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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rif_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rif_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rif War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rif_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Spanish_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Spanish_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Second Spanish Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Spanish_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Spanish Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrocession_to_Morocco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrocession_to_Morocco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Retrocession to Morocco</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrocession_to_Morocco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="الحماية الإسبانية على المغرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحماية الإسبانية على المغرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protector%C3%A1u_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos" title="Protectoráu español de Marruecos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Protectoráu español de Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Іспанскае Марока – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іспанскае Марока" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Испанско Мароко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Испанско Мароко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko_spagnol" title="Maroko spagnol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maroko spagnol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_espanyol_al_Marroc" title="Protectorat espanyol al Marroc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Protectorat espanyol al Marroc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A9_Maroko" title="Španělské Maroko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělské Maroko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_Marokko" title="Spansk Marokko – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Spansk Marokko" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="لحماية الصبليونية على لمغريب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لحماية الصبليونية على لمغريب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanisch-Marokko" title="Spanisch-Marokko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanisch-Marokko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos" title="Protectorado español de Marruecos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Protectorado español de Marruecos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_Maroko" title="Hispana Maroko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana Maroko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marokoko_Protektoratu_Espainiarra" title="Marokoko Protektoratu Espainiarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marokoko Protektoratu Espainiarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorat_espagnol_au_Maroc" title="Protectorat espagnol au Maroc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Protectorat espagnol au Maroc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorado_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marrocos" title="Protectorado Español de Marrocos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Protectorado Español de Marrocos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%B9_%EB%AA%A8%EB%A1%9C%EC%BD%94" title="스페인령 모로코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인령 모로코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolski_Maroko" title="Španjolski Maroko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Španjolski Maroko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko_Spanyol" title="Maroko Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maroko Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protettorato_spagnolo_del_Marocco" title="Protettorato spagnolo del Marocco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Protettorato spagnolo del Marocco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מרוקו הספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרוקו הספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protektorado_Espanyol_de_Maroko" title="Protektorado Espanyol de Maroko – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Protektorado Espanyol de Maroko" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C4%81nijas_Maroka" title="Spānijas Maroka – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Spānijas Maroka" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanijos_Marokas" title="Ispanijos Marokas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ispanijos Marokas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maghribi_Sepanyol" title="Maghribi Sepanyol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maghribi Sepanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans-Marokko" title="Spaans-Marokko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans-Marokko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E9%A0%98%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%B3" title="スペイン保護領モロッコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン保護領モロッコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_Marokko" title="Spansk Marokko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spansk Marokko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroko_Hiszpa%C5%84skie" title="Maroko Hiszpańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maroko Hiszpańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protetorado_Espanhol_em_Marrocos" title="Protetorado Espanhol em Marrocos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Protetorado Espanhol em Marrocos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Испанский протекторат Марокко – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанский протекторат Марокко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panski_Maroko" title="Španski Maroko – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Španski Maroko" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0panjolski_protektorat_u_Maroku" title="Španjolski protektorat u Maroku – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Španjolski protektorat u Maroku" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espanjan_Marokko" title="Espanjan Marokko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Espanjan Marokko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanska_protektoratet_Marocko" title="Spanska protektoratet Marocko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanska protektoratet Marocko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fas_%C4%B0spanyol_Protektoras%C4%B1" title="Fas İspanyol Protektorası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fas İspanyol Protektorası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Іспанське Марокко – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іспанське Марокко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="ہسپانوی زیر حمایت المغرب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانوی زیر حمایت المغرب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha_b%E1%BA%A3o_h%E1%BB%99_Maroc" title="Tây Ban Nha bảo hộ Maroc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Ban Nha bảo hộ Maroc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%AC%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="西屬摩洛哥 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西屬摩洛哥" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&params=35.0000_N_4.5000_W_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°00′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">4°30′00″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.0000°N 4.5000°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.0000; -4.5000</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1912–1956 protectorate in northwest Africa</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Protectorado español en Marruecos</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span><br /><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الحماية الإسبانية في المغرب</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1912–1956</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spanish Morocco"><img alt="Flag of Spanish Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/125px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/188px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg/250px-Merchant_flag_of_Spanish_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Morocco" title="Flag of Morocco">Merchant Ensign</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_(Protectorate).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Spanish Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Spanish Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco_%28Protectorate%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/National_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/National_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Spain.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the protectorate's northern zone (Spanish Morocco proper) and southern zone (Cape Juby)"><img alt="Map of the protectorate's northern zone (Spanish Morocco proper) and southern zone (Cape Juby)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg/288px-Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg/432px-Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg/576px-Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_en_Marruecos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="151" data-file-height="133" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the protectorate's northern zone (<i>Spanish Morocco</i> proper) and southern zone (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the northern zone in 1956"><img alt="Map of the northern zone in 1956" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg/288px-Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="288" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg/432px-Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg/576px-Morocco-spanish-protectorate-1955-a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1198" data-file-height="613" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Map of the northern zone in 1956</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tetuán</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> (official)<br /><a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a> or <a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Morocco" title="Islam in Morocco">Islam</a> (majority)<br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Morocco" title="Catholic Church in Morocco">Catholicism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br />(under <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1912–1927 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yusef_of_Morocco" title="Yusef of Morocco">Yusef</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1927–1956 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_V_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed V of Morocco">Mohammed V</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_high_commissioners_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco">High Commissioner</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1913 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Alfau_Mendoza" title="Felipe Alfau Mendoza">Felipe Alfau Mendoza</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1951–1956 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Garc%C3%ADa_Vali%C3%B1o" title="Rafael García Valiño">Rafael García Valiño</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Treaty of Madrid</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">27 November 1912</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 1921 – May 1926</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/July_1936_military_uprising_in_Melilla" title="July 1936 military uprising in Melilla">Nationalist uprising</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 1936</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Tangier_(1940%E2%80%931945)" title="Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)">Occupation of Tangier</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">June 1940 – October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Retroceded to <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1956</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">Spanish peseta</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawi Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><span class="nowrap">Kingdom of Morocco</span></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/20px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/30px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/40px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Spanish protectorate in Morocco</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was established on 27 November 1912 by <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">a treaty between France and Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-AJIL1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AJIL1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> into a formal <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>. </p><p>The Spanish protectorate consisted of a northern strip on the Mediterranean and the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, and a southern part of the protectorate<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> around <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>, bordering the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>. The northern zone became part of independent <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> on 7 April 1956, shortly after France <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">relinquished its protectorate</a>. Spain finally ceded its southern zone through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Angra_de_Cintra" title="Treaty of Angra de Cintra">Treaty of Angra de Cintra</a> on 1 April 1958, after the short <a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGangas_GeisseSantis_Arenas20113_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangas_GeisseSantis_Arenas20113-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> was excluded from the Spanish protectorate and received a special internationally controlled status as <a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a>. </p><p>Since France already held a protectorate over most of the country and had controlled Morocco's foreign affairs since 30 March 1912, it also held the power to delegate a zone to Spanish protection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196814–16_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196814–16-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surface area of the zone was about 20,948 km<sup>2</sup> (8,088 sq mi), which represents 4.69% of modern-day Morocco. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg/220px-Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg/330px-Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg/440px-Firma_del_Tratado_franco_espa%C3%B1ol_de_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Moment of the signing of the Treaty by which the Spanish Protectorate was created, November 27, 1912</figcaption></figure> <p>At a time when other European nations were acquiring or expanding their colonial empires, Spain's had generally gained independence. Its <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">disastrous 1898 war</a> with the United States stripped Spain of its few overseas provinces and exposed an inferior military. Yet, due to Morocco's proximity and the presence of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, Spain eyed expansion in northern Morocco, despite an overall lack of enthusiasm for new colonial enterprises. During the last decades of the 19th century, Spain nervously watched the increasing influence of its European rivals in the Maghreb. Thus, ensuring Spanish security offered the most compelling reason to intervene. For example, Liberal leader <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montero_R%C3%ADos" title="Eugenio Montero Ríos">Montero Ríos</a> argued that if northwestern Morocco were to come under French control, Spain would be vulnerable to France from both north and south. Furthermore, the discovery of iron ore near Melilla convinced many that Morocco contained vast mineral wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The key motivation for intervention, although less openly stated, was the belief that Morocco was Spain's last chance to maintain its position in the <a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a>, as it was the one area in which it could claim sufficient interest to generate some diplomatic strength with respect to the European powers. There was also the then-widespread belief in Europe that colonies increased a nation's prestige. Those beliefs encouraged Spanish politicians to adopt a <a href="/wiki/Forward_policy" title="Forward policy">forward policy</a> in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a convention dated 27 June 1900 (at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1900)" title="Treaty of Paris (1900)">Treaty of Paris (1900)</a>), France and Spain agreed to recognize separate zones of influence in Morocco, but did not specify their boundaries. In 1902, France offered Spain all of Morocco north of the <a href="/wiki/Sebou_River" title="Sebou River">Sebou River</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Sous_River" title="Sous River">Sous River</a>, but Spain declined in the belief that such a division would offend Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British and French, without any Spanish insistence,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (April 2016)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> acknowledged Spain's right to a zone of influence in Morocco in Article 8 of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">Entente cordiale</a></i></span> of 8 April 1904:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The two Governments, inspired by their feeling of sincere friendship for Spain, take into special consideration the interests which that country derives from her geographical position and from her territorial possessions on the Moorish coast of the Mediterranean. In regard to these interests the French Government will come to an understanding with the Spanish Government. The agreement which may be come to on the subject between France and Spain shall be communicated to His Britannic Majesty's Government.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png/220px-Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png/330px-Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png/440px-Spanish_territorial_boundary_changes_in_Northwest_Africa_1885-1912.png 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="2089" /></a><figcaption>Spanish territorial boundary changes in Northwest Africa per the treaties of <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">1885</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1900)" title="Treaty of Paris (1900)">1900</a>, 1902, <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">1904</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">1912</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>What exactly "special consideration" meant was dealt with in the secret third and fourth articles, specifying that Spain would be required to recognize Articles 4 and 7 of the treaty but could decline the "special consideration" if it wished: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The two Governments agree that a certain extent of Moorish territory adjacent to Melilla, Ceuta, and other <i>presides</i> should, whenever the Sultan ceases to exercise authority over it, come within the sphere of influence of Spain, and that the administration of the coast from Melilla as far as, but not including, the heights on the right bank of the Sebou shall be entrusted to Spain.</p></blockquote> <p>The British goal in these negotiations with France was to ensure that a weaker power (Spain) held the strategic coast opposite <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> in return for Britain ceding all their influence in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France began negotiating with Spain at once, but the offer of 1902 was no longer on the table. Since France had given up its ambitions in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Libya">Ottoman Libya</a> in a convention with Italy in 1903, it felt entitled to a greater share of Morocco. On 3 October 1904, France and Spain concluded a treaty that defined their precise zones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain received a zone of influence consisting of a northern strip of territory and a southern strip. The northern strip did not reach to the border of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, nor did it include <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, soon to be internationalized. The southern strip represented the southernmost part of Morocco as recognized by the European powers: the territory to its south, <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a>, was recognized by France as an exclusively Spanish zone. The treaty also recognized the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and delimited its borders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry_del_Val1920a330–31_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry_del_Val1920a330–31-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1905, the German <i><a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">Kaiser</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, a city of international character in northern Morocco. There he loudly touted Germany's economic interests in Morocco and assured <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of Morocco">the Sultan</a> of financial assistance in the event of a threat to Moroccan independence. At Wilhelm's urging, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abd el Aziz</a> called for an international conference. The final act of the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference</a> (7 April 1906) created the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Morocco" title="State Bank of Morocco">State Bank of Morocco</a>, guaranteed the attending powers equal commercial rights in Morocco and created a native Moroccan police force led by French and Spanish officers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196810–11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196810–11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final Spanish zone of influence consisted of a northern strip and a southern strip centered on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>. The consideration of the southern strip as part of the protectorate back in 1912 eventually gave Morocco a solid legal claim to the territory in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the sparsely populated Cape Juby was administered as a single entity with <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>, the northern territories were administered, separately, as a Spanish protectorate with its capital at <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tetuán</a>. </p><p>The Protectorate system was established in 1912. The Islamic legal system of <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi"><i>qadis</i></a> was formally maintained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rif_War">Rif War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rif War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rif_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rif Republic">Rif Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanishbuildingruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/286px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/429px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Spanishbuildingruins.jpg/572px-Spanishbuildingruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="748" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of a Spanish camp near <a href="/wiki/Chefchaouen" title="Chefchaouen">Chefchaouen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaid_Sarkash_(Riffian_leader)_1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/220px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/330px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg/440px-Kaid_Sarkash_%28Riffian_leader%29_1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4213" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> carrying captured rifles during Rif war, including a <a href="/wiki/Mauser_Model_1893" title="Mauser Model 1893">Mauser 1893</a> and a French <a href="/wiki/Berthier_rifle" title="Berthier rifle">Berthier carbine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rif" title="Republic of the Rif">Republic of the Rif</a>, led by the guerrilla leader <a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a>, was a breakaway state that existed from 1921 to 1926 in the <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> region, when it was <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">subdued and dissolved</a> by a joint expedition of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Army of Africa">Spanish Army of Africa</a> and French forces during the <a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a>. </p><p>The Spanish lost more than 13,000 soldiers at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a> in July–August 1921. Controversy in Spain over the early conduct in the war was a driving factor behind the military coup by General <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera,_2nd_Marquis_of_Estella" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera, 2nd Marquis of Estella">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a> in 1923 which foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–39.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the successful 1925 <a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas landing</a>, the French–Spanish alliance ended up achieving victory and putting an end to the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Spanish_Republic">Second Spanish Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second Spanish Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif/lossy-page1-220px-ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif/lossy-page1-330px-ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif/lossy-page1-440px-ETH-BIB-Reisegef%C3%A4hrten_von_Walter_Mittelholzer_beim_Ballspiel_am_Strand_beim_Kap_Juby-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-1059.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="3620" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mittelholzer" title="Walter Mittelholzer">Walter Mittelholzer</a>'s traveling companions playing ball on the beach of <a href="/wiki/Tarfaya" title="Tarfaya">Cape Juby</a>, image between 1930 and 1931.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before 1934, the southern part of the protectorate (Tekna)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been governed from Cape Juby (within the same southern strip) since 1912; Cape Juby was also the seat of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Africa" title="Spanish West Africa">Spanish West Africa</a>. Then, in 1934, the southern part began to being managed directly from <a href="/wiki/Tetu%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetuán">Tetuán</a> (in the northern part of the protectorate) and the seat of Spanish West Africa was moved from Cape Juby to the territory of <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> (not a part of the protectorate), which had been occupied by the Spaniards that year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> started in 1936 with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936" title="Spanish coup of July 1936">partially successful coup</a> against the Republican Government, which began in Spanish Morocco by an uprising of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Spanish Army of Africa</a> stationed there, although within a day uprisings in Spain itself broke out. This force, which included a considerable number of Moroccan troops (<a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">regulares</a>), was under the command of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> (who spent much time in Morocco) and became the core of the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Spanish Nationalist Army</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">Workers' Party of Marxist Unification</a> (POUM), advocated <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonialist">anti-colonial</a> policies, and pressured the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> to support the independence of Spanish Morocco, intending to create a rebellion at Franco's back and cause disaffection among his Moroccan troops. The government – then led by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Spanish Socialist Workers' Party</a> (PSOE) — rejected that course of action as it would have likely resulted in conflict with France, the colonial ruler of the other portion of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the locally recruited Muslim regulares had been among Franco's most effective troops, the protectorate enjoyed more political freedom and autonomy than <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>-proper after Franco's victory.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area held competing political parties and a Moroccan nationalist press, which often criticized the Spanish government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_Tangier_(1940%E2%80%931945)" title="Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)">Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)</a></div> <p>Spanish troops provisionally occupied <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, on the pretext that an <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italian</a> invasion was imminent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennell2001_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennell2001-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retrocession_to_Morocco">Retrocession to Morocco</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retrocession to Morocco"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg/290px-1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg/435px-1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg/580px-1920_map_of_Spanish_Morocco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11634" data-file-height="8165" /></a><figcaption>1920 map of the "Spanish zone in Morocco", with images of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santiago_Tablas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santiago Tablas (page does not exist)">Santiago Tablas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Tablas" class="extiw" title="es:Santiago González-Tablas">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, when France ended its <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">protectorate over Morocco</a>, Spain discontinued the protectorate and retroceded the territory to the newly independent kingdom, while retaining the <i><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a></i> which were part of Spain prior to the colonial period, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a>, and other colonies (such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a>) outside of Morocco. Unwilling to accept this, the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a> waged war against the Spanish forces. In the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a>, which spread from <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ifni" title="Sidi Ifni">Sidi Ifni</a> to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a>, Morocco gained <a href="/wiki/Tarfaya" title="Tarfaya">Tarfaya</a> (the southern part of the protectorate)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and reduced the Spanish control of the Ifni territory to the perimeter of the city itself.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco and Spain negotiated for over a year over Ifni, with Morocco also wanting control of Ceuta and Melilla, while Spain was only willing to give up control of Ifni.<sup id="cite_ref-enclave_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enclave-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 5 January 1969 Morocco and Spain signed the treaty ceding Ifni to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2024, Morocco still claims <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> as integral parts of the country, and considers them to be under foreign <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a>, comparing their status to that of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>. Spain considers both cities integral parts of the Spanish geography, since they were part of Spain for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mines">Mines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The iron mines in the Rif were one of the sources of income. Their exploitation led to an economic boom in Melilla. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways_in_former_Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways in former Spanish Morocco">Narrow gauge railways in former Spanish Morocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Morocco" title="History of rail transport in Morocco">History of rail transport in Morocco</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Treaty of Algeciras</a> signed in April 1906, where the northern part of Morocco was placed under Spanish administration, the Spanish started to develop this mineral-rich area, and numerous <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railway">narrow gauge railways</a> were built. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg/220px-Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg/330px-Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg/440px-Tetuan_-_La_residencia_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Residence of the Spanish High Commissioner in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, ca. 1920; absorbed in the late 1950s into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Royal Palace of Tétouan">Royal Palace of Tétouan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Protectorate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/220px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/330px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/440px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>French and Spanish protectorates in Morocco from 1912 until 1956</figcaption></figure> <p>The administrative regime of the Protectorate is derived from the concept of protectorate itself, with a formal duality of authorities. On the one hand, there is a Moroccan administration, headed by a <i>Khalifa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Jalifa</i>), who exercised, by delegation of the Sultan, all his powers, mainly the legislative, which he exercised through the <i>dahir</i> (decree). He was also the highest religious authority. This government led by the Khalifa received the name of <i>Makhzen</i> and was divided into departments, like ministries, coordinated by the Grand Vizier. The ministers were the <i>qadi al-qudat</i> (chief or judge of judges), the Vizier of the <i>Habus</i> (inalienable patrimony whose income is destined to a pious or religious work or institution), the <i>amin al-amlak</i> and the <i>amin al-umana</i> (minister of Finance). It had an advisory council made up of two representatives from each of the five regions. The <i>Khalifa</i> was chosen by the Sultan from a pair proposed by the Spanish government. The first <i>Khalifa</i> was Mohammed Mehedi Ould Ben Ismael. Ishmael was the brother of Sultan Hassan I and later Sultan Hassan I was the great-uncle of the second <i>Khalifa</i>. The first <i>Khalifa</i> took office in Tetouan on 27 April 1913. Only two Khalifas held office until the independence of Morocco, Muley el Mehdi (between 1913 and 1923) and his son Muley el Hassán bin el Mehdi (who took office at the age of thirteen, ruling between 1925 and 1941 and 1945 and 1956). </p><p>The Spanish administration was led by a High Commissioner, formally accredited to the Khalifa but in fact the highest authority in the Protectorate. The High Commissary directed the political action of Spain in the Protectorate, and orders and instructions emanated from it. The high commissioner was assisted by various departments (Indigenous Affairs Development and Finance). There was a territorial controller in each of the regions, directly represented to the Delegation of Indigenous Affairs. Subordinate to him, there was a next level, with regional auditors and, finally, local auditors. The maintenance of order was in charge of the Regulares (forces of the Spanish army with "indigenous" Rif people) and the Indigenous Police. On the military side, the high commissioner was assisted by three commanders based in Ceuta, Melilla and Larache. </p><p>The administrative organization was arranged, at a general level, in this way: The High Commissioner was responsible for the direction of the Spanish action in the entire area and all the authorities (including the military) were subordinate to him. Among its activities were to intervene in the acts of the Khalifa, the regime of the cities in which the consuls acted as controllers, to dictate the general policy and to approve or direct, where appropriate, military operations. The Indigenous services department was entrusted with the General Secretariat and advising on all matters relating to relations with the Kabyles, the inspection of the Islamic Justice Administration, relations with the Consular Jurisdiction for the protection of the natives and with the Sheriff for everything related to real estate and the vindication of property, the inspection of schools and health care centers and the Spanish missions in educational work. </p><p>In Morocco, there was no prior organization to ensure public health, except in Tangier, and the Spanish tried to remedy this deficiency, creating in 1916 the Health Inspectorate, within the Office of Indigenous Affairs. The Spanish had to overcome the distrust that Moroccans felt towards their healers and home remedies, carrying out large vaccination campaigns that contributed to the prestige of the protecting country. Along with health action, culture was the other pending subject for Moroccans, since teaching was closely linked to religion and consisted of memorizing the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Spain entrusted the task of educating the population to the Delegation of Indigenous Affairs, which depended on a Board of Education that was created on 3 April 1913. This Board was born with the purpose of training the personnel who would be dedicated to this task and as an instrument to learn about geography, literature, history and the Moroccan law. To this end, a Center for Moroccan Studies was organized in the Free Institute of Diplomatic and Consular Careers and Arabic chairs were created in some business schools and an Arabic board was created in the Board for the Extension of Studies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Subsequently, Indigenous Affairs offices were created in Melilla and Ceuta that exercised surveillance functions, somewhat similar, in the occupied regions. In 1937, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the territorial organization of Spanish Morocco was in charge of the High Commissioner of the Territory and a Lieutenant Colonel responsible for civil and military affairs. </p><p>The High Commissioner and the Khalifa had their respective residences in two adjacent palaces in <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tétouan</a>, which following Morocco's independence in 1956 have been merged into a single compound and repurposed as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Royal Palace of Tétouan">Royal Palace of Tétouan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/48px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/64px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_high_commissioners_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco">List of Spanish high commissioners in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_colonial_wars_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco">List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regulares" title="Regulares">Regulares</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حماية إسبانيا في المغرب</span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ḥimāyat Isbāniyā fi-l-Mağrib</i></span>; Spanish: <i lang="es">Protectorado español de Marruecos</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[pɾoteɣtoˈɾaðo<span class="wrap"> </span>espaˈɲol<span class="wrap"> </span>de<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈrwekos]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c0\/ES-pe_-_Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos.ogg\/ES-pe_-_Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"ES-pe - Protectorado espa\u00f1ol de Marruecos.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/ES-pe_-_Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos.ogg/ES-pe_-_Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:ES-pe_-_Protectorado_espa%C3%B1ol_de_Marruecos.ogg" title="File:ES-pe - Protectorado español de Marruecos.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPresidency_of_the_Government1997" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Presidency of the Government</a> (11 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf">"Real Decreto 1560/1997, de 10 de octubre, por el que se regula el Himno Nacional"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado" title="Boletín Oficial del Estado">Boletín Oficial del Estado</a> núm. 244</i> (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034615/http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/1997/10/11/pdfs/A29594-29600.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bolet%C3%ADn+Oficial+del+Estado+n%C3%BAm.+244&rft.atitle=Real+Decreto+1560%2F1997%2C+de+10+de+octubre%2C+por+el+que+se+regula+el+Himno+Nacional&rft.date=1997-10-11&rft.au=Presidency+of+the+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boe.es%2Fboe%2Fdias%2F1997%2F10%2F11%2Fpdfs%2FA29594-29600.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AJIL1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AJIL1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>7</b> (2 [Supplement: Official Documents]): 81–99. 1913. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212275">10.2307/2212275</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212275">2212275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246007581">246007581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+France+and+Spain+Regarding+Morocco&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2+%5BSupplement%3A+Official+Documents%5D&rft.pages=81-99&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246007581%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212275%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005143_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilar2005">Vilar 2005</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGangas_GeisseSantis_Arenas20113-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGangas_GeisseSantis_Arenas20113_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGangas_GeisseSantis_Arenas2011">Gangas Geisse & Santis Arenas 2011</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196814–16-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196814–16_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, pp. 14–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chandler, James A. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260149">"Spain and Her Moroccan Protectorate 1898 - 1927"</a>. <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>10</b> (2): 301–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947501000205">10.1177/002200947501000205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260149">260149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159817508">159817508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Spain+and+Her+Moroccan+Protectorate+1898+-+1927&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=301-322&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159817508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260149%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947501000205&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James A. Chandler, p. 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman19687–8_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, p. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Treaty Between France and Spain Concerning Morocco". <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>. <b>6</b> (2 [Supplement: Official Documents]): 116–20. 1912. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2212123">10.2307/2212123</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2212123">2212123</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246003039">246003039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Treaty+Between+France+and+Spain+Concerning+Morocco&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2+%5BSupplement%3A+Official+Documents%5D&rft.pages=116-20&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246003039%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2212123%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2212123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerry_del_Val1920a330–31-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerry_del_Val1920a330–31_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerry_del_Val1920a">Merry del Val 1920a</a>, pp. 330–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolman196810–11-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolman196810–11_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolman1968">Woolman 1968</a>, p. 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Porch, Douglas; <i>Spain's African Nightmare</i>; MHQ: Quarterly Journal of Military History; (2006); 18#2; pp. 28–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVilar2005145_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVilar2005">Vilar 2005</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tres años de lucha</i>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a>; p. 343; cited in <i>Spain! The Unfinished Revolution</i>; by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Landis" title="Arthur H. Landis">Landis, Arthur H</a>; 1st ed.; New York: International Publishers; 1975; pp. 189–92; retrieved 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marin Miguel (1973). <i>El Colonialismo español en Marruecos</i>. 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"Spain's Discreet Decolonization". <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 519–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20039116">10.2307/20039116</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20039116">20039116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Spain%27s+Discreet+Decolonization&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=519-27&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20039116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20039116%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9lissier&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2001" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. R. (2001). <i>Morocco since 1830: A History</i>. London: Hurst.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco+since+1830%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vilar, Juan B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/HC/article/view/4273/3819">"Franquismo y descolonización española en África"</a>. <i>Historia Contemporánea</i>. <b>30</b>. Bilbao: <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country" title="University of the Basque Country">University of the Basque Country</a>: 129–158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1130-2402">1130-2402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=Franquismo+y+descolonizaci%C3%B3n+espa%C3%B1ola+en+%C3%81frica&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=129-158&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1130-2402&rft.aulast=Vilar&rft.aufirst=Juan+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehu.eus%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2FHC%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4273%2F3819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolman1968" class="citation book cs1">Woolman, David S. (1968). <i>Rebels in the Rif: Abd el Krim and the Rif Rebellion</i>. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+in+the+Rif%3A+Abd+el+Krim+and+the+Rif+Rebellion&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Woolman&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+protectorate+in+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Calderwood, Eric. 2018. <i>Colonial al-Andalus: Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture</i>. Harvard University Press</li> <li>"Min Khalifa Marrakesh Ila Mu’tamar Maghreb El Arabi." (From the caliph of the king of Morocco to the Conference of the Maghreb). (April 1947). <i>El Ahram</i>.</li> <li>Wolf, Jean (1994). <i>Les Secrets du Maroc Espagnol: L’epopee D’Abdelkhalaq Torres</i>. Morocco: Balland Publishing Company</li> <li>Ben Brahim, Mohammed (1949). <i>Ilayka Ya Ni Ma Sadiq</i> (To you my dear friend). Tetuan, Morocco: Hassania Publishing Company</li> <li>Benumaya, Gil (1940). <i>El Jalifa en Tanger</i>. Madrid: Instituto Jalifiano de Tetuan</li> <li>Villanova, José-Luis (2010). <i>Cartographie et contrôle au Maroc sous le protectorat espagnol (1912–1956)</i>. MappeMonde vol.98</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melilla War (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melilla War (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">Bloody Days of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Othman" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Othman">Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Ksiba" title="Battle of El Ksiba">Battle of El Ksiba (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas Landing (1925)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Moroccans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Mohammed Ameziane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhand_n%27Ifrutant" title="Mhand n'Ifrutant">Mhand n'Ifrutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba" title="Ahmed al-Hiba">Sidi Ahmed El Hiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Ma al-'Aynayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assou_Oubasslam" title="Assou Oubasslam">Assou Oubasslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Atta" title="Aït Atta">Aït Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Ouriaghel" title="Ait Ouriaghel">Beni Ouryaghel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Bournazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Bournazel (page does not exist)">Henry de Bournazel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_y_Margallo" title="Juan García y Margallo">Juan García y Margallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marina_Vega" title="José Marina Vega">José Marina Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n-Astray" title="José Millán-Astray">José Millán-Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spanish allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Meziane" title="Mohamed Meziane">Mohamed Meziane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fes_(1894)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Fes (1894) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Fes (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Congo_Treaty" title="Morocco–Congo Treaty">Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis (1911)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output 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