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印地语 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-来源与分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源与分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>来源与分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源与分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語音系統" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語音系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>語音系統</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語音系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天城文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天城文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>天城文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天城文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-语法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#语法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>语法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-语法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关语法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-语法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-疑問詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#疑問詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>疑問詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-疑問詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-代詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#代詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>代詞</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-代詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞序" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞序"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>詞序</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞序-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞的時態和體貌" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞的時態和體貌"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>動詞的時態和體貌</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞的時態和體貌-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参閲" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参閲"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参閲</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参閲-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">印地语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。182种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-182" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">182种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%85%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B2" title="ህንዲ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ህንዲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Hindisc sprǣc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Hindisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الهندية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الهندية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9)" title="هندية (لغة) – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="هندية (لغة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89" title="هندى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هندى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দী ভাষা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="হিন্দী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_dili" title="Hind dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hind dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="هیند دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هیند دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Һинд теле – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һинд теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Хіндзі – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Гіндзі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Гіндзі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 比斯拉马语" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="比斯拉马语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindia" title="Basa Hindia – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Hindia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="হিন্দি ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒྱ་གར་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="হিন্দী ঠার – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="হিন্দী ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindeg" title="Hindeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hindeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="ХӀинди мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ХӀинди мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Indi" title="Pinulongang Indi – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Indi" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زمانی ھیندی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ھیندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_tili" title="Hindi tili – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Hindi tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C5%A1tina" title="Hindština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hindština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindki" title="Hindki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hindki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8B%DE%A9" title="ހިންދީ – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހިންދީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Χίντι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χίντι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindia_lingvo" title="Hindia lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hindia lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_hindi" title="Idioma hindi – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma hindi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_keel" title="Hindi keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hindi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="زبان هندی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان هندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindy" title="Hindy – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Hiond%C3%BAis" title="An Hiondúis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Hiondúis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hindi" title="Lingua hindi – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua hindi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Hindi ñe&#039;ẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hindi ñe&#039;ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिंदी – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="हिंदी" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="હિંદી ભાષા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હિંદી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindish" title="Hindish – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hindish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Hindu" title="Harshen Hindu – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Hindu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-ng%C3%AE" title="Hindi-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hindi-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_%CA%BB%C4%AAnia" title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo ʻĪnia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="הינדי – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הינדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Hindišćina – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hindišćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_nyelv" title="Hindi nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hindi nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Հինդի – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հինդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 国际文字(E)" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字(E)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-linguo" title="Hindi-linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hindi-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%AD" title="Hindí – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hindí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_hind%C4%AB" title="Lingua hindī – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua hindī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%A6%E1%90%83%E1%93%90%E1%91%8F" title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ – 因纽特语" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐦᐃᓐᑏ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="因纽特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="ヒンディー語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒンディー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indii" title="Indii – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Indii" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Hindi" title="Basa Hindi – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰინდი ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Хиндубзэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Хиндубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Hindi kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – 刚果语" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="刚果语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8" title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាហិណ្ឌី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%8C%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4" title="힌디어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="힌디어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہِندی زَبان – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ہِندی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_(Sprooch)" title="Hindi (Sprooch) – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Hindi (Sprooch)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_hind%C3%AE" title="Zimanê hindî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê hindî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Хинди тили – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хинди тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Hindica" title="Lingua Hindica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Hindica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_indiana" title="Lingua indiana – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua indiana" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_hindi" title="Lengua hindi – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua hindi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_hind%E1%BB%B3" title="Fiteny hindỳ – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny hindỳ" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_H%C4%ABni" title="Reo Hīni – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hīni" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഹിന്ദി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിന്ദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хинди хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хинди хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯍꯤꯟꯗꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिंदी भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिंदी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hindi" title="Bahasa Hindi – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hindi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဟင်ဒီဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="هندی زوون – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هندی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindjan" title="Hindjan – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Hindjan" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दी भाषा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हिन्दी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi_(lenga)" title="Indi (lenga) – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Indi (lenga)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਿੰਦੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_hindi" title="Język hindi – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język hindi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_hindi" title="Lenga hindi – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga hindi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="هندي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هندي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi" title="Língua hindi – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua hindi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinri_simi" title="Hinri simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hinri simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_hindi" title="Limba hindi – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba hindi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="हिन्दी – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हिन्दी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Хинди – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хинди" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱤᱱᱫᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="ھندي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindigiella" title="Hindigiella – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Hindigiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindski_jezik" title="Hindski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hindski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="හින්දි භාෂාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හින්දි භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C4%8Dina" title="Hindčina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hindčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ہندی – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ہندی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Hindijščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihindi" title="Chihindi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chihindi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Хинди (језик) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хинди (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kihindi" title="Kihindi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kihindi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="இந்தி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಹಿಂದಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80" title="హిందీ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హిందీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A3" title="Забони ҳиндӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҳиндӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="ภาษาฮินดี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาฮินดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hindi" title="Wikang Hindi – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_zyvon" title="Hindi zyvon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Hindi zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hint%C3%A7e" title="Hintçe – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hintçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tele" title="Hind tele – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Hind tele" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%89%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ھىندى تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ھىندى تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Гінді – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гінді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہندی زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہندی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind_tili" title="Hind tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hind tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hindi" title="Tiếng Hindi – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hindi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindiy" title="Hindiy – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hindiy" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" title="印地語 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印地語" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჰინდი ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰინდი ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_H%C3%ADnd%C3%AC" title="Èdè Híndì – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Híndì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahyindi" title="Vahyindi – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vahyindi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-g%C3%AD" title="Hindi-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hindi-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%87" title="印地文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印地文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1568#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">印地语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="hi"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:हिन्दी">हिन्दी</a></span>或मानक हिन्दी</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_devnagari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hindi_devnagari.png/220px-Hindi_devnagari.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hindi_devnagari.png/330px-Hindi_devnagari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Hindi_devnagari.png/440px-Hindi_devnagari.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="284" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>书写的“印地语”</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><small>印度斯坦语发音:</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%88%87%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:印地語與烏爾都語國際音標">[ˈmaːnək ˈɦin̪d̪iː]</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/33px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/44px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%BF%9F" title="斐濟">斐济</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">模里西斯</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿联酋</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/22px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/33px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/44px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%83%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%89%98%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" title="千里達及托巴哥">千里達及托巴哥</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/22px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/33px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/44px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%88%A9%E5%8D%97" title="蘇利南">苏里南</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/22px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/33px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/44px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3.22亿(不包括其他印地語分支)<br />5.28億(包括其他印地語分支)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>&#160;(2011年)<br />第二語言: 2.74億 (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度亚语支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindi languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度亚语支(页面不存在)">中部亚语支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Hindi languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindi languages</span></a></span>)</span></span><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度亚语支" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindi languages"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度亚语支(页面不存在)">西印地亚语支</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languages" class="extiw" title="en:Hindi languages"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindi languages</span></a></span>)</span></span><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a><sup id="cite_ref-ELL2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡里口语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khariboli dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A3%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡里口语(页面不存在)">卡里口语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khariboli_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Khariboli dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khariboli dialect</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-ELL2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>印地语</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆罗米系文字</a>)<br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="天城文盲文" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Devanagari Braille"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="天城文盲文(页面不存在)">天城文盲文</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" class="extiw" title="en:Devanagari Braille"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Devanagari Braille</span></a></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><span class="wrap"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="手語">手语形式</a></div></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度手语体系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indian Signing System"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度手语体系(页面不存在)">印度语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" class="extiw" title="en:Indian Signing System"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indian Signing System</span></a></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/22px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/33px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/44px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%BF%9F" title="斐濟">斐济</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">管理机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度语中央专委会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Central Hindi Directorate"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E4%B8%93%E5%A7%94%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度语中央专委会(页面不存在)">印度语中央专委会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Hindi_Directorate" class="extiw" title="en:Central Hindi Directorate"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Central Hindi Directorate</span></a></span>)</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=hi">hi</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hin">hin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/hin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:hin">hin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8_(%E7%B6%B2%E7%AB%99)" title="語言學家列表 (網站)">语言学家列表</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multitree.org/codes/hin-hin">hin-hin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269">hind1269</a></code><sup id="cite_ref-Glottolog_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9E%AD%E6%9C%9B%E7%AB%99" title="语言瞭望站">语言瞭望站</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>59-AAF-qf</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/300px-Hindustani_map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/450px-Hindustani_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/600px-Hindustani_map.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">红色为印度斯坦语为母语的地区;深灰色为其他印度-雅利安语支地区</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>印地语</b>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>:<span lang="hi">हिन्दी</span>或<span lang="hi">हिंदी</span>,<a href="/wiki/IAST" title="IAST">拉丁字母转写</a>:<span lang="hi-Latn" title="ISO 15919 婆罗米文字" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Hindī</span>),又译为<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><b>北印度语</b>、<b>印度语</b></mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求开始于2024年8月7日。">&#91;來源請求&#93;</span></a></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族">印度-伊朗语族</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E9%9B%85%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="印度-雅利安语支">印度-雅利安语支</a>下的一种语言。以使用国家来算,印地语是世界排名第八的语言,在1965年1月26日成为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>中央政府的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80#官方语言" title="印度语言">官方语言</a>之一(连同<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>)。印地语和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a>(并称<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="印度斯坦语">印度斯坦语</a>)大同小异,主要区别在于前者用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a>,后者用基于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="阿拉伯字母">阿拉伯字母</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="烏爾都字母">乌尔都字母</a>,前者引进的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>借词多一点,后者的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a>借词多一些。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="来源与分布"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90.E4.B8.8E.E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>来源与分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:来源与分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindustani_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/250px-Hindustani_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/375px-Hindustani_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Hindustani_map.png/500px-Hindustani_map.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>紅色爲<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西弗栗恃语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Braj Bhasha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%A0%97%E6%81%83%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗栗恃语(页面不存在)">布勒杰(西弗栗恃)口语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" class="extiw" title="en:Braj Bhasha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Braj Bhasha</span></a></span>)</span></span>、俱盧口語、德里口語母語使用區域</figcaption></figure><p>标准印地语基于在语言学界稱爲<b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俱盧口語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kauravi dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%B1%E7%9B%A7%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="俱盧口語(页面不存在)">俱盧口語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Kauravi dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kauravi dialect</span></a></span>)</span></span></b>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城體</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵文</a>:<span lang="sa">कौरवी</span> <span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Kauravī</span>,意思是“俱盧+<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呾提多後綴" data-lang-code="hi" data-lang-name="印地語" data-foreign-title="प्रत्यय#तद्धित प्रत्यय"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BE%E6%8F%90%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%8C%E7%B6%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="呾提多後綴(页面不存在)">呾提多後綴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">印地語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AF#तद्धित_प्रत्यय" class="extiw" title="hi:प्रत्यय"><span lang="hi" dir="auto">प्रत्यय#तद्धित प्रत्यय</span></a></span>)</span></span>a+所有格”<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)的德里及其近郊口語<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>發展而來。俱盧口語在印度通稱“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡里口語" data-lang-code="hi" data-lang-name="印地語" data-foreign-title="खड़ी बोली"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡里口語(页面不存在)">卡里口語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">印地語</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" class="extiw" title="hi:खड़ी बोली"><span lang="hi" dir="auto">खड़ी बोली</span></a></span>)</span></span>”或“標準口語”。 </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_belt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hindi_belt.png/250px-Hindi_belt.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hindi_belt.png/375px-Hindi_belt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Hindi_belt.png/500px-Hindi_belt.png 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>紅色爲以印地語爲通用語的交流區</figcaption></figure><p>英國統治印度之前,印度敎徒多使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="迈蒂利语">彌梯羅語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀語">摩揭陀語</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西弗栗恃语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Braj Bhasha"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97%E6%A0%97%E6%81%83%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西弗栗恃语(页面不存在)">西弗栗恃语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" class="extiw" title="en:Braj Bhasha"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Braj Bhasha</span></a></span>)</span></span>等東部語言,高度波斯化的俱盧口語位格不高。<sup id="cite_ref-Kloss1978_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kloss1978-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>然而,多次<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%94%E6%95%AC%E6%B4%BE%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="虔敬派運動(页面不存在)">虔敬派運動</a>逐漸使這些印度教徒越來越廢並使他們的語言被看作農村土鱉<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>的語言,<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>最終儘管高度波斯化的俱盧口語在印度被英國殖民之前毫無任何文學可言(當時德里的官方語言是波斯語),<sup id="cite_ref-Pollock2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollock2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>它仍然異軍突起成爲英國殖民時期<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E9%99%80%E8%80%B6%E6%8F%90%E8%88%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="摩陀耶提舍">摩陀耶提舍</a>平原的通用語,因此今天印地語的分佈範圍和使用人口遠超過其前身俱盧族口語,已成爲全體<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="印度斯坦人">摩陀耶提舍人</a>各個族群進行族際交流的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="第二語言">第二語言</a>,在摩陀耶提舍的通用程度超過英語。 </p><p>印地语和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a>加起来是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>上<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%E7%9A%84%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="以人口排列的语言列表">第二大语言</a>,使用人口超过5亿人,僅次于<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>。2020年的调查发现,40%的印度人会说印地语。根据2001年调查数据,仅在印度就有4亿2,200万左右的人把印地语当作<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="母语">母语</a>,此外有超过5,000万人的母语为“乌尔都语”<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,另外3亿人将印地语当<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="第二语言">第二语言</a>使用。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>之外的国家使用印地语的人数为: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a> :10万;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/22px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/33px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Mauritius.svg/44px-Flag_of_Mauritius.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%87%8C%E6%B1%82%E6%96%AF" title="毛里求斯">模里西斯</a> :685,170;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/22px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/33px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/44px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a> :890,292;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/22px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/33px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/44px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9F%E9%97%A8" title="也门">葉門</a> :232,760;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/22px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/33px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Flag_of_Uganda.svg/44px-Flag_of_Uganda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B9%B2%E8%BE%BE" title="乌干达">乌干达</a> :147,000;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%8A%A0%E5%9D%A1" title="新加坡">新加坡</a> :5,000;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/33px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/44px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B0" title="新西兰">新西兰</a> :20,000;</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a> :30,000。</li></ul> <p>和印地语通属一脉的乌尔都语是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦">巴基斯坦</a>的官方语言,一共有1亿零80万使用者<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_-_Pakistan_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue_-_Pakistan-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 。在其他国家和地区,印地语是重要的少数民族语言,例如在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="斐济">斐济</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%AD%E4%BA%9A%E9%82%A3" title="圭亚那">圭亚那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%97" class="mw-redirect" title="苏里南">苏里南</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E7%AB%8B%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E5%92%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="特立尼达和多巴哥">特立尼达和多巴哥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E9%85%8B%E9%95%BF%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯联合酋长国">阿拉伯联合酋长国</a>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>,印地语是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%BE%BE%E6%9B%BC-%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="安达曼-尼科巴群岛">安达曼-尼科巴群岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E8%BF%AA%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="昌迪加尔">昌迪加尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="恰蒂斯加尔邦">恰蒂斯加尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="德里">德里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E9%82%A6" title="哈里亚纳邦">哈里亚纳邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E5%81%95%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="喜马偕尔邦">喜马偕尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%97%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="恰尔康得邦">恰尔康得邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%82%A6" title="中央邦">中央邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E9%82%A6" title="拉贾斯坦邦">拉贾斯坦邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="北阿坎德邦">北阿坎德邦</a>等地区的官方语言。在南方的邦裡,幾乎沒人使用印地語。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E8%8E%B1%E5%9D%9E" title="宝莱坞">宝莱坞</a>电影工业基地的大部分电影使用印地语。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語音系統"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E9.9F.B3.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1"></span>語音系統</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:語音系統"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="印地語-烏爾都語音系">印地語-烏爾都語音系</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable nounderlines" border="2"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="雙唇音">雙唇音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" title="唇齒音">唇齒音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">齒音</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦音">齒齦音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="卷舌音">卷舌音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%A6%E5%BE%8C%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齦後音">齦後音</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%BD%B6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟齶音">軟腭音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ɳ)</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p<br />pʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b<br />bʱ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t̪<br />t̪ʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d̪<br />d̪ʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈ<br />ʈʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɖ<br />ɖʱ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k<br />kʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">g<br />gʱ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʃ<br />tʃʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʒ<br />dʒʱ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(f)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(z)</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(x)</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">(ɣ)</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɦ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="閃音">閃音或彈音</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɾ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɽ]<br />[ɽʱ]</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʋ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </td> <td> <table> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a></b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindi_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/300px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/450px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hindi_vowel_chart.svg/600px-Hindi_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="天城文"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E5.9F.8E.E6.96.87"></span>天城文</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:天城文"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%9F%8E%E6%96%87" title="天城文">天城文</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG/350px-Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG/525px-Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG/700px-Bilingual_board_in_Hindi_and_English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>一塊印地語(上)和英語對照的告示牌,意思是「請遠離欄杆」。</figcaption></figure> <p>印地语使用天城文书写。天城文是一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E9%99%84%E6%A0%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="元音附标文字">元音附標</a>文字,<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="辅音">辅音</a>自身帶有一个固有的缺省跟隨元音,即<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>。当辅音与其他元音拼写时,用额外的符号标注。文字從左向右書寫,由頂杠把字母連接起來。以下为用於印地语的天城文字母表: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th>अ </th> <th>आ </th> <th>इ </th> <th>ई </th> <th>उ </th> <th>ऊ </th> <th>ए </th> <th>ऐ </th> <th>ओ </th> <th>औ </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ə</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɑː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɪ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʊ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">uː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɛː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oː</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɔː</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th>क </th> <th>क़ </th> <th>ख </th> <th>ख़ </th> <th>ग </th> <th>ग़ </th> <th colspan="2">घ </th> <th>ङ </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">q</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">kʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">x</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɣ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th colspan="2">च </th> <th colspan="2">छ </th> <th>ज </th> <th>ज़ </th> <th colspan="2">झ </th> <th>ञ </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʃ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʃʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʒ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">z</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʒʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɲ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th colspan="2">ट </th> <th colspan="2">ठ </th> <th>ड </th> <th>ड़ </th> <th>ढ </th> <th>ढ़ </th> <th>ण </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʈʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɖ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɽ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɖʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɽʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɳ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th colspan="2">त </th> <th colspan="2">थ </th> <th colspan="2">द </th> <th colspan="2">ध </th> <th>न </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">tʰ</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">dʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th colspan="2">प </th> <th>फ </th> <th>फ़ </th> <th colspan="2">ब </th> <th colspan="2">भ </th> <th>म </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">pʰ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">bʱ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th>य </th> <th>र </th> <th>ल </th> <th>व </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">l</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʋ</span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size:150%;"> <th>श </th> <th>ष </th> <th>स </th> <th>ह </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʃ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ʂ</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɦ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="语法"><span id=".E8.AF.AD.E6.B3.95"></span>语法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:语法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E-%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="印地語-烏爾都語語法">印地語-烏爾都語語法</a></div> <p>印地語是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主語-賓語-動詞</a>語言,這意味著動詞通常位於句子的結束處而非在賓語之前(而<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>經常是主語動詞賓語)。印地語還顯示了<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E4%BB%BD%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%BC%E6%80%A7" title="部份作格性">部份作格性</a>,所以在某些情況下,動詞一致於句子的賓語而非主語。不同於英語,印地語沒有定冠詞。如果需要強調的話,可以使用數詞एक(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">ek</span>,“1”)作為不定單數冠詞。 </p><p>此外,印地語在英語使用前置詞的地方使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%BD%AE%E8%A9%9E" title="後置詞">后置詞</a>(這么稱呼是因為它們位於名詞或代詞之後)。其他不同包括性、敬語、疑問詞、格的使用和不同的時態。儘管復雜,印地語文法相當正規,帶有相對有限的不規則性。不管在詞匯和書寫上的不同,印地語文法幾乎同一於烏爾都語文法。除了句號之外的標點概念在歐洲人到來之前是完全未有的,印地語標點使用西方習慣的逗號、感嘆號和問號。有時用西式句號來終結句子,儘管傳統的句號(<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Danda" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danda"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Danda(页面不存在)">一個豎杠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danda" class="extiw" title="en:Danda"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danda</span></a></span>)</span></span>)仍在使用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="性"><span id=".E6.80.A7"></span>性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在印地語中,名詞有兩種<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>。所有男人和雄性動物(和被理解為陽性的那些動物和植物)是陽性的。而所有女人和雌性動物(和被理解為陰性的那些動物和植物)是陰性的。事物、非生命物體和抽象名詞也依據習慣區分為陽性和陰性。這同於烏爾都語和很多其他印歐語言比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西班牙語">西班牙語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="意大利語">意大利語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>,對於只使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>的人這是個挑戰,它雖然是印歐語言,但近乎去掉了所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">屈折性</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="疑問詞"><span id=".E7.96.91.E5.95.8F.E8.A9.9E"></span>疑問詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:疑問詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印地語中標準的疑問詞包括“कौन”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kaun</span>,誰)、“क्या”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kyā</span>,什么)、“कयों”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kyõ</span>,為什么)、“कब”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kab</span>,何時)、“कहाँ”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kahã</span>,何地)、“कैसा”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kaisā</span>,如何、何種)和“कितना”(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kitnā</span>,多少)等。印地語詞क्या可以用做經常放在句子開始處的通用疑問詞,把一個句子轉變為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%88%AC%E7%96%91%E9%97%AE%E5%8F%A5" title="一般疑问句">一般疑問句</a>。這在提問的時候是很明晰的。疑問句也可以簡單的通過改變語調來形成,完全同於英語中的一些疑問句。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="代詞"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A9.9E"></span>代詞</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:代詞"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印地語只有一個性的第一、第二和第三人稱代詞。因此不像英語,這裡沒有“他”和“她”的區別。更嚴格的說,第三人稱代詞實際上同於指示代詞(“這”/“那”)。動詞在變位的時候通常指示出性的區別。代詞有額外的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="賓格">賓格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a>,但沒有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a>。代詞在賓格中還有兩分方式的變格。注意對於第二人稱代詞(“你”),印地語有三級敬語: </p> <ul><li><b>आप</b>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑːp/</span>): 正式的和尊敬形式的“你”。在單數和複數之間沒有區別。用於正式場合和談論在工作或年齡上居高的人。複數可透過說 आप लोग(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑːp loɡ/</span>,“you people”)或आप सब(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɑːp səb/</span>,“you all”)來強調。</li> <li><b>तुम</b>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̪um/</span>): 非正式形式的“你”。在單數和複數之間沒有區別。用於非正式場合和討論在工作或年齡上居下的人。複數可透過說तुम लोग (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̪um loɡ/</span>,“you people”)或तुम सब(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̪um səb/</span>,“you all”)來強調。</li> <li><b>तू</b>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̪uː/</span>): 非常不正式形式的“你”。完全的單數,它的複數形式是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/t̪um/</span>。除了對非常親密的朋友或涉及神的詩歌語言,它在印度會被視為冒犯。</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">祈使語氣</a>(請求和命令)在形式上對應於使用的敬語的等級,動詞屈折變化來展示想要的尊敬和禮貌級別。由於祈使語氣可能已經包括了禮貌,可翻譯為“請”的詞<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">kripayā</span>比在英語中要少用;它一般只用在著作和通告中,在日常口語中使用它甚至表示嘲弄。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="詞序"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E5.BA.8F"></span>詞序</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:詞序"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印地語的標準詞序一般是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主語-賓語-動詞</a>,但是在需要不同強調或更復雜結構的地方,這個規則很容易拋開(假如名詞或代詞總是跟隨著它們的后置詞或格標記)。更加具體的說,標準詞序是:1. 主語 2. 副詞(按它們的標準次序) 3. 間接賓語和任何它的形容詞 4. 直接賓語和任何它的形容詞 5. 否定詞項或疑問詞(如果有的話),和最後的 6. 動詞和任何助動詞。(Snell, p93)否定是通過在句子中合適的位置上增加詞नहीं(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">nahī̃</span>,“no”)形成的,或在某些情況下用न(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">na</span>)或मत(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">mat</span>)來實現。注意在印地語中,形容詞居先於它們所限定的名詞。助動詞總是在主動詞之後。一般的說,印地語使用者或作家在放置詞語來達成風格化和其他社會心理效果上享有相當大的自由,儘管沒有在高度屈折語言中那么自由。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動詞的時態和體貌"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E8.A9.9E.E7.9A.84.E6.99.82.E6.85.8B.E5.92.8C.E9.AB.94.E8.B2.8C"></span>動詞的時態和體貌</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:動詞的時態和體貌"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>印地語動詞結構關注帶有基於<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">時態</a>的一些區別的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">體貌</a>,時態通常通過使用動詞होना(<span lang="sa-Latn" title="國際梵語轉寫字母" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">honā</span>,“to be”)作為助動詞來展示。有三種體貌: 慣常體(未完成體),進行體(也叫做連續體)和完成體。在每種體貌下的動詞在幾乎所有情況下都用होना的適當屈折形式來標記時態。印地語有四種簡單時態:現在時、過去時、將來時(假定式)和<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E6%93%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="虛擬語氣">虛擬式</a>(被很多語言學家稱為一種語氣)。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> 動詞變位不只展示它們的主語的數和人稱(第一、第二、第三),還有它們的性。此外,印地語有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">祈使語氣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E4%BB%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="條件語氣">條件語氣</a>。動詞必須一致於它們的主語的人稱、數和性,當且僅當這個主語不跟隨著任何后置詞。如果這個條件不滿足,則動詞必須一致於賓語的數和性(假如這個賓語沒有任何后置詞)。如果這個條件也不滿足,動詞不一致於二者。這類現象就叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E4%BB%BD%E4%BD%9C%E6%A0%BC%E6%80%A7" title="部份作格性">混合作格</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="格"><span id=".E6.A0.BC"></span>格</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>就格變化而言,印地語是弱屈折語言;名詞在句子中的關係通常由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%BD%AE%E8%A9%9E" title="後置詞">后置詞</a>來展示。印地語名詞有三種格。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%A0%BC" title="直接格">直接格</a>用於不跟隨任何后置詞的名詞,典型的用於主語和宾语。<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="間接格">間接格</a>用於跟隨著后置詞的任何名詞。修飾間接格下的名詞的形容詞也以相同方式屈折。一些名詞有獨立的<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a>。印地語有兩種<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>:單數和複數,但是未明確的展示在所有變格中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E6%B5%8E%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="斐济共和国">斐济共和国</a>的官方语言之一,被称为<b>印度斯坦语</b>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">印地语主要分布在印度北部“印地语带”(Hindi Belt),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>并非印度全国通用,《印度宪法》第八附表所列语言均具有官方地位。<sup id="cite_ref-constitution1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constitution1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India(页面不存在)">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>. 29 June 2018 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-05-05</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-11-14).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+-+2011&amp;rft.date=2018-06-29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/21/language/hin">印地语</a>于《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E" title="民族語">民族语</a>》的链接(第21版,2018年)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELL2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ELL2_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ELL2_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hindustani. Keith Brown , 编. Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics 2. Elsevier. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-08-044299-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-08-044299-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;0-08-044299-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.au=Hindustani&amp;rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-08-044299-4&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110802071514/http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents">Sequence of events with reference to official language of the Union</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-04-23</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajbhasha.nic.in/IIContent.aspx?t=enevents">原始内容</a>存档于2011-08-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Sequence+of+events+with+reference+to+official+language+of+the+Union&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frajbhasha.nic.in%2FIIContent.aspx%3Ft%3Denevents&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120504043836/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html">Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2015-04-23</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/english/aboutus/aboutus.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Central+Hindi+Directorate%3A+Introduction&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhindinideshalaya.nic.in%2Fenglish%2Faboutus%2Faboutus.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hind1269">Hindi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Hindi&amp;rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&amp;rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&amp;rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&amp;rft.aufirst=Harald&amp;rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&amp;rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.place=Jena&amp;rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fhind1269&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindi-belt-languages-must-thrive-bhojpuri-maithili-experts-2000315-2022-09-14"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>Hindi belt' languages must thrive like Hindi: Bhojpuri, Maithili experts</a>. India today. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2023-09-12</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929223510/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hindi-belt-languages-must-thrive-bhojpuri-maithili-experts-2000315-2022-09-14">存档</a>于2022-09-29).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=%27Hindi+belt%27+languages+must+thrive+like+Hindi%3A+Bhojpuri%2C+Maithili+experts&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=India+today&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Findia%2Fstory%2Fhindi-belt-languages-must-thrive-bhojpuri-maithili-experts-2000315-2022-09-14&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constitution1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constitution1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402064301/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm">Constitution of India</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-indexenglish.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2 April 2012).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Constitution+of+India&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flawmin.nic.in%2Folwing%2Fcoi%2Fcoi-english%2Fcoi-indexenglish.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141001005409/http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=Mzc%3D">Department of official Language &#124; Government of India</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=Mzc%3D">原始内容</a>存档于1 October 2014).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Department+of+official+Language+%26%23124%3B+Government+of+India&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rajbhasha.nic.in%2FUI%2Fpagecontent.aspx%3Fpc%3DMzc%253D&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuru(俱盧)+呾提多後綴a=*kaurva-&gt;Kaurava,意爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%B1%E7%9B%A7" title="俱盧">俱盧</a>人、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%B1%E5%8D%A2%E6%97%8F" title="俱卢族">俱盧族</a>;Kaurava+-ī=Kauravī</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有時<b>德里人口語</b>(देहलवी)會被從俱盧人口語中單獨提出來指代德里市區的穆斯林口語,而俱盧人口語則專指德里近郊的口語。市區的德里人口語已發展爲<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="烏爾都語">烏爾都語</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kloss1978-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kloss1978_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kloss, Heinz; McConnell, Grant D. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&amp;pg=PA198">Les Langues écrites Du Monde: Relevé Du Degré Et Des Modes D'utilisation (The Written Languages of the World: A Survey of the Degree and Modes of Use)</a>. Presses Université Laval. 1978: 198–199 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2012&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-2-7637-7186-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-2-7637-7186-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-2-7637-7186-1</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201222120238/https://books.google.com/books?id=yU8nq-C6wnoC&amp;pg=PA198">存档</a>于2020-12-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.au=Kloss%2C+Heinz&amp;rft.au=McConnell%2C+Grant+D.&amp;rft.btitle=Les+Langues+%C3%A9crites+Du+Monde%3A+Relev%C3%A9+Du+Degr%C3%A9+Et+Des+Modes+D%27utilisation+%28The+Written+Languages+of+the+World%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Degree+and+Modes+of+Use%29&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-7637-7186-1&amp;rft.pages=198-199&amp;rft.pub=Presses+Universit%C3%A9+Laval&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyU8nq-C6wnoC%26pg%3DPA198&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在當時的印度,城裡人歧視農村人。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollock2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2003_16-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pollock2003_16-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sheldon I. Pollock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&amp;pg=PA984">Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia</a>. University of California Press. 19 May 2003: 984 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2012&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-520-22821-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-520-22821-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-520-22821-4</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104064158/https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&amp;pg=PA984">存档</a>于2021-01-04).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.au=Sheldon+I.+Pollock&amp;rft.btitle=Literary+Cultures+in+History%3A+Reconstructions+from+South+Asia&amp;rft.date=2003-05-19&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-520-22821-4&amp;rft.pages=984&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dak9csfpY2WoC%26pg%3DPA984&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement4.htm">Census of India - Statement 4</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080324032158/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement4.htm">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>).印度人口普查网.2001年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethnologue_-_Pakistan-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ethnologue_-_Pakistan_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=pk">Ethnologue Report for Pakistan</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=SIL_Ethnologue&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="SIL Ethnologue(页面不存在)">SIL Ethnologue</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2007-10-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226144300/https://www.ethnologue.com/country/pk">存档</a>于2018-12-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Ethnologue+Report+for+Pakistan&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=SIL+Ethnologue&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3Dpk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhatia 1996: 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shapiro, M: "Hindi"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Bhatia, Tej K. <i>Colloquial Hindi: The Complete Course for Beginners</i>. London, UK &amp; New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415110877" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-415-11087-7</a> (Book), 0415110882 (Cassettes), 0415110890 (Book &amp; Cassette Course)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl (编). An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. New England Publishing Associates. 2001: 305–309.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Hindi&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Shapiro&amp;rft.btitle=An+encyclopedia+of+the+world%27s+major+languages%2C+past+and+present&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.pages=305-309&amp;rft.pub=New+England+Publishing+Associates&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Shapiro, Michael C. Hindi. Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&amp;pg=PA250&amp;dq=indo-aryan&amp;sig=cUNurxJKkTLfKf8uiMd7pWX2RC0">The Indo-Aryan Languages</a>. Routledge. 2003: 250–285 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-09-28</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780415772945" title="Special:网络书源/9780415772945"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780415772945</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803053635/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&amp;pg=PA250&amp;dq=indo-aryan&amp;sig=cUNurxJKkTLfKf8uiMd7pWX2RC0">存档</a>于2020-08-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Hindi&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&amp;rft.aulast=Shapiro&amp;rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9780415772945&amp;rft.pages=250-285&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26pg%3DPA250%26dq%3Dindo-aryan%26sig%3DcUNurxJKkTLfKf8uiMd7pWX2RC0&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Snell, Rupert; Weightman, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindi0000snel_z1y7">Teach Yourself Hindi</a>. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Teach Yourself" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Teach Yourself"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teach_Yourself&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Teach Yourself(页面不存在)">Teach Yourself</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach_Yourself" class="extiw" title="en:Teach Yourself"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Teach Yourself</span></a></span>)</span></span>. McGraw-Hill. 2003 [1989]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780071420129" title="Special:网络书源/9780071420129"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9780071420129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.au=Weightman%2C+Simon&amp;rft.aufirst=Rupert&amp;rft.aulast=Snell&amp;rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Hindi&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9780071420129&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&amp;rft.series=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22Teach+Yourself%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Teach+Yourself%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3ETeach+Yourself%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3ETeach+Yourself%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindi0000snel_z1y7&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参閲"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E9.96.B2"></span>参閲</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:参閲"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">印度语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" 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class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度宪法第八號附表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E8%99%9F%E9%99%84%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="印度宪法第八號附表(页面不存在)">第八號附表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="extiw" title="en:Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="阿萨姆语">阿萨姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="孟加拉语">孟加拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="迈蒂利语">迈蒂利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="奥里亚语">奥里亚语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">南部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%AD" title="孔卡尼语">孔卡尼语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉地语">马拉地语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">西部 &amp; 西北部</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="古吉拉特语">古吉拉特语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="旁遮普語">旁遮普語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="信德语">信德语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">北部 &amp; 达利语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="多格拉语">多格拉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克什米爾語">克什米爾語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼泊尔语">尼泊尔语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BA%B3%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="卡纳达语">卡纳达语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉雅拉姆语">马拉雅拉姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语">泰米尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8D%A2%E5%9B%BA%E8%AF%AD" title="泰卢固语">泰卢固语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="南亚语系">南亚语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%A1%94%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="桑塔利语">桑塔利语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="博多语">博多语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="曼尼普尔语">曼尼普尔语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">仅限邦内</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%82%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%AD" title="昂加语">昂加语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%9D%B0%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="博杰普尔语">博杰普尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%87%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="切蒂斯格尔语">恰蒂斯加尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="加罗语">加罗语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9A%86%E8%AF%AD" title="古隆语">古隆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%AF%AD" title="霍语">霍语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡玛塔土话" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="KRNB lects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%8E%9B%E5%A1%94%E5%9C%9F%E8%AF%9D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="卡玛塔土话(页面不存在)">卡玛塔语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="extiw" title="en:KRNB lects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">KRNB lects</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卡利亚语">卡利亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E8%AF%AD" title="卡西语">卡西语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="呼罗陀语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khortha language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="呼罗陀语(页面不存在)">呼罗陀语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Khortha language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khortha language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廓博罗克语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kokborok"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%93%E5%8D%9A%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="廓博罗克语(页面不存在)">廓博罗克语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokborok" class="extiw" title="en:Kokborok"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kokborok</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="库马利语">库马利语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="库鲁克语">库鲁克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%92%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="绒巴语">绒巴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%83%E8%AF%AD" title="林布语">林布语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80%E8%AA%9E" title="摩揭陀語">摩揭陀語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%98%89%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="马嘉尔语">马嘉尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E4%BD%90%E8%AF%AD" title="米佐语">米佐语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="蒙达里语">蒙达里语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="尼瓦尔语">尼瓦尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="基兰特语支">拉伊语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朗普里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rangpuri language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%97%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="朗普里语(页面不存在)">朗普里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangpuri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Rangpuri language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rangpuri language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨德里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sadri language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="萨德里语(页面不存在)">萨德里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sadri language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sadri language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="夏尔巴语">夏尔巴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E8%AF%AD" title="锡金语">锡金语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏努瓦尔语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sunwar language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%8A%AA%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏努瓦尔语(页面不存在)">苏努瓦尔语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwar_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sunwar language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sunwar language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%8A%92%E8%AF%AD" title="达芒语">达芒语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">主要非官方语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">超过100万<br />使用者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="阿瓦德语">阿瓦德语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%A5%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="巴哥里语">巴哥里语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴格里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bagri language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格里语(页面不存在)">巴格里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bagri language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bagri language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴吉卡语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bajjika"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%90%89%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="巴吉卡语(页面不存在)">巴吉卡语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajjika" class="extiw" title="en:Bajjika"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bajjika</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布希里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bhili language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="布希里语(页面不存在)">布希里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhili_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bhili language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bhili language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邦德利语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bundeli language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A6%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="邦德利语(页面不存在)">邦德利语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_language" class="extiw" title="en:Bundeli language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bundeli language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="敦达语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dhundari language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A6%E8%BE%BE%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="敦达语(页面不存在)">敦达语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dhundari language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dhundari language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="嘉华语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Garhwali language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%98%89%E5%8D%8E%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="嘉华语(页面不存在)">嘉华语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_language" class="extiw" title="en:Garhwali language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Garhwali language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贡德语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gondi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A1%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="贡德语(页面不存在)">贡德语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Gondi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gondi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈拉蒂语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harauti language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈拉蒂语(页面不存在)">哈拉蒂语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harauti_language" class="extiw" title="en:Harauti language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harauti language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈里亚纳语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Haryanvi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里亚纳语(页面不存在)">哈里亚纳语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Haryanvi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Haryanvi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="康日方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kangri dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="康日方言(页面不存在)">康日语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Kangri dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kangri dialect</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汗达什语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Khandeshi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%97%E8%BE%BE%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="汗达什语(页面不存在)">汗达什语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khandeshi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Khandeshi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Khandeshi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库矛语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kumaoni language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%9F%9B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="库矛语(页面不存在)">库矛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaoni_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kumaoni language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kumaoni language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="兰巴迪语">兰巴迪语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马尔维语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Malvi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔维语(页面不存在)">马尔维语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Malvi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Malvi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马瓦里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marwari language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="马瓦里语(页面不存在)">马瓦里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Marwari language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marwari language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="梅瓦里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mewari language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A2%85%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="梅瓦里语(页面不存在)">梅瓦里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mewari language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mewari language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼玛迪语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nimadi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E7%8E%9B%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尼玛迪语(页面不存在)">尼玛迪语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Nimadi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nimadi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="拉贾斯坦语">拉贾斯坦语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="桑巴尔普里语">桑巴尔普里语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏拉杰普里语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Surjapuri language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%B0%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="苏拉杰普里语(页面不存在)">苏拉杰普里语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surjapuri_language" class="extiw" title="en:Surjapuri language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Surjapuri language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E5%8D%A2%E8%AF%AD" title="图卢语">图卢语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦格迪语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wagdi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦格迪语(页面不存在)">瓦格迪语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagdi" class="extiw" title="en:Wagdi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wagdi</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瓦哈第方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Varhadi dialect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E7%AC%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦哈第方言(页面不存在)">瓦哈第语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" class="extiw" title="en:Varhadi dialect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Varhadi dialect</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="印度语言">10万-100万<br />使用者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BF%AA%E8%AF%AD" title="阿迪语">阿迪语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安格米语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Angami language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%A0%BC%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="安格米语(页面不存在)">安格米语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angami_language" class="extiw" title="en:Angami language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Angami language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="蒙森奥语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mongsen Ao language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%99%E6%A3%AE%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="蒙森奥语(页面不存在)">蒙森奥语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mongsen Ao language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mongsen Ao language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%8A%A0%E8%AF%AD" title="巴达加语">巴达加语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迪马萨语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dimasa language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%AA%E9%A9%AC%E8%90%A8%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="迪马萨语(页面不存在)">迪马萨语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimasa_language" class="extiw" title="en:Dimasa language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dimasa language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈尔比语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Halbi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="哈尔比语(页面不存在)">哈尔比语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halbi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Halbi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Halbi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%AD" title="卡尔比语">卡尔比语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可达古语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kodava language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%BE%BE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="可达古语(页面不存在)">可达古语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodava_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kodava language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kodava language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科拉米语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kolami language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科拉米语(页面不存在)">科拉米语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolami_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kolami language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kolami language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科尼亚克语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Konyak language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科尼亚克语(页面不存在)">科尼亚克语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konyak_language" class="extiw" title="en:Konyak language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Konyak language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库尔库语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korku language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="库尔库语(页面不存在)">库尔库语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korku_language" class="extiw" title="en:Korku language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korku language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科雅语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Koya language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%9B%85%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="科雅语(页面不存在)">科雅语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koya_language" class="extiw" title="en:Koya language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Koya language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奎语 (印度)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kui language (India)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%8E%E8%AF%AD_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奎语 (印度)(页面不存在)">奎语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" class="extiw" title="en:Kui language (India)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kui language (India)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="库维语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kuvi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%93%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="库维语(页面不存在)">库维语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuvi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Kuvi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kuvi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="拉达克语">拉达克语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洛塔语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lotha language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="洛塔语(页面不存在)">洛塔语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Lotha language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lotha language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8D%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%95%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="绍里亚帕哈里亚语">绍里亚帕哈里亚语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米辛语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mising language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E8%BE%9B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="米辛语(页面不存在)">米辛语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mising_language" class="extiw" title="en:Mising language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mising language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼什语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nishi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E4%BB%80%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="尼什语(页面不存在)">尼什语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Nishi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nishi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波姆语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phom language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="波姆语(页面不存在)">波姆语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phom_language" class="extiw" title="en:Phom language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phom language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉布哈语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rabha language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%93%88%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="拉布哈语(页面不存在)">拉布哈语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabha_language" class="extiw" title="en:Rabha language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rabha language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="须弥语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sumi language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="须弥语(页面不存在)">须弥语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumi_language" class="extiw" title="en:Sumi language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sumi language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E8%AF%AD" title="索拉语">索拉语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐克胡尔语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tangkhul language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E5%85%8B%E8%83%A1%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="唐克胡尔语(页面不存在)">唐克胡尔语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangkhul_language" class="extiw" title="en:Tangkhul language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tangkhul language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塔杜语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thadou language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E6%9D%9C%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="塔杜语(页面不存在)">塔杜语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thadou_language" class="extiw" title="en:Thadou language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thadou language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link 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title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:巴林语言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&amp;#124;22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=_巴林语言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="巴林">巴林</a>语言</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">官方语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="现代标准阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">半官方语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">少数语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="亚美尼亚语">亚美尼亚语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%BE%E8%B7%AF%E6%94%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="俾路支语">俾路支语</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">印地语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="马拉雅拉姆语">马拉雅拉姆语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="普什图语">普什图语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="波斯语">波斯语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="旁遮普語">旁遮普語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E8%AF%AD" title="泰米尔语">泰米尔语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">手语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉伯手语(页面不存在)">阿拉伯手语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hindi (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932019c">法国</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hindi (langue)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932019c">BnF data</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4024954-2">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007560449805171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85060875">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563236">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="hindština"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph120700&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300388412">AAT</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/hint-uslubu">伊斯兰百科全书</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐vthpd Cached time: 20241124111747 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.861 seconds Real time usage: 1.051 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11025/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 322367/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 17210/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 30/100 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