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Future of mRNA Vaccines Beyond COVID-19 – Vaccine Studies
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type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-mrna-vaccines tag-chronic-disease-vaccines tag-covid-19-pandemic tag-immunotherapy tag-influenza-vaccines tag-mrna-vaccines tag-neurodegenerative-diseases tag-oncology-vaccines tag-personalized-cancer-vaccines tag-sars-cov-2 tag-vaccine-technology" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Future-of-mRNA-Vaccines-Beyond-COVID-19-min-scaled-e1733130393103.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">Future of mRNA Vaccines Beyond COVID-19</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-02T14:36:43+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">December 2, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/archive/author/vaccine-studies/" title="View all posts by vaccine-studies" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">vaccine-studies</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The COVID-19 pandemic brought along many unprecedented developments in vaccine technology, especially through the successful deployment of mRNA vaccines. Apart from their efficacy in containing the COVID-19 pandemic, these vaccines have already offered early proof of mRNA technology’s potential to revolutionize the field of vaccines. What is the future for mRNA vaccines beyond the immediate crisis of pandemic management? This paper underscores how the vaccination technology associated with mRNA could come into play beyond COVID-19, exhibiting versatility, challenges, and promising lines of inquiry into the future.</span></p> <h4><b>The Versatility of mRNA Technology</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">mRNA vaccines represent huge potential in their design and manufacturing because of their rapidity, thus offering a singular platform for the development of vaccines against many diseases. High mRNA vaccines differ from the traditional vaccine in that, unlike the latter, using live attenuated or inactivated viruses to confer immunity, the former does not require but a minute fraction of the pathogen genetic material. Via such instruction, cells of the body produce a protein to which it later responds to the immune system. The technology is faster to develop and more flexible for researchers to react in time against any emerging infectious diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One of the most auspicious applications of mRNA vaccines in the near future is in fighting influenza. Seasonal influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats, with the virus constantly mutating, at times rendering traditional vaccines less effective. The potential of mRNA vaccines to better target specific strains of the influenza virus makes it suitable for potentially offering broader and more durable protection. Moreover, mRNA technology is flexible enough to be rapidly updated in order to address new strains once they appear. The updating would occur similar to the way that COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were updated for the point of attack against different variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus.</span></p> <h4><b>mRNA Vaccines in Oncology</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">In addition to infectious diseases, the technology of the mRNA vaccine makes a lot of sense in oncology. The development of cancer vaccines, as research, may be rather ancient, but maybe the processes of cancer as an illness were too difficult for effective vaccines to be developed. mRNA vaccines represent a new generation of development that allows for truly personalized cancer vaccine designs based on the specific profile of the patient’s tumor. Such vaccines encode tumor-specific mutated antigens and, after administration, elicit an immune response against cancer cells but not healthy tissues.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Preliminary clinical trials have already given encouraging results, especially in patients suffering from melanoma. In the case of such clinical trials, mRNA vaccines have been used to induce an immune response against cancer cells and are reportedly resulting in significant tumor regression in some cases. mRNA vaccines could be combined with other forms of immunotherapy, such as checkpoint inhibitors, which would raise their therapeutic promise. This increases the likelihood of effective and long-lasting antitumor responses.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Another area that work is going on is the development of mRNA vaccines against chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders. Each has a huge burden of health worldwide. Conventional approaches to vaccination have been limited in combating these conditions, but mRNA technology opens a range of new opportunities against such diseases. For instance, the mRNA can be generated to express therapeutic proteins or enzymes that are lacking in various chronic diseases. This offers potential as a new means of managing such diseases that avoids continuous medication and potentially even offers longer-lasting effects.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">An interesting application of mRNA vaccines is in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Studies on the use of mRNA vaccines for the expression of proteins that counteract the pathologies underlying these diseases are underway. This work is at an early stage but could eventually bring out some really improved treatments that delay or prevent debilitating neurodegenerative conditions.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/mrna vaccines" target="_blank" title="mrna vaccines - yearwise publication trends">mrna vaccines</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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if (!statistics || Object.keys(statistics).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var tableHTML = `<div class='pub-scroll'> <table class='tablediv' border='1' cellspacing='0' cellpadding='0'> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Publication Count</th> </tr>`; Object.entries(statistics).sort(([yearA], [yearB]) => yearB - yearA).forEach(([year, count]) => { const displayCount = count === 0 ? 'NA' : count; tableHTML += ` <tr> <td>${year}</td> <td>${displayCount}</td> </tr> `; }); tableHTML += '</table></div>'; resultsContainer.innerHTML = tableHTML; } function displayLineChart(statistics) { var years = Object.keys(statistics); var counts = Object.values(statistics); var ctx = document.getElementById('publicationChart').getContext('2d'); // Destroy existing chart instance if it exists if (chart !== null) { chart.destroy(); } // Create a new chart instance chart = new Chart(ctx, { type: 'line', data: { labels: years, datasets: [{ label: 'Publication Counts', data: counts, fill: false, borderColor: 'rgba(75, 192, 192, 1)', tension: 0.1 }] }, options: { scales: { y: { beginAtZero: true } }, plugins: { legend: { display: true, position: 'top' } } } }); } function displayKeywordStats(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-stats'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/publication-trends/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - yearwise publication trends">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var statistics = { "2014": 9, "2015": 7, "2016": 20, "2017": 16, "2018": 10, "2019": 34, "2020": 78, "2021": 823, "2022": 1903, "2023": 2453, "2024": 757 }; var keywordsArray = ["mRNA vaccines","COVID-19 pandemic","Vaccine technology","SARS-CoV-2","Immunotherapy","Personalized cancer vaccines","Influenza vaccines","Oncology vaccines","Chronic disease vaccines","Neurodegenerative diseases"]; displayResults(statistics); displayLineChart(statistics); displayKeywordStats(keywordsArray); </script></p> <h4><b>Addressing Challenges</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While mRNA vaccines are hugely promising, there are still several challenges to be overcome if the full potential of this technology is to be realized. Of these, the first concerns the stability of the mRNA molecules themselves. mRNA is an intrinsically rather fragile and readily degraded molecule. One reason the mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 were so remarkably successful was the development of lipid nanoparticles that encapsulate the mRNA, protecting it and rendering it easier to enter cells. The currently used mRNA delivery systems need further improvements to achieve increased stability and efficacy for a more extended period of applications.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">One major concern is that of possible adverse immune reactions. While mRNA vaccines have generally been well-tolerated, some rare but serious side effects have been noted, particularly myocarditis, especially in the young. Such side effects must be understood in their occurrence, with parallel development of preventing measures taken alongside the broadened use of mRNA vaccines.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Furthermore, the high cost of mRNA vaccine production itself acts as a barrier to its wide application, mainly in low- and middle-income countries. Improvement in manufacturing processes will be needed, and more cost-effective methods for production will have to be developed in order to guarantee that the benefit of mRNA vaccines reaches all populations.</span></p> <h4><b>Future Outlook</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">If looked at from the future perspective, mRNA vaccines have a very bright future in front of them. The speed at which COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were developed and rolled out has exposed a new approach to vaccine innovation, that of feasibility and proof of principle for mRNA technology. This means that, moving forward, mRNA vaccines will be sitting right at the very heart of fighting a huge array of diseases, ranging from infectious pathogens to chronic and complex conditions.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">While mRNA vaccines have huge potential to be tailored against any given disease, parallel ongoing improvements in the delivery systems and manufacturing processes are only the tip of the iceberg of what this technology is capable of. Further research into mRNA vaccine technology can potentially lead to even higher applicability and impacts on global health.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/mrna vaccines" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="mrna vaccines - yearwise publication list">mrna vaccines</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; 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publicationBlock.innerHTML = publicationHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(publicationBlock); }); } function displayKeywordPapers(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-papers'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach((key, index) => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/recent-publications/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key} - publication list">${key}</a>`; if (index < keywords.length - 1) { keywordHTML += ', '; } }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var recent_papers = [ { "title": "Imprinting of IgA responses in previously infected individuals receiving bivalent mRNA vaccines (WT and BA.4\/BA.5 or WT and BA.1).", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38945433", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "COVID-19 vaccination and major cardiovascular and haematological adverse events in Abu Dhabi: retrospective cohort study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38944652", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "mRNA vaccines against infectious diseases and future direction.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38788451", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Intranasal SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant vaccines elicit humoral and cellular mucosal immunity in female mice.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38848648", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine: Promise and Challenges.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38876903", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Role of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine immunogenicity.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38838550", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "How effective is the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection? A national programme analysis in Monaco, July 2021 to September 2022.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38840159", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Comparable antibody levels in heterologous and homologous mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, with superior neutralizing and IgA antibody responses in mRNA homologous boosting.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38845303", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Evaluation of mRNA-LNP and adjuvanted protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in a maternal antibody mouse model.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38890316", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Safety concern of recombination between self-amplifying mRNA vaccines and viruses is mitigated in vivo.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38894543", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Role of aptamer technology in extracellular vesicle biology and therapeutic applications.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38856692", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Distinct dynamics of mRNA LNPs in mice and nonhuman primates revealed by in vivo imaging.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38902327", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Risk of breakthrough infection and hospitalisation after COVID-19 primary vaccination by HIV status in four Italian regions during 2021.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38862939", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Immune response against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in cancer patients after COVID-19 vaccination during the Omicron wave: a prospective study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38865774", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Alternaria Allergy and Immunotherapy.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38865977", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab: A Target Trial Emulation Study.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38916712", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Myocarditis associated with COVID-19 vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38942751", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Supercoiled DNA percentage: A key in-process control of linear DNA template for mRNA drug substance manufacturing.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38948330", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "COVID-19 Vaccination in Pregnancy: Pilot Study of Plasma MicroRNAs Associated with Inflammatory Cytokines after COVID-19 mRNA Vaccination.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932387", "publishedDate": "2024" }, { "title": "Immuno-Microbial Signature of Vaccine-Induced Immunity against SARS-CoV-2.", "url": "https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/38932366", "publishedDate": "2024" } ]; var keywordsArray = ["mRNA vaccines","COVID-19 pandemic","Vaccine technology","SARS-CoV-2","Immunotherapy","Personalized cancer vaccines","Influenza vaccines","Oncology vaccines","Chronic disease vaccines","Neurodegenerative diseases"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h4><b>Conclusion</b></h4> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Though the potential uses for mRNA vaccines certainly extend beyond COVID-19. This flexibility, coupled with the potential to be developed within an extremely short period on the brink of global outbreaks or an epidemic, places mRNA vaccines among one of the most revolutionary developments in medicine. There are many challenges for which solutions are to be addressed, but current research and innovation look set to pave the way for mRNA vaccines to really change the way diseases are prevented and treated for years to come. The possibilities for mRNA technology in developing medicines for improved health outcomes globally are immense and truly exciting.</span></p> <p></p> <h4><b>References</b></h4> <ol> <li>Pardi, N., Hogan, M.J., Porter, F.W. and Weissman, D., 2018. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243.">mRNA vaccines—a new era in vaccinology</a>. <i>Nature reviews Drug discovery</i>, <i>17</i>(4), pp.261-279.</li> <li>Jackson, N.A., Kester, K.E., Casimiro, D., Gurunathan, S. and DeRosa, F., 2020. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41541-020-0159-8">The promise of mRNA vaccines: a biotech and industrial perspective.</a> <i>npj Vaccines</i>, <i>5</i>(1), p.11.</li> <li>Sahin, U., Muik, A., Derhovanessian, E., Vogler, I., Kranz, L.M., Vormehr, M., Baum, A., Pascal, K., Quandt, J., Maurus, D. and Brachtendorf, S., 2020. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2814-7.">COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses.</a> <i>Nature</i>, <i>586</i>(7830), pp.594-599.</li> <li>Haque, A. and Pant, A.B., 2020. <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/8/4/739">Efforts at COVID-19 vaccine development: challenges and successes.</a> <i>Vaccines</i>, <i>8</i>(4), p.739.</li> <li>Hogan, M.J. and Pardi, N., 2022. <a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-med-042420-112725">mRNA vaccines in the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.</a> <i>Annual review of medicine</i>, <i>73</i>(1), pp.17-39.</li> <li>van Riel, D. and de Wit, E., 2020. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-020-0746-0">Next-generation vaccine platforms for COVID-19.</a> <i>Nature materials</i>, <i>19</i>(8), pp.810-812.</li> <li>Pardi, N., Hogan, M.J., Porter, F.W. and Weissman, D., 2018. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.243.">mRNA vaccines—a new era in vaccinology.</a> <i>Nature reviews Drug discovery</i>, <i>17</i>(4), pp.261-279.</li> <li>Anderson, E.J., Rouphael, N.G., Widge, A.T., Jackson, L.A., Roberts, P.C., Makhene, M., Chappell, J.D., Denison, M.R., Stevens, L.J., Pruijssers, A.J. and McDermott, A.B., 2020. <a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2028436">Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults.</a> <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>, <i>383</i>(25), pp.2427-2438.</li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">mrna vaccines</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://vaccine-studies.com/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://vaccine-studies.com/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; 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