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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-早期的文字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#早期的文字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>早期的文字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-早期的文字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-識字和工業化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#識字和工業化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>識字和工業化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-識字和工業化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現代的識字情形" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代的識字情形"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>現代的識字情形</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-現代的識字情形-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关現代的識字情形子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-現代的識字情形-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自二十世紀中，識字率的增加" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自二十世紀中，識字率的增加"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>自二十世紀中，識字率的增加</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自二十世紀中，識字率的增加-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-區域差異" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#區域差異"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>區域差異</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-區域差異-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-性別差異" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#性別差異"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>性別差異</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-性別差異-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對健康的影響" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對健康的影響"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>對健康的影響</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對健康的影響-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-對经济的影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#對经济的影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>對经济的影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-對经济的影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-推動識字的計劃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#推動識字的計劃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>推動識字的計劃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-推動識字的計劃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以識字做為國家發展指標" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以識字做為國家發展指標"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>以識字做為國家發展指標</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以識字做為國家發展指標-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-識字是人權" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#識字是人權"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>識字是人權</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-識字是人權-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-廣義的識字" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#廣義的識字"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>廣義的識字</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-廣義的識字-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">識字</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。114种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-114" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">114种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geletterdheid" title="Geletterdheid – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geletterdheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisierung_(Lesef%C3%A4higkeit)" title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محو الأمية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محو الأمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تسكويل – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تسكويل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাক্ষৰতা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাক্ষৰতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%8F%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Уҡый-яҙа белеү – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Уҡый-яҙа белеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1tingoms" title="Raštingoms – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Raštingoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Граматнасць – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Граматнасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Пісьменнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пісьменнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Грамотност – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грамотност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0" title="साक्षरता दर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साक्षरता दर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balikukalan" title="Balikukalan – 班巴拉语" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Balikukalan" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="班巴拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="সাক্ষরতা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাক্ষরতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deski%C3%B1_lenn_ha_skriva%C3%B1" title="Deskiñ lenn ha skrivañ – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Deskiñ lenn ha skrivañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йоза хаар – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоза хаар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خوێندەواری – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خوێندەواری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savat" title="Savat – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Savat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramotnost" title="Gramotnost – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gramotnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llythrennedd" title="Llythrennedd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llythrennedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6sef%C3%A6rdighed" title="Læsefærdighed – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læsefærdighed" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisierung_(Lesef%C3%A4higkeit)" title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celik_huruf" title="Celik huruf – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Celik huruf" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αλφαβητισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλφαβητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legoscio" title="Legoscio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Legoscio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjaoskus" title="Kirjaoskus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirjaoskus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetatze" title="Alfabetatze – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alfabetatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سواد – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سواد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukutaito" title="Lukutaito – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukutaito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C9%94wlan-ny%C9%94xa" title="Nyɔwlan-nyɔxa – 丰语" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Nyɔwlan-nyɔxa" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="丰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphab%C3%A9tisation" title="Alphabétisation – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabétisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeskonst" title="Leeskonst – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Leeskonst" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaci%C3%B3n" title="Alfabetización – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alfabetización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="નિરક્ષરતા – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નિરક્ષરતા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="אוריינות – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוריינות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1stud%C3%A1s" title="Írástudás – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Írástudás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրագիտություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրագիտություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetisation" title="Alphabetisation – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alphabetisation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melek_aksara" title="Melek aksara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Melek aksara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasia" title="Literasia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Literasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6si" title="Læsi – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læsi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizzazione" title="Alfabetizzazione – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alfabetizzazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="識字 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="識字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcidu" title="tcidu – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcidu" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сауаттылық – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сауаттылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98" title="អក្ខរកម្ម – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អក្ខរកម្ម" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಕ್ಷರತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%B4" title="문해 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Къара таныу – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Къара таныу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabet%C3%AEzm" title="Alfabetîzm – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Alfabetîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Сабаттуулук – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сабаттуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetismus" title="Alphabetismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alphabetismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetiseringsgraod" title="Alfabetiseringsgraod – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Alfabetiseringsgraod" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizaziun" title="Alfabetizaziun – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Alfabetizaziun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C5%A1tingumas" title="Raštingumas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raštingumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakstprat%C4%ABba" title="Rakstpratība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rakstpratība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasi" title="Literasi – 马都拉语" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Literasi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="马都拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahaizana_mamaky_sy_manoratra" title="Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahaizana mamaky sy manoratra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4" title="സാക്ഷരത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാക്ഷരത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celik_huruf" title="Celik huruf – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Celik huruf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leesverm%C3%B6gen" title="Leesvermögen – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Leesvermögen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geletterdheid" title="Geletterdheid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geletterdheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesekunne" title="Lesekunne – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lesekunne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesekyndighet" title="Lesekyndighet – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lesekyndighet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisme" title="Alfabetisme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alfabetisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਾਖਰਤਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਖਰਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetyzm" title="Alfabetyzm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alfabetyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetisassion" title="Alfabetisassion – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Alfabetisassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%91%DA%BE%D9%86_%D9%84%DA%A9%DA%BE%D9%86" title="پڑھن لکھن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پڑھن لکھن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سواد – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سواد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Alfabetização – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alfabetização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabetizare" title="Alfabetizare – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alfabetizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грамотность – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Грамотность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Ґрамотность – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґрамотность" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="साक्षरता – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="साक्षरता" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱠᱷᱱᱟᱹᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfabbetizzazioni" title="Alfabbetizzazioni – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alfabbetizzazioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Literacy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramotnos%C5%A5" title="Gramotnosť – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gramotnosť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pismenost" title="Pismenost – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pismenost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkrim-leximi" title="Shkrim-leximi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkrim-leximi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Писменост – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Писменост" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4skunnighet" title="Läskunnighet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läskunnighet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwezo_wa_kusoma_na_kuandika" title="Uwezo wa kusoma na kuandika – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uwezo wa kusoma na kuandika" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="எழுத்தறிவு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எழுத்தறிவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A4" title="అక్షరాస్యత – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అక్షరాస్యత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Савод – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Савод" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD" title="การรู้หนังสือ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรู้หนังสือ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literasi" title="Literasi – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Literasi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okuryazarl%C4%B1k" title="Okuryazarlık – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Okuryazarlık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Грамотність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Грамотність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="خواندگی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خواندگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savodlilik" title="Savodlilik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Savodlilik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BA%BFt_ch%E1%BB%AF" title="Biết chữ – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biết chữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inadman" title="Inadman – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Inadman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97" title="识字 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="识字" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8236#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97%E7%8E%87&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="識字率">識字率</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 1px solid #9999CC"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:none;padding-top:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80" title="閱讀">閱讀</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Reading.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Japanese_Reading.jpg/150px-Japanese_Reading.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Japanese_Reading.jpg/225px-Japanese_Reading.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Japanese_Reading.jpg/300px-Japanese_Reading.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="321" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">語文</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" title="書寫">書寫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="盲文">盲文</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">閱讀的種類</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%85%A2%E9%80%9F%E9%98%85%E8%AF%BB" title="慢速阅读">慢速阅读</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9F%E8%AE%80" title="速讀">速讀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%80" title="默讀">默讀</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">Learning to Read</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="學習閱讀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Learning to read"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="學習閱讀（页面不存在）">學習閱讀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_to_read" class="extiw" title="en:Learning to read"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Learning to read</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="閱讀理解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reading comprehension"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%90%86%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閱讀理解（页面不存在）">閱讀理解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_comprehension" class="extiw" title="en:Reading comprehension"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reading comprehension</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E5%AF%AB" title="拼寫">拼寫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87" title="词汇">词汇</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="閱讀困難 (症狀)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reading disability"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E5%9B%B0%E9%9B%A3_(%E7%97%87%E7%8B%80)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="閱讀困難 (症狀)（页面不存在）">閱讀困難</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_disability" class="extiw" title="en:Reading disability"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reading disability</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%97%87" title="失讀症">失讀症</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="為有特殊教學需要而設的閱讀策略" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reading for special needs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%82%BA%E6%9C%89%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%95%99%E5%AD%B8%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%80%8C%E8%A8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%AD%96%E7%95%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="為有特殊教學需要而設的閱讀策略（页面不存在）">為有特殊教學需要而設的閱讀策略</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_for_special_needs" class="extiw" title="en:Reading for special needs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reading for special needs</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">閱讀指引</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="字母規則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alphabetic principle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字母規則（页面不存在）">字母規則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetic_principle" class="extiw" title="en:Alphabetic principle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alphabetic principle</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="基础语音教学法">基础语音教学法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="全語言教育">全語言教育</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">識字</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">識字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2" title="功能性文盲">功能性文盲</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Family literacy" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Family literacy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_literacy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Family literacy（页面不存在）">Family literacy</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_literacy" class="extiw" title="en:Family literacy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Family literacy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英語正寫法（页面不存在）">英語正寫法</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">可讀性</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AE%80%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="可讀性">可讀性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%BB%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%8B%E8%AF%95" title="可读性测试">可读性测试</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <span class="smallcaps">列表</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="文字列表">書寫系統</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="失讀症的管理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Management of dyslexia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%B1%E8%AE%80%E7%97%87%E7%9A%84%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="失讀症的管理（页面不存在）">失讀症的管理</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_of_dyslexia" class="extiw" title="en:Management of dyslexia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Management of dyslexia</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reading" title="Template:Reading"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Reading&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Reading（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Reading" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Reading"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/300px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/450px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg/600px-World_map_of_countries_by_literacy_rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>世界各國識字率(2015年資料)(2015CIA <i><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%A6%82%E6%B3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="世界概況">世界概況</a></i>) 灰色 = 無資料</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/300px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/450px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg/600px-World_illiteracy_1970-2010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>從1970年至2005年，世界上的文盲比例已經減少一半</figcaption></figure> <p><b>識字</b>（英語：<span lang="en">literacy</span>），有時稱為<b>讀寫能力</b>，是指人<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80" title="閱讀">閱讀</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" title="書寫">書寫</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>的基本能力。一般是指讀書和寫字的能力水準到達可以溝通的能力。不識字的人稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2" title="文盲">文盲</a>。 </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國教科文組織">聯合國教科文組織</a>的定義，識字是指能夠閱讀理解及書寫表達日常生活中出現簡單文句的能力，亦即是讀寫能力<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。更準確地說，應該是指文化程度，包括認識、理解、解釋、創造、通訊、計算、表達、閱讀各種印刷、電腦顯示、光盤影像等等資料的能力。識字的意義也可能包括可以理解和某一族群有關的符號系統，及理解和使用此一符號系統有關的能力。 </p><p>識字的基本定義也可以是藉由印刷或手寫<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a>的批判性詮釋而增加瞭解，是終生的思考歷程。各種識字（包括以下提到的廣義識字）的關鍵是<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80" title="閱讀">閱讀</a>能力的發展，一開始是有能力瞭解口話及書寫的文字，慢慢的對文字有深入的瞭解。閱讀發展和一連串複雜的語言學基礎有關，包括對於語音的認知（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學">音系學</a>）、拼字或書寫模式的認知（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="正寫法">正寫法</a>）、字義的瞭解（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語義學">語義學</a>）、文法的瞭解（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語法學">語法學</a>）及詞內部結構（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" title="词法学">詞法學</a>），這些能力提供了流利的閱讀及理解的必要基礎。當有了這些能力時，讀者就有完整的識字能力，包括可以接觸書報雜誌、進行批判性分析、準確且一致的寫作、利用文字中的資訊和想法作為正式決策及創造性觀點的基礎。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%B2" title="文字史">文字史</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%8F%B2" title="教育史">教育史</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="早期的文字"><span id=".E6.97.A9.E6.9C.9F.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"></span>早期的文字</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：早期的文字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古蘇美人在公元前3500年至3000年之間發明了<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%8F%B2" title="文字史">文字</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。世界上至少有五個文化獨立的發明了文字，包括有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E7%B4%A2%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="美索不达米亚">美索不达米亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">印度河流域文明</a>、低地<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%83%A8%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="中部美洲">中部美洲</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="中国">中国</a><sup id="cite_ref-camb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/260px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/390px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg/520px-Bill_of_sale_Louvre_AO3765.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>公元前2600年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%92%E9%B2%81%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B" title="舒鲁帕克">舒鲁帕克</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>人手寫板上，販售一個男性奴僕及建築物的帳單</figcaption></figure> <p>最早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB" title="書寫">書寫</a>起源自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%94" title="苏美尔">苏美尔</a>，約在公元前3500年至3000年之間，位在美索不达米亚南部。此時的文字是「高度功能性的東西，因為貿易以及大規劃生產，需要管理新的資料以及新型的治理而產生。」<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。美索不达米亚的書寫系統來自其記錄系統，在記錄系統中用印記標記來管理貿易和農產品<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。標記系統是<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%94%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="楔形文字">楔形文字</a>的前身，在人們開始在黏土板上記錄資訊起就開始使用。原始楔形文字中不只是數字，也包括所記數物品的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E6%84%8F%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="形意符号">形意符号</a><sup id="cite_ref-camb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>埃及<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>在公元前3300年至3100年出現。埃及象形文字書寫系統第一個有<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a>價值的書寫系統。 </p><p>中美洲低地的文字最早是西元前900至400年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="奥尔梅克文明">奥尔梅克文明</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="薩波特克文明">薩波特克文明</a>所使用的。這些文字用<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%BD%A2" title="字形">字形</a>的文字以及由點和線組成的數字標示系統，來標示皇家圖像以及日曆系統。 </p><p>中國最早的文字可以追溯到公元前1200年的<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>。這些符號最早記錄在骨頭上，記錄所獻的犧牲、所得到的貢品、所捕獲的野獸，這些都是精英社會的活動。這些文字就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%AA%A8%E6%96%87" title="甲骨文">甲骨文</a>是漢字的始祖，其中包括了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%B4%A0%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="语素文字">语素文字</a>以及符號。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="印度河文字">印度河文字</a>大部份是圖象式的，目前還沒解譯。一般認為是從右到左書寫，而且是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語標" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="logographic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E6%A8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語標（页面不存在）">語標</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/logographic" class="extiw" title="en:logographic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">logographic</span></a></span>）</span></span>文字。因為還沒有解譯，專家還不確定這些文字是否是完整獨立的文字系統。不過也有人認為這是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%95_(%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6)" title="哈拉帕 (巴基斯坦)">哈拉帕</a>文化產生的獨立文字系統。 </p><p>上述的例子說明了早期的文字和權力有緊密的關係，主要是用在管理實務上，由於統治階層的人很少，可能只有不到1%的人認得這些文字。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E6.99.82.E6.9C.9F.E4.BB.A5.E5.8F.8A.E4.B8.AD.E5.8F.A4.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E7.9A.84.E8.A5.BF.E6.96.B9.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E7.8E.87"></span>古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：古典時期以及中古世紀的西方識字率"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a></div> <p>以往人們曾認為大多數古典時期的人是不識字的<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，近來研究的結果不是如此<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。Anthony DiRenzo認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="古羅馬文化">古羅馬文化</a>是「以書本以及登記為基礎的文明」，而且「不論是為奴或是自由身，都不可能不識字。」<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。Dupont也有類似的論點：「不論是在公眾生活或是個人生活中，到處都是文字：法律、日曆、神社規章、或是喪葬墓誌銘會刻在石頭或青銅上的。共和國有大量有關公眾生活各層面的報告。」<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。羅馬的民政部門和市政當局一樣，產生了大量用在司法、財政以及管理上的文件。軍方有大量有關；補給以及值班名冊的記錄及報告。特別是大企業的商人、托運者及地主（以及其員工）都要有識字能力。 </p><p>第四世紀末的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沙漠神父" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Desert Father"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0%E7%A5%9E%E7%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙漠神父（页面不存在）">沙漠神父</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Father" class="extiw" title="en:Desert Father"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Desert Father</span></a></span>）</span></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%A7%91%E7%B9%86" title="帕科繆">帕科繆</a>希望進到修道院的人是會識字的<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <blockquote><p>他們會給他二十篇詩篇、或二卷保羅的書信、或是其他聖經的經卷。若他不識字，他要在第一、第三、第六小時到可以教導且被指派教導的人那裡，站在他面前以非常感謝的心學習。要為他寫下每一個音節、動詞和名詞的基礎，就算他不想學也要強迫他閱讀。</p></blockquote> <p>在公元第四世紀和第五世紀時，教會設法讓神職人員有較好的程度，特別是主教，一般認為主教需要接受古典教育（這是在上等社會中受到他人認可的象徵）。即使是公元470年<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="西羅馬帝國">西羅馬帝國</a>滅亡之後，識字仍然是精英的標誌，而且溝通技巧在政治以及教會生活中都很重要（主教主要來自參議院階級），因此有新的文化融合，形成了「基督教羅馬宗教」<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過因為沒有以往羅馬帝國的大型行政機構，識字不像以往那麼重要。在當時的識字率可能不到30-40%<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在黑暗時代，識字率最高的是神職人員和修士，這些人可能會成為西歐各國的管理階層。 </p><p>古典時期之後的不識字情形，因為缺乏書寫媒體而更加惡心。西羅馬帝國解體後，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B8" title="莎草纸">莎草纸</a>也不再進口到歐洲。因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B8" title="莎草纸">莎草纸</a>容易損壞而且在潮濕的西歐不容易保存，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%9A%AE%E7%B4%99" title="羊皮紙">羊皮紙</a>取而代之，但羊皮紙昂貴，只有教會以及有錢人才可以取得。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B8" title="纸">纸</a>是在十一世紀由西班牙進入歐洲。接下來的四十年中，纸的使用慢慢的往北邊流傳，在十五世紀時已大幅取代羊皮紙，只有豪華手稿還使用羊皮紙。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="宗教改革">宗教改革</a>強調每個人可以直接讀聖經，因此也強調識字的重要性。新教國家最早提倡全面性的識字<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%AA%E7%9A%84%E7%BA%B3%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A" title="斯堪的纳维亚">斯堪的纳维亚</a>國家在17世紀初成為全國識字的國家。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="識字和工業化"><span id=".E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E5.92.8C.E5.B7.A5.E6.A5.AD.E5.8C.96"></span>識字和工業化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：識字和工業化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E6%A5%AD%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="工業革命">工業革命</a></div> <p>近代的工業化在十八世紀從英格蘭和蘇格蘭開始，這些地方的農民識字率相對較高（尤其是在蘇格蘭）。因此可以招募識字的工匠、技術工作者、工頭和管理人員來監督新興紡織廠和煤礦廠的工人。大部份的勞工是沒有技術的，特別是在紡織廠內，即使是八歲的兒童在處理雜務上就已經相當的合用，而且可以增加家中的收入。當時的確有兒童不在學校中讀書，而是和父母一起在工廠中工作。不過在十九世紀中期，沒有技術的勞工在西歐已相當普遍、英國的工業已經升級，需要更多的工程師以及有技術的工作者，來處理技術文件以及一些複雜的情形。識字成為了被僱用的必要條件<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1870年時，有一名政府的高級官員告訴國會<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>基礎教育的快速提供是工業繁榮的基礎。若在公民沒有接受基礎教育的情形下，教授他們技術是沒有用的。沒有接受教育的勞工—我們許多的勞工完全沒有接受教育—有很大的比例是沒有技能的勞工。若我們放下我們的工作，讓人們繼續的沒有技能，就算他們有強壯的身體以及堅定的意志，在全世界的競爭下會招架不住。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="現代的識字情形"><span id=".E7.8F.BE.E4.BB.A3.E7.9A.84.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E6.83.85.E5.BD.A2"></span>現代的識字情形</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：現代的識字情形"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>識字率在現代的定義是一個國家中15歲以上的合法「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動人口">勞動人口</a>」中能讀寫文字的人的比率，目前，全球平均識字率正在增加當中，但是世界上依然有不少失學的人口。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="开发中国家">開發中国家</a>，識字率呈現上升趨勢，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" title="已開發國家">已開發國家</a>的識字率基本上保持穩定。識字率能反映出一個國家教育普及的程度，也可反映出一個國家的發展水平，同時在某種程度中也可以反映出國家的政局安定性，另一方面，識字率增加和國民<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="義務教育">義務教育</a>實施、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="印刷術">印刷術</a>普及、電視節目加上<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E5%B9%95" title="字幕">字幕</a>等也有著關聯。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自二十世紀中，識字率的增加"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.96.E7.B4.80.E4.B8.AD.EF.BC.8C.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E7.8E.87.E7.9A.84.E5.A2.9E.E5.8A.A0"></span>自二十世紀中，識字率的增加</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：自二十世紀中，識字率的增加"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg/220px-Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg/330px-Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg/440px-Figure_1_Adult_literacy_rates_have_increased_Reading_the_past_writing_the_futureUPDATED.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>自1950年代起，成人識字率已依固定的比例成長</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E3%80%81%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国教育、科学及文化组织">联合国教育、科学及文化组织</a>發行的識字率資料指出，全世界的成人識字率平均每十年增加5%，從1950年的55.7%到2015年的86.2%。不過近四十年來，人口成長的速度很快，因此不識字的人口仍在持續增加，從1950年的7億人到1990年的8.78億人。此後，不識字人口在2015年減少到7.45億人，原因是全球的教育政策、識字提昇、印刷媒體的普及，及資通訊科技（ICT）的進步。不過各區域的識字率發展相當的不平均<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="區域差異"><span id=".E5.8D.80.E5.9F.9F.E5.B7.AE.E7.95.B0"></span>區域差異</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：區域差異"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>全球不同地方的識字率有很大的差異。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚">中亚</a>的成人（十五歲以上）不論男女，幾乎全部都識字。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%A4%AA%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="亚太地区">亚太地区</a>和以及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Latin America and the Caribbean"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%92%8C%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E6%AF%94%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區（页面不存在）">拉丁美洲和加勒比海地區</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="extiw" title="en:Latin America and the Caribbean"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Latin America and the Caribbean</span></a></span>）</span></span>，成人識字率超過90%<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其他區域的不識字比率較高：2013年的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="教科文组织统计研究所" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="教科文组织统计研究所（页面不存在）">教科文组织统计研究所</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" class="extiw" title="en:UNESCO Institute for Statistics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UNESCO Institute for Statistics</span></a></span>）</span></span>（UIS）資料指出，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>的識字率為67.55%，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>為59.76%<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/220px-Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/330px-Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/440px-Figure_5_Literacy_has_rapidly_spread_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>近二十五年來識字率快速的提昇</figcaption></figure> <p>在世界上大部份的地區，年輕人的識字率高，因此隨著時代的演進，以及教育的普及，年輕人不識字的比率會越來越低<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過在撒哈拉以南非洲以及南非（不識字的年輕人在此地區的很多），兒童和青少年上學的比例較低，因此較多年輕人不識字的情形會持續一段較長的期間<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。根據2013年的UIS資料，年輕人（從15歲到24歲）的識字率在南非和北非是84.03%，在撒哈拉以南非洲則是70.06%<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過不識字的人也可能會得到一些因識字而有的好處。例如若家中有其他識字的人，不識字的人可以經由其他人的協助和分享，而對生活有一些助益。最近經濟學家Kaushik Basu和James Foster的研究開始將不識字的人分為兩類，一類是「家中有其他人識字的不識字者」（proximate illiterate），另一類是「被隔絕的不識字者」（isolated illiterate），是指家中完全沒有人識字的不識字者。需要注意的是在貧窮的國家裡，許多的不識字者是屬於「被隔絕的不識字者」，家中其他的人也都不識字，完全無法經由家人得到識字可能會有的生活助益。 </p><p>研究資料指出，近二十五年來，識年率快速的成長<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。聯合國提出17項<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%87" title="可持续发展目标">可持续发展目标</a>中的第四項「確保有教無類、公平以及高品質的教育，及提倡終身學習」也因此得到動力<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="性別差異"><span id=".E6.80.A7.E5.88.A5.E5.B7.AE.E7.95.B0"></span>性別差異</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：性別差異"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_literacy_rate,_population_15%2B_years,_male_(%25),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/310px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/465px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/620px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_male_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2015年成年男性的識字率（%）<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_literacy_rate,_population_15%2B_years,_female_(%25),_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/310px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/465px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg/620px-Adult_literacy_rate%2C_population_15%2B_years%2C_female_%28%25%29%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>2015年成年女性的識字率（%）<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/310px-Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/465px-Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg/620px-Figure_4_Progress_towards_gender_parity_Reading_the_past_writing_the_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>1990年至2015年各區域青年識字率的性別平等指數。有關識字的性別平等指數是在1990年起開始統計</figcaption></figure> <p>根據2015年教科文組織統計研究所的資料，全世界不識字的成年人當中有63%是女性，從1970年到2000年，兩性識字率的差距減少到原來的一半<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過最近二十來，兩性識字率的差距維持不變<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。一般而言，識字率的性別差異沒有地區性差異那些明顯。不同國家整體識字率的差距仍然大於同一國家內，不同性別的識字率差異<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。自從1990年起男性的識字率增加到了80%，兩性識字率的差距就開始縮小<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%A5%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="撒哈拉以南非洲">撒哈拉以南非洲</a>的識字率最低，而兩性識字率的差距也最大：女性中只有52%識字，男性識字的比例則是68%。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E" title="北非">北非</a>（男性識字率86%，女性識字率70%）和南非（男性識字率77%，女性識字率58%）也持續有兩性識字率的差異<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1990年在泰國宗滴恩進行的世界全民教育論壇（World Conference on Education for All）關注兩性識字率差異的問題，鼓勵開發中國家優先提昇女性的識字率<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在許多情境中，女性的不識字也和性別不平等有關。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86" title="玛莎·努斯鲍姆">玛莎·努斯鲍姆</a>認為不識字的女性其工作機會受到限制，惡化其<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="家庭內部討價還價" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="intra-household bargaining"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%B6%E5%BA%AD%E5%85%A7%E9%83%A8%E8%A8%8E%E5%83%B9%E9%82%84%E5%83%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="家庭內部討價還價（页面不存在）">家庭內部討價還價</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/intra-household_bargaining" class="extiw" title="en:intra-household bargaining"><span lang="en" dir="auto">intra-household bargaining</span></a></span>）</span></span>的地位，更容易陷在受虐待的婚姻中，成為受害者。甚至，努斯鲍姆將女性識字的能力，跟有效溝通，和他人合作的潛力連在一起<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對健康的影響"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E5.81.A5.E5.BA.B7.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E9.9F.BF"></span>對健康的影響</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：對健康的影響"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>不識字，無法閱讀印刷文字，也就表示比較無法獲得現在醫衛衛生以及營養上的新知，而這方面的不知道會造成許多健康上的問題<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。特別是在開發中國家，不識字率往往也和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="兒童死亡率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="child mortality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%BF%E7%AB%A5%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E7%8E%87" title="儿童死亡率">兒童死亡率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/child_mortality" class="extiw" title="en:child mortality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">child mortality</span></a></span>）</span></span>有關係。在這些國家，識字的母親所生下的小孩，活到五歲以上的機率比不識字母親所生下的小孩要多50%<sup id="cite_ref-:2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。公共衛生研究越來越關注識字技能的潛力，可以讓女性更可以接觸醫療系統，也對其兒女的健康有幫助<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2014年的敘述性研究調查計劃，將尼日利亞奧約州婦女的讀寫能力和其社會經濟地位相關聯。研究認為在此地區推動識字可以「帶來經濟上的力量，鼓勵鄉村的女性有衛生習慣，這對降低生育率以及死亡率都有幫助。」<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="對经济的影响"><span id=".E5.B0.8D.E7.BB.8F.E6.B5.8E.E7.9A.84.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>對经济的影响</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：對经济的影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>许多政策分析把<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%86%E5%AD%97%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="识字率">识字率</a>作为对一个区域的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC" title="人力资本">人力资本</a>价值的关键性衡量标准。例如，识字的人比不识字的人更容易训练，通常有更高的社会经济状态。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>因而他们也能拥有更好的健康以及雇用机会。识字增加工作机会和获得<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="高等教育">高等教育</a>的机会。 </p><p>俄羅斯學者<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%BD%97%E5%A1%94%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="安德烈·科罗塔耶夫">安德烈·科羅塔耶夫</a>等人發現了十九世紀初的認字水準和二十世紀末的現代化及經濟提昇之間的關係，他們認為：「有認字能力的人比較可以創新，比較有機會在現代化及經濟成長中獲益。」<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="愛爾蘭">愛爾蘭</a>全国成人识字机构（NALA）在2009年分析成人識字訓練的成本及效益。結論是對於個人、工作的公司、政府財政都有經濟效益。甚至國家的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E7%94%9F%E7%94%A2%E6%AF%9B%E9%A1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="國民生產毛額">國民生產毛額</a>也會提昇。以愛爾蘭十等級國家認證框架（Irish ten level National Qualifications Framework）為準，一個人若提昇一等級，個人年收益為€3,810，國家因減少社會福利及稅金增加的收益則為€1,531<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="推動識字的計劃"><span id=".E6.8E.A8.E5.8B.95.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E7.9A.84.E8.A8.88.E5.8A.83"></span>推動識字的計劃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：推動識字的計劃"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在識字發展中，在家中非正式的學習扮演重要的角色，不過小學課程也會提高兒童的識字率。許多識字推動計劃也會強調公共教育的持續普及<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。這種廣泛的教育改善常常需要以政府為中心來推動，而非政府組織進行的地區性計劃（特別在鄉村）也很重要<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>青年以及成人的識字計劃，常常是源自大型國際發展組織的贊助，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E7%BD%B2" title="美国国际开发署">美国国际开发署</a>就找了<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E6%A2%85%E7%90%B3%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会">比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="全球教育夥伴關係" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Global Partnership for Education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%A4%A5%E4%BC%B4%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球教育夥伴關係（页面不存在）">全球教育夥伴關係</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Partnership_for_Education" class="extiw" title="en:Global Partnership for Education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Global Partnership for Education</span></a></span>）</span></span>支持開發中國家兒童識字率的「早期閱讀評估計劃」（Early Grade Reading Assessment）<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。像是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國立成人繼續教育學院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Institute of Adult Continuing Education"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%90%E4%BA%BA%E7%B9%BC%E7%BA%8C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國立成人繼續教育學院（页面不存在）">國立成人繼續教育學院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Adult_Continuing_Education" class="extiw" title="en:National Institute of Adult Continuing Education"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Institute of Adult Continuing Education</span></a></span>）</span></span>等識字倡議團體，常常會呼籲聯合國教科文組織、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%8B%9E%E5%B7%A5%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" title="國際勞工組織">國際勞工組織</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="世界卫生组织">世界卫生组织</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="世界银行">世界银行</a>優先支持成人女性的掃盲計劃<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。推動成人識字的計劃也常會伴隨著其他的計劃進行，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A" title="埃塞俄比亚">埃塞俄比亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">摩洛哥</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>會結合成人識字計劃和職業訓練，以鼓勵女性及其他缺乏工作機會的邊緣化族群的人參與訓練，並且設法處理其生活上的需求<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="聯合國教科文組織終身學習研究所" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E7%B5%82%E8%BA%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聯合國教科文組織終身學習研究所（页面不存在）">聯合國教科文組織終身學習研究所</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Lifelong_Learning" class="extiw" title="en:UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning</span></a></span>）</span></span>在2013年發表了一組個案研究<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是許多成功增昇女性識字率的計劃。這個報告提到的國家來自不同的地區，所得水準也不同，反映了「需要讓女性取得識字能力，來增進她們的權力」。<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。UNESCO之所以推動掃盲，有一份是為了回應全球化以及所產生的「向知識化社會轉變」的趨勢<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。全球化帶來挑戰，但也帶來新的機會：許多教育及發展的專業人士認為新的資通訊科技可以提昇兒童和成人識字的可能性，甚至是那些一直努力用傳統方式提昇識字率的國家也是如此<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>非營利組織LitWorld在2007年成立，目的是為了提昇全世界的識字率。LitWorld的本部在美國，此組織發展了許多全球的計劃，不分兒童的種族、性別及經濟能力，要教導他們聽說讀寫的語言能力<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以識字做為國家發展指標"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E5.81.9A.E7.82.BA.E5.9C.8B.E5.AE.B6.E7.99.BC.E5.B1.95.E6.8C.87.E6.A8.99"></span>以識字做為國家發展指標</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：以識字做為國家發展指標"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate,_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg/220px-Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg/330px-Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg/440px-Youth_and_adult_literacy_rate%2C_2000%E2%80%932016_and_projections_to_2030.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>青年和成人的識字率，2000-2016年以及2030年數據</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%BC%80%E5%8F%91%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%BD%B2" title="联合国开发计划署">联合国开发计划署</a>（UNDP）統計的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0" title="人类发展指数">人类发展指数</a>，三個指數之中，有一個是教育。最早版本中，成人識字率佔教育加權指數的2/3，不過UNDP在2010年時將成人識字率改為上學的平均年數。2011年的UNDP研究論文認為此修改是「確保目前的相關性」，全球識字率在1970年至2010年已成長到一定的程度，因此識字率「在未來提供的資訊沒有那麼多。」<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。不過其他研究者針對不將識字率作為發展指標及目標一事己有示警，特別是邊緣化群體（例如女性或是鄉村人口）<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="識字是人權"><span id=".E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97.E6.98.AF.E4.BA.BA.E6.AC.8A"></span>識字是人權</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：識字是人權"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在中古時期，只有少數精英份子以及教士才有讀和寫的能力，現代則不然，會希望社會上的每一個人都有這樣的能力<sup id="cite_ref-dspace.unza.zm_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dspace.unza.zm-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。識字是種人權，在終身學習以及社會變遷上格外的重要。不論是國際二十一世紀教育委員會1996年報告，或是1997年的漢堡宣言「識字一般認為是處在快速變化的世界上，所有人都需要有的基本知識和技能，這是基本的人權(...)。有上百萬人（其中大部份是女性）沒有機會學習，或是其識字能力不足以主張他們的權利。因此要讓他們可以這麼做，就成為一大挑戰。這代表了創造可以學習的前置條件，也包括提昇相關的意識，並提昇其能力。識字是參與社會、文化、政治和經濟活動以及終身學習的催化劑。」<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>歐洲識字政策網路（European Literacy Policy Network，簡稱ELINET）是由歐洲識字推廣專業人士組成的協會，在2016年<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>發表了名為「識字權力的歐洲宣言」（European Declaration of the right to literacy）的文件<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其中提到：「歐洲的每個人都有學習識字的權力。歐盟成員需確保不分年齡、社會階級、宗教、種族、出生地及性別，每一個人都有需要的資源以及機會，來發展充份而且可持續的識字能力，目的是可以有效瞭解及使用書面文字交流，包括手寫文字、印刷品或是數位型式的文字。」 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="廣義的識字"><span id=".E5.BB.A3.E7.BE.A9.E7.9A.84.E8.AD.98.E5.AD.97"></span>廣義的識字</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：廣義的識字"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>literacy一詞也可以延伸到有關不同類型非文字訊息的理解及應用，此時一般會翻譯為「素養」或「文化」。例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺素養">視覺素養</a>就加上對於視覺影像的理解和應用，像<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A2%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="肢体语言">肢體語言</a>、圖片、地圖及影像等。非文字訊息也可能包括媒體或是電子文字，對應的能力則為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="媒體素養">媒體素養</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="數位素養">數位素養</a>。這些能力的重要性會隨著社會和文化不同而不同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E9.97.9C.E6.A2.9D.E7.9B.AE"></span>相關條目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：相關條目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="識字率">識字率</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="數位素養">數位素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E8%A6%BA%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="視覺素養">視覺素養</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%B4%A0%E9%A4%8A" title="媒體素養">媒體素養</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="書本沙漠" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Book desert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8%E6%9C%AC%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="書本沙漠（页面不存在）">書本沙漠</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_desert" class="extiw" title="en:Book desert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Book desert</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7%E6%96%87%E7%9B%B2" title="功能性文盲">功能性文盲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%89%AB%E7%9B%B2%E6%97%A5" title="国际扫盲日">国际扫盲日</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法律意識" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Legal awareness"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律意識（页面不存在）">法律意識</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_awareness" class="extiw" title="en:Legal awareness"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Legal awareness</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97%E7%8E%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="各國識字率列表">各國識字率列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="計算能力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Numeracy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="计算能力">計算能力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeracy" class="extiw" title="en:Numeracy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Numeracy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%95%99%E5%AD%A6%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="基础语音教学法">基础语音教学法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" title="後文字社會">後文字社會</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80" title="閱讀">閱讀</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624104016/http://www.unescobkk.org/resources/online-materials/aims/uis-aims-activities/uis-aims-and-literacy-assessment/">UIS-AIMS and Literacy Assessment</a>. UNESCO Bangkok. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-06</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unescobkk.org/resources/online-materials/aims/uis-aims-activities/uis-aims-and-literacy-assessment/">原始内容</a>存档于2011-06-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=UIS-AIMS+and+Literacy+Assessment&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=UNESCO+Bangkok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unescobkk.org%2Fresources%2Fonline-materials%2Faims%2Fuis-aims-activities%2Fuis-aims-and-literacy-assessment%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Yuval Noah Harari. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sapiensbriefhist0000hara">Sapiens</a>. McClelland and Stewart, Penguin Random House. 2014: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sapiensbriefhist0000hara/page/n137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7710-3851-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7710-3851-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7710-3851-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.au=Yuval+Noah+Harari&rft.btitle=Sapiens&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7710-3851-8&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart%2C+Penguin+Random+House&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsapiensbriefhist0000hara&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camb_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-camb_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chrisomalis, Stephen (2009), "The Origins and Coevolution of Literacy and Numeracy", in Olsen, D. & Torrance, N. (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Literacy</i> (pp. 59-74). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hkotek.com/teaching/intro2015/week5-writing-systems.pdf">Writing Systems</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2018]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033838/https://hkotek.com/teaching/intro2015/week5-writing-systems.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-12-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=Writing+Systems&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhkotek.com%2Fteaching%2Fintro2015%2Fweek5-writing-systems.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Easton, P. (in press). "History and spread of literacy", Excerpted from <i>Sustaining Literacy in Africa: Developing a Literate Environment</i>, Paris: UNESCO Press pp. 46-56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Schmandt-Besserat, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-american_1978-06_238_6/page/38">The earliest precursor of writing</a>. Scientific American. 1978, <b>238</b> (6): 38–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.238f..50S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1978SciAm.238f..50S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0678-50"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0678-50</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=The+earliest+precursor+of+writing&rft.aufirst=D&rft.aulast=Schmandt-Besserat&rft.date=1978&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=38-47&rft.volume=238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_scientific-american_1978-06_238_6%2Fpage%2F38&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978SciAm.238f..50S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0678-50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example: <cite class="citation book">Harris, William V. Ancient literacy 1st Harvard University Press pbk. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780674033818" title="Special:网络书源/9780674033818"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780674033818</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/436359723"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 436359723</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.aufirst=William+V.&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.btitle=Ancient+literacy&rft.date=1991&rft.edition=1st+Harvard+University+Press+pbk.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780674033818&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F436359723&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Wright, Brian J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13211795">Ancient Literacy in New Testament Research: Incorporating a Few More Lines of Enquiry</a>. Trinity Journal. 2015, <b>36</b>: 161–189 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816160536/https://www.academia.edu/13211795">存档</a>于2021-08-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=Ancient+Literacy+in+New+Testament+Research%3A+Incorporating+a+Few+More+Lines+of+Enquiry&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.date=2015&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trinity+Journal&rft.pages=161-189&rft.volume=36&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13211795&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kolb (ed.), Anne. Literacy in Ancient Everyday Life. Boston: De Gruyter. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783110591880" title="Special:网络书源/9783110591880"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9783110591880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.aulast=Kolb+%28ed.%29&rft.btitle=Literacy+in+Ancient+Everyday+Life&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9783110591880&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Di Renzo, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ithaca.edu/direnzo/docs/scholarship/mastersvoice.pdf">His master's voice: Tiro and the rise of the roman secretarial class</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Journal of Technical Writing and Communication. 2000, <b>30</b> (2): 155–168 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-04-28</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153369618"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 153369618</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2Fb4yd-5fp7-1w8d-v3uc"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2190/b4yd-5fp7-1w8d-v3uc</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228001605/https://faculty.ithaca.edu/direnzo/docs/scholarship/mastersvoice.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=His+master%27s+voice%3A+Tiro+and+the+rise+of+the+roman+secretarial+class&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.aulast=Di+Renzo&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Technical+Writing+and+Communication&rft.pages=155-168&rft.volume=30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ithaca.edu%2Fdirenzo%2Fdocs%2Fscholarship%2Fmastersvoice.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153369618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2Fb4yd-5fp7-1w8d-v3uc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dupont, aFlorence. (1989) <i>Daily Life in Ancient Rome</i> Tr. Christopher Woodall. Oxford: Blackwell; p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pachomius, Rule 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jas Elsner, Imperial Rome and Christian Triumph, 1998, p. 141, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-284201-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-284201-3">0-19-284201-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This connection is pursued in Alan K. Bowman and Greg Woolf, eds., <i>Literacy and Power in the Ancient World</i>, (Cambridge) 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/how-religion-may-affect-educational-attainment-scholarly-theories-and-historical-background/">How religion may affect educational attainment: scholarly theories and historical background</a>. Pew Research Centre. Pew Research Centre. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2020]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210430043138/https://www.pewforum.org/2016/12/13/how-religion-may-affect-educational-attainment-scholarly-theories-and-historical-background/">存档</a>于2021-04-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=How+religion+may+affect+educational+attainment%3A+scholarly+theories+and+historical+background&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2016%2F12%2F13%2Fhow-religion-may-affect-educational-attainment-scholarly-theories-and-historical-background%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore S. Hamerow, <i>The birth of a new Europe: State and society in the nineteenth century</i> (University of North Carolina Press, 1989) pp 148–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamerow, p 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_18-2"><sup><b>18.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002475/247563e.pdf">Reading the past, writing the future: Fifty years of promoting literacy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Paris, UNESCO. 2017: 21–23, 26 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-06</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-92-3-100214-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-92-3-100214-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-92-3-100214-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930122234/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002475/247563e.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-09-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.au=UNESCO&rft.btitle=Reading+the+past%2C+writing+the+future%3A+Fifty+years+of+promoting+literacy&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100214-4&rft.pages=21-23%2C+26&rft.pub=Paris%2C+UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0024%2F002475%2F247563e.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：带有name属性“:4”的<code><ref></code>标签用不同内容定义了多次</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0"><sup><b>19.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1"><sup><b>19.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-2"><sup><b>19.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">UNESCO Institute for Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315043900/http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/fs32-2015-literacy.pdf">Adult and Youth Literacy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. UIS Fact Sheet. September 2015, <b>No. 32</b> <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2016]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/fs32-2015-literacy.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2016-03-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=Adult+and+Youth+Literacy&rft.au=UNESCO+Institute+for+Statistics&rft.date=2015-09&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UIS+Fact+Sheet&rft.volume=No.+32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uis.unesco.org%2Fliteracy%2FDocuments%2Ffs32-2015-literacy.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><b>20.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><b>20.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">UIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx?queryid=166#">Education : Literacy rate</a>. data.uis.unesco.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2016]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226063008/http://data.uis.unesco.org/index.aspx?queryid=166">存档</a>于2020-02-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.atitle=Education+%3A+Literacy+rate&rft.au=UIS&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.uis.unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.uis.unesco.org%2FIndex.aspx%3Fqueryid%3D166%23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Daniel A., Fatima Tuz Zahra, and Jinsol Lee. (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">Literacy Development: Global Research and Policy Perspectives</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210414031223/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i>. In <i>Childhood and Adolescence: Cross-Cultural Perspectives and Applications</i>. Ed. Uwe P. Gielen and Jaipaul L. Roopnarine. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 105. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-4408-3223-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-4408-3223-9">978-1-4408-3223-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Daniel A., Fatima Tuz Zahra, and Jinsol Lee. (2016). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=%22Literacy+Development:+Global+Research+and+Policy+Perspectives%22&source=bl&ots=U3fjyktLc4&sig=WWwoXc2jEHTsezj7XicxKODUKVs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipv4Si7u7MAhUOLlIKHYe7Dv0Q6AEIHDAA#v=onep">Literacy Development: Global Research and Policy Perspectives</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210515230321/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=%22Literacy+Development:+Global+Research+and+Policy+Perspectives%22&source=bl&ots=U3fjyktLc4&sig=WWwoXc2jEHTsezj7XicxKODUKVs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipv4Si7u7MAhUOLlIKHYe7Dv0Q6AEIHDAA#v=onep">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）." In <i>Childhood and Adolescence: Cross-Cultural Perspectives and Applications</i>. Ed. Uwe P. Gielen and Jaipaul L. Roopnarine. 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(2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/chapter-3.pdf">Education and Health: Where do Gender Differences Really Matter</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190412075924/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWDR2012/Resources/7778105-1299699968583/7786210-1315936222006/chapter-3.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）?" in Gender Equality and Development: World Development Report 2012. Washington, D.C: The World Bank: 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Agnaou, Fatima. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWz6mAEACAAJ">Gender, Literacy, and Empowerment in Morocco</a>. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002225/222588e.pdf">Literacy Programmes with a Focus on Women to Reduce Gender Disparities</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180712193531/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002225/222588e.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）." Hamburg: UIL.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002225/222588e.pdf">unesdoc<wbr />.unesco<wbr />.org<wbr />/images<wbr />/0022<wbr />/002225<wbr />/222588e<wbr />.pdf</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNESCO Institute for Lifelong Learning (2013). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=Literacy+Development:+Global+Research+and+Policy+Perspectives&source=bl&ots=U3fjyluLc6&sig=vQRadxcqk8CjW-EN0te0M3JEWvM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikjYegl-_MAhVXRlIKHXOsA68Q6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=Literacy%20Development%3A%20Global%20Research%20and%20Policy%20Perspectives&f=false">Literacy Development: Global Research and Policy Perspectives</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210512060210/https://books.google.com/books?id=k0mUCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97&lpg=PA97&dq=Literacy+Development:+Global+Research+and+Policy+Perspectives&source=bl&ots=U3fjyluLc6&sig=vQRadxcqk8CjW-EN0te0M3JEWvM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwikjYegl-_MAhVXRlIKHXOsA68Q6AEIIjAA#v=onepage&q=Literacy%20Development%3A%20Global%20Research%20and%20Policy%20Perspectives&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）." 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=Fifth+International+Conference+on+Adult+Education+%281997%29+-+CONFINTEA+V&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuil.unesco.org%2Fadult-education%2Fconfintea%2Ffifth-conference&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002343/234325E.pdf">Mobile phones and literacy: Empowerment in Women's Hands; A Cross-Case Analysis of Nine Experiences</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 22-23: UNESCO. 2015 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span>]</span>. <a 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Literacy</a>. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-05-10</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513155737/https://elinet.pro/policy-statements/">存档</a>于2021-05-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%AD%98%E5%AD%97&rft.btitle=European+Declaration+of+the+Right+to+Literacy&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felinet.pro%2Fpolicy-statements%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" 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