrvi/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>edinìtsa </td> <td><i>vednàzh</i> – once </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><b> dva</b> (masc) – <b>dve</b> (fem/neut) </td> <td>dvàma </td> <td>– </td> <td>vtòri/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>dvòyka </td> <td><i>polovìn(a/ka)</i> – half </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><b>tri</b> </td> <td>trìma </td> <td>– </td> <td>trèti/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>tròyka </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><b>chètiri</b> </td> <td>chetirìma </td> <td>– </td> <td>chetvàrti/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>chetvòrka </td> <td><i>chètvart, (chetvartìn(k)a)</i> – quarter </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><b>pet</b> </td> <td>petìma </td> <td>– </td> <td>pèti/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>petìtsa (petòrka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><b>shest</b> </td> <td>shestìma </td> <td>– </td> <td>shèsti/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>shestìtsa (shestòrka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><b>sèdem</b> </td> <td><b>*</b> </td> <td>(sedmìna) </td> <td>sèdmi/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>sedmìtsa (sedmòrka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><b>òsem</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>(osmìna) </td> <td>òsmi </td> <td>osmìtsa (osmòrka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><b>dèvet</b> </td> <td> </td> <td>(devetina) </td> <td>devèti </td> <td>devyàtka (devètka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><b>dèset</b> </td> <td>desetìma </td> <td>desetina </td> <td>desèti </td> <td>desyàtka (desètka) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><b>edinàdeset</b> (edinàyse(t)) </td> <td>(edinadesetìma / edinaysetìma) </td> <td>edinadesetìna (edinaysetìna) </td> <td>edinàdeseti (edinàys(e)ti) </td> <td>edinàdesetka (edinàys(t)ka) / edinadesetìtsa (edinays(e)tìtsa) </td> <td>from <i>"edìn-na-dèset"</i> – "one-on-ten", etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><b>dvanàdeset</b> (dvanàyse(t)) </td> <td>(dvanadesetìma / dvanaysetìma) </td> <td>dvanadesetìna (dvanaysetìna) </td> <td>dvanàdeseti (dvanàys(e)ti) </td> <td>dvanàdesetka (dvanàys(t)ka) / dvanadesetìtsa (dvanays(e)tìtsa) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td><b>dvàdeset</b> (dvàyse(t)) </td> <td>(dvadesetìma / dvaysetìma) </td> <td>dvadesetìna (dvaysetìna) </td> <td>dvàdeseti (dvàys(e)ti) </td> <td>dvàdesetka (dvàys(t)ka) / dvadesetìtsa (dvays(e)tìtsa) </td> <td><i>"dva-dèset"</i> – "twice ten", etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><b>dvadeset i edno</b> (dvàyse(t) i edno) </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>dvàdeset i pàrvi </td> <td>dvàdeset (dvàyset) i edinìtsa </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td><b>dvadeset i dve</b> (dvàyse(t) i dve) </td> <td>(dvàdeset / dvàyset i dvàma) </td> <td>– </td> <td>dvàdeset (dvàyse(t)) i vtòri </td> <td>dvàdeset (dvàyset) i dvòyka / (dvàys-dvòyka) </td> <td>(...'23' – dvàys-tròyka, etc.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td><b>trìdeset</b> (trìyse(t)) </td> <td>– </td> <td>tridesetìna (triysetìna) </td> <td>trìdeseti (trìys(e)ti) </td> <td>trìdesetka (trìys(t)ka) / tridesetitsa (triys(e)tìtsa) </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>100 </td> <td><b>sto</b> </td> <td>stotìma </td> <td>stotìna </td> <td>stòt-en/na/no/ni </td> <td>stotìtsa </td> <td><i>nyàkolkostotin...</i> – several hundred... * </td></tr> <tr> <td>200 </td> <td><b>dvèsta</b> </td> <td>– </td> <td>(<i>òkolo 200</i> – "around 200") </td> <td>(dvèstoten) </td> <td>– </td> <td>300 – trìsta </td></tr> <tr> <td>400 </td> <td><b>chètiristotin</b> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>(chètiristoten) </td> <td>– </td> <td>500–900 – same pattern </td></tr> <tr> <td>1,000 </td> <td><b>hilyàda</b> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>hìlyaden </td> <td>hilyadàrka </td> <td>2,000 – <i>dve hìlyadi</i>, etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td><b>nùla</b> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>nùlev/-a/-o/-i </td> <td>nùla </td> <td><i>nìkolko</i> – none </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Notes:</i> </p> <ul><li>In Bulgarian, numerals can be used directly before <a href="/wiki/Mass_noun" title="Mass noun">uncountable nouns</a> – e.g. <i>vodа</i> "water" → <i>edna voda</i> "a glass of water" (the <a href="/wiki/Quantifier_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifier (linguistics)">quantifier</a><i> 'glass of' </i>is inferred from the context – comp. English <i> 'a beer'</i>).</li> <li>The word <i>edni</i> can be translated as "some" – e.g. <i>edni tzigari</i> "some cigarettes" (comp. Spanish <i>unos/unas</i>).</li> <li>When counting, the <i>neuter</i> numbers are taken – <i>edno, dve, tri...</i>.</li> <li>Fractions are the same as the ordinal numbers, and are done in the feminine 1/5 – edna peta, 2/5 – dve peti, etc.</li> <li>The words for men can be used by themselves, without a noun following – e.g. simply "vidyah dvama" – I saw two men, or even colloquially "edni dvama..." – these two men...</li> <li>Irregularly, "sedmina" and "osmina" can be used (archaically, poetically) to also mean "7/8 men" rather than "around 7/8".</li> <li>The smaller denomination of the Bulgarian currency – the <i>stotìnka (pl. stotìnki)</i> literally mean "hundredths" (diminutive); 100 stotinki = 1 <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lev" title="Bulgarian lev">lev</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nouns#Count_form" title="Bulgarian nouns">Bulgarian nouns#Count form</a> for more details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_nouns#Usage" title="Bulgarian nouns">Bulgarian nouns#Usage</a> for more usage notes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_pronouns#Personal_pronouns" title="Bulgarian pronouns">Bulgarian pronouns#Personal pronouns</a> for more details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">или</span></span> ('either') has a similar etymological root: и + ли ('and') – e.g. (<span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">или) Жълтият или червеният</span></span> – '(either) the yellow one or the red one.' <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/или"><sup>wiktionary</sup></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">съм is pronounced similar to English <i>"sum"</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is a common reply to the question <i>Kak e?</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkak<span class="wrap"> </span>ɛ/</span> 'How are things?' (lit. 'how is it?') – <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbivɐ/</span> 'alright' (lit. 'it [repetitively] is') or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈkak<span class="wrap"> </span>si/</span> 'How are you?' -<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈbivɐm/</span> 'I'm OK'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ще – from the verb ща – 'to want.' The present tense of this verb in the sense of 'to want' is archaic and only used colloquially. Instead, искам <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈiskɐm/</span> is used.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formed from the impersonal verb <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">няма</span></span> (lit. 'it does not have') and the subjunctive particle <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">да</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɐ/</span> ('that')</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">They can also be used on their own as a reply, with no object following: <span title="Bulgarian-language text"><span lang="bg">има</span></span> – 'there are some'; <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈɲamɐ/</span> – 'there aren't any' – compare German <i>keine</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perhaps most similar in use is the tag "man", but the Bulgarian particles are more abstract still.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Like the <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstratives</a>, these take the same form as pronouns as they do as adjectives – ie. <i>takuv</i> means both "this kind of<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." (adj.) and <i>this kind of person/thing</i> (pron., depending on the context).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-stol2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stol2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The forms the words take in the numerical plural and in the incomplete definite are often identical to each other – e.g. <i>dva stola/pod stola</i>, as above, or <i>dva konya/na konya</i> – "two horses/on the horse", but not always – e.g. <i>grad</i> (city) → <i>dva gràda</i> (two cities), but <i>v gradà</i> (in the city), or <i>svyat</i> (world) → <i>dva svyàta</i> (two worlds), but <i>na svetà</i> (in the world).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zagorchev, Marin, 2015. A practical Bulgarian Grammar for English Speakers. Стр.37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">When a noun is accompanied by one or more <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">modifiers</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">determiners</a>, only the <i>first</i> element of the <a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> takes the definite article suffix – e.g. <i>priyateli<b>te</b></i> (the friends) → <i>dobri<b>te</b> priyateli</i> (the good friends) → <i>moi<b>te</b> dobri priyateli</i> (my good friends).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-krastev2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krastev2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-krastev2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Кръстев, Боримир, 1992. Граматика за всички. Стр.61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wahlström, pp. 45—46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Less commonly – "-<i><b>orka</b></i>" (e.g. <i>shestorka, sedmorka</i>); or else the masculine "<i><b>-ak</b></i>", but only to the numbers 6–8 and 10–100 – <i>shestàk, stotàk</i>, etc.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulgarian_grammar&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wiktionary.org/wiki/Начална_страница">Bulgarian Wiktionary</a></li> <li><a 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pronouns">pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs" title="Bulgarian verbs">verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_conjugation" title="Bulgarian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_phonology" title="Bulgarian phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_vocabulary" title="Bulgarian vocabulary">Vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dialects" title="Bulgarian dialects">Dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_literature" title="Bulgarian literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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