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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Ottoman rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Rise of nationalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communist_Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communist_Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Communist Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communist_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kosovo_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kosovo_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Kosovo War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kosovo_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 United Nations administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declaration_of_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declaration_of_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Declaration of independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declaration_of_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Environmental issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kosovo</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 212 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-212" aria-hidden="true" > 212 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosov%C3%B4" title="Kosovô – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kosovô" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Республикэ Косово – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Республикэ Косово" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%B6%E1%89%AE" title="ኮሶቮ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሶቮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B" title="कोसोवो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कोसोवो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="كوسوفو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوسوفو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BE%D6%85" title="Քոսովօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քոսովօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosova" title="Cosova – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cosova" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosovo" title="Cosovo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Cosovo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovu" title="Kosovu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kosovu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusuwu" title="Kusuwu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Kusuwu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%88" title="کوزووو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوزووو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B" title="কসোভো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কসোভো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Косово Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Косово Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Рэспубліка Косава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рэспубліка Косава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Косава – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Косава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosobo" title="Kosobo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kosobo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9D%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="ཁོ་སོ་ཝོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཁོ་སོ་ཝོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Косово Республики – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Косово Республики" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosobo" title="Kosobo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kosobo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosofo" title="Cosofo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cosofo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%88" title="كوصوڤو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوصوڤو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%83%CF%85%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Κοσσυφοπέδιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοσσυφοπέδιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Косово Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Косово Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosovu" title="Cosovu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cosovu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88" title="کوزوو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوزوو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossovo" title="Cossovo – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cossovo" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Chosaiv" title="An Chosaiv – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chosaiv" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosobho" title="Cosobho – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cosobho" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="科索沃" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B" title="કોસોવો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કોસોવો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%89" title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉𐌱𐍉 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉𐌱𐍉" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EC%86%8C%EB%B3%B4" title="코소보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코소보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8" title="Կոսովո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոսովո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="कोसोवो गणराज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोसोवो गणराज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3sov%C3%B3" title="Kósovó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kósovó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95" title="קוסובו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוסובו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8A" title="ಕೊಸೊವೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೊಸೊವೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D" title="კოსოვო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსოვო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2sow%C3%B2" title="Kòsowò – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kòsowò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovoa" title="Kosovoa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Kosovoa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A7" title="ປະເທດໂຄໂຊໂວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂຄໂຊໂວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovia" title="Kosovia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kosovia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovas" title="Kosovas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosovas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosovo" title="Cosovo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cosovo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszov%C3%B3" title="Koszovó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Koszovó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Република Косово – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Република Косово" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4s%C3%B4v%C3%B4" title="Kôsôvô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôsôvô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B" title="കൊസോവോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊസോവോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B" title="कोसोव्हो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोसोव्हो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D" title="კოსოვო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოსოვო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88" title="كوسوفو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوسوفو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88" title="کوزوو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کوزوو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9A%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯀꯣꯁꯣꯚꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯣꯁꯣꯚꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosobo" title="Kosobo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Kosobo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ကိုဆိုဗိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကိုဆိုဗိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B" title="कोसोभो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोसोभो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9C" title="コソボ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コソボ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Республика Косово – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Республика Косово" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republica_de_Kosova" title="Republica de Kosova – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Republica de Kosova" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosoovoo" title="Kosoovoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kosoovoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%8B_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਕੋਸੋਵੋ ਗਣਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਸੋਵੋ ਗਣਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%86%D9%88" title="کوسوۆو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوسوۆو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%88" title="کوسووو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کوسووو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CF%8C%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BF" title="Κόσοβο – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Κόσοβο" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosovo" title="Cosovo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Cosovo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kusuwu" title="Kusuwu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kusuwu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Республика Косово – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Косово" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Косово Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Косово Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱠᱳᱥᱳᱵᱷᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱳᱥᱳᱵᱷᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2ssovu" title="Kòssovu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Kòssovu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2ssuvu" title="Kòssuvu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Kòssuvu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C" title="කොසෝවො – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොසෝවො" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Kosowo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosofo" title="Kosofo – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kosofo" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%86" title="کۆسۆڤۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆسۆڤۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovokondre" title="Kosovokondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Kosovokondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Република Косово – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Република Косово" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B" title="கொசோவோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொசோவோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D2%96%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%BB%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Косово Җөмһүрияте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Косово Җөмһүрияте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9D%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၵူဝ်ႇသူဝ်ႇဝူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵူဝ်ႇသူဝ်ႇဝူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B" title="కొసావో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కొసావో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD" title="ประเทศคอซอวอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศคอซอวอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ҷумҳурии Косово – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Косово" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dsovo" title="Kōsovo – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kōsovo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%89" title="ᎪᏗᏉ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏗᏉ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Косово – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Косово" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%81" title="کوسووہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوسووہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8B%D9%88" title="كوسوۋو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كوسوۋو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosov%C3%A4n" title="Kosovän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kosovän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossovo" title="Cossovo – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Cossovo" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="科索沃" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科索沃" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3s%C3%B3f%C3%B2" title="Kósófò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kósófò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科索沃" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova" title="Kosova – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kosova" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Kosovo" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuosuovs" title="Kuosuovs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kuosuovs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%83" title="科索沃 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科索沃" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosowo" title="Kosowo – Betawi" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kosovo&params=42_35_N_21_00_E_">42°35′N 21°00′E / 42.583°N 21.000°E / 42.583; 21.000</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-confirmed-protected."><img alt="Page extended-confirmed-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Kosova" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kosovo (disambiguation)">Kosovo (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosova_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kosova (disambiguation)">Kosova (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Kosovo</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:85%;">Republika e Kosovës (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>)</li><li style="font-size:85%;">Република Косово / Republika Kosovo (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>)</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kosovo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kosovo"><img alt="Flag of Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/125px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/188px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/250px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Kosovo"><img alt="Emblem of Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="729" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Kosovo"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Himni i Republikës së Kosovës "<a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo">Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo</a>"<div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0a/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0a/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=aln&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aln" label="Gegë ‪(aln)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=ch&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ch" label="Chamoru ‪(ch)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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/><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=sq&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sq" label="shqip ‪(sq)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=sr-el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Latn" label="srpski (latinica) ‪(sr-el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Kosovo (green) in Europe (dark grey)"><img alt="Location of Kosovo (green) in Europe (dark grey)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/250px-Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/375px-Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/500px-Europe-Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Location of Kosovo (green) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">Recognised as independent by 104 out of 193 member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kosovo&params=42_40_N_21_10_E_type:city(1,900,000)">42°40′N 21°10′E / 42.667°N 21.167°E / 42.667; 21.167</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a><a href="#cite_note-bein12-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-ReKos2024-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>91.76% <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Albanians</a></li><li>2.31% <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs of Kosovo">Serbs</a></li><li>1.69% <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniaks</a></li><li>1.22% <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Turks</a></li><li>1.02% <a href="/wiki/Ashkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkali">Ashkali</a></li><li>2.0% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-ReKos2024-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>93.49% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Islam</a></li><li>2.31% <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Christian Orthodox</a></li><li>1.75% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Kosovo" title="Catholic Church in Kosovo">Christian Catholic</a></li><li>0.5% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a></li><li>0.45% others</li><li>1.5% undeclared</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Kosovar, Kosovan</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albin_Kurti" title="Albin Kurti">Albin Kurti</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Assembly_of_Kosovo" title="Speaker of the Assembly of Kosovo">Speaker of the Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glauk_Konjufca" title="Glauk Konjufca">Glauk Konjufca</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1455</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1877</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1913</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Autonomous Province within Yugoslavia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 1946</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 July 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Agreement" title="Kumanovo Agreement">Kumanovo Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 June 1999</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN Administration</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 June 1999</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17 February 2008</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">End of Steering Group supervision</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 September 2012</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 2013</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,887<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> km2 (4,203 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.0<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/11px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/17px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Decrease_Neutral.svg/22px-Decrease_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 1,585,566<a href="#cite_note-ReKos2024-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">146/km2 (378.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $29.723 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.XK-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">148th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16,851<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.XK-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">100th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $11.172 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.XK-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">155th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $6,333<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.XK-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">104th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2017)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 29.0<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.762<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>)b (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Date_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Date format">dd.mm.yyyy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Driving_side" class="mw-redirect" title="Driving side">right</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B383" class="mw-redirect" title="+383">+383</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:XK" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 3166-2:XK">XK</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.xk" title=".xk">.xk</a>c (proposed)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> is the capital of Kosovo and its <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-capital-11">[11]</a> A separate law recognises <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> as the historic capital of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-capital-11">[11]</a></li><li value="2">The Euro is the official currency in Kosovo even though Kosovo is not a formal member of the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></li><li value="3">XK is a "user assigned" ISO 3166 code not designated by the standard, but used by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, Switzerland, the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Deutsche Bundesbank</a> and other organisations. However, <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:RS" title="ISO 3166-2:RS">ISO 3166-2:RS-KM</a> remains in use.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-15">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-16">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a> with <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">partial diplomatic recognition</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> to the southwest, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> to the north and east, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> to the southeast. It covers an area of 10,887 km2 (4,203 sq mi) and has a population of approximately 1.6 million. Kosovo has a varied terrain, with high plains along with rolling hills and <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">mountains</a>, some of which have an altitude over 2,500 m (8,200 ft). Its climate is mainly <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental</a> with some <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">alpine</a> influences.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Kosovo's capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo#List" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>; other major cities and <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a> include <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gjilan" title="Gjilan">Gjilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> tribe emerged in Kosovo and established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a> in the 4th century BCE. It was later annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in the 1st century BCE. The territory remained in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, facing Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. Control shifted between the Byzantines and the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>. In the 13th century, Kosovo became integral to the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbian medieval state</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87" title="Serbian Patriarchate of Peć">Serbian Patriarchate.</a> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman expansion</a> in the Balkans in the late 14th and 15th centuries led to the decline and <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">fall of the Serbian Empire</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> of 1389, in which a Serbian-led coalition of various ethnicities fought against the Ottoman Empire, is considered one of the defining moments. Various dynasties, mainly the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Brankovi%C4%87" title="District of Branković">Branković</a>, governed Kosovo for much of the period after the battle. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> fully conquered Kosovo after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Kosovo">Second Battle of Kosovo</a>, ruling for nearly five centuries until 1912. Kosovo was the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Renaissance">Albanian Renaissance</a> and experienced the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Albanian revolts of 1910</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">1912</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913), it was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, and after World War II, it became an <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Autonomous Province</a> within <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>. Tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Serb</a> communities simmered during the 20th century and occasionally erupted into major violence, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> of 1998 and 1999, which resulted in the Yugoslav army's withdrawal and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a>. Kosovo <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_declaration_of_independence" title="Unilateral declaration of independence">unilaterally</a> <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">declared its independence</a> from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on 17 February 2008<a href="#cite_note-icj2020-19">[17]</a> and has since gained diplomatic recognition as a <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign state</a> by <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">104 member states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Serbia does not officially recognise Kosovo as a sovereign state and continues to claim it as its constituent <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija</a>, but it accepts the governing authority of the Kosovo institutions as part of the <a href="/wiki/2013_Brussels_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Brussels Agreement">2013 Brussels Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foreignaffairs-20">[18]</a> Kosovo is a developing country, with an <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">upper-middle-income economy</a>. It has experienced solid <a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Kosovo" title="International rankings of Kosovo">economic growth</a> over the last decade as measured by international financial institutions since the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>. Kosovo is a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBRD" class="mw-redirect" title="EBRD">EBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, and has applied for membership in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>, and for observer status in the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. In December 2022, Kosovo filed <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">a formal application</a> to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dw10-21">[19]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Names of Kosovo</a></div> The name Kosovo is of <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic</a> origin. Kosovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Косово) is the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> neuter possessive adjective of kos (кос), '<a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbird</a>',<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> an <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis_(linguistics)" title="Ellipsis (linguistics)">ellipsis</a> for Kosovo Polje, 'Blackbird Field', the name of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_field" title="Kosovo field">a karst field</a> situated in the eastern half of today's Kosovo and the site of the 1389 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kosovo Field">Battle of Kosovo Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Everett-Heath2000-24">[22]</a> The name of the karst field was for the first time applied to a wider area when the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_vilayet" title="Kosovo vilayet">Ottoman Vilayet of Kosovo</a> was created in 1877. The entire territory that corresponds to today's country is commonly referred to in English simply as Kosovo and in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> as Kosova (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian grammar">definite form</a>) or Kosovë (indefinite form, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[kɔˈsɔvə]</a>). In Serbia, a formal distinction is made between the eastern and western areas of the country; the term Kosovo (Косово) is used for the eastern part of Kosovo centred on the historical <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_field_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo field (region)">Kosovo Field</a>, while the western part of the territory of Kosovo is called <a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a> (Albanian: Dukagjin). Thus, in Serbian the entire area of Kosovo is referred to as Kosovo and Metohija.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-serbia-25">[23]</a> Dukagjini or Dukagjini plateau (Albanian: 'Rrafshi i Dukagjinit') is an alternative name for Western Kosovo, having been in use since the 15th–16th century as part of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_%C4%B0pek" title="Sanjak of İpek">Dukakin</a> with its capital <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a>, and is named after the medieval Albanian <a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Drançolli-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3></div> Some Albanians also prefer to refer to Kosovo as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a>, the name of an ancient kingdom and later <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Roman province</a>, which covered the territory of modern-day Kosovo. The name is derived from the ancient tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a>, which is considered be related to the Proto-Albanian term dardā, which means "pear" (Modern Albanian: dardhë).<a href="#cite_note-Everett-Heath2000-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> The former Kosovo President <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> had been an enthusiastic backer of a "Dardanian" identity, and the Kosovar presidential flag and seal refer to this national identity. However, the name "Kosova" remains more widely used among the Albanian population. The flag of Dardania remains in use as the official <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">Presidential seal and standard</a> and is heavily featured in the institution of the presidency of the country. The official conventional long name, as defined by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">constitution</a>, is Republic of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Additionally, as a result of an <a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">arrangement agreed between Pristina and Belgrade</a> in talks mediated by the European Union, Kosovo has participated in some international forums and organisations under the title "Kosovo*" with a footnote stating, "This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSC 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence". This arrangement, which has been dubbed the "asterisk agreement", was agreed in an 11-point arrangement on 24 February 2012.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kosovo_history" title="Timeline of Kosovo history">Timeline of Kosovo history</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History of Kosovo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology of Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></div> The strategic position including the abundant natural resources were favourable for the development of human settlements in Kosovo, as is highlighted by the hundreds of archaeological sites identified throughout its territory.<a href="#cite_note-SchermerShukriu-30">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyjnesha_muze.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyjnesha_muze.jpg/220px-Hyjnesha_muze.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyjnesha_muze.jpg/330px-Hyjnesha_muze.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hyjnesha_muze.jpg/440px-Hyjnesha_muze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Goddess_on_the_Throne" title="Goddess on the Throne">Goddess on the Throne</a> is one of the most significant archaeological artifacts of Kosovo and has been adopted as the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since 2000, the increase in archaeological expeditions has revealed many, previously unknown sites. The earliest documented traces in Kosovo are associated to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>; namely, indications that cave dwellings might have existed, such as Radivojce Cave near the source of the <a href="/wiki/Drin_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Drin River">Drin River</a>, Grnčar Cave in <a href="/wiki/Viti,_Kosovo" title="Viti, Kosovo">Viti municipality</a> and the Dema and Karamakaz Caves in the <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">municipality of Peja</a>. The earliest archaeological evidence of organised settlement, which have been found in Kosovo, belong to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča</a> cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Berisha-31">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vlashnj%C3%AB" title="Vlashnjë">Vlashnjë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a> are important sites of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic era</a> with the rock art paintings at Mrrizi i Kobajës near <a href="/wiki/Vlashnj%C3%AB" title="Vlashnjë">Vlashnjë</a> being the first find of prehistoric art in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> Amongst the finds of excavations in Neolithic Runik is a baked-clay <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a>, which is the first musical instrument recorded in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Berisha-31">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dardanian_Kingdom_(late_3rd_century_BC).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/220px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/330px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png/440px-Dardanian_Kingdom_%28late_3rd_century_BC%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="3086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a> in the 3rd century BCE.</figcaption></figure> The first archaeological expedition in Kosovo was organised by the Austro-Hungarian army during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> burial grounds of Nepërbishti within the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Prizren" title="District of Prizren">district of Prizren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SchermerShukriu-30">[28]</a> The beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age</a> coincides with the presence of <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> burial grounds in western Kosovo, like the site of <a href="/wiki/Romaj%C3%AB" title="Romajë">Romajë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SchermerShukriu-30">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> were the most important <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_languages" title="Paleo-Balkan languages">Paleo-Balkan</a> tribe in the region of Kosovo. A wide area which consists of Kosovo, parts of Northern Macedonia and eastern Serbia was named <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a> after them in classical antiquity, reaching to the <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Illyrian" title="Thraco-Illyrian">Thraco-Illyrian</a> contact zone in the east. In archaeological research, Illyrian names are predominant in western Dardania, while Thracian names are mostly found in eastern Dardania. Thracian names are absent in western Dardania, while some Illyrian names appear in the eastern parts. Thus, their identification as either an <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian">Thracian</a> tribe has been a subject of debate, the ethnolinguistic relationship between the two groups being largely uncertain and debated itself as well. The correspondence of Illyrian names, including those of the ruling elite, in Dardania with those of the southern Illyrians suggests a thracianisation of parts of Dardania.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The Dardani retained an individuality and continued to maintain social independence after Roman conquest, playing an important role in the formation of new groupings in the Roman era.<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglou-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_period">Roman period</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman heritage in Kosovo</a></div> During Roman rule, Kosovo was part of two provinces, with its western part being part of <a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a>, and the vast majority of its modern territory belonging to <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a>. Praevalitana and the rest of Illyria was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> in 168 BC. On the other hand, Dardania maintained its independence until the year 28 BC, when the Romans, under <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, annexed it into their Republic.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> Dardania eventually became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, Dardania became a full <a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Roman province</a> and the entirety of Kosovo's modern territory became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Moesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Moesia">Diocese of Moesia</a>, and then during the second half of the 4th century, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a>: 548  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg/220px-ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg/330px-ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg/440px-ULPIANA_foto_Arben_Llapashtica_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a> situated southeast of <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>. The city, built by <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>, was an important political, cultural, and financial centre of the Roman province of Dardania</figcaption></figure> During Roman rule, a series of settlements developed in the area, mainly close to mines and to the major roads. The most important of the settlements was <a href="/wiki/Ulpiana" title="Ulpiana">Ulpiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichner201581-39">[37]</a> which is located near modern-day <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica,_Kosovo" title="Gračanica, Kosovo">Gračanica</a>. It was established in the 1st century AD, possibly developing from a concentrated <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppidum</a>, and then was upgraded to the status of a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a> at the beginning of the 2nd century during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Anschnitt1-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoxhaj1-41">[39]</a> Ulpiana became especially important during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, after the Emperor rebuilt the city after it had been destroyed by an earthquake and renamed it to Iustinianna Secunda.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichner201583-43">[41]</a> Other important towns that developed in the area during Roman rule were <a href="/wiki/Vendenis" title="Vendenis">Vendenis</a>, located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Podujev%C3%AB" title="Podujevë">Podujevë</a>; <a href="/wiki/Viciano" class="mw-redirect" title="Viciano">Viciano</a>, possibly near <a href="/wiki/Vushtrri" title="Vushtrri">Vushtrri</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Municipium_Dardanorum" title="Municipium Dardanorum">Municipium Dardanorum</a>, an important mining town in <a href="/wiki/Leposavi%C4%87" title="Leposavić">Leposavić</a>. Other archeological sites include <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifllak" class="mw-redirect" title="Çifllak">Çifllak</a> in Western Kosovo, <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Dresnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Dresnik">Dresnik</a> in <a href="/wiki/Klina" title="Klina">Klina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pestova_(archaeological_site)" title="Pestova (archaeological site)">Pestova</a> in Vushtrri, <a href="/wiki/Kllokot-V%C3%ABrban_(archaeological_site)" title="Kllokot-Vërban (archaeological site)">Vërban</a> in <a href="/wiki/Klokot" title="Klokot">Klokot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poslishte_(archaeological_site)" title="Poslishte (archaeological site)">Poslishte</a> between <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ABrmica" title="Vërmica">Vërmica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paldenica" class="mw-redirect" title="Paldenica">Paldenica</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit" title="Hani i Elezit">Hani i Elezit</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nerodim%C3%AB_e_Poshtme" title="Nerodimë e Poshtme">Nerodimë e Poshtme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikadin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikadin">Nikadin</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a>. The one thing all the settlements have in common is that they are located either near roads, such as Via <a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Illyria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lissus (Illyria)">Lissus</a>-<a href="/wiki/Naissus" class="mw-redirect" title="Naissus">Naissus</a>, or near the mines of <a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo" title="North Kosovo">North Kosovo</a> and eastern Kosovo. Most of the settlements are archaeological sites that have been discovered recently and are being excavated. It is also known that the region was Christianised during Roman rule, though little is known regarding Christianity in the Balkans in the three first centuries AD.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The first clear mention of Christians in literature is the case of Bishop Dacus of Macedonia, from Dardania, who was present at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> (325).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarnack199880-45">[43]</a> It is also known that Dardania had a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">Diocese</a> in the 4th century, and its seat was placed in Ulpiana, which remained the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">episcopal</a> centre of Dardania until the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Justiniana_Prima" title="Justiniana Prima">Justiniana Prima</a> in 535 AD.<a href="#cite_note-CetinkayaExcavate-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoxhaj1-41">[39]</a> The first known bishop of Ulpiana is Machedonius, who was a member of the council of <a href="/wiki/Serdika" title="Serdika">Serdika</a>. Other known bishops were Paulus (<a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in 553 AD), and Gregentius, who was sent by <a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> to ease problems among different Christian groups there.<a href="#cite_note-CetinkayaExcavate-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> In the next centuries, Kosovo was a frontier province of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a>, and later of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and as a result it changed hands frequently. The region was exposed to an increasing number of raids from the 4th century CE onward, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations">Slavic migrations</a> of the 6th and 7th centuries. Toponymic evidence suggests that <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> was probably spoken in Kosovo prior to the Slavic settlement of the region.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prendergast2017-48">[46]</a> The overwhelming presence of towns and municipalities in Kosovo with Slavic in their toponymy suggests that the Slavic migrations either assimilated or drove out population groups already living in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> There is one intriguing line of argument to suggest that the Slav presence in Kosovo and southernmost part of the Morava valley may have been quite weak in the first one or two centuries of Slav settlement. Only in the ninth century can the expansion of a strong Slav (or quasi-Slav) power into this region be observed. Under a series of ambitious rulers, the Bulgarians pushed westwards across modern Macedonia and eastern Serbia, until by the 850's they had taken over Kosovo and were pressing on the border of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Serbian Principality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> acquired Kosovo by the mid-9th century, but Byzantine control was <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_conquest_of_Bulgaria" title="Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria">restored</a> by the late 10th century. In 1072, the leaders of the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Georgi_Voiteh" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising of Georgi Voiteh">Uprising of Georgi Voiteh</a> traveled from their centre in <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> to Prizren and held a meeting in which they invited <a href="/wiki/Mihailo_Vojislavljevi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihailo Vojislavljević">Mihailo Vojislavljević</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Duklja</a> to send them assistance. Mihailo sent his son, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Bodin" title="Constantine Bodin">Constantine Bodin</a> with 300 of his soldiers. After they met, the Bulgarian magnates proclaimed him "Emperor of the Bulgarians".<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Demetrios_Chomatenos" title="Demetrios Chomatenos">Demetrios Chomatenos</a> is the last Byzantine archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> to include Prizren in his jurisdiction until 1219.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Nemanja" title="Stefan Nemanja">Stefan Nemanja</a> had seized the area along the <a href="/wiki/White_Drin" title="White Drin">White Drin</a> in 1185 to 1195 and the ecclesiastical split of Prizren from the Patriarchate in 1219 was the final act of establishing <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemanjić">Nemanjić</a> rule. <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Jire%C4%8Dek" title="Konstantin Jireček">Konstantin Jireček</a> concluded, from the correspondence of archbishop Demetrios of Ohrid from 1216 to 1236, that Dardania was increasingly populated by Albanians and the expansion started from <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> area, prior to the Slavic expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Abulafia1999-53">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gracanica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gracanica_1.jpg/220px-Gracanica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gracanica_1.jpg/330px-Gracanica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Gracanica_1.jpg/440px-Gracanica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4280" data-file-height="2830" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery" title="Gračanica Monastery">Gračanica Monastery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8)_-_by_Pudelek..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg/220px-Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg/330px-Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg/440px-Manastir_Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_%28%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%29_-_by_Pudelek..jpg 2x" data-file-width="2337" data-file-height="1869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Visoki Dečani Monastery">Visoki Dečani Monastery</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> During the 13th and 14th centuries, Kosovo was a political, cultural and religious centre of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Serbian Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharpe_2003_364-54">[52]</a> In the late 13th century, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Archbishopric</a> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a>, and rulers centred themselves between <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> during which time thousands of Christian monasteries and feudal-style forts and castles were erected,<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> using <a href="/wiki/Prizren_Fortress" title="Prizren Fortress">Prizren Fortress</a> as one of his temporary courts for a time. When the Serbian Empire fragmented into a conglomeration of principalities in 1371, Kosovo became the hereditary land of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Brankovi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Branković">House of Branković</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sharpe_2003_364-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> During the late 14th and early 15th centuries, parts of Kosovo, the easternmost area located near Pristina, were part of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Dukagjini" title="Principality of Dukagjini">Principality of Dukagjini</a>, which was later incorporated into an anti-Ottoman federation of all Albanian principalities, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">League of Lezhë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sellers2010-58">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Monuments_in_Kosovo" title="Medieval Monuments in Kosovo">Medieval Monuments in Kosovo</a> is a combined <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> consisting of four <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> churches and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_Orthodox_monasteries" title="List of Serbian Orthodox monasteries">monasteries</a> in <a href="/wiki/De%C3%A7an" title="Deçan">Deçan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica,_Kosovo" title="Gračanica, Kosovo">Gračanica</a>. The constructions were founded by members of the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić dynasty</a>, a prominent dynasty of <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">mediaeval Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Ottoman_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ottoman Kosovo">History of Ottoman Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Kosovo">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG/190px-Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG/285px-Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG/380px-Xhamia_e_Madhe_Prishtine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Mosque_(Pristina)" title="Imperial Mosque (Pristina)">Imperial Mosque of Pristina</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mehmed_the_Conqueror" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror">Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror</a>, 1461</figcaption></figure> In 1389, as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> expanded northwards through the Balkans, Ottoman forces under Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> met with a Christian coalition led by <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Moravian Serbia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Prince_Lazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Lazar">Prince Lazar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>. Both sides suffered heavy losses and the battle was a stalemate and it was even reported as a Christian victory at first, but Serbian manpower was depleted and de facto Serbian rulers could not raise another equal force to the Ottoman army.<a href="#cite_note-Jelavich1983-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-prospect-magazine.co.uk-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys46a2-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Somel_2010_p._36-63">[61]</a> Different parts of Kosovo were ruled directly or indirectly by the Ottomans in this early period. The medieval town of <a href="/wiki/Novo_Brdo" title="Novo Brdo">Novo Brdo</a> was under Lazar's son, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Stefan Lazarević">Stefan</a> who became a loyal Ottoman vassal and instigated the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a> who eventually joined the Hungarian anti-Ottoman coalition and was defeated in 1395–96. A small part of Vuk's land with the villages of Pristina and Vushtrri was given to his sons to hold as Ottoman vassals for a brief period.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> By 1455–57, the Ottoman Empire assumed direct control of all of Kosovo and the region remained part of the empire until 1912. During this period, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was introduced to the region. After the failed <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">siege of Vienna</a> by the Ottoman forces in 1693 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>, a number of Serbs that lived in Kosovo, Macedonia and south Serbia migrated northwards near the Danube and Sava rivers, and is one of the events known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migrations_of_the_Serbs" title="Great Migrations of the Serbs">great migrations of the Serbs</a> which also included some Christian Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rama2019-67">[65]</a> The Albanians and Serbs who stayed in Kosovo after the war faced waves of Ottoman and Tatar forces, who unleashed a savage retaliation on the local population.<a href="#cite_note-:5-65">[63]</a> To compensate for the population loss, the Turks encouraged settlement of non-Slav Muslim Albanians in the wider region of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> By the end of the 18th century, Kosovo would reattain an Albanian majority – with Peja, Prizren, Prishtina becoming especially important towns for the local Muslim population.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> Although initially stout opponents of the advancing Turks, Albanian chiefs ultimately came to accept the Ottomans as sovereigns. The resulting alliance facilitated the mass conversion of Albanians to Islam. Given that the Ottoman Empire's subjects were divided along religious (rather than ethnic) lines, the spread of Islam greatly elevated the status of Albanian chiefs. Centuries earlier, Albanians of Kosovo were predominantly Christian and Albanians and Serbs for the most part co-existed peacefully. The Ottomans appeared to have a more deliberate approach to converting the Roman Catholic population who were mostly Albanians in comparison with the mostly Serbian adherents of Eastern Orthodoxy, as they viewed the former less favourably due to its allegiance to Rome, a competing regional power.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-70">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rise_of_nationalism">Rise of nationalism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg/220px-Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg/330px-Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg/440px-Qendra_historike_e_Prizrenitaa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4528" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The city of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> was the cultural and intellectual centre of Kosovo during the Ottoman period in the Middle Ages and is now the historic capital of Kosovo.</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, there was an <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">awakening</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> throughout the Balkans. The underlying ethnic tensions became part of a broader struggle of Christian Serbs against Muslim Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-prospect-magazine.co.uk-61">[59]</a> The ethnic <a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="National Renaissance of Albania">Albanian nationalism</a> movement was centred in Kosovo. In 1878 the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a> (Lidhja e Prizrenit) was formed, a political organisation that sought to unify all the Albanians of the Ottoman Empire in a common struggle for autonomy and greater cultural rights,<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> although they generally desired the continuation of the Ottoman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Cirkovic._p._244-72">[70]</a> The League was dis-established in 1881 but enabled the awakening of a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national identity</a> among Albanians,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> whose ambitions competed with those of the Serbs, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> wishing to incorporate this land that had formerly been within its empire. The modern Albanian-Serbian conflict has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians 1877–1878">expulsion of the Albanians in 1877–1878</a> from areas that became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> During and after the <a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–78)">Serbian–Ottoman War of 1876–78</a>, between 30,000 and 70,000 Muslims, mostly Albanians, were expelled by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_the_Principality_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of the Principality of Serbia">Serb army</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Ni%C5%A1" title="Sanjak of Niš">Sanjak of Niš</a> and fled to the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Batakovic1992-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elsie2010-80">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> According to Austrian data, by the 1890s Kosovo was 70% Muslim (nearly entirely of Albanian descent) and less than 30% non-Muslim (primarily Serbs).<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-70">[68]</a> In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned the cities of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sjenica" title="Sjenica">Sjenica</a> and Pristina, and <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Serbs_during_the_late_Ottoman_era" title="Violence against Serbs during the late Ottoman era">killed many Serbs</a> near Pristina and in Kolašin (now North Kosovo).<a href="#cite_note-King-Mason-30-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia1913.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serbia1913.png/220px-Serbia1913.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serbia1913.png/330px-Serbia1913.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Serbia1913.png/440px-Serbia1913.png 2x" data-file-width="663" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption> Division of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_vilayet" title="Kosovo vilayet">Kosovo vilayet</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a> (yellow) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a> (green) following the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> 1913.</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1912, Albanians under the lead of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina" title="Hasan Prishtina">Hasan Prishtina</a> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">revolted</a> against the Ottoman Empire. The rebels were joined by a wave of Albanians in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army">Ottoman army</a> ranks, who deserted the army, refusing to fight their own kin. The rebels defeated the Ottomans and the latter were forced to accept all fourteen demands of the rebels, which foresaw an effective autonomy for the Albanians living in the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998246-248-84">[82]</a> However, this autonomy never materialised, and the revolt created serious weaknesses in the Ottoman ranks, luring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> into declaring war on the Ottoman Empire and starting the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>. After the Ottomans' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">1913 Treaty of London</a> was signed with Metohija ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a> and eastern Kosovo ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, over 100,000 Albanians left Kosovo and about 50,000 were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">massacres</a> that accompanied the war.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Soon, there were concerted <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_colonization_of_Kosovo" title="Yugoslav colonization of Kosovo">Serbian colonisation efforts</a> in Kosovo during various periods between Serbia's 1912 takeover of the province and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, causing the population of Serbs in Kosovo to grow by about 58,000 in this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998279-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Serbian authorities promoted creating new Serb settlements in Kosovo as well as the assimilation of Albanians into Serbian society, causing a mass exodus of Albanians from Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel_2001_20-90">[88]</a> The figures of Albanians forcefully expelled from Kosovo range between 60,000 and 239,807, while Malcolm mentions 100,000–120,000. In combination with the politics of extermination and expulsion, there was also a process of assimilation through religious conversion of Albanian Muslims and Albanian Catholics into the Serbian Orthodox religion which took place as early as 1912. These politics seem to have been inspired by the nationalist ideologies of <a href="/wiki/Ilija_Gara%C5%A1anin" title="Ilija Garašanin">Ilija Garašanin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Cviji%C4%87" title="Jovan Cvijić">Jovan Cvijić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In the winter of 1915–16, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Kosovo saw the retreat of the Serbian army as Kosovo was occupied by <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. In 1918, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> pushed the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> out of Kosovo. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg/190px-Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg/285px-Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg/380px-Germans_in_Kosovska_Mitrovica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers set fire to a Serbian village near <a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a>, circa 1941</figcaption></figure> A new administration system since 26 April 1922 split Kosovo among three districts (<a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>) of the Kingdom: Kosovo, Raška and Zeta. In 1929, the country was transformed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and the territories of Kosovo were reorganised among the <a href="/wiki/Zeta_Banovina" title="Zeta Banovina">Banate of Zeta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Morava_Banovina" title="Morava Banovina">Banate of Morava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banate_of_Vardar" class="mw-redirect" title="Banate of Vardar">Banate of Vardar</a>. In order to change the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">ethnic composition of Kosovo</a>, between 1912 and 1941 a <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation of Kosovo">large-scale Serbian colonisation of Kosovo</a> was undertaken by the Belgrade government. Kosovar Albanians' right to receive education in their own language <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Albanians_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">was denied</a> alongside other non-Slavic or unrecognised Slavic nations of Yugoslavia, as the kingdom only recognised the Slavic Croat, Serb, and Slovene nations as constituent nations of Yugoslavia. Other Slavs had to identify as one of the three official Slavic nations and non-Slav nations deemed as minorities.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel_2001_20-90">[88]</a> Albanians and other <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> were forced to emigrate, mainly with the land reform which struck Albanian landowners in 1919, but also with direct violent measures.<a href="#cite_note-daskalovski-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998-93">[91]</a> In 1935 and 1938, two agreements between the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Turkey were signed on the expatriation of 240,000 Albanians to Turkey, but the expatriation did not occur due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Axis_invasion_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis invasion of Yugoslavia">Axis invasion of Yugoslavia</a> in 1941, most of Kosovo was assigned to Italian-controlled Albania, and the rest was controlled by Germany and Bulgaria. A three-dimensional conflict ensued, involving inter-ethnic, ideological, and international affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312-95">[93]</a> Albanian collaborators persecuted Serb and Montenegrin settlers.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Estimates differ, but most authors estimate that between 3,000 and 10,000 Serbs and Montenegrins <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Kosovo_Serbs_in_WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacres of Kosovo Serbs in WWII">died in Kosovo during the Second World War</a>. Another 30,000 to 40,000, or as high as 100,000, Serbs and Montenegrins, mainly settlers, were deported to Serbia in order to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albanianise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albanianise (page does not exist)">Albanianise</a> Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312-95">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-97">[95]</a> A decree from Yugoslav leader <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a>, followed by a new law in August 1945 disallowed the return of colonists who had taken land from Albanian peasants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318-98">[96]</a> During the war years, some Serbs and Montenegrins were sent to concentration camps in Pristina and Mitrovica.<a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-97">[95]</a> Nonetheless, these conflicts were relatively low-level compared with other areas of Yugoslavia during the war years. Two Serb historians also estimate that 12,000 Albanians died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312-95">[93]</a> An official investigation conducted by the Yugoslav government in 1964 recorded nearly 8,000 war-related fatalities in Kosovo between 1941 and 1945, 5,489 of them Serb or Montenegrin and 2,177 Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> Some sources note that up to 72,000 individuals were encouraged to settle or resettle into Kosovo from Albania by the short-lived Italian administration.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet2006-97">[95]</a> As the regime collapsed, this was never materialised with historians and contemporary references emphasising that a large-scale migration of Albanians from Albania to Kosovo is not recorded in Axis documents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312–313-101">[99]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_Yugoslavia">Communist Yugoslavia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg/220px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg/330px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg/440px-Flag_of_SFR_Yugoslav_Albanian_Minority.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The flag of the Albanian minority of Kosovo in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</figcaption></figure> The existing province took shape in 1945 as the Autonomous Region of Kosovo and Metohija, with a final demarcation in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Until 1945, the only entity bearing the name of Kosovo in the late modern period had been the Vilayet of Kosovo, a political unit created by the Ottoman Empire in 1877. However, those borders were different.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> Tensions between ethnic Albanians and the Yugoslav government were significant, not only due to ethnic tensions but also due to political ideological concerns, especially regarding relations with neighbouring Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> Harsh repressive measures were imposed on Kosovo Albanians due to suspicions that there were sympathisers of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> regime of <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a> of Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> In 1956, a show trial in Pristina was held in which multiple Albanian Communists of Kosovo were convicted of being infiltrators from Albania and given long prison sentences.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> High-ranking Serbian communist official <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Rankovi%C4%87" title="Aleksandar Ranković">Aleksandar Ranković</a> sought to secure the position of the Serbs in Kosovo and gave them dominance in Kosovo's <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fadil_Hoxha,_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg/170px-Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg/255px-Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg/340px-Fadil_Hoxha%2C_commander_of_Kosovo_partisans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1362" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fadil_Hoxha" title="Fadil Hoxha">Fadil Hoxha</a>, the vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a>, from 1978 to 1979</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in Kosovo at this time was repressed and both Albanians and Muslim Slavs were encouraged to declare themselves to be Turkish and emigrate to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> At the same time Serbs and Montenegrins dominated the government, security forces, and industrial employment in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> Albanians resented these conditions and protested against them in the late 1960s, calling the actions taken by authorities in Kosovo colonialist, and demanding that Kosovo be made a republic, or declaring support for Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> After the ouster of Ranković in 1966, the agenda of pro-decentralisation reformers in Yugoslavia succeeded in the late 1960s in attaining substantial decentralisation of powers, creating substantial autonomy in Kosovo and Vojvodina, and recognising a Muslim Yugoslav nationality.<a href="#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-107">[105]</a> As a result of these reforms, there was a massive overhaul of Kosovo's nomenklatura and police, that shifted from being Serb-dominated to ethnic Albanian-dominated through firing Serbs in large scale.<a href="#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-107">[105]</a> Further concessions were made to the ethnic Albanians of Kosovo in response to unrest, including the creation of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina" title="University of Pristina">University of Pristina</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> institution.<a href="#cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-107">[105]</a> These changes created widespread fear among Serbs that they were being made <a href="/wiki/Second-class_citizen" title="Second-class citizen">second-class citizens</a> in Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> By the 1974 Constitution of Yugoslavia, Kosovo was granted major autonomy, allowing it to have its own administration, assembly, and judiciary; as well as having a membership in the collective presidency and the Yugoslav parliament, in which it held veto power.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In the aftermath of the 1974 constitution, concerns over the rise of Albanian nationalism in Kosovo rose with the widespread celebrations in 1978 of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">[103]</a> Albanians felt that their status as a "minority" in Yugoslavia had made them second-class citizens in comparison with the "nations" of Yugoslavia and demanded that Kosovo be a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent republic">constituent republic</a>, alongside the other republics of Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36-110">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">Protests by Albanians in 1981 over the status of Kosovo</a> resulted in Yugoslav territorial defence units being brought into Kosovo and a state of emergency being declared resulting in violence and the protests being crushed.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36-110">[108]</a> In the aftermath of the 1981 protests, purges took place in the Communist Party, and rights that had been recently granted to Albanians were rescinded – including ending the provision of Albanian professors and Albanian language textbooks in the education system.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36-110">[108]</a> While Albanians in the region had the highest birth rates in Europe, other areas of Yugoslavia including Serbia had low birth rates. Increased urbanisation and economic development led to higher settlements of Albanian workers into Serb-majority areas, as Serbs departed in response to the economic climate for more favourable real estate conditions in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> While there was tension, charges of "genocide" and planned harassment have been discredited as a pretext to revoke Kosovo's autonomy. For example, in 1986 the Serbian Orthodox Church published an official claim that Kosovo Serbs were being subjected to an Albanian program of 'genocide'.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-112">[110]</a> Even though they were disproved by police statistics,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-112">[110]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] they received wide attention in the Serbian press and that led to further ethnic problems and eventual removal of Kosovo's status. Beginning in March 1981, Kosovar Albanian students of the University of Pristina organised protests seeking that Kosovo become a republic within Yugoslavia and demanding their human rights.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19810419-113">[111]</a> The protests were brutally suppressed by the police and army, with many protesters arrested.<a href="#cite_note-hdk-114">[112]</a> During the 1980s, ethnic tensions continued with frequent violent outbreaks against Yugoslav state authorities, resulting in a further increase in emigration of Kosovo Serbs and other ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-reuters19860527-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-csm19860728-116">[114]</a> The Yugoslav leadership tried to suppress protests of Kosovo Serbs seeking protection from ethnic discrimination and violence.<a href="#cite_note-nyt19870627-117">[115]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kosovo_War">Kosovo War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg/180px-Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg/270px-Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg/360px-Dr._Ibrahim_Rugova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> advocated for the rights of Kosovar Albanians and their self-determination</figcaption></figure> Inter-ethnic tensions continued to worsen in Kosovo throughout the 1980s. In 1989, Serbian President <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>, employing a mix of intimidation and political maneuvering, drastically reduced Kosovo's special autonomous status within Serbia and started cultural oppression of the ethnic Albanian population.<a href="#cite_note-rogel-118">[116]</a> Kosovar Albanians responded with a <a href="/wiki/Non-violent_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-violent resistance">non-violent</a> separatist movement, employing widespread <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a> and creation of parallel structures in <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">education, medical</a> care, and taxation, with the ultimate goal of achieving the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Kosovo">independence of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> In July 1990, the Kosovo Albanians proclaimed the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a>, and declared it a sovereign and independent state in September 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998346–347-120">[118]</a> In May 1992, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> was elected its president.<a href="#cite_note-babuna-121">[119]</a> During its lifetime, the Republic of Kosova was only officially <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">recognised</a> by Albania. By the mid-1990s, the Kosovo Albanian population was growing restless, as the status of Kosovo was not resolved as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Agreement" title="Dayton Agreement">Dayton Agreement</a> of November 1995, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>. By 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Liberation_Army" title="Kosovo Liberation Army">Kosovo Liberation Army</a> (KLA), an ethnic Albanian guerrilla <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitary group">paramilitary group</a> that sought the separation of Kosovo and the eventual creation of a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> had prevailed over the Rugova's non-violent resistance movement and launched attacks against the Yugoslav Army and Serbian police in Kosovo, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rogel-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> By 1998, international pressure compelled Yugoslavia to sign a ceasefire and partially withdraw its security forces. Events were to be monitored by <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) observers according to an agreement negotiated by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a>. The ceasefire did not hold and fighting resumed in December 1998, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dak_massacre" title="Račak massacre">Račak massacre</a>, which attracted further international attention to the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-rogel-118">[116]</a> Within weeks, a multilateral international conference was convened and by March had prepared a draft agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/Rambouillet_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Rambouillet Accords">Rambouillet Accords</a>, calling for the restoration of Kosovo's autonomy and the deployment of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> forces. The Yugoslav delegation found the terms unacceptable and refused to sign the draft. Between 24 March and 10 June 1999, <a href="/wiki/1999_NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO intervened</a> by bombing Yugoslavia, aiming to force Milošević to withdraw his forces from Kosovo,<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> though NATO could not appeal to any particular motion of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council of the United Nations">Security Council of the United Nations</a> to help legitimise its intervention. Combined with continued skirmishes between Albanian guerrillas and Yugoslav forces the conflict resulted in a further massive displacement of population in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_(Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg/220px-Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg/330px-Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg/440px-Missing_Men_of_Krusha_e_Madhe_%28Burrat_e_Krushes_se_Madhe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Kosovar Albanian</a> soldiers holding pictures in memory of the men who were killed or went missing in the <a href="/wiki/Krusha_massacres" title="Krusha massacres">Krusha massacres</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/220px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/330px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg/440px-Bllace_refugee_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Kosovo Albanian refugees during the Kosovo War, presented as evidence at the trial of Slobodan Milošević</figcaption></figure> During the conflict, between 848,000 and 863,000 ethnic Albanians fled or were forcefully driven from Kosovo and an additional 590,000 were internally displaced.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> Some sources claim that this <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of Albanians was part of a plan known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Horseshoe" title="Operation Horseshoe">Operation Horseshoe</a>, described as "Milosevic's final solution to the Kosovo problem".<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Although the existence and implementation of this operation have not been proven,<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greenhill-133">[131]</a> it closely describes the situation with of the Albanian victims and refugees in neighboring countries. In 1999 more than 11,000 deaths were reported to the office of the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> prosecutor <a href="/wiki/Carla_Del_Ponte" title="Carla Del Ponte">Carla Del Ponte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo&action=edit">[update]</a>, some 3,000 people were still missing, including 2,500 Albanians, 400 Serbs and 100 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> By June, Milošević agreed to a foreign military presence in Kosovo and the withdrawal of his troops. During the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, over 90,000 Serbian and other non-Albanian refugees fled the province. In the days after the Yugoslav Army withdrew, over 80,000 Serb and other non-Albanian civilians (almost half of 200,000 estimated to live in Kosovo) were expelled from Kosovo, and many of the remaining civilians were victims of abuse.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wills-140">[138]</a> After the Kosovo and other <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>, Serbia became home to the highest number of refugees and <a href="/wiki/IDPs" class="mw-redirect" title="IDPs">IDPs</a> (including Kosovo Serbs) in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg/220px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg/330px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg/440px-Kosovo-metohija-koreni-duse029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Serbian and other children refugees, Cernica, Gjilan</figcaption></figure> In September 1998, Serbian police collected 34 bodies of people believed to have been seized and murdered by the KLA, among them some ethnic Albanians, at Lake Radonjić near Glođane (Gllogjan) in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Radonji%C4%87_massacre" title="Lake Radonjić massacre">Lake Radonjić massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-144">[142]</a> Human Rights Watch have raised questions about the validity of at least some of these allegations made by Serbian authorities.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg/200px-Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg/300px-Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg/400px-Monumenti_Heroinat_n%C3%AB_Prishtin%C3%AB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Heroinat_Memorial" title="Heroinat Memorial">Heroinat</a>" (Heroines) monument in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>. It is dedicated to women victims of sexual violence perpetrated by Serbian forces, during the Kosovo War, of which the vast majority were Albanian women<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) prosecuted crimes committed during the Kosovo War. Nine senior Yugoslav officials, including Milošević, were indicted for <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes">war crimes</a> committed between January and June 1999. Six of the defendants were convicted, one was acquitted, one died before his trial could commence, and one (Milošević) died before his trial could conclude.<a href="#cite_note-icty-147">[145]</a> Six KLA members were charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes by the ICTY following the war, and one was convicted.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haradinaj_cleared-151">[149]</a> In total around 10,317 civilians were killed during the war, of whom 8,676 were Albanians, 1,196 Serbs and 445 Roma and others in addition to 3,218 killed members of armed formations.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Nations_administration">United Nations administration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">United Nations Administered Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Kosovo status process</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg/170px-Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg/255px-Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg/340px-Clintons_visit_Stenkovic_1_Refugee_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3126" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> with Albanian children during his visit to Kosovo, June 1999</figcaption></figure> On 10 June 1999, the UN Security Council passed <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a>, which placed Kosovo under transitional UN administration (UNMIK) and authorised <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR), a NATO-led peacekeeping force. Resolution 1244 provided that Kosovo would have autonomy within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, and affirmed the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_integrity" title="Territorial integrity">territorial integrity</a> of Yugoslavia, which has been legally succeeded by the Republic of Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Estimates of the number of Serbs who left when Serbian forces left Kosovo vary from 65,000<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> to 250,000.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Within post-conflict Kosovo Albanian society, calls for retaliation for previous violence done by Serb forces during the war circulated through public culture.<a href="#cite_note-Herscher14-156">[154]</a> Widespread attacks against Serbian cultural sites commenced following the conflict and the return of hundreds of thousands of Kosovo Albanian refugees to their homes.<a href="#cite_note-Riedlmayer11-157">[155]</a> In 2004, prolonged negotiations over Kosovo's future status, sociopolitical problems and nationalist sentiments resulted in the <a href="/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2004 unrest in Kosovo">Kosovo unrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RauschBanar246-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egleder79-159">[157]</a> 11 Albanians and 16 Serbs were killed, 900 people (including peacekeepers) were injured, and several houses, public buildings and churches were damaged or destroyed. International negotiations began in 2006 to determine the final status of Kosovo, as envisaged under <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a>. The UN-backed talks, led by UN <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_rank" title="Diplomatic rank">Special Envoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a>, began in February 2006. Whilst progress was made on technical matters, both parties remained diametrically opposed on the question of status itself.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> In February 2007, Ahtisaari delivered a draft status settlement proposal to leaders in Belgrade and Pristina, the basis for a draft <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution">UN Security Council Resolution</a> which proposed 'supervised independence' for the province. A draft resolution, backed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other European members of the <a href="/wiki/Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Council">Security Council</a>, was presented and rewritten four times to try to accommodate Russian concerns that such a resolution would undermine the principle of state sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Russia, which holds a veto in the Security Council as one of five permanent members, had stated that it would not support any resolution which was not acceptable to both Belgrade and Kosovo Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Whilst most observers had, at the beginning of the talks, anticipated independence as the most likely outcome, others have suggested that a rapid resolution might not be preferable.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> After many weeks of discussions at the UN, the United States, United Kingdom and other European members of the Security Council formally 'discarded' a draft resolution backing Ahtisaari's proposal on 20 July 2007, having failed to secure Russian backing. Beginning in August, a "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/troika" class="extiw" title="wikt:troika">Troika</a>" consisting of negotiators from the European Union (<a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ischinger" title="Wolfgang Ischinger">Wolfgang Ischinger</a>), the United States (<a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Wisner" title="Frank G. Wisner">Frank G. Wisner</a>) and Russia (Alexander Botsan-Kharchenko) launched a new effort to reach a status outcome acceptable to both Belgrade and Pristina. Despite Russian disapproval, the U.S., the United Kingdom, and France appeared likely to recognise Kosovar independence.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> A declaration of independence by Kosovar Albanian leaders was postponed until the end of the <a href="/wiki/2008_Serbian_presidential_election" title="2008 Serbian presidential election">Serbian presidential elections</a> (4 February 2008). A significant portion of politicians in both the EU and the US had feared that a premature declaration could boost support in Serbia for the nationalist candidate, <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Nikoli%C4%87" title="Tomislav Nikolić">Tomislav Nikolić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> In November 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> supervised the <a href="/wiki/2004_Kosovar_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Kosovar parliamentary election">first elections</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Kosovo">Assembly of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> After that election, Kosovo's political parties formed an all-party unity coalition and elected <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Rugova" title="Ibrahim Rugova">Ibrahim Rugova</a> as president and <a href="/wiki/Bajram_Rexhepi" title="Bajram Rexhepi">Bajram Rexhepi</a> (PDK) as Prime Minister.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> After Kosovo-wide elections in October 2004, the LDK and AAK formed a new governing coalition that did not include PDK and Ora. This coalition agreement resulted in <a href="/wiki/Ramush_Haradinaj" title="Ramush Haradinaj">Ramush Haradinaj</a> (AAK) becoming Prime Minister, while Ibrahim Rugova retained the position of President. PDK and Ora were critical of the coalition agreement and have since frequently accused that government of corruption.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> <a href="/wiki/2007_Kosovar_parliamentary_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Kosovar parliamentary election">Parliamentary elections</a> were held on 17 November 2007. After early results, <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Tha%C3%A7i" title="Hashim Thaçi">Hashim Thaçi</a> who was on course to gain 35 per cent of the vote, claimed victory for PDK, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic Party of Kosovo">Democratic Party of Kosovo</a>, and stated his intention to declare independence. Thaçi formed a coalition with president <a href="/wiki/Fatmir_Sejdiu" title="Fatmir Sejdiu">Fatmir Sejdiu</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_League_of_Kosovo" title="Democratic League of Kosovo">Democratic League</a> which was in second place with 22 percent of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The turnout at the election was particularly low. Most members of the Serb minority refused to vote.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Declaration_of_independence">Declaration of independence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 Kosovo declaration of independence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">International recognition of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/220px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/330px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg/440px-Geb%C3%A4ude_der_UNMIK_NEW_BORN_SIGN_PRISTINA_KOSOVO_Giv_Owned_Image_23_August_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="1916" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Newborn_monument" title="Newborn monument">Newborn monument</a> unveiled at the celebration of the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence proclaimed earlier that day, 17 February 2008, <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG/220px-Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG/330px-Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG/440px-Hashim_Thaci_Joe_Biden_Fatmir_Sejdiu_with_Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">prime minister of Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Hashim_Tha%C3%A7i" title="Hashim Thaçi">Hashim Thaçi</a>, then-<a href="/wiki/U.S._Vice_President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Vice President">U.S. Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">president of Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Fatmir_Sejdiu" title="Fatmir Sejdiu">Fatmir Sejdiu</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence of Kosovo">Declaration of Independence of Kosovo</a></figcaption></figure> Kosovo declared independence from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on 17 February 2008.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_proclaim-171">[169]</a> As of 4 September 2020, <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">114 UN states</a> recognised its independence, including all of its immediate neighbours, with the exception of Serbia;<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> 10 states have subsequently withdrawn that recognition.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> Of the UN Security Council members, while the US, UK and France do recognise Kosovo's independence, Russia and China do not.<a href="#cite_note-voa_serbia_kosovo_agreement-175">[173]</a> Since declaring independence, it has become a member of international institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> though not of the United Nations. The Serb minority of Kosovo, which largely opposes the declaration of independence, has formed the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Serb_Municipalities" title="Community of Serb Municipalities">Community Assembly of Kosovo and Metohija</a> in response. The creation of the assembly was condemned by Kosovo's President Fatmir Sejdiu, while UNMIK has said the assembly is not a serious issue because it will not have an operative role.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> On 8 October 2008, the UN General Assembly resolved, on a proposal by Serbia, to ask the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> to render an advisory opinion on the legality of Kosovo's declaration of independence. The advisory opinion, which is not binding over decisions by states to recognise or not recognise Kosovo, was rendered on 22 July 2010, holding that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not in violation either of general principles of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, which do not prohibit unilateral declarations of independence, nor of specific international law – in particular UNSCR 1244 – which did not define the final status process nor reserve the outcome to a decision of the Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-icj-cij-179">[177]</a> Some rapprochement between the two governments took place on 19 April 2013 as both parties reached the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a>, an agreement brokered by the EU that allowed the Serb minority in Kosovo to have its own police force and court of appeals.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> The agreement is yet to be ratified by either parliament.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Presidents of Serbia and Kosovo organised two meetings, in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 27 February 2023 and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a> on 18 March 2023, to create and agree upon an 11-point agreement on implementing a European Union-backed deal to normalise ties between the two countries, which includes recognising "each other's documents such as passports and license plates".<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> A number of protests and demonstrations took place in Kosovo between <a href="/wiki/2021_North_Kosovo_crisis" title="2021 North Kosovo crisis">2021</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Kosovo crisis (2022–present)">2023</a>, some of which involved weapons and resulted in deaths on both sides. Amongst the injured were 30 NATO peacekeepers. The main reason behind the 2022–23 demonstrations ended on 1 January 2024 when each country recognised each other's vehicle registration plates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government of Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Kosovo" title="Human rights in Kosovo">Human rights in Kosovo</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg/137px-Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg/206px-Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg/274px-Vjosa_Osmani1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3726" data-file-height="4657" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Albin_Kurti_(2023-02-18).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg/123px-Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg/185px-Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg/246px-Albin_Kurti_%282023-02-18%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1040" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vjosa_Osmani" title="Vjosa Osmani">Vjosa Osmani</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albin_Kurti" title="Albin Kurti">Albin Kurti</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Kosovo is a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-party">multi-party</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Representative_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Representative democratic">representative democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">republic</a>. It is governed by <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> institutions, which derive from the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">constitution</a>, although, until the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a>, North Kosovo was in practice largely controlled by institutions of Serbia or parallel institutions funded by Serbia. Legislative functions are vested in both the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of Kosovo">Parliament</a> and the ministers within their competencies. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a> exercises the executive power and is composed of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>, the Deputy Prime Ministers and the Ministers of the various ministries. The judiciary is composed of the Supreme Court and subordinate courts, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Kosovo" title="Constitutional Court of Kosovo">Constitutional Court</a>, and independent prosecutorial institutions. There also exist multiple independent institutions defined by the constitution and law, as well as local governments. All citizens are equal before the law and <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a> is ensured by the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-184">[182]</a> The Constitutional Framework guarantees a minimum of ten seats in the 120-member Assembly for Serbs, and ten for other minorities, and also guarantees Serbs and other minorities places in the Government. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">president</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and represents the unity of the people, elected every five years, indirectly by the parliament through a <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret ballot</a> by a two-thirds majority of all deputies. The head of state is invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. The president has the power to return draft legislation to the parliament for reconsideration and has a role in foreign affairs and certain official appointments.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> elected by the parliament. Ministers are nominated by the Prime Minister, and then confirmed by the parliament. The head of government exercises executive power of the territory. Corruption is a major problem and an obstacle to the development of democracy in the country. Those in the judiciary appointed by the government to fight corruption are often government associates. Moreover, prominent politicians and party operatives who commit offences are not prosecuted due to the lack of laws and political will. Organised crime also poses a threat to the economy due to the practices of bribery, extortion and racketeering.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations of Kosovo</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">foreign relations of Kosovo</a> are conducted through the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Kosovo)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kosovo)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kosovo&action=edit">[update]</a>, 104 out of 193 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member states <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognise</a> the Republic of Kosovo. Within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union member states">European Union</a>, it is recognised by 22 of 27 members and is a <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">potential candidate</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Future_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Future enlargement of the European Union">future enlargement of the European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> On 15 December 2022 Kosovo filed a formal application to become a member of the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-dw10-21">[19]</a> Kosovo is a member of several international organisations including the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Road_and_Transport_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Road and Transport Union">International Road and Transport Union</a>, Regional Cooperation Council, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Development_Bank" title="Council of Europe Development Bank">Council of Europe Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice_Commission" title="Venice Commission">Venice Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will_the_EBRD_do_the_right_thing?-189">[187]</a> In 2015, Kosovo's bid to become a member of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> fell three votes short of the two-thirds majority required to join.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> 23 countries maintain <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions in Kosovo">embassies</a> in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Kosovo maintains 24 <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Kosovo" title="List of diplomatic missions of Kosovo">diplomatic missions</a> and 28 consular missions abroad.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Albania–Kosovo relations">relations with Albania</a> are in a special case considering that both countries share the same language and culture. The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">official languages</a> of Kosovo. <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> has an embassy in the capital <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> and Kosovo an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>. In 1992, Albania was the only country whose parliament voted to recognise the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> was also one of the first countries to officially announce its recognition of the Republic of Kosovo in February 2008. From 1 January 2024 Kosovo nationals became exempt from visa requirements within the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> for periods of up to 90 days in any 180-day period.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG/220px-KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG/330px-KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG/440px-KP-PK_During_Kosovo_Independence_Parade.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Kosovo Police</a> is the main law enforcement agency in Kosovo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">judicial system of Kosovo</a> follows a <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> framework and comprises regular civil and criminal courts, alongside administrative courts. Administered by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Judicial_Council" title="Kosovo Judicial Council">judicial council</a> in Pristina, the system includes the supreme court as the highest judicial authority, a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Kosovo" title="Constitutional Court of Kosovo">constitutional court</a> and an independent prosecutorial institution. Following the independence of Kosovo in 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Kosovo Police</a> assumed the primary law enforcement responsibilities within the country. Covering a broad range of issues related to the status of Kosovo, the <a href="/wiki/Ahtisaari_Plan" title="Ahtisaari Plan">Ahtisaari Plan</a> introduced two forms of international supervision for Kosovo following its independence, including the <a href="/wiki/International_Civilian_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="International Civilian Office">International Civilian Office</a> (ICO) and the <a href="/wiki/EULEX" class="mw-redirect" title="EULEX">European Union Rule of Law Mission to Kosovo</a> (EULEX).<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> The ICO monitored plan implementation and possessed veto powers, while EULEX focused on developing judicial systems and had arrest and prosecution authority. These bodies were granted powers under Kosovo's declaration of independence and constitution. The legal status of the ICO depended upon the de facto situation and Kosovo legislation, with oversight provided by the <a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="International Steering Group">International Steering Group</a> (ISG) comprising states that recognied Kosovo. Serbia and non-recognising states did not acknowledge the ICO. Despite initial opposition, EULEX gained acceptance from Serbia and the UN Security Council in 2008. It operated under the UNMIK mandate with operational independence. The ICO concluded operations in 2012 after fulfilling obligations, while EULEX continues to operate within Kosovo and international law. Its role has been extended, primarily focusing on monitoring with reduced responsibilities.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> According to the Global Safety Report by <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a>, which assesses personal security worldwide through the Law and Order Index Scores for 2023, Kosovo has distinguished itself by ranking among the top ten countries globally in terms of perceived safety and law enforcement effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo Security Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg/220px-Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg/330px-Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg/440px-Kosovo_Security_Force_FSK-KSF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo Security Force</a> is the military of Kosovo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo Security Force</a> (KSF) is the national security force of Kosovo commissioned with the task of preserving and safeguarding the country's territorial integrity, national sovereignty and the security interests of its population.<a href="#cite_note-KSF-198">[196]</a> Functioning under the president of Kosovo as the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, the security force adheres to the principle of non-discrimination, guaranteeing equal protection for its personnel regardless of gender or ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-KSF-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Kosovo's notable challenges are identified in the realms of persistent conflicts and societal safety and security, both of which are intertwined with the country's diplomatic ties to neighboring countries and its domestic social and political stability.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR) is a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led international <a href="/wiki/NATO_peacekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO peacekeeping">peacekeeping force</a> in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Small-Arms-Survey-201">[199]</a> Its operations are gradually reducing until <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Kosovo's Security Force</a>, established in 2009, becomes self-sufficient.<a href="#cite_note-NATO's_role_in_Kosovo-202">[200]</a> KFOR entered Kosovo on 12 June 1999,<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> one day after the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UNSC Resolution 1244</a>. <a href="/wiki/Camp_Bondsteel" title="Camp Bondsteel">Camp Bondsteel</a> is the operation headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR) in Kosovo. It is located near <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> in southeastern Kosovo. It is the Regional Command-East headed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> (U.S. Army) and it is supported by troops from <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. In 2008, under the leadership of NATO, the Kosovo Force (KFOR) and the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a> (KPC) undertook preparations for the formation of the Kosovo Security Force. A significant milestone occurred in 2014 when the government officially announced its decision to establish a Ministry of Defence by 2019, with the aim of transforming the existing Kosovo Security Force into the Kosovo Armed Forces. This transformation would entail aligning the armed forces with the high standards expected of NATO members, reflecting Kosovo's aspiration to join the alliance in the future.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> Subsequently, in December 2018, the government enacted legislation to redefine the mandate of the Kosovo Security Force, effecting its transformation into an army. Concurrently, the establishment of a Ministry of Defence was set in motion, further solidifying these developments and ensuring the necessary infrastructure and oversight for the newly formed armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> In 2023, the Kosovo Security Force had over 5,000 active members, using vehicles and weapons acquired from a number of NATO countries. KFOR continues to operate in Kosovo under its UN mandate.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kosovo" title="Districts of Kosovo">Districts of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities of Kosovo</a></div> Kosovo is divided into seven <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kosovo" title="Districts of Kosovo">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: rajon; <a href="/wiki/Gaj%27s_Latin_alphabet" title="Gaj's Latin alphabet">Serbian</a>: okrug), according to the Law of Kosovo and the Brussels Agreement of 2013, which stipulated the formation of new municipalities with Serb majority populations. The districts are further subdivided into 38 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">municipalities</a> (komunë; opština). The largest and most populous district of Kosovo is the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Pristina" title="District of Pristina">District of Pristina</a> with the capital in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, having a surface area of 2,470 km2 (953.67 sq mi) and a population of 477,312. <table align="center" cellspacing="3px"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:98%; text-align:center;"> <td> <div style="float:center; position:relative; padding:10px 10px 80px; overflow:hidden;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 500px; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative; max-width: 100%; overflow-x: visible;"><a href="/wiki/File:Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg/500px-Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="540" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg/750px-Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg/1000px-Harta_Administrative_e_Kosov%C3%ABs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="611" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:90px; top:208px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Peja" title="District of Peja">Peja</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:86px; top:308px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Gjakova" title="District of Gjakova">Gjakova</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:170px; top:396px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Prizren" title="District of Prizren">Prizren</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:140px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Mitrovica" title="District of Mitrovica">Mitrovica</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:306px; top:224px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Pristina" title="District of Pristina">Pristina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:282px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Ferizaj" title="District of Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:406px; top:312px"><a href="/wiki/District_of_Gjilan" title="District of Gjilan">Gjilan</a></div> </div> </div> </td> <td> </td> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="margin-top:7px; margin-right:0; text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Kosovo" title="Districts of Kosovo">Districts</a></th> <th>Seat</th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Peja" title="District of Peja">District of Peja</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">1,365</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">174,235 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Mitrovica" title="District of Mitrovica">District of Mitrovica</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">2,077</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">272,247 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Pristina" title="District of Pristina">District of Pristina</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">2,470</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">477,312 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Gjilan" title="District of Gjilan">District of Gjilan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gjilan" title="Gjilan">Gjilan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">1,206</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">180,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Gjakova" title="District of Gjakova">District of Gjakova</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">1,129</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">194,672 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Prizren" title="District of Prizren">District of Prizren</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">1,397</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">331,670 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/District_of_Ferizaj" title="District of Ferizaj">District of Ferizaj</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">1,030</td> <td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">185,806 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg/220px-Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg/330px-Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg/440px-Dromodol_hill_in_Rugova_-_Paradise_Lost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Landscape in <a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna_National_Park" title="Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park">Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park</a> bordering <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></figcaption></figure> Defined in a total area of 10,887 square kilometres (4,203 square miles), Kosovo is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> and located in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/42nd_parallel_north" title="42nd parallel north">42°</a> and <a href="/wiki/43rd_parallel_north" title="43rd parallel north">43° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/20th_meridian_east" title="20th meridian east">20°</a> and <a href="/wiki/22nd_meridian_east" title="22nd meridian east">22° E</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> The northernmost point is Bellobërda at 43° 14' 06" northern latitude; the southernmost is <a href="/wiki/Restelic%C3%AB" title="Restelicë">Restelicë</a> at 41° 56' 40" northern latitude; the westernmost point is <a href="/wiki/Bog%C3%AB,_Kosovo" title="Bogë, Kosovo">Bogë</a> at 20° 3' 23" eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is <a href="/wiki/Desivojca" title="Desivojca">Desivojca</a> at 21° 44' 21" eastern longitude. The highest point of Kosovo is <a href="/wiki/Gjeravica" title="Gjeravica">Gjeravica</a> at 2,656 metres (8,714 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above sea level">above sea level</a>,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> and the lowest is the <a href="/wiki/White_Drin" title="White Drin">White Drin</a> at 297 metres (974 ft). Most of the borders of Kosovo are dominated by mountainous and high terrain. The most noticeable <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> features are the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Accursed Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a>. The Accursed Mountains are a geological continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>. The mountains run laterally through the west along the border with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>. The southeast is predominantly the Šar Mountains, which constitute the border with <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>. Besides the mountain ranges, Kosovo's territory consists mostly of two major plains, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Plain">Kosovo Plain</a> in the east and the <a href="/wiki/Metohija_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Metohija Plain">Metohija Plain</a> in the west. Additionally, Kosovo consists of multiple geographic and ethnographic regions, such as <a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dushkaja" title="Dushkaja">Dushkaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gollak" title="Gollak">Gollak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a>, <a href="/wiki/Highlands_of_Gjakova" title="Highlands of Gjakova">Highlands of Gjakova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a>. Kosovo's hydrological resources are relatively small; there are few <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a> in Kosovo, the largest of which are <a href="/wiki/Lake_Batllava" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Batllava">Lake Batllava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badovc_Lake" title="Badovc Lake">Badovc Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Gazivoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Gazivoda">Lake Gazivoda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Radoniq" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Radoniq">Lake Radoniq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> In addition to these, Kosovo also does have <a href="/wiki/Karst_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Karst springs">karst springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermal_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal water">thermal</a> and mineral water springs.<a href="#cite_note-ICMMt-214">[212]</a> The longest rivers of Kosovo include the <a href="/wiki/White_Drin" title="White Drin">White Drin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Morava" title="South Morava">South Morava</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ibar_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibar River">Ibar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sitnica" title="Sitnica">Sitnica</a>, a tributary of Ibar, is the largest river lying completely within Kosovo's territory. <a href="/wiki/Nerodime_River" title="Nerodime River">Nerodime river</a> represents Europe's only instance of a river bifurcation flowing into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg/220px-Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg/330px-Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg/440px-Ost%C3%ABrvice_from_Brezovica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine climate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pashallora" title="Pashallora">Pashallora</a> as seen from <a href="/wiki/Brezovica,_Kosovo" title="Brezovica, Kosovo">Brezovica</a></figcaption></figure> Most of Kosovo experiences predominantly a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Continental climate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_climate" title="Alpine climate">Alpine</a> influences,<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> strongly influenced by Kosovo's proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a> in the south as well as the European continental landmass in the north.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> The coldest areas are situated in the mountainous region to the west and southeast, where an Alpine climate is prevalent. The warmest areas are mostly in the extreme southern areas close to the border with Albania, where a Mediterranean climate is the norm. Mean monthly temperature ranges between 0 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (32 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>) (in January) and 22 °C (72 °F) (in July). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1,300 mm (24 to 51 in) per year, and is well distributed year-round. To the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Plain">Kosovo Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibar_(river)" title="Ibar (river)">Ibar Valley</a> are drier with total precipitation of about 600 millimetres (24 inches) per year and more influenced by continental air masses, with colder winters and very hot summers. In the southwest, climatic area of <a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Metohija</a> receives more mediterranean influences with warmer summers, somewhat higher precipitation (700 mm (28 in)) and heavy snowfalls in the winter. The mountainous areas of the <a href="/wiki/Accursed_Mountains" title="Accursed Mountains">Accursed Mountains</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a> on the south and <a href="/wiki/Kopaonik" title="Kopaonik">Kopaonik</a> in the north experiences alpine climate, with high precipitation (900 to 1,300 mm (35 to 51 in) per year), short and fresh summers, and cold winters.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> The average annual temperature of Kosovo is 9.5 °C (49.1 °F). The warmest month is July with average temperature of 19.2 °C (66.6 °F), and the coldest is January with −1.3 °C (29.7 °F). Except <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istog" title="Istog">Istog</a>, all other meteorological stations in January recorded average temperatures under 0 °C (32 °F).<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Kosovo" title="Protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna,_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat,_Rugove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/220px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/330px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg/440px-Parku_Komb%C3%ABtar_Bjeshk%C3%ABt_Nemuna%2C_Liqeni_i_madh_ne_Liqenat%2C_Rugove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4914" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna_National_Park" title="Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park">Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park</a> is home to a wide range of flora and fauna species</figcaption></figure> Located in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>, Kosovo receives floral and faunal species from Europe and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Forests are widespread in Kosovo and cover at least 39% of the region. <a href="/wiki/Phytogeographically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytogeographically">Phytogeographically</a>, it straddles the <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> province of the <a href="/wiki/Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. In addition, it falls within three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mixed_forests" title="Balkan mixed forests">Balkan mixed forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Dinaric Mountains mixed forests">Dinaric Mountains mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pindus_Mountains_mixed_forests" title="Pindus Mountains mixed forests">Pindus Mountains mixed forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-219">[217]</a> Kosovo's biodiversity is conserved in two <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>, eleven <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> and one hundred three other protected areas.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bjeshk%C3%ABt_e_Nemuna_National_Park" title="Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park">Bjeshkët e Nemuna National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharr_Mountains_National_Park" title="Sharr Mountains National Park">Sharr Mountains National Park</a> are the most important regions of vegetation and biodiversity in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Maxhuni-221">[219]</a> Kosovo had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.19/10, ranking it 107th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-222">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a> encompasses more than 1,800 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> species, but the actual number is estimated to be higher than 2,500 species.<a href="#cite_note-KOSOVObio-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> The diversity is the result of the complex interaction of geology and hydrology creating a wide variety of habitat conditions for flora growth. Although, Kosovo represents only 2.3% of the entire surface area of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, in terms of vegetation it has 25% of the Balkan flora and about 18% of the European flora.<a href="#cite_note-KOSOVObio-223">[221]</a> The fauna is composed of a wide range of species.<a href="#cite_note-Maxhuni-221">[219]</a>: 14  The mountainous west and southeast provide a great habitat for several <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> including <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild cat">wild cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolve" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolve">wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">wild goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roebucks" class="mw-redirect" title="Roebucks">roebucks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> A total of 255 species of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> have been recorded, with raptors such as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_imperial_eagle" title="Eastern imperial eagle">eastern imperial eagle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lesser_kestrel" title="Lesser kestrel">lesser kestrel</a> living principally in the mountains of Kosovo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h3></div> Environmental issues in Kosovo include a wide range of challenges pertaining to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Kosovo">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">biodiversity loss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nature_conservation" title="Nature conservation">nature conservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EIKOS-226">[224]</a> The vulnerability of the country to climate change is influenced by various factors, such as increased temperatures, geological and hydrological <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a>, including droughts, flooding, fires and rains.<a href="#cite_note-EIKOS-226">[224]</a> Kosovo is not a signatory to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC), the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KOSCP-227">[225]</a> Consequently, the country is not mandated to submit a <a href="/wiki/Nationally_Determined_Contribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationally Determined Contribution">Nationally Determined Contribution</a> (NDC) that are voluntary commitments outlining a nation's actions and strategies for mitigating climate change and adapting to its impacts.<a href="#cite_note-KOSCP-227">[225]</a> However, since 2021, Kosovo is actively engaged in the process of formulating a voluntary NDC, with assistance provided from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-KOSCP-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-IMFKOS-228">[226]</a> In 2023, the country has established a goal of reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> by approximately 16.3% as part of its broader objective to achieve <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by the year 2050.<a href="#cite_note-IMFKOS-228">[226]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages of Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Kosovo" title="Demographic history of Kosovo">Demographic history of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_of_Kosovo_(1921-2015).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png/280px-Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png/420px-Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png/560px-Population_of_Kosovo_%281921-2015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>The population of Kosovo from 1921 to 2015</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Agency_of_Statistics" title="Kosovo Agency of Statistics">Agency of Statistics</a> estimated Kosovo's population in 2021 to be approximately 1,774,000.<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_1-229">[227]</a> In 2023, the overall <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">life expectancy</a> at birth is 79.68 years; 77.38 years for males and 81.87 years for females.<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> The estimated <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> in 2023 is 1.88 children born per woman.<a href="#cite_note-cia_fb2023-231">[229]</a> The country is the <a href="/wiki/Balkans#Demographics" title="Balkans">11th most populous country</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>) and ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">148th most populous country</a> in the world. The country's population rose steadily over the 20th century and peaked at an estimated 2.2 million in 1998. The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> and subsequent migration have decreased the population of Kosovo over time. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF/220px-Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF/330px-Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF/440px-Kosovo_ethnic_map_2011_census.GIF 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3084" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of ethnic groups within Kosovo, as of the 2011 census<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2019, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Albanians</a> constituted 92% of the population of Kosovo, followed by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Serbs</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks_in_Kosovo" title="Bosniaks in Kosovo">Bosniaks</a> (2%), <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Turks</a> (1%), <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Kosovo" title="Romani people in Kosovo">Romani</a> (1%), and the <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a> (<1%).<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> Albanians constitute the majority of the population in most of Kosovo. Ethnic Serbs are concentrated in <a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo" title="North Kosovo">the north</a> of the country, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_enclaves_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian enclaves in Kosovo">other municipalities</a> in the east of the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica,_Kosovo" title="Gračanica, Kosovo">Gračanica</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0trpce" title="Štrpce">Štrpce</a>. Turks form a local majority in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Mamusha" title="Mamusha">Mamusha</a>, just north of Prizren, while the Bosniaks are mainly located within Prizren itself. The Gorani are concentrated in the southernmost tip of the country, in <a href="/wiki/Dragash" title="Dragash">Dragash</a>. The Romani are spread across the entire country. The <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> of Kosovo are <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a><a href="#cite_note-bein12-2">[2]</a> and the institutions are committed to ensure the equal use of those two official languages of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> Municipal civil servants are only required to speak one of the two languages in a professional setting and, according to Language Commissioner of Kosovo Slaviša Mladenović, no government organisation has all of its documents available in both languages.<a href="#cite_note-ECMI-Kosovo_Language_Commissioner-235">[233]</a> The Law on the Use of Languages gives <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> the status of an official language in the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, irrespective of the size of the <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks of Kosovo">Turkish community</a> living there.<a href="#cite_note-COE-Municipalities-236">[234]</a> Otherwise, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Roma</a> hold the status of official languages at municipal level if the linguistic community represents at least 5% of the total population of municipality.<a href="#cite_note-langauges-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-COE-Municipalities-236">[234]</a> Albanian is spoken as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> by all Albanians, as well as some of the Romani people, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a>. Serbian, Bosnian, and Turkish are spoken as first languages by their respective communities. According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> 2024, which evaluates the happiness levels of citizens in various countries, Kosovo is currently ranked 29th among a total of 143 nations assessed, compared with neighbours Serbia ranked 37th, Montenegro 76th, North Macedonia 84th and Albania 87th.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The relations between <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Albanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Albanians">Kosovar Albanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovar Serbs">Kosovar Serbs</a> have been hostile since the rise of nationalism in the Balkans during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel,_Albrecht_2001._Pp._20-239">[237]</a> During Communism in Yugoslavia, the ethnic Albanians and Serbs were strongly irreconcilable, with sociological studies during the Tito-era indicating that ethnic Albanians and Serbs rarely accepted each other as neighbors or friends and few held inter-ethnic marriages.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel,_Albrecht_2001._Pp._24-240">[238]</a> Ethnic prejudices, stereotypes and mutual distrust between ethnic Albanians and Serbs have remained common for decades.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel,_Albrecht_2001._Pp._24-240">[238]</a> The level of intolerance and separation between both communities during the Tito-period was reported by sociologists to be worse than that of Croat and Serb communities in Yugoslavia, which also had tensions but held some closer relations between each other.<a href="#cite_note-Schabnel,_Albrecht_2001._Pp._24-240">[238]</a> Despite their planned integration into the Kosovar society and their recognition in the Kosovar constitution, the <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, Ashkali, and Egyptian communities continue to face many difficulties, such as segregation and discrimination, in housing, education, health, employment and social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> Many camps around Kosovo continue to house thousands of <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Internally displaced people">internally displaced people</a>, all of whom are from minority groups and communities.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Because many of the Roma are believed to have sided with the Serbs during the conflict, taking part in the widespread looting and destruction of Albanian property, <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a> report that Romani people encounter hostility by Albanians outside their local areas.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> A 2020 research report funded by the EU shows that there is a limited scale of trust and overall contact between the major ethnic groups in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:left; width:97%; margin-right:10px; font-size:90%"> <caption>Largest <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">municipalities</a> by population (2024)<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="23"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pristina"><img alt="Pristina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg/180px-Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg/270px-Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg/360px-Prishtina_nga_Katedrala_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2040" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Prizren"><img alt="Prizren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG/180px-37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG/270px-37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG/360px-37_Prizreni_-_Xhamia_e_Sinan_Pash%C3%ABs_-_The_Sinan_Pasha_Moscue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> </div> </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Rank </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Municipality </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Population </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Rank </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Municipality </th> <th style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;">Population </th> <th rowspan="23"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ferizaj"><img alt="Ferizaj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg/165px-Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg/248px-Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg/330px-Xhami_dhe_Kish%C3%AB_Orthodokse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="3328" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peja..JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Peja"><img alt="Peja" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Peja..JPG/165px-Peja..JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Peja..JPG/248px-Peja..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Peja..JPG/330px-Peja..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a> </div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">1</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></td> <td>227,154</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">11</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lipjan" title="Lipjan">Lipjan</a></td> <td>54,974 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">2</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a></td> <td>147,428</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">12</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Drenas" title="Drenas">Drenas</a></td> <td>48,054 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">3</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a></td> <td>109,345</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">13</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Suva_Reka" title="Suva Reka">Suharekë</a></td> <td>45,713 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">4</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gjilan" title="Gjilan">Gjilan</a></td> <td>82,901</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">14</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Malisheva" title="Malisheva">Malisheva</a></td> <td>43,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">5</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a></td> <td>82,661</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">15</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Rahovec" title="Rahovec">Rahovec</a></td> <td>41,777 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">6</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a></td> <td>78,824</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">16</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Skenderaj" title="Skenderaj">Skenderaj</a></td> <td>40,632 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">7</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Podujev%C3%AB" title="Podujevë">Podujevë</a></td> <td>71,018</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">17</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Viti,_Kosovo" title="Viti, Kosovo">Viti</a></td> <td>35,549 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">8</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a></td> <td>64,680</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">18</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Istog" title="Istog">Istog</a></td> <td>33,066 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">9</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a></td> <td>64,078</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">19</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Klina" title="Klina">Klina</a></td> <td>30,574 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">10</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Vushtrri" title="Vushtrri">Vushtrri</a></td> <td>61,493</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">20</td> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dragash" title="Dragash">Dragash</a></td> <td>28,908 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="text-align:center; background:#f5f5f5;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion in Kosovo</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Kosovo<a href="#cite_note-factbook-246">[244]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;"></td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:95.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">95.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:3.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> – <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:2.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"> – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Non-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-religious">Non-religious</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Beige; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Unspecified</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Violet; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Kosovo is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>; <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of belief">freedom of belief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_conscience" title="Freedom of conscience">conscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religion</a> is explicitly guaranteed in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution of Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-184">[182]</a> Kosovar society is strongly <a href="/wiki/Secularised" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularised">secularised</a> and is ranked first in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and ninth in the world as free and equal for tolerance towards <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> In the 2011 census, 95.6% of the population of Kosovo was counted as <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> and 3.7% as <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> including 2.2% as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and 1.5% as <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-246">[244]</a> The remaining 0.3% of the population reported having no religion, or another religion, or did not provide an adequate answer. Protestants, although recognised as a religious group in Kosovo by the government, were not represented in the census. The census was largely boycotted by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serbs" title="Kosovo Serbs">Kosovo Serbs</a>, who predominantly identify as <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox Christians">Serbian Orthodox Christians</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/North_Kosovo" title="North Kosovo">North Kosovo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> leaving the Serb population underrepresented.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Kosovo" title="Islam in Kosovo">Islam</a> is the most widely practiced religion in Kosovo and was introduced in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. Today, Kosovo has the second-highest number of Muslims as a percentage of its population in Europe after Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> The majority of the Muslim population of Kosovo are ethnic <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, and Slavs such as <a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> are predominantly Albanians while ethnic Serbs mainly belong to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. In 2008, Protestant pastor <a href="/wiki/Artur_Krasniqi" title="Artur Krasniqi">Artur Krasniqi</a>, primate of the Kosovo Protestant Evangelical Church, claimed that "as many as 15,000" Kosovar Albanians had converted to Protestantism since 1985.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> Relations between the Albanian Muslim and Albanian Catholic communities in Kosovo are good; however, both communities have few or no relations with the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> community. In general, the Albanians define their <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> by language and not by religion, while religion reflects a distinguishing identity feature among the Slavs of Kosovo and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo-lignite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kosovo-lignite.jpg/220px-Kosovo-lignite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kosovo-lignite.jpg/330px-Kosovo-lignite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kosovo-lignite.jpg/440px-Kosovo-lignite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Kosovo has the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> reserves in the world.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">economy of Kosovo</a> is a transitional economy. It suffered from the combined results of political upheaval, the Serbian dismissal of Kosovo employees and the following <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>. Despite declining foreign assistance, the GDP has mostly grown since its declaration of independence. This was despite the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a>. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation rate">inflation rate</a> has been low. Most economic development has taken place in the trade, retail and construction sectors. Kosovo is highly dependent on remittances from the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_diaspora" title="Albanian diaspora">diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a>, and other capital inflows.<a href="#cite_note-IMF_Country_Report_No_12/100-257">[255]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> reported that approximately one-sixth of the population lived below the poverty line and one-third of the working age population was unemployed, the highest rate in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> Kosovo's largest trading partners are Albania, Italy, Switzerland, China, Germany and Turkey. The <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> is its official currency.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government of Kosovo</a> has signed free-trade agreements with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-buyusa-263">[261]</a> Kosovo is a member of <a href="/wiki/CEFTA" class="mw-redirect" title="CEFTA">CEFTA</a>, agreed with <a href="/wiki/UNMIK" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMIK">UNMIK</a>, and enjoys free trade with most nearby non-<a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> Kosovo is dominated by the services sector, accounting for 54% of GDP and employing approximately 56.6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-:3-265">[263]</a> The industry accounted for 37.3% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> and employs roughly 24.8% of the labour force.<a href="#cite_note-:3-265">[263]</a> There are several reasons for the stagnation, ranging from consecutive occupations, political turmoil and the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Kosovo">War in Kosovo</a> in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-gjeografiaa77-266">[264]</a> While agriculture accounts for only 6.6% of GDP, albeit an increase of 0.5 percentage points from 2019, it forms 18.7% of Kosovo's workforce, the highest proportion of agricultural employment in the region after <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-265">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg/220px-Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg/330px-Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg/440px-Panorama_of_Durres_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>Since 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Durr%C3%ABs" title="Port of Durrës">Port of Durrës</a> in Albania on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> is facilitating customs processes for cargo heading to Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> A dedicated customs office for Kosovo also operates within the port facilities.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a></figcaption></figure> Kosovo has large reserves of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_resources_key_to_the_future-270">[268]</a> The nation has the fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> reserves in the world and the third in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The Directorate for Mines and Minerals and the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimated that Kosovo had €13.5 billion worth of minerals in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo's_mineral_resources_at_13.5bn_euros-272">[270]</a> The primary sector is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> 53% of the nation's area is agricultural land, 41% forest and forestry land, and 6% for others.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> has historically been produced in Kosovo. The main heartland of Kosovo's wine industry is in <a href="/wiki/Rahovec" title="Rahovec">Rahovec</a>. The main cultivars include <a href="/wiki/Pinot_noir" title="Pinot noir">Pinot noir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merlot" title="Merlot">Merlot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chardonnay" title="Chardonnay">Chardonnay</a>. Kosovo exports wines to Germany and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Kosovo's_wines_flowing_again-275">[273]</a> The four state-owned wine production facilities were not as much "wineries" as they were "wine factories". Only the Rahovec facility that held approximately 36% of the total vineyard area had the capacity of around 50 million litres annually. The major share of the wine production was intended for exports. At its peak in 1989, the exports from the <a href="/wiki/Rahovec" title="Rahovec">Rahovec</a> facility amounted to 40 million litres and were mainly distributed to the German market.<a href="#cite_note-wine-276">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Electrical energy in Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg/220px-Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg/330px-Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg/440px-Wind_Farm_Bajgora_Kosova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="2695" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bajgora_Wind_Farm" title="Bajgora Wind Farm">Bajgora Wind Farm</a>, the largest wind farm in Kosovo</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in Kosovo">electricity sector in Kosovo</a> is considered one of the sectors with the greatest potential of development.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Kosovo's electricity sector is highly dependent on coal-fired power plants, which use the abundant lignite, so efforts are being made to diversify electricity generation with more renewables sources, such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_wind_farms_in_Kosovo" title="List of wind farms in Kosovo">wind farms in Bajgora and Kitka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> A joint energy bloc between Kosovo and Albania, is in work after an agreement which was signed in December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-280">[278]</a> With that agreement Albania and Kosovo will now be able to exchange energy reserves, which is expected to result in €4 million in savings per year for Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism in Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg/220px-Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg/330px-Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg/440px-Brezovica_Ski_Resort_-_Sharri_Mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Brezovica_ski_resort" title="Brezovica ski resort">Brezovica ski resort</a> is a popular destination for winter tourism in Kosovo</figcaption></figure> The natural values of Kosovo represent quality tourism resources. The description of Kosovo's potential in tourism is closely related to its geographical location, in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Peninsula">Balkan Peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a>. It represents a crossroads which historically dates back to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a>. Kosovo serves as a link in the connection between <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Kosovo is generally rich in various topographical features, including high <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyons</a>, steep <a href="/wiki/Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formations</a> and <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-turizmi-282">[280]</a> The mountainous west and southeast of Kosovo has great potential for winter tourism. Skiing takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Brezovica_ski_resort" title="Brezovica ski resort">Brezovica ski resort</a> within the <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ar_Mountains" title="Šar Mountains">Šar Mountains</a>,<a href="#cite_note-turizmi-282">[280]</a> with the close proximity to the <a href="/wiki/Pristina_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pristina Airport">Pristina Airport</a> (60 km) and <a href="/wiki/Skopje_International_Airport" title="Skopje International Airport">Skopje International Airport</a> (70 km) which is a popular destination for international tourists. Kosovo also has lakes like <a href="/wiki/Lake_Batllava" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Batllava">Lake Batllava</a> that serves as a popular destination for watersports, camping, and swimming.<a href="#cite_note-:2-283">[281]</a> Other lakes include Ujmani Lake, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Leqinat" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Leqinat">Liqenati Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zemra_Lake" title="Zemra Lake">Zemra Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-283">[281]</a> Other major attractions include the capital, <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, the historical cities of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peja" title="Peja">Peja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjilan" title="Gjilan">Gjilan</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> included Kosovo on the list of 41 places to visit in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport in Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Motorways_in_Kosovo" title="Motorways in Kosovo">Motorways in Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg/220px-Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg/330px-Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg/440px-Prishtina_International_Airport_%22Adem_Jashari%22_Limak_Kosovo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2591" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pristina_International_Airport" title="Pristina International Airport">Pristina International Airport</a> (PRN) handles more than 3.4 million passengers per year</figcaption></figure> Road transportation of passengers and freight is the most common form of transportation in Kosovo. There are two main motorways in Kosovo: the <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Kosovo_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania–Kosovo Highway">R7</a> connecting Kosovo with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/R6_Motorway_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="R6 Motorway (Kosovo)">R6</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> to the Macedonian border at <a href="/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit" title="Hani i Elezit">Hani i Elezit</a>. The construction of the <a href="/wiki/R7.1_Motorway_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="R7.1 Motorway (Kosovo)">R7.1 Motorway</a> began in 2017. The <a href="/wiki/R7_Motorway_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="R7 Motorway (Kosovo)">R7 Motorway</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Albania-Kosovo_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania-Kosovo Highway">Albania-Kosovo Highway</a>) links Kosovo to <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> coast in <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>. Once the remaining <a href="/wiki/European_route_E80" title="European route E80">European route (E80)</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> to <a href="/wiki/Merdare" title="Merdare">Merdare</a> section project will be completed, the motorway will link Kosovo through the present <a href="/wiki/European_route_E80" title="European route E80">European route (E80)</a> highway with the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_corridor_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-European corridor X">Pan-European corridor X</a> (<a href="/wiki/European_route_E75" title="European route E75">E75</a>) near <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a> in Serbia. The <a href="/wiki/R6_Motorway_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="R6 Motorway (Kosovo)">R6 Motorway</a>, forming part of the <a href="/wiki/European_route_E65" title="European route E65">E65</a>, is the second motorway constructed in the region. It links the capital <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> with the border with North Macedonia at <a href="/wiki/Hani_i_Elezit" title="Hani i Elezit">Hani i Elezit</a>, which is about 20 km (12 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>. Construction of the motorway started in 2014 and finished in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trainkos" title="Trainkos">Trainkos</a> operates daily passenger trains on two routes: <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB_Kosov%C3%AB_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Fushë Kosovë railway station">Fushë Kosovë</a> – <a href="/wiki/Pej%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pejë">Pejë</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> – <a href="/wiki/Fush%C3%AB_Kosov%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fushë Kosovë">Fushë Kosovë</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ferizaj" title="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</a> – <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> (the latter in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Railways">Macedonian Railways</a>).<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> Also, freight trains run throughout the country. The nation hosts two airports, <a href="/wiki/Pristina_International_Airport" title="Pristina International Airport">Pristina International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gjakova_Airport" title="Gjakova Airport">Gjakova Airport</a>. Pristina International Airport is located southwest of <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>. It is Kosovo's only international airport and the only port of entry for air travelers to Kosovo. Gjakova Airport was built by the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force</a> (KFOR) following the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, next to an existing airfield used for agricultural purposes, and was used mainly for military and humanitarian flights. The local and national government plans to offer <a href="/wiki/Gjakova_Airport" title="Gjakova Airport">Gjakova Airport</a> for operation under a public-private partnership with the aim of turning it into a civilian and commercial airport.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Kosovo">Health in Kosovo</a></div> In the past, Kosovo's capabilities to develop a modern <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> system were limited.<a href="#cite_note-Sectorial_Health_Strategy-289">[287]</a> Low <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> during 1990 worsened the situation even more. However, the establishment of Faculty of Medicine in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pristina" title="University of Pristina">University of Pristina</a> marked a significant development in health care. This was also followed by launching different health clinics which enabled better conditions for professional development.<a href="#cite_note-Sectorial_Health_Strategy-289">[287]</a> Nowadays the situation has changed, and the health care system in Kosovo is organised into three sectors: <a href="/wiki/Primary_health_care" title="Primary health care">primary</a>, secondary and tertiary health care.<a href="#cite_note-Sectorial_Health_Care_Strategy-290">[288]</a> Primary health care in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> is organised into thirteen family medicine centres<a href="#cite_note-prishtina-komuna.org-291">[289]</a> and fifteen ambulatory care units.<a href="#cite_note-prishtina-komuna.org-291">[289]</a> Secondary health care is decentralised in seven regional hospitals. Pristina does not have any regional hospital and instead uses University Clinical Centre of Kosovo for health care services. <a href="/wiki/University_Clinical_Center_of_Kosovo" title="University Clinical Center of Kosovo">University Clinical Centre of Kosovo</a> provides its health care services in twelve clinics,<a href="#cite_note-Stafi_i_QKUK-se-292">[290]</a> where 642 doctors are employed.<a href="#cite_note-2012_Health_Statistics-293">[291]</a> At a lower level, home services are provided for several vulnerable groups which are not able to reach health care premises.<a href="#cite_note-Home_Services-294">[292]</a> Kosovo health care services are now focused on patient safety, quality control and assisted health.<a href="#cite_note-Patient_Safety_and_Quality_Control-295">[293]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education in Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg/220px-National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg/330px-National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg/440px-National_Library_of_Kosovo_Arben_Llapashtica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4492" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Kosovo" title="National Library of Kosovo">National Library of Kosovo</a></figcaption></figure> Education for primary, secondary, and tertiary levels is predominantly public and supported by the state, run by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Technology_(Kosovo)" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Kosovo)">Ministry of Education</a>. Education takes place in two main stages: primary and secondary education, and higher education. The primary and secondary education is subdivided into four stages: preschool education, primary and low secondary education, high secondary education and special education. Preschool education is for children from the ages of one to five. Primary and secondary education is obligatory for everyone. It is provided by gymnasiums and vocational schools and also available in languages of recognised minorities in Kosovo, where classes are held in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, Serbian, <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_language" title="Bosnian language">Bosnian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>. The first phase (primary education) includes grades one to five, and the second phase (low secondary education) grades six to nine. The third phase (high secondary education) consists of general education but also professional education, which is focused on different fields. It lasts four years. However, pupils are offered possibilities of applying for higher or university studies. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Technology_(Kosovo)" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (Kosovo)">Ministry of Education</a>, children who are not able to get a general education are able to get a special education (fifth phase).<a href="#cite_note-296">[294]</a> Higher education can be received in universities and other higher-education institutes. These educational institutions offer studies for <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master</a> and <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> degrees. The students may choose full-time or part-time studies. Students from Kosovo performed very poorly on several <a href="/wiki/Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">PISA tests</a>, and this result has sparked debates about the education system.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kosovo">Media of Kosovo</a></div> Kosovo ranks 56th out of 180 countries in the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> report compiled by the <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-299">[297]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Kosovo">Media</a> consists of different kinds of communicative media such as radio, television, newspapers, and internet web sites. Most of the media survive from advertising and subscriptions. As according to IREX there are 92 radio stations and 22 television stations.<a href="#cite_note-300">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture of Kosovo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_cuisine" title="Kosovar cuisine">Kosovar cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg/220px-Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg/330px-Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg/440px-Fli_e_pjekur_me_sa%C3%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5666" data-file-height="3565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flia" title="Flia">Fli</a> is one of the most favoured dishes of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian cuisine</a> in Kosovo</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kosovar_cuisine" title="Kosovar cuisine">Kosovar cuisine</a> is distinguished by multifaceted culinary influences derived from <a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a> traditions.<a href="#cite_note-YouGuide-301">[299]</a> This combination reflects Kosovo's diverse historical and cultural contexts while highlighting its <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanians" title="Kosovo Albanians">Albanian heritage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YouGuide-301">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bogueva-302">[300]</a> A paramount aspect of this tradition is the principle of hospitality, as articulated in the <a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a>, which guides various aspects of social interactions and practices.<a href="#cite_note-H,Elsie-303">[301]</a> Particularly, the notion "the house of an Albanian belongs to God and to the guest" underscores the high regard on treating guests with respect and generosity.<a href="#cite_note-H,Elsie-303">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Flia" title="Flia">Fli</a> stands out for its unique preparation, which involves layering batter and cream in a special pan called a saç, baked slowly over several hours.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> Pite, a savory pie filled with a mixture of meat, cheese, or spinach, is often enjoyed as a hearty meal throughout Kosovo. Another popular dish is <a href="/wiki/Byrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byrek">Byrek</a>, a flaky pastry that can be filled with a variety of ingredients, including meat, spinach, or cheese, and is often prepared in circular pans.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C4%86evapi" title="Ćevapi">Qebapa</a> are hand-rolled sausages, traditionally made from a blend of minced beef and other meats, are seasoned with a mix of spices such as garlic and black pepper.<a href="#cite_note-YouGuide-301">[299]</a> They are commonly served alongside freshly baked bread, raw onions and <a href="/wiki/Ajvar" title="Ajvar">ajvar</a>, a popular savory red pepper, eggplant and garlic spread that complements the dish.<a href="#cite_note-YouGuide-301">[299]</a> Petulla, or fried dough balls also known as Llokuma, are often drizzled with honey or sprinkled with sugar. Reçel, a type of fruit preserve, is made from various fruits and often used as a spread on bread or served alongside petulla. <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Bakllavë</a> is a traditional dessert in Southern Europe, comprising layers of phyllo pastry filled with nuts and drizzled with honey that is often served for festive occasions.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> Another notable dessert is <a href="/wiki/Tres_leches_cake" title="Tres leches cake">Trileçe</a>, a sponge cake soaked in a blend of three types of milk and covered with caramel.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> The coffee culture of Kosovo represents a vibrant and essential aspect of daily life, functioning as a cornerstone for social interactions and communal gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> In Kosovo, coffee symbolises hospitality and community, inviting both locals and visitors to connect.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> Often accompanied by traditional sweets and pastries, the preparation of coffee typically involves a cezve, a traditional pot for brewing finely ground coffee. This method emphasises the ceremonial nature of coffee preparation. Hosts take pride in serving their guests the finest brew, highlighting the importance of hospitality. The act of sharing coffee fosters meaningful conversations among individuals, with people recounting stories and engaging in discussions about life.<a href="#cite_note-Jones-304">[302]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport in Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_sports_federations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations">Membership of Kosovo in international sports federations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg/220px-Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg/330px-Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg/440px-Stadiumi_%22Fadil_Vokrri%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> was announced as the host city of the <a href="/wiki/2030_Mediterranean_Games" title="2030 Mediterranean Games">2030 Mediterranean Games</a>.</figcaption></figure> Since its declaration of independence in 2008, Kosovo has made substantial advancements in international sports. The nation's inaugural participation in the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> occurred at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 games</a>, where it achieved a milestone by securing its first medals, totaling <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">five medals</a> to date.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> Kosovo's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a> began in <a href="/wiki/2015_European_Games" title="2015 European Games">2015</a>, during which the nation amassed <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_European_Games" title="Kosovo at the European Games">four medals</a>. Additionally, Kosovo commenced participation in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Games" title="Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/2018_Mediterranean_Games" title="2018 Mediterranean Games">2018</a>, achieving success with a total of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Kosovo at the Mediterranean Games">ten medals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> Forthcoming, Kosovo is scheduled to host the <a href="/wiki/2030_Mediterranean_Games" title="2030 Mediterranean Games">2030 games</a>, marking a significant opportunity for the nation in the realm of international sports.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Notable athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Laura_Fazliu" title="Laura Fazliu">Laura Fazliu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akil_Gjakova" title="Akil Gjakova">Akil Gjakova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nora_Gjakova" title="Nora Gjakova">Nora Gjakova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majlinda_Kelmendi" title="Majlinda Kelmendi">Majlinda Kelmendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loriana_Kuka" title="Loriana Kuka">Loriana Kuka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distria_Krasniqi" title="Distria Krasniqi">Distria Krasniqi</a> have played vital roles in Kosovo's sporting achievements, with Majlinda Kelmendi being particularly recognised for winning the nation's first Olympic gold medal.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> Judo has become a cornerstone of Kosovo's success in international competitions, accounting for the majority of the nation's medals across various events.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> Prior to Kosovo's independence, notable athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Salihu" title="Aziz Salihu">Aziz Salihu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Durkovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Durković">Vladimir Durković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fahrudin_Jusufi" title="Fahrudin Jusufi">Fahrudin Jusufi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milutin_%C5%A0o%C5%A1ki%C4%87" title="Milutin Šoškić">Milutin Šoškić</a> represented Yugoslavia, thereby contributing to the diverse athletic heritage of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a> Kosovo achieved <a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Kosovo" title="Football Federation of Kosovo">full membership status</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_European_Football_Associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of European Football Associations">Union of European Football Associations</a> (UEFA) and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale de Football Association">Fédération Internationale de Football Association</a> (FIFA) in 2016, facilitating the nation's participation in international football competitions.<a href="#cite_note-UEFA_Member-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FIFA_Member-315">[313]</a> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_national_football_team" title="Kosovo national football team">national football team</a> of Kosovo became eligible to compete in qualification rounds for major tournaments such as the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Nations_League" title="UEFA Nations League">UEFA Nations League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_European_Championship" title="UEFA European Championship">European Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UEFA_Member-314">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FIFA_Member-315">[313]</a> The team's paramount achievement occurred during the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Nations_League" title="2018–19 UEFA Nations League">2018–19 edition</a> of the UEFA Nations League, wherein they concluded the tournament atop their <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_UEFA_Nations_League_D" title="2018–19 UEFA Nations League D">League D</a> group, maintaining an unbeaten record of four victories and two draws, thus securing promotion to a higher competitive tier.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-316">[314]</a> Several Kosovo-Albanian players have opted to represent various European nations, highlighting figures examples, including <a href="/wiki/Lorik_Cana" title="Lorik Cana">Lorik Cana</a> for <a href="/wiki/Albania_national_football_team" title="Albania national football team">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Januzaj" title="Adnan Januzaj">Adnan Januzaj</a> for <a href="/wiki/Belgium_national_football_team" title="Belgium national football team">Belgium</a>. Furthermore, key contributions have come from players such as <a href="/wiki/Valon_Behrami" title="Valon Behrami">Valon Behrami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xherdan_Shaqiri" title="Xherdan Shaqiri">Xherdan Shaqiri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Granit_Xhaka" title="Granit Xhaka">Granit Xhaka</a>, all of whom have made pivotal contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland_national_football_team" title="Switzerland national football team">Swiss team</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wood-316">[314]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments of Kosovo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Albanian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Albanian heritage in Kosovo">Destruction of Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Serbian_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Destruction of Serbian heritage in Kosovo">Serbian heritage in Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG/220px-Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG/330px-Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG/440px-Muzeu_i_Kosov%C3%ABs.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Museum" title="Kosovo Museum">National Museum of Kosovo</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg/220px-Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg/330px-Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg/440px-Prishtina_and_the_great_Hamam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Hamam_of_Pristina" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Hamam of Pristina">Great Hamam of Pristina</a> was built in the 15th century and was part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Mosque">Imperial Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>.</figcaption></figure> The architecture of Kosovo dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Age">Middle Ages</a>. It has been influenced by the presence of different civilisations and religions as evidenced by the structures which have survived to this day. Kosovo is home to many <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and churches from the 13th and 14th centuries that represent the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> legacy. Architectural heritage from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Period</a> includes mosques and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hamams</a> from the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries. Other historical architectural structures of interest include <a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">kullas</a> from the 18th and 19th centuries, as well as a number of bridges, urban centres and fortresses. While some <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular buildings">vernacular buildings</a> are not considered important in their own right, taken together they are of considerable interest. During the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">1999 conflict in Kosovo</a>, many buildings that represent this heritage were destroyed or damaged.<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco.org-318">[316]</a> In the Dukagjini region, at least 500 kullas were attacked, and most of them destroyed or otherwise damaged.<a href="#cite_note-:0-319">[317]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> recognised the <a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Visoki Dečani monastery">Visoki Dečani monastery</a> as <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> for its outstanding universal value. Two years later, the site of patrimony was extended as a serial nomination, to include three other religious monuments: <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Pe%C4%87_(monastery)" title="Patriarchate of Peć (monastery)">Patriarchate of Peja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Ljevi%C5%A1" title="Our Lady of Ljeviš">Our Lady of Ljeviš</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Gračanica monastery">Gračanica monastery</a> under the name of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Monuments_in_Kosovo" title="Medieval Monuments in Kosovo">Medieval Monuments in Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> It consists of four <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> churches and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian monasteries">monasteries</a>, which represent the fusion of the eastern Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_architecture" title="Byzantine architecture">Byzantine</a> and the western <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> ecclesiastical architecture to form the Palaiologan Renaissance style. These monuments have come under attack, especially during the <a href="/wiki/2004_unrest_in_Kosovo" title="2004 unrest in Kosovo">2004 ethnic violence</a>. In 2006, the property was inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> due to difficulties in its management and conservation stemming from the region's political instability.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Kosovar art was unknown to the international public for a very long time, because of the regime, many artists were unable to display their art in art galleries, and so were always on the lookout for alternatives, and even resorted to taking matters into their own hands. Until 1990, artists from Kosovo presented their art in many prestigious worldwide renowned centres. They were affirmed and evaluated highly because of their unique approach to the arts considering the circumstances in which they were created, making them distinguished and original.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Congress2010-323">[321]</a> In February 1979, the <a href="/wiki/Kosova_National_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosova National Art Gallery">Kosova National Art Gallery</a> was founded. It became the highest institution of visual arts in Kosovo. It was named after one of the most prominent artists of Kosovo <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Mulliqi" title="Muslim Mulliqi">Muslim Mulliqi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engj%C3%ABll_Berisha" title="Engjëll Berisha">Engjëll Berisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masar_Caka" title="Masar Caka">Masar Caka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Emra" title="Tahir Emra">Tahir Emra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_G%C3%ABrguri" title="Abdullah Gërguri">Abdullah Gërguri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hysni_Krasniqi" title="Hysni Krasniqi">Hysni Krasniqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nimon_Lokaj" title="Nimon Lokaj">Nimon Lokaj</a>, Aziz Nimani, <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Ramadani" title="Ramadan Ramadani">Ramadan Ramadani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esat_Valla" title="Esat Valla">Esat Valla</a> and Lendita Zeqiraj are some of few <a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_painters" title="List of Albanian painters">Albanian painters</a> born in Kosovo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music of Kosovo</a></div> Although the music in Kosovo is diverse, authentic <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania" title="Music of Albania">Albanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian music">Serbian music</a> still exist. <a href="/wiki/Albanian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian music">Albanian music</a> is characterised by the use of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ifteli" title="Çifteli">Çifteli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Classical music</a> is well known in Kosovo and has been taught at several <a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-college_music_schools" title="List of pre-college music schools">music schools</a> and universities. In 2014, Kosovo submitted their first film for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Three_Windows_and_a_Hanging" title="Three Windows and a Hanging">Three Windows and a Hanging</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Isa_Qosja" title="Isa Qosja">Isa Qosja</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ThreeWindows-324">[322]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runik_Ocarina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Runik_Ocarina.jpg/159px-Runik_Ocarina.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Runik_Ocarina.jpg/238px-Runik_Ocarina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Runik_Ocarina.jpg/317px-Runik_Ocarina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>The Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Runik_ocarina" title="Runik ocarina">Runik ocarina</a> is the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo to date and one of the oldest in Europe<a href="#cite_note-:4-325">[323]</a></figcaption></figure> A baked-clay <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarina</a> was found in the village of <a href="/wiki/Runik" title="Runik">Runik</a> which is considered to be the oldest musical instrument found in Kosovo and one of the oldest ocarinas ever found in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-326">[324]</a> <a href="/wiki/Runik_ocarina" title="Runik ocarina">Runik ocarina</a> is thought to be at least 8,000 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:4-325">[323]</a> In the past, epic poetry in Kosovo and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Albania" title="Northern Albania">Northern Albania</a> was sung on a lahuta and then a more tuneful çiftelia was used which has two strings-one for the melody and one for drone. Kosovar music is influenced by Turkish music due to the almost 500-year span of Ottoman rule in Kosovo though Kosovar folklore has preserved its originality and exemplary.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-327">[325]</a> Archaeological research tells how old this tradition is and how it was developed in parallel with other traditional music in the Balkans. Roots dating to the 5th century BC have been found in paintings on stones of singers with instruments. (There is a famous portrait of "Pani" holding an instrument similar to a flute).<a href="#cite_note-Kruta-328">[326]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora,_Berlin_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg/143px-Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg/215px-Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg/286px-Oliver_Mark_-_Rita_Ora%2C_Berlin_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="2400" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:200px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Glasto24_28_300624_(259_of_545)_(53838014719)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/141px-Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/282px-Glasto24_28_300624_%28259_of_545%29_%2853838014719%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="2137" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a> (right) are both singers that come from Kosovo</div></div></div></div> The contemporary music artists <a href="/wiki/Rita_Ora" title="Rita Ora">Rita Ora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dua_Lipa" title="Dua Lipa">Dua Lipa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Era_Istrefi" title="Era Istrefi">Era Istrefi</a>, are all of <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian origin</a> and have achieved international recognition for their music.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> One widely recognised musician from <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> is guitarist <a href="/wiki/Petrit_%C3%87eku" title="Petrit Çeku">Petrit Çeku</a>, winner of several international prizes.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> Serbian music from Kosovo presents a mixture of traditional music, which is part of the wider Balkan tradition, with its own distinctive sound, and various Western and Turkish influences.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-327">[325]</a> Serb songs from Kosovo were an inspiration for 12th song wreath by composer <a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Stevan Mokranjac</a>. Most of Serbian music from Kosovo was dominated by church music, with its own share of sung epic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-Bradt-327">[325]</a> Serbian national instrument <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Gusle</a> is also used in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Viktorija_(singer)" title="Viktorija (singer)">Viktorija</a> is the only artist from <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Kosovo</a> who represented <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest">Yugoslavia in the Eurovision Song Contest</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Aska_(group)" title="Aska (group)">Aska</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1982" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1982">1982</a>. Singer <a href="/wiki/Rona_Nishliu" title="Rona Nishliu">Rona Nishliu</a> finished 5th in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2012" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2012">2012</a> Eurovision Song Contest, while <a href="/wiki/Lindita_(singer)" title="Lindita (singer)">Lindita</a> represented Albania in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2017" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2017">2017</a>. Several Serbian singers from Kosovo have also participated in the Serbian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. <a href="/wiki/Nevena_Bo%C5%BEovi%C4%87" title="Nevena Božović">Nevena Božović</a> represented <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Junior_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest">Serbia in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest</a> and twice in the Eurovision Song Contest, firstly as a member of <a href="/wiki/Moje_3" title="Moje 3">Moje 3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2013" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2013">2013</a> and as a solo act in <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2019">2019</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema of Kosovo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg/170px-Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg/255px-Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg/340px-Odissea_Bekim_Fehmiu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bekim_Fehmiu" title="Bekim Fehmiu">Bekim Fehmiu</a> was the first Eastern European actor to star in <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_(film_industry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood (film industry)">Hollywood</a> during the Cold War</figcaption></figure> The film industry of Kosovo dates from the 1970s. In 1969, the parliament of Kosovo established <a href="/wiki/Kosovafilm" title="Kosovafilm">Kosovafilm</a>, a state institution for the production, distribution and showing of films. Its initial director was the actor Abdurrahman Shala, followed by writer and noted poet <a href="/wiki/Azem_Shkreli" title="Azem Shkreli">Azem Shkreli</a>, under whose direction the most successful films were produced. Subsequent directors of Kosovafilm were Xhevar Qorraj, Ekrem Kryeziu and Gani Mehmetaj. After producing seventeen feature films, numerous short films and documentaries, the institution was taken over by the Serbian authorities in 1990 and dissolved. Kosovafilm was reestablished after <a href="/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="FR Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> withdrawal from the region in June 1999 and has since been endeavoring to revive the film industry in Kosovo. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kino-Kalaja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kino-Kalaja.jpg/220px-Kino-Kalaja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kino-Kalaja.jpg/330px-Kino-Kalaja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Kino-Kalaja.jpg/440px-Kino-Kalaja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dokufest" title="Dokufest">Dokufest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a></figcaption></figure> The International <a href="/wiki/Dokufest" title="Dokufest">Documentary and Short Film Festival</a> is the largest film event in Kosovo. The Festival is organised in August in <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, which attracts numerous international and regional artists. In this annually organised festival, films are screened twice a day in three open-air cinemas as well as in two regular cinemas. Except for its films, the festival is also well known for lively nights after the screening. Various events happen within the scope of the festival: workshops, DokuPhoto exhibitions, festival camping, concerts, which altogether turn the city into a charming place to be. In 2010, Dokufest was voted as one of the 25 best international documentary festivals.<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> International actors of <a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanians in kosovo">Albanian origin</a> from Kosovo include <a href="/wiki/Arta_Dobroshi" title="Arta Dobroshi">Arta Dobroshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Biberi" title="James Biberi">James Biberi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faruk_Begolli" title="Faruk Begolli">Faruk Begolli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bekim_Fehmiu" title="Bekim Fehmiu">Bekim Fehmiu</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Prishtina_International_Film_Festival" title="Prishtina International Film Festival">Prishtina International Film Festival</a> is the largest film festival, held annually in Pristina, in Kosovo that screens prominent international cinema productions in the Balkan region and beyond, and draws attention to the Kosovar film industry. The movie <a href="/wiki/Shok_(film)" title="Shok (film)">Shok</a> was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Live_Action_Short_Film" title="Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film">Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/88th_Academy_Awards" title="88th Academy Awards">88th Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> The movie was written and directed by Oscar nominated director <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Donoughue" title="Jamie Donoughue">Jamie Donoughue</a>, based on true events during the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo war">Kosovo war</a>. Shok's distributor is Ouat Media, and the social media campaign is led by <a href="/wiki/Team_Albanians" title="Team Albanians">Team Albanians</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kosovo_Albanians" title="List of Kosovo Albanians">List of Kosovo Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline of Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Albania" title="Partition of Albania">Partition of Albania</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒsəvoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KOSS-ə-voh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>: Kosova <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">[kɔˈsɔva]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Serbian Cyrillic alphabet">Serbian Cyrillic</a>: Косово <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[kôsovo]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, romanized: Republika Kosovo </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/opinion/israels-ties-with-kosovo-what-new-opportunities-await-657476">"Israel's ties with Kosovo: What new opportunities await?"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 1 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207154341/https://www.jpost.com/opinion/israels-ties-with-kosovo-what-new-opportunities-await-657476">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+ties+with+Kosovo%3A+What+new+opportunities+await%3F&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fopinion%2Fisraels-ties-with-kosovo-what-new-opportunities-await-657476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bein12-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bein12_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bein12_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beinkosovo.com/languages-spoken-in-kosovo/">"LANGUAGES SPOKEN IN KOSOVO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219194519/https://www.beinkosovo.com/languages-spoken-in-kosovo/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LANGUAGES+SPOKEN+IN+KOSOVO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beinkosovo.com%2Flanguages-spoken-in-kosovo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true">"Municipal language compliance in Kosovo"</a>. OSCE Minsk Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210305035807/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/120010?download=true">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021. <q>Turkish language is currently official in Prizren and Mamuşa/Mamushë/Mamuša municipalities. 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Springer. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74701-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-74701-5"><bdi>978-3-030-74701-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230815174228/https://books.google.com/books?id=BPJQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2023. 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Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Illyrian-Albanian+Continuity+the+Areal+of+Kosova&rft.aulast=Dran%C3%A7olli&rft.aufirst=Jahja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9304559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Albanian Etymological Dictionary, V.Orel, Koninklijke Brill, Leiden Boston Köln 1998, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kosovo_2016.pdf">"Kosovo's Constitution of 2008 (with Amendments through 2016)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191102154102/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Kosovo_2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 November 2019. 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Marquez-Grant, Nicholas; Fibiger, Linda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzi4N-74QmAC">The Routledge Handbook of Archaeological Human Remains and Legislation: An International Guide to Laws and Practice in the Excavation and Treatment of Archaeological Human Remains</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87956-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87956-2"><bdi>978-1-136-87956-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204134209/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lzi4N-74QmAC">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2022. 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Ministry of Culture of Kosovo. pp. 17–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417092446/https://www.mkrs-ks.org/repository/docs/drafti_i_guides_-anglisht_final.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 April 2019. 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Proceedings of the XV World Congress of the International Union for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences. 35: 59. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210914015031/https://www.academia.edu/1787676">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+XV+World+Congress+of+the+International+Union+for+Prehistoric+and+Protohistoric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Spirals+of+the+prehistoric+open+rock+painting+from+Kosova&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=59&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Shukriu&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1787676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1996" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1996) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Wiley. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19807-9"><bdi>978-0-631-19807-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200502085653/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19807-9&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglou-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglou_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazoglu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fanula_Papazoglu" title="Fanula Papazoglu">Papazoglu, Fanula</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians</a>. Amsterdam: Hakkert. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0793-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0793-7"><bdi>978-90-256-0793-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411011011/https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYgkqP_s1PQC&pg=PA185">185</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06319-8"><bdi>978-0-520-06319-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06319-8&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=Robert+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_PYgkqP_s1PQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1988" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M9OIvQEACAAJ">A History of Macedonia: 336-167 B.C.</a> Clarendon Press. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1"><bdi>0-19-814815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+336-167+B.C.&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-814815-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM9OIvQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYxpAAAAMAAJ">Starinar</a>. 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Der Anschnitt. 63: 157–167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240214103414/https://www.bergbaumuseum.de/fileadmin/files/zoo/uploads/publikationen/gassmann2011-kosovo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2024. 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Dardanica. 8: 21–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dardanica&rft.atitle=Die+fr%C3%BChchristliche+dardanische+Stadt+Ulpiana+und+ihr+Verh%C3%A4ltnis+zu+Rom&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hoxhaj&rft.aufirst=Enver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerisha" class="citation journal cs1">Berisha, Milot. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1585643">"Archaeological Guide of Kosovo"</a>. Academia.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230427143514/https://www.academia.edu/1585643">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Guide+of+Kosovo&rft.aulast=Berisha&rft.aufirst=Milot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1585643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeichner201583-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeichner201583_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeichner2015">Teichner 2015</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarnack1998" class="citation book cs1">Harnack, Adolf (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FltKAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">The Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries</a>. Vol. 1–2. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-002-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-002-5"><bdi>978-1-57910-002-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Christianity+in+the+First+Three+Centuries&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-002-5&rft.aulast=Harnack&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFltKAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarnack199880-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarnack199880_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarnack1998">Harnack 1998</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-CetinkayaExcavate-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CetinkayaExcavate_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CetinkayaExcavate_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇetinkaya2016" class="citation journal cs1">Çetinkaya, Halûk (2016). Zakharova, Anna; Maltseva, Svetlana; Stanyukovich-Denisova, Ekaterina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://actual-art.org/files/sb/06/Cetinkaya.pdf">"To Excavate or not? Case of Discovery of an Early Christian Baptistery and Church at Ulpiana, Kosovo"</a> (PDF). Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art. 6. Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Publ.: 111–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18688%2Faa166-2-11">10.18688/aa166-2-11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2312-2129">2312-2129</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310094626/https://actual-art.org/files/sb/06/Cetinkaya.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Actual+Problems+of+Theory+and+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=To+Excavate+or+not%3F+Case+of+Discovery+of+an+Early+Christian+Baptistery+and+Church+at+Ulpiana%2C+Kosovo&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18688%2Faa166-2-11&rft.issn=2312-2129&rft.aulast=%C3%87etinkaya&rft.aufirst=Hal%C3%BBk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Factual-art.org%2Ffiles%2Fsb%2F06%2FCetinkaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Curtis, Matthew Cowan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338406907">Slavic-Albanian Language Contact, Convergence, and Coexistence</a> (Thesis). The Ohio State University. p. 42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930143737/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/acprod/odb_etd/etd/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1338406907">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Slavic-Albanian+Language+Contact%2C+Convergence%2C+and+Coexistence&rft.inst=The+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Cowan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frave.ohiolink.edu%2Fetdc%2Fview%3Facc_num%3Dosu1338406907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prendergast2017-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Prendergast2017_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrendergast2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Prendergast, Eric (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6">The Origin and Spread of Locative Determiner Omission in the Balkan Linguistic Area</a> (Thesis). UC Berkeley. p. 80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512011446/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7nk454x6">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022. Retrieved 7 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Origin+and+Spread+of+Locative+Determiner+Omission+in+the+Balkan+Linguistic+Area&rft.inst=UC+Berkeley&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Prendergast&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F7nk454x6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingsley2019" class="citation conference cs1">Kingsley, Thomas (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Albanian-Onomastics-Using-Toponymic-Correspondences-to/9949423226902959?institution=01GALI_UGA">Albanian Onomastics Using Toponymic Correspondences to Understand the History of Albanian Settlement</a>. 6th Annual Linguistics Conference at the University of Georgia. United States. pp. 110–151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127220138/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/esploro/outputs/conferencePaper/Albanian-Onomastics-Using-Toponymic-Correspondences-to/9949423226902959?institution=01GALI_UGA">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Albanian+Onomastics+Using+Toponymic+Correspondences+to+Understand+the+History+of+Albanian+Settlement&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Kingsley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fesploro.libs.uga.edu%2Fesploro%2Foutputs%2FconferencePaper%2FAlbanian-Onomastics-Using-Toponymic-Correspondences-to%2F9949423226902959%3Finstitution%3D01GALI_UGA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm2002" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_FMZQQAACAAJ&q=kosovo+a+short+history">Kosovo: A Short History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7"><bdi>978-0-330-41224-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111130647/https://books.google.no/books?id=_FMZQQAACAAJ&dq=kosovo+a+short+history&hl=no&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj5z4PbjI_uAhWIuIsKHamyB90Q6AEwAHoECAAQAg">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41224-7&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_FMZQQAACAAJ%26q%3Dkosovo%2Ba%2Bshort%2Bhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGeer2019" class="citation book cs1">McGeer, Eric (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CmjIDwAAQBAJ">Byzantium in the Time of Troubles: The Continuation of the Chronicle of John Skylitzes (1057–1079)</a>. BRILL. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41940-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-41940-7"><bdi>978-90-04-41940-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426180211/https://books.google.com/books?id=CmjIDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantium+in+the+Time+of+Troubles%3A+The+Continuation+of+the+Chronicle+of+John+Skylitzes+%281057%E2%80%931079%29&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41940-7&rft.aulast=McGeer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCmjIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrinzing2008" class="citation book cs1">Prinzing, Günter (2008). "Demetrios Chomatenos, Zu seinem Leben und Wirken". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vllZG5zOxmMC">Demetrii Chomateni Ponemata diaphora: [Das Aktencorpus des Ohrider Erzbischofs Demetrios. Einleitung, kritischer Text und Indices]</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020450-6"><bdi>978-3-11-020450-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805223703/https://books.google.com/books?id=vllZG5zOxmMC">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demetrios+Chomatenos%2C+Zu+seinem+Leben+und+Wirken&rft.btitle=Demetrii+Chomateni+Ponemata+diaphora%3A+%5BDas+Aktencorpus+des+Ohrider+Erzbischofs+Demetrios.+Einleitung%2C+kritischer+Text+und+Indices%5D&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020450-6&rft.aulast=Prinzing&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvllZG5zOxmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abulafia1999-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Abulafia1999_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDucellier1999" class="citation book cs1">Ducellier, Alain (21 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA781">The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 5, c.1198-c.1300</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 780. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-36289-4"><bdi>978-0-521-36289-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103143439/http://books.google.com/books?id=bclfdU_2lesC&pg=PA781">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+5%2C+c.1198-c.1300&rft.pages=780&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36289-4&rft.aulast=Ducellier&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbclfdU_2lesC%26pg%3DPA781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharpe_2003_364-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharpe_2003_364_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharpe_2003_364_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe2003" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, M. E. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC">Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-Century Central-Eastern Europe</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-1833-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-1833-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803211910/https://books.google.rs/books?id=jLfX1q3kJzgC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+and+Population+Changes+in+Twentieth-Century+Central-Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-1833-7&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjLfX1q3kJzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Denis P Hupchik. The Balkans. From Constantinople to Communism. p. 93 "Dusan.. established his new state primate's seat at Peć (Ipek), in Kosovo" </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Bieber, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">RFE/RL Research Report: Weekly Analyses from the RFE/RL Research Institute, Том 3. 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Springer. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3748-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3748-0"><bdi>978-90-481-3748-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193103/https://books.google.com/books?id=9Rx7_KyUp7cC&pg=PA207">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+Law+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3748-0&rft.aulast=Sellers&rft.aufirst=Mortimer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Rx7_KyUp7cC%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/724">"Medieval Monuments in Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150513120313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/724/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medieval+Monuments+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jelavich1983-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Jelavich1983_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Jelavich1983" class="citation book cs1">Barbara Jelavich (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela">History of the Balkans</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbalkans0000jela/page/31">31</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-27458-6"><bdi>978-0-521-27458-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Balkans&rft.pages=31-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-521-27458-6&rft.au=Barbara+Jelavich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbalkans0000jela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-prospect-magazine.co.uk-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prospect-magazine.co.uk_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prospect-magazine.co.uk_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531075927/http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebattleofkosovo/">"Essays: 'The battle of Kosovo' by Noel Malcolm, Prospect Magazine May 1998 issue 30"</a>. Prospect-magazine.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/thebattleofkosovo/#axzz3eyNaDTl6">the original</a> on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays%3A+%27The+battle+of+Kosovo%27+by+Noel+Malcolm%2C+Prospect+Magazine+May+1998+issue+30&rft.pub=Prospect-magazine.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospectmagazine.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fthebattleofkosovo%2F%23axzz3eyNaDTl6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys46a2-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys46a2_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 46: "Both armies – and this is a fact that is ignored by the hagiographic telling – contained soldiers of various origins; Bosnians, Albanians, Hungarians, Greeks, Bulgars, perhaps even Catalans (on the Ottoman side)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Somel_2010_p._36-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Somel_2010_p._36_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book cs1">Somel, S.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4"><bdi>978-1-4617-3176-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128152103/https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2024. <q>The coalition consisted of Serbians, Bosnians, Croatians, Hungarians, Wallachians, Bulgarians, and Albanians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.series=The+A+to+Z+Guide+Series&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU8iCY0OZmcC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, pp. 409–415 </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarranderKnaus2007" class="citation book cs1">Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCRjKdrmqqEC">Kosovo</a>. 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Rama (2019). Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova. Springer. p. 64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Failure%2C+Ethnic+Elites%2C+and+Balance+of+Power%3A+The+International+Administration+of+Kosova&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Shinasi+A.+Rama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> • Cohen, Paul A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 8–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2">978-0-231-53729-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. • J. Everett-Heath (1 August 2000). Place Names of the World – Europe: Historical Context, Meanings and Changes. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 365. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28673-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-28673-3">978-0-230-28673-3</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930143730/https://books.google.com/books?id=uK2HDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA373#v=onepage&q&f=false">the original</a> on 30 September 2023. • Geniş, Şerife, and Kelly Lynne Maynard (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160507022158/http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263200903009619">Formation of a diasporic community: The history of migration and resettlement of Muslim Albanians in the Black Sea Region of Turkey</a>." Middle Eastern Studies. 45. (4): 556–557. • Lampe, John R.; Lampe, Professor John R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=A&f=false">Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7">978-0-521-77401-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144241/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27#v=snippet&q=A&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. <q>The first Ottoman encouragement of Albanian migration did follow the Serb exodus of 1690</q> • Anscombe, Frederick F 2006 – http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/1/Binder2.pdf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514093015/http://eprints.bbk.ac.uk/577/1/Binder2.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> • Cohen, Paul A. (2014). History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis. Columbia University Press. pp. 8–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2">978-0-231-53729-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. • Lampe, John R.; Lampe, Professor John R. (2000). Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77401-7">978-0-521-77401-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144241/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&q=A&pg=PA27#v=snippet&q=A&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. <q>The first Ottoman encouragement of Albanian migration did follow the Serb exodus of 1690</q> • Malcolm, Noel (10 July 2020). Noel Malcolm 2020 p . 135. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259922-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-259922-3">978-0-19-259922-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0FXwDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. • Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the history of the Albanians – Malcolm 2020 p. 132-133/p • Rebels, Believers, Survivors: Studies in the history of the Albanians – Malcolm 2020 p. 143/p </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Paul A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis</a>. Columbia University Press. pp. 8–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53729-2"><bdi>978-0-231-53729-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180358/https://books.google.com/books?id=DcfbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2021. 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"Les raisons de la manière de l'exode des refugies albanais du territoire du sandjak de Nish a Kosove (1878–1878) [The reasons for the manner of the exodus of Albanian refugees from the territory of the Sanjak of Niš to Kosovo (1878–1878)] ". Studia Albanica. 1: 189–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Rizaj, Skënder (1981). "Nënte Dokumente angleze mbi Lidhjen Shqiptare të Prizrenit (1878–1880) [Nine English documents about the League of Prizren (1878–1880)]". Gjurmine Albanologjike (Seria e Shkencave Historike). 10: 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Şimşir, Bilal N, (1968). Rumeli'den Türk göçleri. Emigrations turques des Balkans [Turkish emigrations from the Balkans]. Vol I. Belgeler-Documents. p. 737. </li> <li id="cite_note-Batakovic1992-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Batakovic1992_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBataković1992" class="citation book cs1">Bataković, Dušan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/kosovo/istorija/kosovo_chronicles/kc_part2b.html">The Kosovo Chronicles</a>. 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Scarecrow Press. p. xxxii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8"><bdi>978-0-333-66612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosovo&rft.pages=xxxii&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66612-8&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939." European History Quarterly. 35. (3): 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-King-Mason-30-82"><a href="#cite_ref-King-Mason-30_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIain_KingWhit_Mason2006" class="citation book cs1">Iain King; Whit Mason (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9m3Hp2OevdUC&pg=PA30">Peace at Any Price: How the World Failed Kosovo</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4539-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-4539-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-4539-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109150705/https://books.google.com/books?id=9m3Hp2OevdUC&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+at+Any+Price%3A+How+the+World+Failed+Kosovo&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-4539-2&rft.au=Iain+King&rft.au=Whit+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9m3Hp2OevdUC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi2015" class="citation book cs1">Skendi, Stavro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">The Albanian National Awakening</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-4776-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728220204/https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2021. Retrieved 28 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4776-1&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QPWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998246-248-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998246-248_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 246-248. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970501052336/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos145.htm">"Treaty of London, 1913"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos145.htm">the original</a> on 1 May 1997. Retrieved 6 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+London%2C+1913&rft.pub=Mtholyoke.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Facad%2Fintrel%2Fboshtml%2Fbos145.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1999" class="citation journal cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0506-7286-1999-3-422">"Kosovo – A Short History"</a>. Verfassung in Recht und Übersee. 32 (3): 422–423. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5771%2F0506-7286-1999-3-422">10.5771/0506-7286-1999-3-422</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0506-7286">0506-7286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Verfassung+in+Recht+und+%C3%9Cbersee&rft.atitle=Kosovo+%E2%80%93+A+Short+History&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E422-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5771%2F0506-7286-1999-3-422&rft.issn=0506-7286&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5771%252F0506-7286-1999-3-422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEmAQAAIAAJ&q=freundlich">Aggression Against Yugoslavia Correspondence</a>. Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. 2000. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0"><bdi>978-86-80763-91-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930144245/https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEmAQAAIAAJ&q=freundlich">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aggression+Against+Yugoslavia+Correspondence&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Belgrade&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-86-80763-91-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEEmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfreundlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998279-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998279_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlović2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pavlović, Aleksandar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826204541/http://scindeks-clanci.nb.rs/data/pdf/0353-9008/2008/0353-90080824231P.pdf">"Prostorni raspored Srba i Crnogoraca kolonizovanih na Kosovo i Metohiju u periodu između 1918. i 1941. godine"</a> (PDF). 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Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Collective action</a>, and International Citizenship. New York: The United Nations University, 2001. p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI._MehmetiRadeljic2017" class="citation book cs1">I. Mehmeti, Leandrit; Radeljic, Branislav (24 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ">Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences</a>. 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L.: Frank Cass, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5391-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5391-8">0-7146-5391-8</a>. pp. 13–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Ramet, Sabrina P. The Kingdom of God or the Kingdom of Ends: Kosovo in Serbian Perception. In Mary Buckley & Sally N. Cummings (eds.), Kosovo: Perceptions of War and Its Aftermath. 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Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76155-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-76155-4"><bdi>978-1-135-76155-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119180548/https://books.google.com/books?id=6OiQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. 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Indiana University Press. pp. 114, 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119180549/https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021. Retrieved 19 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918%E2%80%932005&rft.pages=114%2C+141&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998317-318_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 317-318. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2010" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Chaim (2010). Petersen, Hans-Christian; Salzborn, Samuel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6sqlTGHpsAC">Antisemitism in Eastern Europe: History and Present in Comparison</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>: Peter Lang. pp. 97–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59828-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-59828-3"><bdi>978-3-631-59828-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016003257/https://books.google.com/books?id=k6sqlTGHpsAC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+History+and+Present+in+Comparison&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-631-59828-3&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk6sqlTGHpsAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVickers1998" class="citation cs2">Vickers, Miranda (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S41pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22encouraged+an+extensive%22">Between Serb and Albanian : a history of Kosovo</a>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-278-6"><bdi>978-1-85065-278-6</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304215008/https://books.google.rs/books?id=S41pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22encouraged+an+extensive%22">archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016, <q>The Italian occupation force encouraged an extensive settlement programme involving up to 72,000 Albanians from Albania in Kosovo</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Serb+and+Albanian+%3A+a+history+of+Kosovo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-278-6&rft.aulast=Vickers&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS41pAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522encouraged%2Ban%2Bextensive%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312–313-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998312–313_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlereKlanjšek2019" class="citation book cs1">Flere, Sergej; Klanjšek, Rudi (2019). The Rise and Fall of Socialist Yugoslavia: Elite Nationalism and the Collapse of a Federation. United Kingdom: Lexington Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4197-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-4197-8"><bdi>978-1-4985-4197-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Socialist+Yugoslavia%3A+Elite+Nationalism+and+the+Collapse+of+a+Federation&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-4197-8&rft.aulast=Flere&rft.aufirst=Sergej&rft.au=Klanj%C5%A1ek%2C+Rudi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlowitch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_K._Pavlowitch" title="Stevan K. Pavlowitch">Pavlowitch, Stevan K.</a> (2002). Serbia: The History behind the Name. London: Hurst & Company. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-477-3"><bdi>978-1-85065-477-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%3A+The+History+behind+the+Name&rft.place=London&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-477-3&rft.aulast=Pavlowitch&rft.aufirst=Stevan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowkes2002" class="citation book cs1">Fowkes, Ben (2002). Ethnicity and Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World. United States of America: Palgrave. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-41937-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-41937-1"><bdi>978-1-349-41937-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Post-Communist+World&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-349-41937-1&rft.aulast=Fowkes&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._35_105-6">g</a> Independent International Commission on Kosovo. The Kosovo report: conflict, international response, lessons learned. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296_107-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Melissa_Katherine_Bokovoy_1992._Pp._296_107-2">c</a> Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Melissa Katherine Bokovoy, Jill A. Irvine, Carol S. Lilly. State-society relations in Yugoslavia, 1945–1992. Scranton, Pennsylvania: Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Independent International Commission on Kosovo. The Kosovo report: conflict, international response, lessons learned. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosovo._2000._Pp._36_110-2">c</a> Independent International Commission on Kosovo. The Kosovo report: conflict, international response, lessons learned. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQirezi2017" class="citation book cs1">Qirezi, Arben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76">"Settling the Self Determination Dispute in Kosovo"</a>. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 53–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-8157-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230704174259/https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settling+the+Self+Determination+Dispute+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Serbia%3A+Contested+Options+and+Shared+Consequences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8157-2&rft.aulast=Qirezi&rft.aufirst=Arben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWMqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrentiss2003" class="citation book cs1">Prentiss, Craig R, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ap8wa_YmT2QC&pg=PA215">Religion and the Creation of Race and Ethnicity: An Introduction</a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6701-6"><bdi>978-0-8147-6701-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211124233817/https://books.google.com/books?id=ap8wa_YmT2QC&pg=PA215">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Creation+of+Race+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6701-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dap8wa_YmT2QC%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19810419-113"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt19810419_113-0">^</a> New York Times 1981-04-19, "One Storm has Passed but Others are Gathering in Yugoslavia" </li> <li id="cite_note-hdk-114"><a href="#cite_ref-hdk_114-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elsie,_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsie, Robert">Elsie, Robert</a>. Historical Dictionary of Kosova. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5309-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5309-4">0-8108-5309-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-reuters19860527-115"><a href="#cite_ref-reuters19860527_115-0">^</a> Reuters 1986-05-27, "Kosovo Province Revives Yugoslavia's Ethnic Nightmare" </li> <li id="cite_note-csm19860728-116"><a href="#cite_ref-csm19860728_116-0">^</a> Christian Science Monitor 1986-07-28, "Tensions among ethnic groups in Yugoslavia begin to boil over" </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt19870627-117"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt19870627_117-0">^</a> New York Times 1987-06-27, "Belgrade Battles Kosovo Serbs" </li> <li id="cite_note-rogel-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rogel_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogel_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rogel_118-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Rogel, Carole (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025397128633">"Kosovo: Where It All Began"</a>. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society. 17 (1): 167–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1025397128633">10.1023/A:1025397128633</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141051220">141051220</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203551/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1025397128633">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Kosovo%3A+Where+It+All+Began&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1025397128633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141051220%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rogel&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1025397128633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Clark, Howard. Civil Resistance in Kosovo. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-1569-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-1569-0">0-7453-1569-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998346–347-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1998346–347_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 346–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-babuna-121"><a href="#cite_ref-babuna_121-0">^</a> Babuna, Aydın. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512010615/http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume8/September-November2003/AydinBabuna2Dec2003.pdf">Albanian national identity and Islam in the post-Communist era</a>. Perceptions 8(3), September–November 2003: 43–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306202756/https://books.google.rs/books?id=YS15BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">State-building in Kosovo. A plural policing perspective</a>. Maklu. 2015. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-466-0749-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-466-0749-7"><bdi>978-90-466-0749-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YS15BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">the original</a> on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-building+in+Kosovo.+A+plural+policing+perspective&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Maklu&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-466-0749-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYS15BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306193001/https://books.google.rs/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&pg=PA69">Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>. 2012. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9"><bdi>978-0-262-30512-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&pg=PA69">the original</a> on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Kosovo%3A+Coercive+Diplomacy+and+U.+S.+Intervention&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Belfer+Center+for+Science+and+International+Affairs&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-30512-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5sa90AEvi0C%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306190516/https://books.google.rs/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA249">Dictionary of Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. 2008. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2"><bdi>978-0-313-34642-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA249">the original</a> on 6 March 2016. 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Palgrave Macmillan. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20131-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-20131-6"><bdi>978-0-230-20131-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101051745/https://books.google.com/books?id=wkQ3I6GyClEC&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Yugoslavia%3A+Identities+and+Politics+Within+the+Successor+States&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-20131-6&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Bowman%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkQ3I6GyClEC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">"Kosovo Crisis Update"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a>. 4 August 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002408/http://www.unhcr.org/3ae6b80f2c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Crisis+Update&rft.pub=UNHCR&rft.date=1999-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unhcr.org%2F3ae6b80f2c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342?download=true">"Forced Expulsion of Kosovo Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from OSCE Participated state to Kosovo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSCE" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE">OSCE</a>. 6 October 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126062302/http://www.osce.org/odihr/21342?download=true">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forced+Expulsion+of+Kosovo+Roma%2C+Ashkali+and+Egyptians+from+OSCE+Participated+state+to+Kosovo&rft.pub=OSCE&rft.date=2006-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osce.org%2Fodihr%2F21342%3Fdownload%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wills-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Wills_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiobhán_Wills2009" class="citation book cs1">Siobhán Wills (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219">Protecting Civilians: The Obligations of Peacekeepers</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953387-9"><bdi>978-0-19-953387-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606104524/http://books.google.com/books?id=QoqQ7kBrlSAC&pg=PA219">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2013. 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Retrieved 29 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Kosovo+ex-PM+Ramush+Haradinaj+cleared+of+war+crimes&rft.date=2012-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-20536318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111055051/http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">"Kosovo Memory Book Database Presentation and Expert Evaluation"</a> (PDF). Kosovo Memory Book 1998–2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovomemorybook.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Expert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kosovo+Memory+Book+1998%E2%80%932000&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Memory+Book+Database+Presentation+and+Expert+Evaluation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovomemorybook.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FExpert_Evaluation_of_Kosovo_Memory_Book_Database_Prishtina_04_02_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/371562.stm">"Resolution 1244 (1999)"</a>. BBC News. 17 June 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407233507/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/371562.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Resolution+1244+%281999%29&rft.date=1999-06-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F371562.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> European Stability Initiative (ESI): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_53.pdf">The Lausanne Principle: Multiethnicity, Territory and the Future of Kosovo's Serbs (.pdf)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090324234708/http://www.esiweb.org/pdf/esi_document_id_53.pdf">Archived</a> 24 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 June 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Coordinating Centre of Serbia for Kosovo-Metohija: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040416201639/http://www.serbia.sr.gov.yu/coordination_centre/index.html">Principles of the program for return of internally displaced persons from Kosovo and Metohija</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herscher14-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Herscher14_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerscher2010">Herscher 2010</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Riedlmayer11-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Riedlmayer11_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrás_Riedlmayer" class="citation web cs1">András Riedlmayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190712133659/http://heritage.sense-agency.com/assets/kosovo/sg-6-06-riedlmayer-foreword-interfaith-eng.pdf">"Introduction in Destruction of Islamic Heritage in the Kosovo War, 1998–1999"</a> (PDF). p. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.sense-agency.com/assets/kosovo/sg-6-06-riedlmayer-foreword-interfaith-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+in+Destruction+of+Islamic+Heritage+in+the+Kosovo+War%2C+1998%E2%80%931999&rft.pages=11&rft.au=Andr%C3%A1s+Riedlmayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.sense-agency.com%2Fassets%2Fkosovo%2Fsg-6-06-riedlmayer-foreword-interfaith-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RauschBanar246-158"><a href="#cite_ref-RauschBanar246_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRauschBanar2006">Rausch & Banar 2006</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-Egleder79-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Egleder79_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEgleder2013">Egleder 2013</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6034567.stm">UN frustrated by Kosovo deadlock</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072437/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6034567.stm">Archived</a> 7 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ", BBC News, 9 October 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutheast_European_Times2007" class="citation web cs1">Southeast European Times (29 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702211016/http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/06/29/nb-07">"Russia reportedly rejects fourth draft resolution on Kosovo status"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/06/29/nb-07">the original</a> on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+reportedly+rejects+fourth+draft+resolution+on+Kosovo+status&rft.date=2007-06-29&rft.au=Southeast+European+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setimes.com%2Fcocoon%2Fsetimes%2Fxhtml%2Fen_GB%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fsetimes%2Fnewsbriefs%2F2007%2F06%2F29%2Fnb-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoutheast_European_Times2007" class="citation web cs1">Southeast European Times (10 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012154347/http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/07/10/nb-02">"UN Security Council remains divided on Kosovo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/newsbriefs/setimes/newsbriefs/2007/07/10/nb-02">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Security+Council+remains+divided+on+Kosovo&rft.date=2007-07-10&rft.au=Southeast+European+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsetimes.com%2Fcocoon%2Fsetimes%2Fxhtml%2Fen_GB%2Fnewsbriefs%2Fsetimes%2Fnewsbriefs%2F2007%2F07%2F10%2Fnb-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Dancer2007" class="citation web cs1">James Dancer (30 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/985caa90-de5a-11db-afa7-000b5df10621.html?nclick_check=1">"A long reconciliation process is required"</a>. Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080208151642/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/985caa90-de5a-11db-afa7-000b5df10621.html?nclick_check=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=A+long+reconciliation+process+is+required&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.au=James+Dancer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F985caa90-de5a-11db-afa7-000b5df10621.html%3Fnclick_check%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Tisdall2007" class="citation news cs1">Simon Tisdall (13 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,2209907,00.html">"Bosnian nightmare returns to haunt EU"</a>. The Guardian. UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307171451/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/nov/13/international.mainsection">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 15 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bosnian+nightmare+returns+to+haunt+EU&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft.au=Simon+Tisdall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C2209907%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6386467.stm">"Europe, Q&A: Kosovo's future"</a>. BBC News. 11 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123190828/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6386467.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Europe%2C+Q%26A%3A+Kosovo%27s+future&rft.date=2008-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6386467.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osce.org/kosovo/13208.html">OSCE Mission in Kosovo – Elections</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509143621/http://www.osce.org/kosovo/13208.html">Archived</a> 9 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ", Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1846264.stm">Power-sharing deal reached in Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160825081955/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1846264.stm">Archived</a> 25 August 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 21 February 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121041814/http://www.publicinternationallaw.org/docs/BW2005/Balkan_Watch.11April_05.pdf">"Publicinternationallaw.org"</a> (PDF). 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Prishtina Insight. 3 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422142329/https://prishtinainsight.com/serbia-claims-sierra-leone-has-withdrawn-kosovo-recognition/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020. 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Retrieved 20 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Serbs+convene+parliament%3B+Pristina%2C+international+authorities+object&rft.pub=SETimes.com&rft.date=2008-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.setimes.com%2Fcocoon%2Fsetimes%2Fxhtml%2Fen_GB%2Ffeatures%2Fsetimes%2Ffeatures%2F2008%2F06%2F30%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-icj-cij-179"><a href="#cite_ref-icj-cij_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208141833/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=kos&case=141&k=21">"Advisory Proceedings | International Court of Justice"</a>. icj-cij.org. 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BBC News. 19 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008021737/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-22222624">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Kosovo+reach+EU-brokered+landmark+accord&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-22222624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095629/http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/vest.php?id=93685">"Belgrade, Pristina initial draft agreement"</a>. Serbian government website. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srbija.gov.rs/vesti/vest.php?id=93685">the original</a> on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Serbian+government+website&rft.atitle=Belgrade%2C+Pristina+initial+draft+agreement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srbija.gov.rs%2Fvesti%2Fvest.php%3Fid%3D93685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/serbia-kosovo-agree-on-implementation-of-eu-backed-agreement-to-normalize-ties/2849709">"Serbia, Kosovo agree on implementation of EU-backed agreement to normalize ties"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anadolu_Agency" title="Anadolu Agency">Anadolu Agency</a>. 19 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319075130/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/serbia-kosovo-agree-on-implementation-of-eu-backed-agreement-to-normalize-ties/2849709">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anadolu+Agency&rft.atitle=Serbia%2C+Kosovo+agree+on+implementation+of+EU-backed+agreement+to+normalize+ties&rft.date=2023-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Feurope%2Fserbia-kosovo-agree-on-implementation-of-eu-backed-agreement-to-normalize-ties%2F2849709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerritt2009" class="citation book cs1">Perritt, Henry H. Jr. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WX4hAwAAQBAJ&q=kosovo%20no%20official%20religion&pg=PA167">The Road to Independence for Kosovo: A Chronicle of the Ahtisaari Plan</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47943-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-47943-1"><bdi>978-1-139-47943-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216082458/https://books.google.com/books?id=WX4hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167#v=onepage&q=kosovo%20no%20official%20religion">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Independence+for+Kosovo%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Ahtisaari+Plan&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-139-47943-1&rft.aulast=Perritt&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWX4hAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkosovo%2520no%2520official%2520religion%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaamatPoratOsin2012" class="citation book cs1">Naamat, Talia; Porat, Dina; Osin, Nina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1vU9p9ftlsC&q=kosovo%20constitution%20article%207&pg=PA235">Legislating for Equality: A Multinational Collection of Non-Discrimination Norms. Volume I: Europe</a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22612-8"><bdi>978-90-04-22612-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307171429/https://books.google.com/books?id=R1vU9p9ftlsC&q=kosovo+constitution+article+7&pg=PA235">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. 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Retrieved 2 November 2019 – via constituteproject.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kosovo%27s+Constitution+of+2008+%28with+Amendments+through+2016%29%2C+chapter+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.constituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FKosovo_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2012" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David L. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&pg=PA211">Liberating Kosovo: Coercive Diplomacy and U. S. Intervention</a>. MIT Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-30512-9"><bdi>978-0-262-30512-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803022449/https://books.google.com/books?id=X5sa90AEvi0C&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liberating+Kosovo%3A+Coercive+Diplomacy+and+U.+S.+Intervention&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-262-30512-9&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5sa90AEvi0C%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=26&nav_id=83353">EU 5 "less likely than ever" to recognize Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140917212253/http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2012&mm=11&dd=26&nav_id=83353">Archived</a> 17 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "B92 – News", Retrieved 31 March 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/detailed-country-information/kosovo/index_en.htm">Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120828041606/http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/countries/detailed-country-information/kosovo/index_en.htm">Archived</a> 28 August 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ec.europa.eu. </li> <li id="cite_note-Will_the_EBRD_do_the_right_thing?-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Will_the_EBRD_do_the_right_thing?_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130212081804/http://www.neurope.eu/blog/will-ebrd-do-right-thing-kosovo-its-newest-member">"Will the EBRD do the right thing for Kosovo, its newest member?"</a>. neurope.eu. 10 February 2013. 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Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513211823/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,49">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embassies+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa-ks.net%2F%3Fpage%3D2%2C49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,67">"Consular Missions of the Republic of Kosovo"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kosovo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513154127/http://www.mfa-ks.net/?page=2,67">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consular+Missions+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Kosovo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa-ks.net%2F%3Fpage%3D2%2C67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2023/04/18/european-parliament-votes-to-scrap-visa-regime-for-kosovo-citizens/#:~:text=Kosovo%20citizens%20will%20be%20able,in%20any%20180%2Dday%20period.">"European Parliament Votes to Scrap Visa Regime for Kosovo Citizens"</a>. 18 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230719105702/https://balkaninsight.com/2023/04/18/european-parliament-votes-to-scrap-visa-regime-for-kosovo-citizens/#:~:text=Kosovo%20citizens%20will%20be%20able,in%20any%20180%2Dday%20period.">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2023. 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European Council. 8 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201203161823/https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2018/06/08/eulex-kosovo-new-role-for-the-eu-rule-of-law-mission/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EULEX+Kosovo%3A+new+role+for+the+EU+rule+of+law+mission&rft.pub=European+Council&rft.date=2018-06-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpress%2Fpress-releases%2F2018%2F06%2F08%2Feulex-kosovo-new-role-for-the-eu-rule-of-law-mission%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Gallup_Global-Safety-Report-2024.pdf">"The Global Safety Report 2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Gallup,_Inc." title="Gallup, Inc.">Gallup</a>. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241002092551/https://insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Gallup_Global-Safety-Report-2024.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2 October 2024. Retrieved 2 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Safety+Report+2024&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Gallup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finsightcrime.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2024%2F10%2FGallup_Global-Safety-Report-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KSF-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KSF_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KSF_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616221845/http://www.kryeministri-ks.net/repository/docs/Constitution1Kosovo.pdf">"Constitution of Kosovo"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister of Kosovo</a>. p. 47. Archived from the original on 16 June 2009. 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Retrieved 7 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Law+on+Service+in+the+Kosovo+Security+Force&rft.date=2008-06-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mksf-ks.org%2Frepository%2Fdocs%2FLaw%2520on%2520Service%2520in%2520the%2520KSF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319170234/http://visionofhumanity.org/reports/">Global Peace Index 2020: Measuring Peace in a Complex World</a>. Sydney: <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Economics_and_Peace" title="Institute for Economics and Peace">Institute for Economics and Peace</a> (IEP). 2020. 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Retrieved 8 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Peace+Index+2020%3A+Measuring+Peace+in+a+Complex+World&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Institute+for+Economics+and+Peace+%28IEP%29&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisionofhumanity.org%2Freports&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Small-Arms-Survey-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Small-Arms-Survey_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhakeeFlorquin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Khakee, Anna; Florquin, Nicolas (1 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SR03-Kosovo.pdf">"Kosovo: Difficult Past, Unclear Future"</a> (PDF). Kosovo and the Gun: A Baseline Assessment of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Kosovo. 10. <a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>: <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Survey" title="Small Arms Survey">Small Arms Survey</a>: 4–6. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep10739.9">resrep10739.9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630150030/https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SR03-Kosovo.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023. <q>Kosovo—while still formally part of the so-called <a href="/wiki/State_Union_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="State Union of Serbia and Montenegro">State Union of Serbia and Montenegro</a> dominated by <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>—has, since the war, been a United Nations protectorate under the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo</a> (UNMIK). [...] However, members of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Serb">Kosovo Serb</a> minority of the territory (circa 6–7 per cent in 2000) have, for the most part, not been able to return to their homes. For security reasons, the remaining <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Serb_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Serb enclaves">Kosovo Serb enclaves</a> are, in part, isolated from the rest of Kosovo and protected by the multinational <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>-led Kosovo Force (KFOR).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosovo+and+the+Gun%3A+A+Baseline+Assessment+of+Small+Arms+and+Light+Weapons+in+Kosovo&rft.atitle=Kosovo%3A+Difficult+Past%2C+Unclear+Future&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2003-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fresrep10739.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Khakee&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Florquin%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smallarmssurvey.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2FSAS-SR03-Kosovo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NATO's_role_in_Kosovo-202"><a href="#cite_ref-NATO's_role_in_Kosovo_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_48818.htm">"NATO's role in Kosovo"</a>. nato.int. 29 November 2018. 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I.B.Tauris. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-841-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-841-0"><bdi>978-1-86064-841-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia%3A+Warlords+and+Rebels+in+the+Balkans&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-841-0&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309202553/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/03/04/uk-kosovo-army-idUKBREA231E620140304">"Kosovo to create national army of 5,000 soldiers"</a>. Reuters. 4 March 2014. 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Deutsche Welle (in Albanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220307171432/https://www.dw.com/sq/kosova-b%C3%ABhet-me-ushtri/a-46737219">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Kosova+b%C3%ABhet+me+ushtri&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=Shehu&rft.aufirst=Bekim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fp.dw.com%2Fp%2F3A6U7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/kfor-mission-extension-2187936">"The Federal Armed Forces to continue their participation in the Kosovo peace mission in Kosovo"</a>. 3 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150307/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-en/news/kfor-mission-extension-2187936">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. 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Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-199-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-199-9"><bdi>978-1-84162-199-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-199-9&rft.aulast=Warrander&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Knaus%2C+Verena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCRjKdrmqqEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2010" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (15 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC">Historical Dictionary of Kosovo</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7483-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7483-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117101441/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pg-aeA-nUeAC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2023. 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Retrieved 20 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Only+Olympic+medal%3A+Majlinda+Kelmendi+gives+Kosovo+a+reason+to+dream&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee+%28IOC%29&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fonly-olympic-medal-majlinda-kelmendi-gives-kosovo-a-reason-to-dream&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeancorrespondent.com/r/how-a-small-gym-made-kosovo-a-judo-powerhouse">"How a small gym made Kosovo a judo powerhouse"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dmu.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Photography+academic+invited+by+President+to+attend+ceremony+for+popstar+Rita+Ora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmu.ac.uk%2Fabout-dmu%2Fnews%2F2015%2Faugust%2Fphotography-academic-invited-by-president-to-attend-ceremony-for-popstar-rita-ora.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress2010-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Congress2010_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2010" class="citation book cs1">Library of Congress (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij47KwlCAykC&pg=PA4303">Library of Congress Subject Headings</a>. 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Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Library+of+Congress+Subject+Headings&rft.pages=4303-&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIj47KwlCAykC%26pg%3DPA4303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThreeWindows-324"><a href="#cite_ref-ThreeWindows_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-kosovo-selects-three-windows-734975">"Oscars: Kosovo Selects 'Three Windows and a Hanging' for Foreign-Language Category"</a>. 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Retrieved 23 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Oscars%3A+Kosovo+Selects+%27Three+Windows+and+a+Hanging%27+for+Foreign-Language+Category&rft.date=2014-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Foscars-kosovo-selects-three-windows-734975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_325-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayode2022" class="citation web cs1">Kayode (24 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phamoxmusic.com/history-of-the-ocarina/">"History Of The Ocarina"</a>. Phamox Music. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231210104329/https://phamoxmusic.com/history-of-the-ocarina/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2023. Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phamox+Music&rft.atitle=History+Of+The+Ocarina&rft.date=2022-09-24&rft.au=Kayode&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphamoxmusic.com%2Fhistory-of-the-ocarina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCacciafoco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Cacciafoco, Francesco Perono (1 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41376720">"A Prehistoric 'Little Goose': A New Etymology for the Word 'Ocarina'"</a>. Annals of the University of Craiova: Series Philology, Linguistics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+University+of+Craiova%3A+Series+Philology%2C+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Prehistoric+%27Little+Goose%27%3A+A+New+Etymology+for+the+Word+%27Ocarina%27&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.aulast=Cacciafoco&rft.aufirst=Francesco+Perono&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41376720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradt-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_327-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradt_327-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarranderKnaus2011" class="citation book cs1">Warrander, Gail; Knaus, Verena (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uSaH1bKAb8QC&q=serbian%20music%20kosovo&pg=PA41">Kosovo</a>. Bradt Guides. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-331-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-331-3"><bdi>978-1-84162-331-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203252/https://books.google.rs/books?id=uSaH1bKAb8QC&pg=PA41#v=onepage&q=serbian%20music%20kosovo">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Bradt+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-331-3&rft.aulast=Warrander&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft.au=Knaus%2C+Verena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuSaH1bKAb8QC%26q%3Dserbian%2520music%2520kosovo%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kruta-328"><a href="#cite_ref-Kruta_328-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruta1990" class="citation book cs1">Kruta, Beniamin (1990). 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Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=naxos.com&rft.atitle=Petrit+Ceku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naxos.com%2FBio%2FPerson%2FPetrit_Ceku%2F70948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle2013" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Ian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C_oM5LheoEAC">Music National Identity and the Politics of Location: Between the Global and the Local</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9377-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-9377-8"><bdi>978-1-4094-9377-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817203150/https://books.google.rs/books?id=C_oM5LheoEAC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+National+Identity+and+the+Politics+of+Location%3A+Between+the+Global+and+the+Local&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-9377-8&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC_oM5LheoEAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160820055759/http://www.dokufest.com/2012/?cid=2,34">"Home – DOKUFEST 2013"</a>. dokufest.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dokufest.com/2012/">the original</a> on 20 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dokufest.com&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+DOKUFEST+2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdokufest.com%2F2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2016" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Zach (14 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eonline.com/news/730249/oscars-2016-nominations-complete-list-of-nominees">"Oscars 2016 Nominations: Complete List of Nominees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/E!_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="E! Online">E! Online</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115113854/http://www.eonline.com/news/730249/oscars-2016-nominations-complete-list-of-nominees">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=E%21+Online&rft.atitle=Oscars+2016+Nominations%3A+Complete+List+of+Nominees&rft.date=2016-01-14&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eonline.com%2Fnews%2F730249%2Foscars-2016-nominations-complete-list-of-nominees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCocozelli2016" class="citation book cs1">Cocozelli, Fred (2016). "The Serbs of Kosovo". In Ramet, Sabrina (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpEwDQAAQBAJ">Ethnic Minorities and Politics in Post-Socialist Southeastern Europe</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-98277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-98277-8"><bdi>978-1-316-98277-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191030/https://books.google.com/books?id=FpEwDQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 4 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Serbs+of+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Minorities+and+Politics+in+Post-Socialist+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-98277-8&rft.aulast=Cocozelli&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpEwDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurta2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Florin_Curta" title="Florin Curta">Curta, Florin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt">Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81539-0"><bdi>978-0-521-81539-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+500%E2%80%931250&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-81539-0&rft.aulast=Curta&rft.aufirst=Florin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoutheasterneuro0000curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgleder2013" class="citation book cs1">Egleder, Julia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-UELTOTKxy0C&q=2004+riots+Kosovo+nationalism&pg=PA79">Peace Through Peace Media?: The Media Activities of the International Missions (KFOR and UNMIK) and Their Contribution to Peacebuilding in Kosovo from 1999 till 2008</a>. Münster: LIT Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90354-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90354-9"><bdi>978-3-643-90354-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Through+Peace+Media%3F%3A+The+Media+Activities+of+the+International+Missions+%28KFOR+and+UNMIK%29+and+Their+Contribution+to+Peacebuilding+in+Kosovo+from+1999+till+2008&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90354-9&rft.aulast=Egleder&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UELTOTKxy0C%26q%3D2004%2Briots%2BKosovo%2Bnationalism%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2004), Historical Dictionary of Kosova, Scarecrow Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5309-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5309-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-5309-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Kosova&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5309-6&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine_Jr." title="John Van Antwerp Fine Jr.">Fine, John Van Antwerp</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC">The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</a>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08260-5"><bdi>978-0-472-08260-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725102433/https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh0Bu8C66TsC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2023. Retrieved 24 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08260-5&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John+Van+Antwerp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHh0Bu8C66TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerscher2010" class="citation book cs1">Herscher, Andrew (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pnSvZzDS0RYC">Violence taking place: The architecture of the Kosovo conflict</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6935-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6935-8"><bdi>978-0-8047-6935-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+taking+place%3A+The+architecture+of+the+Kosovo+conflict&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6935-8&rft.aulast=Herscher&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpnSvZzDS0RYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9085-1"><bdi>978-952-10-9085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Battle+Backwards+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Battle+of+Kosovo+Polje+%281389%29+and+the+Munich+Agreement+%281938%29+as+Political+Myths&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-952-10-9085-1&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLellio2006" class="citation cs2">Lellio, Anna Di (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNEW0jtOjK8C&pg=PP1">The case for Kosova: passage to independence</a>, Anthem Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-229-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-229-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-229-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+case+for+Kosova%3A+passage+to+independence&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-229-1&rft.aulast=Lellio&rft.aufirst=Anna+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaNEW0jtOjK8C%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kosovo-a-short-history/page/52/mode/2up">Kosovo: A Short History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-66612-8"><bdi>978-0-333-66612-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-333-66612-8&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkosovo-a-short-history%2Fpage%2F52%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazoglu1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fanula_Papazoglu" title="Fanula Papazoglu">Papazoglu, Fanula</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians</a>. Amsterdam: Hakkert. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0793-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-256-0793-7"><bdi>978-90-256-0793-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230930143816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Balkan+Tribes+in+pre-Roman+Times%3A+Triballi%2C+Autariatae%2C+Dardanians%2C+Scordisci+and+Moesians&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-90-256-0793-7&rft.aulast=Papazoglu&rft.aufirst=Fanula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUp4JAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauschBanar2006" class="citation book cs1">Rausch, Colette; Banar, Elaine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ekkugfne9MC&q=2004+riots+Kosovo+nationalism&pg=PA246">Combating serious crimes in postconflict societies: A handbook for policymakers and practitioners</a>. Washington, D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-95-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-95-4"><bdi>978-1-929223-95-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Combating+serious+crimes+in+postconflict+societies%3A+A+handbook+for+policymakers+and+practitioners&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-95-4&rft.aulast=Rausch&rft.aufirst=Colette&rft.au=Banar%2C+Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ekkugfne9MC%26q%3D2004%2Briots%2BKosovo%2Bnationalism%26pg%3DPA246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichner2015" class="citation journal cs1">Teichner, Felix (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325366911">"Ulpiana - Iustiniana secunda (Kosovo) : das urbane Zentrum des dardanischen Bergbaubezirks"</a>. Ephemeris Napocensis. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ephemeris+Napocensis&rft.atitle=Ulpiana+-+Iustiniana+secunda+%28Kosovo%29+%3A+das+urbane+Zentrum+des+dardanischen+Bergbaubezirks&rft.volume=25&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Teichner&rft.aufirst=Felix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F325366911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Kosovo" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Kosovo">Wikimedia Atlas of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://president-ksgov.net/">President of Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701112500/https://president-ksgov.net/">Archived</a> 1 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/">Prime Minister of Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102131555/https://kryeministri.rks-gov.net/">Archived</a> 2 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuvendikosoves.org/">Parliament of Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230605084856/https://kuvendikosoves.org/">Archived</a> 5 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – (in Albanian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/">EULEX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705062812/https://www.eulex-kosovo.eu/">Archived</a> 5 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – (in English)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/Kosovo/">Kosovo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204144331/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kosovo/">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> by <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_topics" title="Template talk:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_articles470" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity_and_Medieval_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Late Antiquity and Medieval sites in Kosovo">Late Antiquity and Medieval sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Kosovo">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dukagjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Dukagjin">Sanjak of Dukagjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vi%C3%A7itrina" title="Sanjak of Viçitrina">Sanjak of Viçitrina</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">1943–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province (1946–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) (1999–2008)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo (2008–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kosovo">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Kosovo" title="Forests of Kosovo">Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kosovo" title="List of lakes of Kosovo">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kosovo" title="List of rivers of Kosovo">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions of Kosovo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gegëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Pomoravlje" title="Kosovo Pomoravlje">Anamorava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Accession to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kosovo" title="Administrative divisions of Kosovo">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">International Steering Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kosovo" title="List of political parties in Kosovo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">Provisional institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_for_Kosovo" title="Standards for Kosovo">Standards for Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93Serbia_land_swap" title="Kosovo–Serbia land swap">Land exchange with Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification with Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">ICJ opinion on Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kosovo" title="List of banks in Kosovo">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Euro (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo" title="Natural resources of Kosovo">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology_in_Kosovo" title="Information and communications technology in Kosovo">Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Society of Kosovo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kosovo" title="Women in Kosovo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Kosovo" title="Mass media in Kosovo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kosovo" title="Public holidays in Kosovo">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball in Kosovo">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judo in Kosovo">Judo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kosovo" title="Television in Kosovo">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo" title="Category:Kosovo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_countries" title="Template talk:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_on_the_Balkan_Peninsula147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries on the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographically fully located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Balkan_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/100px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/150px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Balkan_topo_en.jpg/200px-Balkan_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="767" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Significantly located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Serbia" title="Central Serbia">Central Serbia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partially located</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">southern mainland</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Slovenia" title="Subdivisions of Slovenia">south-western part</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mostly outside the peninsula</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monfalcone" title="Monfalcone">Monfalcone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Dobruja" title="Northern Dobruja">Northern Dobruja</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#f6f6f6;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Balkans" title="Languages of the Balkans">Balkan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_sprachbund" title="Balkan sprachbund">Sprachbund</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkanization" title="Balkanization">Balkanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans" title="History of the Balkans">History of the Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign_states_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sovereign states of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Europe1244" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>3 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Special areas of internal sovereignty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomous region</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_convention" title="Åland convention">Åland convention</a> of 1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated area</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Svalbard_Treaty" title="Svalbard Treaty">Svalbard Treaty</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">country of the United Kingdom</a> subject to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">British-Irish Agreement</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Europe and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.</li> <li>3 <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">Oceanic islands</a> within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.</li> <li>4 Governed by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> which has sovereignty over Vatican City.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Europe" title="Category:Europe">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Union_candidates" title="Template talk:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Union_candidates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Union candidates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Enlargement_and_partners_of_the_European_Union575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Enlargement</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">partners</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Historical_enlargements" title="Enlargement of the European Union">Previous enlargements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1973_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1973 enlargement of the European Communities">1973</a> (<a href="/wiki/1972_Danish_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1972 Danish European Communities membership referendum">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/1975_United_Kingdom_European_Communities_membership_referendum" title="1975 United Kingdom European Communities membership referendum">United Kingdom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1981 enlargement of the European Communities">1981</a> (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_enlargement_of_the_European_Communities" title="1986 enlargement of the European Communities">1986</a> (Portugal, Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="1995 enlargement of the European Union">1995</a> (<a href="/wiki/1994_Austrian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Austrian European Union membership referendum">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Finnish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Finnish European Union membership referendum">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/1994_Swedish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="1994 Swedish European Union membership referendum">Sweden</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2004 enlargement of the European Union">2004</a> (Cyprus, <a href="/wiki/2003_Czech_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Czech European Union membership referendum">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Estonian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Hungarian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Hungarian European Union membership referendum">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Latvian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Latvian European Union membership referendum">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum">Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Maltese_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Maltese European Union membership referendum">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Polish_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Polish European Union membership referendum">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Slovak_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2003 Slovak European Union membership referendum">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2003_Slovenian_European_Union_and_NATO_membership_referendum" title="2003 Slovenian European Union and NATO membership referendum">Slovenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2007 enlargement of the European Union">2007</a> (Bulgaria, Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">2013</a> (<a href="/wiki/2012_Croatian_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2012 Croatian European Union membership referendum">Croatia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_relating_to_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Statistics relating to enlargement of the European Union">Statistics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Western_Balkans" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Negotiating</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acquis_communautaire#Chapters" title="Acquis communautaire">Screened</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Albania_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Albania to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Montenegro_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Montenegro to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Moldova_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Moldova to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Moldova–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_North_Macedonia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of North Macedonia to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Serbia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Serbia to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Ukraine_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Ukraine to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Ukraine–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-negotiations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Bosnia and Herzegovina to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Georgia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Georgia to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Georgia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union#Turkey" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Suspended negotiations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Turkey_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Turkey to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="European Union–Turkey relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Potential_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Potential enlargement of the European Union">Potential candidates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">Partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Armenia_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Armenia to the European Union">status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Armenia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Azerbaijan–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (suspended) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Belarus–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Dimension" title="Northern Dimension">Northern Dimension</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /> <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iceland–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Norway–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Russia–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">Customs union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Andorra–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Monaco–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="San Marino–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_free_trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union free trade agreements">Free trade agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Liechtenstein–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Switzerland–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="United Kingdom–European Union relations">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93UK_Trade_and_Cooperation_Agreement" title="EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement">Trade and Cooperation Agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other geographically European countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Kazakhstan–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Holy See–European Union relations">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">Current membership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_criteria" title="Copenhagen criteria">Criteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_from_the_European_Union" title="Withdrawal from the European Union">Withdrawal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1246#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132423103">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1695919/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4032571-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2008012665">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10166493z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10166493z">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001227041">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129640&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575593">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000386695&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=7274">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/ljx00cf41g9xzhn">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/22991">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007465441205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7b6ae6b7-6f4f-43df-aab8-0c72531ea8ae">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d7f5e8b7-0f6b-4b2a-a04b-872950a4da20">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ZflLKWPF">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/124748740">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046499">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Kosovo at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kosovo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Kosovo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Kosova_/_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="c:Kosova / Косово">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Kosovo" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Kosovo">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kosovo" class="extiw" title="q:Kosovo">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kosovo" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kosovo">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Kosovo" class="extiw" title="voy:Kosovo">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-z7tt6","wgBackendResponseTime":163,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.248","walltime":"3.992","ppvisitednodes":{"value":29899,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":932774,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":102328,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":84,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1179674,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3295.592 1 -total"," 46.27% 1524.877 3 Template:Reflist"," 16.88% 556.146 153 Template:Cite_web"," 9.88% 325.629 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 9.84% 324.154 71 Template:Cite_book"," 6.98% 229.986 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.71% 188.165 12 Template:Sfn"," 5.14% 169.527 16 Template:Navbox"," 4.93% 162.620 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.62% 152.112 22 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[\"CITEREFElsie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsie2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFErrington1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlereKlanjšek2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFowkes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrantz2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGassmannKörlinKlein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhaffar2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGvosdev2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarnack1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerscher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoxhaj1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudsonBowman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFI._MehmetiRadeljic2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIain_KingWhit_Mason2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternal_Displacement_Monitoring_Centre_(IDMC)_–_Norwegian_Refugee_Council\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJ._Everett-Heath2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Dancer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudah2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKayode2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhakeeFlorquin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiM_Info-Service2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKosovo_Agency_of_Statistics\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKostreci2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruta1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambeth2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_MinearTed_van_BaardaMarc_Sommers2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLellio2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Congress2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManićNikitovićDjurović2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxhuni\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGeer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMughal_Abdul_Ghaffar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaamatPoratOsin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivier_Roy,_Arolda_Elbasani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapazoglu1978\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPavlović2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPavlowitch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerparim_Isufi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerritt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetrit_Collaku2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilips2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoggi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrendergast2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrentiss2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinzing2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQirezi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamet2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauschBanar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoisman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchermerShukriuDeskaj2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSellers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharpe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShehu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShinasi_A._Rama2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukriu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Tisdall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiobhán_Wills2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkendi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSomel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoutheast_European_Times2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTeichner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodorović2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeselajMustafa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarranderKnaus2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWarranderKnaus2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfgram2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇavolli1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇetinkaya2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Balkan countries\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 7,\n [\"Center\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite act\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 71,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 153,\n [\"Clear\"] = 13,\n [\"Convert\"] = 17,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"DecreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"European Union candidates\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 12,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Kosovo Districts\"] = 1,\n [\"Kosovo topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 13,\n [\"Lang-sr-Cyrl\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang-sr-Latn\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 29,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Numrec\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 8,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"UNnum\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 4,\n [\"Unbulletedlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 19,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","17.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","15.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.9"],["recursiveClone 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projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-15T14:48:48Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T17:11:34Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1f\/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg","headline":"country in southeastern Europe"}</script> </body> </html>