CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913582815b8e81aa',cH: 'cdMphLzJ06i2nH6gB0A9ph7AtDX_smgDQSCDqXDmbB8-1739792501-1.2.1.1-6d7InTzPNvZCd8Qo6fkLb3F0OL59Nche0x2fU5GFmM53l0h7foCjLzpEvaboXSSj',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=egypt&__cf_chl_tk=XupqnZNovvKfPfuXQtQvlerU7130bBnikMGjbgx0ZyE-1739792501-1.0.1.1-us8yfbeSO4hT0awaPcsfyzGLNkgIwWya08aa4lKqwuM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792501',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=egypt&__cf_chl_f_tk=XupqnZNovvKfPfuXQtQvlerU7130bBnikMGjbgx0ZyE-1739792501-1.0.1.1-us8yfbeSO4hT0awaPcsfyzGLNkgIwWya08aa4lKqwuM",md: "ejfZfQ4YZ_VygHm6Pb7R43hgti4IlISmWbi4NIjaV1o-1739792501-1.2.1.1-Q0LuATNoLcq0BlGYpMuazQfMlymszDnbbgIsrmGuwXSwMMs8D3uNki.uwxTCIz_3Y8eTXOFswus5C_2o2MgXCzUU1H_BnPWQtMYd9g_scvUr3xORUpCh3zsR_PcvxFhSix2QprqAl.zmsfit0JxTUiXtmBMh1TLvTGMfodva4m0fWiiUYPLn6YJ3m0aN5f4vuoiy_56y2gVHApYxKXQTulAMyKX90PVmzGVGWC_xGpu.Fn4Y6ZkGtj4n9KVGxFlQFXJ5dJ0Tf7GOr5.3lGZET9x_K__GijeKbgxdcKF4p5q_T3qf953KdcQjDr4u9QQxK_VlC9MIMvL9YrMhEro8ntufjcYtWonCVTJVA1g8mLvQ8ydvQoYDKWTTHP6IitKqt8YSid1kP9pALkj9xjhvDulaN_rwk.fcBsrMqOQHJwebOos8HLhGmLAQHXN1RL9lBxNLam7XdUc.bnjK1z0RWwNsKF_alF6fRSZK4w8qsXe3ZqsmgHnsj8i2.1jMWehK.SbPScZKKAktjclqLXpp58fInQQW63ECk9250hfSFsaM8Dt8h8cO8jCHg7kXjIXmzsdiZqxwJISCE9XCF_6VziQVYXZHUrG3_VchHedN316VK2pOwmFfYKwOF3Ylh5LxOEx7Bd2G68dT4F2BTGQzGmt_xGM1IlgHcu4Tsal5QQZgr8paS5D0axMJb9fVqGWoqCkKazEedksjSS0t5xja5Jw803BwW.N0mQfuXpKKOH0Db6IGGkHNDZL9zDT6F2_eUJrmtBF1l5B3T85wSQeEoqYCZgWDXtkdeV0h5tlT2bnOgTRb49Dmc8qb8RKHphtn7zOQiG2c4VG6.Fgl5wK6e367oe84IUaaDzK.5aCAHexU7yFwk.7PlI_zBBYBl7nO9AJGqNVnTQlLLkQ9jFN9loxFi2nPy7eYYz9Hdi3x0vhgNFYsyMCE4m9Fcp9H5p4F_RMjp3NjDoyWOvWrRQV0N2MmIhKdoUHMV3tQjLmpE6dg9peiqFSPHTiIHOPebv_6iRWuuO86HFdweWy.7h8RCMl7tgLfiPAWGQmzQRqNXRdLkJEfH00Y8jsqnjEWDvpQHJWFKta_4kPJKFqFRs1WjXhYnbTpds6lpyVHFC3bIZYdnRthxJejD9bJFsWwXrVObAq5Sp1rCxNwbK8gHf7Lph1FTmHN6qMUmqPlOOGK49AHKy3VHAfbu9smBF5fBTxonMcWXVOjgIB2Gh1TqW.00K_Az90dAmsZZH6MCW4KTOnPxxkYh6kcvIYpWRPPmwdZdCwaFWzHhsPo_8km9x3pDZzQxqTzVRIewYBej7OXPUB85DM6tiodVlthxIzAnXrpfvYCWmTR1E52769InN9u8IxVHxDrNwSYXzWcWc5P2MS66tZfhsnds5DUAHvXzaRbwE8uYu91_Q3adSB6rkOevVrnxtII1jlVM_cw0McPnFzZF0vKpNOyJUWRL8Rsfcz4_Aeps7yAm4tYIJUxG_sAieZpd4q1RltyPPn.kP6kYfJVYhFRgwxG2ImnJufZLOPaJJDt.at73jcG2rdrOfwZbosb8BHMengY5so11kqFyxKKVBmflo3tmHKzMQvR7lkZq67a64XFuTdsbgycOdV8gv.t5xGWdq1hbUstD32CyXp8NzPzZjSg73.TKGEFVIZVfkCPLv9TeXdG4Yv3KNyAHyULqSBRdSt6.CxVPClpifM.XPGlLaVNEcZxdP8CENi6JZAwuJgoSKc0kHFnyYlK8CPZqEVPwk8kAOHFDpDj4W1o2EafxvQu5v2_KqEB0cb92qoAMBXuTUxIlI5be9DMVVKqFSv1JPfZ62klptUV.RCQWebBQSZsW9ODImHT0aY90EB9c4aw8C8dOrVY5SsJ9nV4maWvwGvDF_b96IYdqNoPwAKV.cIaRF5mGgaKulXO",mdrd: "37KXZG0LIwdk_J9G5PrpllK5NCejrMi4oqbaP8cLFDc-1739792501-1.2.1.1-0vuNr2AMV7scmMXQPh0s9R98EFnP1v0e030V38myRkcNDSVOKwmxhTb39zM9ACqKZV6X5.v2xUW.F.NdK5Bkdx5cAI3cwX6BZbDJOz0Gp_F0jKFVOHR2swfVhRoz08eDIQbUS.RVIFYHO88zQ3xSNY7hWh0w_8HBT_CVKUs.cagXEVzS6cMw7azcBBRMYGK74ZcD6a7IIKPYM84azgo4lg7T6nNuhxjygc225t1kklPEvMK1lf669wFVaW78sb7sEbFPGOuLL60CV9GtHJzr4slXnI_sRwO42W5CrJleUxyaEq_Ue09Fyz2zdujgYC73HaDYbWi4kjR2F42eMcrIIjve9Tj7lZ0xx6m1.7j2HTFXgBVH_7p7yJFik1KFMXKksUVXRZHwrz1sYnfNbb4OoAf8h.OHYEV8DcgCHtxBBHn_0TbrevsqM.0pHhSqM2powtAidLJBhEzbsvRppmQGIXp6JoIJYYFOn6Km9EPPR2WgRVr3ANILPWdNUmEWEJnhnGOPzt2neup094s.5LdMb34dKhIZ9UgL4VbOMo0NJp0dpcsfibYm.mD3TVn24FYRg.XkX2uMu6WJR._o9O2qcLMlXQ3dBAHBKmpqkAKc6tt1lls5rL_jrez49PTwRIDrL52fT1PUfQC4ZSAjf.kkJRqXmj.y1C8KgGPB9o1ptp531CC7zrUtM4RcHBblKhS.kqlhb8gF1LiC2iyTBA8.fQ.5UOBwafI74oAyyPIR5xKXn3wqaGq1rT5T2lhvCZWdgNDnGXm3_Jrg3U6yqd7RuGOIkDgbf3wMAn5w87.plBesVHmXrgHysMssACgkzYT..DDxo8ZZT.73m.hrz23YHy3kksfGFMl60tMziQtJrUtVasIjEIy.b1LAYNm_nDbyuRy0Yzft1RMQvShoxpHg2r3KLs4BYFMZmlt_8LPX5AZDa4HrbjFqxqtQOsrvlbo7r.VQKSJ12ZEJXWQBrXnsQm0tiipEtPvkHfUjMVKph9P3YbevMQi9_tR0zd408J5MlT7Gv5PkWgLWtesmYHSO5UV5D94V5VVkFak89kApP7VBTUUu3qQ7ZOsO6NOsLq1XV.BkCjEwL_bVL3IhIg7UqohlroPFi90O3sST72x0zGQ6lE0ydJVRrLAHkaaXxdVKrVyixX6RH.j5wK5.7.eMjc232m.ZJ9JHZFJtcRr3pB0Nr4jbQJ70fSMtEvoSArttYFNm_pifrkDkCftOjOgvCuINgTYqHrE7upd_bIbblI0EiF_TTlliHRUMo1tHCoQdWfToss10._NOpl0wK8f9XXeKD_vEBI0c_L6TpZUQ3jwSfOfQNdxeQYVl2q3Me24jVJGgdawLW5OWH.MR9rOsNYT8AYsGtXD.mDdkwg2b5hd2BcQ05YgM3iI4xP6khe_xemL1nBxgcSQrQrnDP7TRf3SSXPXCjT8tG2VaNk4Ru4tRW7Bf1Q6TqVg6Rd7a9ca_XWDdk1wGP64H94ElSoMt.SIpmO6zs1UHRmlpLC3kKTVKw8UIj1b1z_Rzlz7LdOH.QOzylf1f8N1.FSqtU4z4l6nibFl9qsecx1AsmgSsfOZiMhlDgqMQpiPSKuhLoh04scWwvnkxdtCKh8H6tcKpqYnFnVdt3UqOiIvBzR1kgR1c0jO3L1691.u.MJZQ.b74b2rmppfYwfA5dndAi35q_eKCXlU44P85z9LOwGnTEPUEmig4AMbMSVRmQHyllS7lr.2gEbzNR1zCKhFwXSE8zNLUiIMNtzC_24IW3TjlMGXA7T6qO1o52FEODTvneO4ZUm2gcCysX5sbPSOmKb5ilmEjIizHDaN643xFytjIuXjrc0KyGcR7iY4LLnf7JIE1e613bg8CEXMIOtuVMPid0ejTp6KZlFdpMuKPR7xuKA0pskyxSaU9gsqOsFdCakrSPufV1m7TUPyp1.lxsBX4QoKCGVfunGa_NHMbToGGy._r2F_oOyEq3fwiAEEtIUI0"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913582815b8e81aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=egypt&__cf_chl_rt_tk=XupqnZNovvKfPfuXQtQvlerU7130bBnikMGjbgx0ZyE-1739792501-1.0.1.1-us8yfbeSO4hT0awaPcsfyzGLNkgIwWya08aa4lKqwuM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>