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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Policies towards Israel and Palestine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Policies_towards_Israel_and_Palestine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Policies towards Israel and Palestine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Policies_towards_Israel_and_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Truce_proposals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Truce_proposals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Truce proposals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Truce_proposals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Recognition of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegations_of_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegations_of_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Allegations of antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegations_of_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Evolution of positions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1988–1992_(first_charter)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988–1992_(first_charter)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 1988–1992 (first charter) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988–1992_(first_charter)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1992–2005" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1992–2005"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 1992–2005 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1992–2005-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2007:_1967_borders_and_a_truce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2007:_1967_borders_and_a_truce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 2006–2007: 1967 borders and a truce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2007:_1967_borders_and_a_truce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008–2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008–2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 2008–2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008–2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017–6_Oct._2023_(new_charter)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017–6_Oct._2023_(new_charter)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.5 2017–6 Oct. 2023 (new charter) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017–6_Oct._2023_(new_charter)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-7_Oct._2023–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#7_Oct._2023–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.6 7 Oct. 2023–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-7_Oct._2023–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.7 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Religious policy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religious policy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaza_Strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaza_Strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Gaza Strip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaza_Strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_West_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_West_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In the West Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_West_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erdoğan's_Turkey_as_a_role_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erdoğan's_Turkey_as_a_role_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Erdoğan's Turkey as a role model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erdoğan's_Turkey_as_a_role_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charter_and_policy_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_and_policy_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Charter and policy documents </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charter_and_policy_documents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Charter and policy documents subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Charter_and_policy_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1988_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1988_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 1988 charter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1988_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 2017 charter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leadership_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Leadership and structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shura_Council_and_Political_Bureau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shura_Council_and_Political_Bureau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Shura Council and Political Bureau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shura_Council_and_Political_Bureau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances_and_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances_and_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Finances and funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances_and_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_services_wing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_services_wing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Social services wing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_services_wing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Al-Aqsa_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Aqsa_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Al-Aqsa TV </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Aqsa_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Fateh_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Fateh_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Al-Fateh magazine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Fateh_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Social media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Internal security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_crisis_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_crisis_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Civilian crisis management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_crisis_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qassam_Brigades_(military_wing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qassam_Brigades_(military_wing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Qassam Brigades (military wing) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Qassam_Brigades_(military_wing)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Qassam Brigades (military wing) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Qassam_Brigades_(military_wing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaza_forces,_October_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaza_forces,_October_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Gaza forces, October 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaza_forces,_October_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Symbols </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Violence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Violence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Attacks on civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rocket_attacks_on_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Rocket attacks on Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rocket_attacks_on_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guerrilla_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guerrilla_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Guerrilla warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guerrilla_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrajudicial_killings_of_rivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrajudicial_killings_of_rivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Extrajudicial killings of rivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrajudicial_killings_of_rivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorist_designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorist_designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Terrorist designation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorist_designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Electoral performance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Electoral performance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legislative_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Legislative Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israeli_policy_towards_Hamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_policy_towards_Hamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Israeli policy towards Hamas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_policy_towards_Hamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Public support </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Foreign relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Foreign relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Qatar_and_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qatar_and_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Qatar and Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qatar_and_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.2 Journal articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hamas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" > 117 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حركة حماس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة حماس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Համաս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Համաս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%8FMAS" title="HƏMAS – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="HƏMAS" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="হামাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হামাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%98%D0%9C%D3%98%D0%A1" title="ХӘМӘС – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ХӘМӘС" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A1" title="ХАМАС – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="ХАМАС" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हमास – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हमास" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧ་མ་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧ་མ་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A0s" title="Hamàs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hamàs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A1" title="ХАМАС – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="ХАМАС" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1s" title="Hamás – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamás" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A8am%C4%81s" title="Ḩamās – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ḩamās" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Χαμάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χαμάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1s" title="Hamás – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hamás" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamaso" title="Hamaso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hamaso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%A7%88%EC%8A%A4" title="하마스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하마스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Համաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हमास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हमास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="חמאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חמאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰამასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰამასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemas" title="Hemas – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hemas" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA" title="ຮາມາສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຮາມາສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C4%81s" title="Hamās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hamās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1sz" title="Hamász – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamász" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हमास – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हमास" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹമാസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹമാസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हमास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हमास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰამასი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰამასი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حركة حماس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حركة حماس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="हमास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हमास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="ハマース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハマース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਹਮਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਮਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B" title="ហាម៉ាស់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ហាម៉ាស់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%90%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%A1" title="ХАМАС – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="ХАМАС" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamasi" title="Hamasi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hamasi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham%C3%A1s" title="Hamás – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hamás" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamaas" title="Xamaas – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xamaas" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حەماس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="حەماس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ஹமாஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஹமாஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4amas" title="Ḥamas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ḥamas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="హమాస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హమాస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA" title="ฮะมาส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฮะมาส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Ҳамос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳамос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Хамас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хамас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="حماس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حماس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="哈马斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="哈马斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1" title="כאמאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כאמאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF" title="哈馬斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哈馬斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hamas" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="哈马斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈马斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38799#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Palestinian political and military organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Hamas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Hamas (disambiguation)">Hamas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Islamic Resistance Movement" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Resistance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Islamic Resistance (disambiguation)">Islamic Resistance (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For their military wing, often also referred to as just "Hamas" in Israeli sources, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Al-Qassam Brigades</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a>.</div> This page is subject to the extended confirmed restriction related to the Arab-Israeli conflict. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000; border-bottom:2px solid #008000; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Islamic Resistance Movement</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>حركة المقاومة الإسلامية</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Hamas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_Hamas.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_Hamas.svg/270px-Emblem_of_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Emblem_of_Hamas.svg/360px-Emblem_of_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="332" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of Hamas' political wing</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Hamas_Political_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau">Chairman of the Political Bureau</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hamas_temporary_committee" title="Hamas temporary committee">Hamas temporary committee</a> (acting)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Deputy Chairman of the Political Bureau</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;">Vacant<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairman of the Shura Council</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Darwish" title="Muhammad Ismail Darwish">Muhammad Ismail Darwish</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip#Hamas_leader_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Leader in the Gaza Strip</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sinwar" title="Mohammed Sinwar">Mohammed Sinwar</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj20250113-5">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Military commander</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sinwar" title="Mohammed Sinwar">Mohammed Sinwar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a> <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ahmed_Yassin" title="Killing of Ahmed Yassin">X</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Assassination of Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">X</a></li></ul></div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">... and others</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Zahar" title="Mahmoud al-Zahar">Mahmoud al-Zahar</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Taha_(Hamas)" title="Mohammad Taha (Hamas)">Mohammad Taha</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Imad_al-Alami" title="Imad al-Alami">Imad al-Alami</a><a href="#cite_note-Alami-6">[4]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatah_Dukhan" title="Abdul Fatah Dukhan">Abdul Fatah Dukhan</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdelal2016122-7">[5]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Ibrahim Fares Al-Yazouri<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalloul2017-8">[6]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 'Isa al-Nashshar<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Amr199310-9">[7]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Ibrahim Quqa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvak1998151-10">[8]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Mohammed Hassan Shama'a<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarzak2011-11">[9]</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Yousef_(Hamas_leader)" title="Hassan Yousef (Hamas leader)">Hassan Yousef</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFP2019-12">[10]</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10 December 1987; 37 years ago (10 December 1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, Gaza Strip</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Military wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Al-Qassam Brigades</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_nationalism" title="Islamic nationalism">Islamic nationalism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStepanova2008113-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_A_Quick_Look-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016270-21">[19]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">International affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a> (informal)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">Political alliance</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Palestinian_Forces" title="Alliance of Palestinian Forces">Alliance of Palestinian Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="width: 100px;">74 / 132<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg/180px-Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg/270px-Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg/360px-Hamas_Emblem_Flag_White_Variant_with_Colored_Emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="627" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamasinfo.info/">hamasinfo.info</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #008000;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Palestine">Politics of Palestine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Palestine">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Palestine" title="Elections in Palestine">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Islamic Resistance Movement, abbreviated Hamas<a href="#cite_note-25">[c]</a> (the Arabic acronym from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حركة المقاومة الإسلامية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah),<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[d]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian nationalist">Palestinian nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> political organisation with a military wing, the <a href="/wiki/Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Qassam Brigades">Qassam Brigades</a>. It has <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip_under_Hamas" title="Gaza Strip under Hamas">governed</a> the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear201822-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> The Hamas movement was founded by Palestinian Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a> in 1987, after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupied_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli occupied territories">Israeli occupation</a>. It emerged from his 1973 <a href="/wiki/Mujama_al-Islamiya" title="Mujama al-Islamiya">Mujama al-Islamiya</a> Islamic charity affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a> In the 2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian legislative election</a>, Hamas secured a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Palestinian Legislative Council</a> by campaigning on promises of a corruption-free government and advocating for resistance as a means to liberate Palestine from Israeli occupation.<a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Battle of Gaza</a>, Hamas seized control of the Gaza Strip from rival Palestinian faction <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201767–69-34">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukhimer2012vii,_58-35">[31]</a> and has since governed the territory separately from the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a>. After Hamas's takeover, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> significantly intensified existing movement restrictions and imposed a complete <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> Egypt began its blockade of Gaza in 2007. This was followed by multiple wars with Israel, including those <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">in 2008–09</a>, <a href="/wiki/2012_Israeli_operation_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip">2012</a>, <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">an ongoing one since 2023</a>, which began with the <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a>. Hamas has promoted <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian nationalism</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Islamic context</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> While initially seeking a state in all of former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> it began acquiescing to 1967 borders in the agreements it signed with Fatah in <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Cairo_Declaration" title="Palestinian Cairo Declaration">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Prisoners%27_Document" title="Palestinian Prisoners' Document">2006</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_Mecca_Agreement" title="Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement">2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-seurat1719-38">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-prisoners-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-cairo-40">[36]</a> In 2017, Hamas released a <a href="/wiki/A_Document_of_General_Principles_and_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="A Document of General Principles and Policies">new charter</a><a href="#cite_note-Jazeera,2May2017-41">[37]</a> that supported a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders without recognizing Israel.<a href="#cite_note-borders1967-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Hamas's repeated offers of a <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">truce</a> (for a period of 10–100 years<a href="#cite_note-atran-45">[41]</a>) based on the 1967 borders are seen by many as consistent with a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jihad-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baconi-108-47">[43]</a> while others state that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas charter</a> was widely described as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hamed2023-49">[45]</a> Hamas's 2017 charter removed the antisemitic language and said Hamas's struggle was with <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a>, not Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201917-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz20170503-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitka2023-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera20170506-53">[49]</a> It has been debated whether the charter has reflected an actual change in policy.<a href="#cite_note-Hroub-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spoerl_2020_pp._210–244-55">[51]</a> In terms of foreign policy, Hamas has historically sought out relations with Egypt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202288-56">[52]</a> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202288-56">[52]</a> Qatar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018181-57">[53]</a> Saudi Arabia,<a href="#cite_note-CarnegieEndowment20150901-58">[54]</a> Syria<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202288-56">[52]</a> and Turkey;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022254-59">[55]</a> some of its relations have been impacted by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022115,214-60">[56]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Hamas and Israel have engaged in protracted <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">armed conflict</a>. Key aspects of the conflict include the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation of the West Bank</a> and Gaza Strip, the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>, borders, water rights,<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_permit_regime_in_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli permit regime in the West Bank">permit regime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_freedom_of_movement" title="Palestinian freedom of movement">Palestinian freedom of movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WorldBankReport-62">[58]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian right of return</a>. Hamas has attacked Israeli civilians, including using <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">suicide bombings</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">launching rockets</a> at Israeli cities. A number of countries, including Australia, Canada, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and the United States, as well as the European Union, have designated Hamas as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">terrorist organization</a>. In 2018, a motion at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> to condemn Hamas was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-64">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-DW20181207-66">[61]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> Hamas is an <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> phrase حركة المقاومة الإسلامية or Ḥarakah al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah, meaning "Islamic Resistance Movement". This acronym, HMS, was <a href="/wiki/Gloss_(annotation)" title="Gloss (annotation)">glossed</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Covenant</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferis2016119-67">[62]</a> by the Arabic word ḥamās (حماس) which itself means "zeal", "strength", or "bravery".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog200684-68">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamas" title="History of Hamas">History of Hamas</a></div> Hamas was established in 1987, and allegedly has its origins in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> movement, which had been active in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> since the 1950s and gained influence through a network of mosques and various charitable and social organizations. Unlike other Palestinian factions, after the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Israeli occupation of Gaza in 1967</a>, the Brotherhood in Gaza refused to join the resistance boycott against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201255-69">[64]</a> In the 1980s, it emerged as a powerful political factor, challenging the influence of the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> faction it had played a core role in creating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201255-69">[64]</a> In December 1987, the Brotherhood adopted a more nationalist and activist line under the name of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201266-70">[65]</a> Hamas was initially discreetly supported by Israel as a counter-balance to the secular <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> During the 1990s and early 2000s, the organization conducted numerous suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Kimmerling-72">[67]</a> In the Palestinian legislative election of January 2006, Hamas gained a large majority of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Parliament">Palestinian Parliament</a>, defeating the ruling <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> party. After the elections, conflicts arose between Hamas and Fatah, which they were unable to resolve.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek1-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-canadafreepress.com-75">[70]</a> In June 2007, Hamas defeated Fatah in a <a href="/wiki/Fatah-Hamas_conflict#Conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatah-Hamas conflict">series of violent clashes</a>, and since that time Hamas has governed the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a> portion of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Territories">Palestinian Territories</a>, while at the same time they were ousted from government positions in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-Hamas-who-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> then imposed an <a href="/wiki/Economic_blockade_on_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic blockade on Gaza">economic blockade on Gaza</a> and largely sealed their borders with the territory.<a href="#cite_note-iht.com-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-79">[74]</a> After acquiring control of Gaza, Hamas-affiliated and other militias launched rocket attacks upon Israel, which Hamas ceased in June 2008 following an <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>-brokered ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-ITIC-80">[75]</a> The ceasefire broke down late in 2008, with each side accusing the other of responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-ynetnews.com-81">[76]</a> In late December 2008, <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict">Israel attacked Gaza</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> withdrawing its forces in mid-January 2009.<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a> Since 2009, Hamas has faced multiple military confrontations with Israel, notably the 2012 and 2014 Gaza Wars, leading to substantial casualties. Hamas has maintained control over Gaza, often clashing with the Palestinian Authority led by Fatah. Efforts at reconciliation between Hamas and Fatah have seen limited success. Hamas continued to face international isolation and blockades, while engaging in sporadic rocket attacks and tunnel construction activities against Israel. On October 7, 2023, Hamas and other Palestinian militants <a href="/wiki/October_7_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="October 7 attacks">attacked</a> Israel killing nearly 1,200 Israelis, about two thirds of them civilians.<a href="#cite_note-F24231215-84">[79]</a> Approximately 250 Israeli civilians and soldiers were <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war_hostage_crisis" title="Gaza war hostage crisis">taken back to the Gaza Strip</a>, with the aim of securing the release of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_prisoners_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian prisoners in Israel">Palestinian prisoners in Israel</a> (as part of a prisoner swap).<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> Hamas said its attack was in response to Israel's <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">continued occupation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade of Gaza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">settlements expansion</a>, as well as alleged <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">threats</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a> and the plight of Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-aj7oct-invasion-86">[81]</a> There are also reports of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_7_October_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October attack on Israel">sexual violence</a> by Hamas militants, allegations that Hamas has denied.<a href="#cite_note-87">[82]</a> Israel responded by <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip_(2023%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip (2023–present)">invading the Gaza Strip</a>, killing over 70,000 Palestinians, 59.1% of them women, children and the elderly according to a peer-reviewed study in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JamaluddineAbukmailAlyCampbellChecchi2025-88">[83]</a> On 31 July 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh">assassinated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, after attending the inauguration ceremony of Iranian president <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reuters31july-89">[84]</a> In August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a>, the leader of Hamas in Gaza, was elected chairman of the group, replacing Haniyeh. Per Hamas officials, he was elected due to his considerable popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic</a> worlds following the <a href="/wiki/7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October attacks">7 October attacks</a> and his strong connections with Iran and the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Resistance" title="Axis of Resistance">Axis of Resistance</a>," an informal Iranian-led political and military coalition.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> On 16 October 2024, IDF troops <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Yahya_Sinwar" title="Killing of Yahya Sinwar">killed</a> Sinwar during a routine patrol and a chance encounter in southern Rafah.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2024-10-17-92">[87]</a> In January 2025, the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a>, citing Israeli sources, reported that Sinwar's younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Sinwar" title="Mohammed Sinwar">Mohammed Sinwar</a> (aka Shadow), was leading Hamas. It's sources said that Israel were "working hard to find him" and that Izz al-Din Haddad, of al-Qassam Brigades, were the two most senior commanders in the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-wsj20250113-5">[3]</a> On 19 January 2025, <a href="/wiki/2025_Gaza_war_ceasefire" title="2025 Gaza war ceasefire">a ceasefire between Hamas and Israel</a> went into effect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policies_towards_Israel_and_Palestine">Policies towards Israel and Palestine</h2></div> Hamas' policy towards Israel has evolved. Historically, Hamas envisioned a Palestinian state on all of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">the territory that belonged to the British Mandate for Palestine</a> (that is, from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley2015118-93">[88]</a> In 2006, Hamas signed the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Prisoners%27_Document" title="Palestinian Prisoners' Document">Palestinian Prisoners' Document</a> which supports the quest for a Palestinian state<a href="#cite_note-bbc_abbas_risks_all-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-seurat47-95">[90]</a> "on all territories occupied in 1967".<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> This document also recognized authority of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a> to negotiate with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-seurat47-95">[90]</a> Hamas also signed the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Cairo_Declaration" title="Palestinian Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a> in 2005, which emphasized the goal of ending <a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_territories" title="Occupied Palestinian territories">the Israeli occupation</a> and establishing a Palestinian state.<a href="#cite_note-cairo-40">[36]</a> On 2 May 2017, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, chief of the <a href="#Political_Bureau">Hamas Political Bureau</a>, presented a <a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">new Charter</a>, in which Hamas accepted the idea of a Palestinian state "on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">June 4, 1967</a>" (<a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>), but on the condition of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinian refugees being allowed to return to their homes</a>. But the new Charter did not recognize Israel nor relinquish Palestinian claims to all of historical Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Jazeera,2May2017-41">[37]</a> Many scholars saw Hamas' acceptance of the 1967 borders as a tacit acceptance of another entity on the other side<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017206-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZartman2020230-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-govtandpolitics-99">[94]</a> while others state that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Truce_proposals">Truce proposals</h3></div> The founder of Hamas, sheikh <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a>, has offered Israel a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a>, Arabic word for <a href="/wiki/Armistice" title="Armistice">armistice</a>, in return for complete Israeli withdrawal from the territories captured in the 1967 war and establishing a Palestinian state in West Bank and Gaza. Later, Yassin has stated that this hudna could be renewed for 30, 40 or even 100 years.<a href="#cite_note-atran,hudna-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-fiftyyears-101">[96]</a> During the hudna both the Israelis and Palestinians would refrain from any violent attacks on the other. Under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic international law</a>, a hudna is a binding and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> prohibits its violation.<a href="#cite_note-tuastad2-102">[97]</a> Hamas's spokesperson, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yousef" title="Ahmed Yousef">Ahmed Yousef</a>, has said that a "hudna" is more than a ceasefire and it "obliges parties to use the period to seek a permanent, non-violent resolution to their differences."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016179-103">[98]</a> Hamas first proposed Israel with a hudna, long-term armistice, in 1999. In exchange Israel would have to end the occupation of West Bank and Gaza Strip and release all <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_prisoners" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian prisoners">Palestinian prisoners</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tuastad2-102">[97]</a> The 1999 proposal did not mention the issues of the return of the Palestinian refugees or Hamas’s recognition of Israel, but interviewed Hamas leaders in 2010 added that the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">right of return</a> should be accepted in principle by Israel (without direct actual implementation). Israel and Hamas should use the period of calm (armistice) for negotiating these two issues; if they would also be settled the temporary peace would convert into a permanent peace agreement.<a href="#cite_note-tuastad2-102">[97]</a> In 2006, Ismail Haniyeh, shortly after being <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">elected</a> as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority">Prime Minister</a>, sent messages both to US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and to Israel's leaders, offering a long-term truce. Neither Israel nor the United States responded.<a href="#cite_note-Kamel-104">[99]</a> Haniyeh's proposal reportedly was a fifty-year armistice with Israel, if a Palestinian state is created along the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital.<a href="#cite_note-fiftyyears-101">[96]</a> A Hamas official added that the armistice would renew automatically each time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020285-105">[100]</a> In mid-2006, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>'s Jerome Segal suggested that a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a truce for many years could be considered Hamas's de facto recognition of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Hatz_14Aug2008-106">[101]</a> A similar proposal was once again offered by Hamas to Israel in November 2006.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner202236-107">[102]</a> In November 2008, in a meeting, on Gaza Strip soil, with 11 <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> members of parliaments, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh re-stated that Hamas was willing to accept a Palestinian state "in <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">the territories of 1967</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>), and offered Israel a long-term truce if Israel recognized the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinians' national rights</a>; and stated that Israel rejected this proposal.<a href="#cite_note-offer_2008-108">[103]</a> A Hamas finance minister around 2018 contended that such a "long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018108-109">[104]</a> Mkhaimer Abusada, a political scientist at <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University_%E2%80%93_Gaza" title="Al-Azhar University – Gaza">Al Azhar University</a>, wrote in 2008 that Hamas talks "of hudna [temporary ceasefire], not of peace or reconciliation with Israel. They believe over time they will be strong enough to liberate all historic Palestine."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB2-110">[105]</a> Some scholars have noted that alongside offering a long-term truce, Hamas retains its objective of establishing one state in former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a> Hamas originally proposed a 10-year truce, or <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a>, to Israel, contingent on the creation of a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders. Sheikh Ahmed Yassin indicated that such truce could be extended for 30, 40, or even 100 years, but it would never signal a recognition of Israel. A Hamas official said that having an indefinite truce with Israel doesn't contradict Hamas's lack of recognition of Israel, comparing it to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>'s willingness to accept a permanent armistice with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> without recognizing the UK's sovereignty over Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-atran-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_Israel">Recognition of Israel</h3></div> Hamas leaders have repeatedly emphasized they do not recognize Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Jazeera,2May2017-41">[37]</a> But Hamas has also accepted the 1967 borders in its 2017 charter, thus acknowledging the existence of an entity on the other side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2022206-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZartman2020230-98">[93]</a> Whether Hamas would recognize Israel in a future peace agreement is debated.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Several scholars have compared Hamas's lack of recognition of Israel to <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>'s lack of recognition of a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeinart2012219,_n.53-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmett-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">[114]</a> The 1988 Hamas charter strongly rejected any recognition of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos2-120">[115]</a> In 1994, the Political Bureau of Hamas repeated this rejection.<a href="#cite_note-Faeq-121">[116]</a> However, after Hamas won the 2006 elections, it did not implement then 1988 Charter as policy, and instead agreed to work with the existing Palestinian political system.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos2-120">[115]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2007_Mecca_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Mecca agreement">2007 Mecca agreement</a>, Hamas agreed to respect previous agreements between Fatah and Israel, including the Oslo Accords in which the PLO recognized Israel.<a href="#cite_note-kear-217-122">[117]</a> Both in the 2007 agreement and in the 2006 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Prisoners%27_Document" title="Palestinian Prisoners' Document">Palestinian Prisoners' Document</a>, Hamas agreed to a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders. Scholars see this as "implicit" recognition of Israel because by accepting a Palestinian state limited to the 1967 borders, Hamas acknowledged the existence of an entity on the other side.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What are the exact words of Brenner(2022,p.206)? How in those 2006+07 agreements does Hamas ‘agree to’ or ‘accept’ a Pl state limited to 1967borders, which of the many meanings of ‘accept’ (and ‘agree to’) does Brenner have in mind? How does that imply “implicit recognition of Israel”? “Entity on the other side…” is only a triviality: if you have a border, by definition there will surely be something on the other side of the border—trivialities prove nothing. (February 2025)">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2022206-111">[106]</a> Mousa Abu Marzook, then the vice-president of Hamas' Political Bureau, explained his party's position in 2011: while Hamas did not recognize Israel as a state, it considered the existence of Israel as "amr waqi" (or fait accompli, meaning something that has happened and cannot be changed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202250-123">[118]</a> He called this "de facto recognition" of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202250-123">[118]</a> Likewise, Graham Usher writes that while Hamas does not consider Israel to be legitimate, it has accepted Israel as political reality.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> In 2017, Hamas once again accepted the 1967 borders in its new charter, that "drop[ped] the call for the destruction of Israel from its manifesto" without abrogating the old charter.<a href="#cite_note-govtandpolitics-99">[94]</a> But it did not abrogate the old charter, and other scholars believe that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former Mandatory Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Faeq2-125">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alsoos3-126">[121]</a> Tareq Baconi notes that Hamas has said it would accept mutual recognition of Israel in any consensus peace deal approved by other Palestinian parties and the population in a referendum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">[114]</a> To explain why it withholds formal recognition, Baconi argues that Hamas has learned from the fact that, in the 1993 Oslo Accords, the PLO made a "historic concession" in recognizing Israel on 78% of the land of historic Palestine (along the 1967 borders), but was unable to convince Israel to recognize Palestine on the remaining 22% of the land. Having already recognized Israel, the PLO was unable to use recognition to extract any further concessions from Israel, thus according to Baconi the lesson for Hamas was that you can't negotiate from a position of weakness, and the issue of formal recognition of Israel is kept as bargaining chip for negotiations.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">[114]</a> Some scholars, including Baconi, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Ilan Pappé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, have argued that Hamas has offered more to the Israelis than Israeli major parties including Likud have offered in return to the Palestinians, both with its de facto recognition of the 1967 borders and its pledge to accept the recognition of Israel in any future peace deal that has the consensus and approval of the Palestinian parties and population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Khalidi" title="Rashid Khalidi">Rashid Khalidi</a> said in November 2023: "It is well-established that Israeli major governing parties like Likud have refused to recognize Palestinian statehood under any conditions, the constant references to "Judea and Samaria", and this has only increased in recent times with the Knesset passing a resolution opposing Palestinian statehood."<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegations_of_antisemitism">Allegations of antisemitism</h3></div> The 1988 Hamas charter proclaims that jihad against Jews is required until Judgement Day.<a href="#cite_note-hoffman-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-war-crime-132">[127]</a> Article 7 of the 1988 governing charter of Hamas "openly dedicate(s) Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people".<a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a> More authors have characterized the violent language against all Jews in the original Hamas charter as <a href="/wiki/Genocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidal">genocidal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Incitement_to_genocide" title="Incitement to genocide">incitement to genocide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gourevitch-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-136">[131]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_A_Quick_Look-19">[17]</a> The charter attributes collective responsibility to Jews, not just Israelis, for various global issues, including both World Wars.<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_American_Interest" title="The American Interest">The American Interest</a> magazine wrote that the charter "echoes" <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a> in claiming that Jews profited during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herf-139">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a>, editor-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> magazine, has compared statements in the 1988 charter with those that appear in <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-136">[131]</a> Hamas has called for the annihilation of Israel, and has stated that to be necessary for creating a pan-Islamic empire.<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> On the other hand, Hamas's 2017 charter removed the anti-Semitic language, saying that their struggle is against <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and not Jews,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201917-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitka2023-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera20170506-53">[49]</a> while also advancing goals for a Palestinian state which are seen by many as being consistent with a two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baconi-108-47">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a>, the founder of Hamas, said in a 1988 interview, reacting to accusations that 'Hamas hate Jews': <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"We don't hate Jews and fight Jews because they are Jewish. They are a people of faith and we are a people of faith, and we love all people of faith. If my brother, from my own mother and father and my own faith takes my home and expels me from it, I will fight him. I will fight my cousin if he takes my home and expels me from it. So when a Jew takes my home and expels me from it, I will fight him. I don't fight other countries because I want to be at peace with them, I love all people and wish peace for them, even the Jews. The Jews lived with us all of our lives and we never assaulted them, and they held high positions in government and ministries. But if they take my home and make me a refugee like 4 million Palestinians in exile? Who has more right to this land? The Russian immigrant who left this land 2000 years ago or the one who left 40 years ago? We don't hate the Jews, we only ask for them to give us our rights."<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_positions">Evolution of positions</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1988–1992_(first_charter)">1988–1992 (first charter)</h4></div> In its <a href="#History">early days</a>, Hamas functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">social-religious</a> <a href="/wiki/Charitable_organization" title="Charitable organization">charity center</a>. Its members armed themselves for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism#PLO_until_the_First_Intifada_(1964–1988)" title="Palestinian nationalism">the ongoing resistance against the</a> <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Israeli occupation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>, and in August 1988 published their <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">first charter</a> in which Hamas stated that "Israel" should be "eliminated" through a "clash with the enemies", a "struggle against Zionism" and "conflict with Israel".<a href="#cite_note-Charter-144">[139]</a>: preamble, art. 14, 15, 32  They wrote that 'Palestine', that is <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">all of the territory that belonged to the British Mandate for Palestine</a> (that is, from the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley2015118-93">[88]</a> should be "liberated" from "<a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Charter-144">[139]</a>: art. 14  and transformed into an <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Waqf</a> (Islamic charitable <a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">endowment</a>) in which "followers of all religions can coexist in security and safety".<a href="#cite_note-Yale-145">[140]</a>: art. 6, 11 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201267-146">[141]</a> Practically speaking, Hamas is and was at war with Israel's army (later also attacking Israeli civilians) <a href="#First_Intifada">since the spring of 1989</a>, initially as part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, a general protest movement that gradually turned more <a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">riotous</a> and violent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1992–2005">1992–2005</h4></div> In 1999, the Hamas leadership, in a memorandum to European diplomats, proposed a long-term ceasefire with Israel in return for Israeli withdrawal of military troops and civilian illegal settlements from <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, release of all <a href="/wiki/Palestinians_in_Israeli_custody" title="Palestinians in Israeli custody">Palestinian prisoners</a>, and the right of Palestinian self-determination (see also section <a href="#Truce_proposals">Truce proposals</a>).<a href="#cite_note-tuastad2-102">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a>, founder of Hamas, who was <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Ahmed_Yassin" title="Killing of Ahmed Yassin">assassinated by Israel</a> in 2004, at unreported date has offered Israel a ten-year <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a> (truce, armistice) in return for establishment of a Palestinian state in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>. Yassin later added, the hudna could be renewed, even for longer periods, but would never signal a recognition of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-atran-45">[41]</a> In 2005, Hamas signed the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Cairo_Declaration" title="Palestinian Cairo Declaration">Palestinian Cairo Declaration</a>, which confirms "the right of the Palestinian people to resistance in order to end the occupation, establish a Palestinian state with full sovereignty with Jerusalem as its capital" (etc.), aiming to reconcile several Palestinian factions but not describing specific steps or strategies towards Israel.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2006–2007:_1967_borders_and_a_truce">2006–2007: 1967 borders and a truce</h4></div> In March 2006, after winning an absolute majority in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian legislative elections</a>, Hamas published its government program in which Hamas claimed sovereignty for the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> but did not repeat its claim to all of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">mandatory Palestine</a>, instead declared their willingness to have contacts with Israel "in all mundane affairs: business, trade, health, and labor".<a href="#cite_note-KhaledHroub2006-148">[143]</a> The program further stated: "The question of recognizing Israel is not the jurisdiction of one faction, nor the government, but a decision for the Palestinian people."<a href="#cite_note-nixed-149">[144]</a> Since then until today, spokesmen of Hamas seem to disagree about their attitudes towards Israel, and debates are running as to whether the original 1988 Hamas charter has since March 2006 become obsolete and irrelevant or on the contrary still spells out Hamas's genuine and ultimate goals (see: <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter#Relevance" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas charter, § Relevance</a>). The March 2006 Hamas legislative program was further explained on 6 June 2006 by Hamas' MP Riad Mustafa: "Hamas will never recognize Israel", but if a popular Palestinian referendum would endorse a peace agreement including recognition of Israel, "we would of course accept their verdict".<a href="#cite_note-nixed-149">[144]</a> Also on 6 June 2006, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, senior political leader of Hamas and at that time Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_government#PNA_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian government">Palestinian National Authority</a>, sent a letter to US President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a>), stating: "We are so concerned about stability and security in the area that we don't mind having a Palestinian state in the 1967 borders and offering a truce for many years", and asking Bush for a dialogue with the Hamas government. A similar message he sent to Israel's leaders.<a href="#cite_note-Hatz_14Aug2008-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamel-104">[99]</a> Haniyeh had reportedly proposed a fifty-year armistice.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Neither Washington nor Israel replied.<a href="#cite_note-Hatz_14Aug2008-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kamel-104">[99]</a> Nuancing <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a>'s statements before 2004 about a <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a> (truce) with Israel (see above), Hamas's (former) senior adviser <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yousef" title="Ahmed Yousef">Ahmed Yousef</a> has said (at unknown date) that a "<a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a>" (truce, armistice) is more than a ceasefire and "obliges parties to use the period to seek a permanent, non-violent resolution to their differences."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016179-103">[98]</a> On 28 June 2006, Hamas signed the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Prisoners%27_Document#Second_version:_"National_Conciliation_Document"" title="Palestinian Prisoners' Document">second version of (originally) 'the Palestinians' Prisoners Document'</a> which supports the quest for a Palestinian state "on all territories occupied in 1967".<a href="#cite_note-prisoners-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_abbas_risks_all-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-seurat47-95">[90]</a> This document also recognized the PLO as "the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people", and states that "the negotiations" should be conducted by PLO and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="President of the Palestinian National Authority">President of the Palestinian National Authority</a> and eventual agreements must be ratified by either the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Council" title="Palestinian National Council">Palestinian National Council</a> or a general referendum "held in the homeland and the Diaspora". Leila Seurat also notes that this document "implicitly recognized the June 1967 borders, agreed on the construction of a Palestinian state with Jerusalem as a capital and accepted limitations to the resistance in the territories occupied in 1967", and was produced following consultations with the entire Political Bureau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2019199-151">[146]</a> In an August 2006 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, senior political leader of Hamas and then Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_government#PNA_governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian government">Palestinian National Authority</a>, said: "We have no problem with a sovereign Palestinian state over all our lands within the 1967 borders, living in calm."<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> In February 2007, Hamas signed the <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_Mecca_Agreement" title="Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement">Fatah–Hamas Mecca Agreement</a>, stressing "the importance of national unity as basis for (...) confronting the occupation" and "activate and reform the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">PLO</a>", but without further details about how to confront or deal with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201949-153">[148]</a> At the time of signing that 2007 agreement, <a href="/wiki/Mousa_Abu_Marzook" title="Mousa Abu Marzook">Mousa Abu Marzook</a>, Deputy Chairman of the <a href="#Political_Bureau">Hamas Political Bureau</a>, underlined his view of the Hamas position: "I can recognize the presence of Israel as a fait accompli (amr wâqi') or, as the French say, a de facto recognition, but this does not mean that I recognize Israel as a state".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201950-154">[149]</a> More Hamas leaders, through the years, have made similar statements.<a href="#cite_note-Jazeera,2May2017-41">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">[114]</a> In June 2007, Hamas <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip#2007:_Hamas_takeover" title="Gaza Strip">ousted the Fatah movement from the Gaza Strip, took control there</a>, and since then Hamas occasionally fired rockets from the Gaza Strip on Israel, purportedly to retaliate Israeli aggression against the people of Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera,22Apr2008-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008–2016">2008–2016</h4></div> In April 2008, former US President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> met with <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, the recognized Hamas leader since 2004. Mashal said to Carter, Hamas would "accept a Palestinian state on the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">1967 borders</a>" and accept the right of Israel "to live as a neighbour" if such a deal would be approved by a referendum among the "Palestinians". Nevertheless, Mashal did not offer a unilateral ceasefire (as Carter had suggested him to do). The US State Department showed utter indifference for Mashal's new stance; Israel's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a> even refused to meet with Carter in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, not to mention paying attention to the new Hamas stance.<a href="#cite_note-jazeera,22Apr2008-155">[150]</a> On 19 June 2008, Hamas and Israel agreed to a six-month cease-fire,<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008-156">[151]</a> which Hamas declared finished at 18 December<a href="#cite_note-bjt-tip-point-cross-border-figthing-157">[152]</a> amidst mutual accusations of breaching the agreed conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ref_2008-156">[151]</a> Meanwhile, in November 2008, in a meeting with 11 <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> members of parliaments, Hamas senior official <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> repeated what he had written in June 2006 to U.S. President George W. Bush but with one extra condition: "the Hamas government had agreed to accept a Palestinian state that followed <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">the 1967 borders</a> and to offer Israel a long-term <a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a> (truce), if Israel recognized the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_right_of_return" title="Palestinian right of return">Palestinians' national rights</a>" – a proposal which he said Israel had declined.<a href="#cite_note-offer_2008-108">[103]</a> In September 2009, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">head of the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip</a>, wrote to UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> that Hamas would support any steps leading to a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders: "We would never thwart efforts to create an independent Palestinian state with borders [from] June 4, 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital."<a href="#cite_note-offer_2009-158">[153]</a> In May 2010, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, chairman of the <a href="#Political_Bureau">Hamas Political Bureau</a> (thus Hamas' highest leader), again stated that a state "Israel" living next to "a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967" would be acceptable for Hamas – but only if a referendum among "the Palestinian people" would endorse this arrangement. In November 2010, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-160">[f]</a> also proposed a Palestinian state on 1967 borders, though added three further conditions: "resolution of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugees#Palestinian_views" title="Palestinian refugees">the issue of refugees</a>", "the release of Palestinian prisoners", and "Jerusalem as its capital"; and he made the same reservation as Mashal in May 2010 had made, that a Palestinian referendum needed to endorse this arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-Beinart-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-UWR-162">[156]</a> On December 1, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> (senior Hamas leader, see above), in a news conference in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, repeated his November 2010 message: "We accept a Palestinian state on the borders of 1967, with Jerusalem as its capital, the release of Palestinian prisoners, and the resolution of the issue of refugees," but only if such arrangement would be endorsed by "a referendum" held among all Palestinians: in Gaza, West Bank, and the diaspora.<a href="#cite_note-offer_2010-163">[157]</a> In May 2011, Hamas and <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> signed an agreement in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, agreeing to form a ('national unity') government and appoint the Ministers "in consensus between them", but it contained no remarks about how to confront or deal with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-164">[158]</a> In February 2012, Hamas and <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_Doha_Agreement" title="Fatah–Hamas Doha Agreement">Fatah–Hamas Doha Agreement</a>, agreeing (again) to form an interim national consensus government, which (again) did not materialize. Still in February 2012, according to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority#Two_PNA_administrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian authority</a> (either the <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> branch in West Bank or the Hamas branch in Gaza), Hamas forswore the use of violence against Israel ("ceasefire", an Israeli news website called it), followed by a few weeks without violence between Hamas and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-IBZ_14Mar2012-165">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tab-166">[160]</a> But violence between Israel and Palestinian militant groups, in the Gaza Strip and southern Israel, also involving Hamas, <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict#Operation_"Returning_Echo"" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">would soon resume</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017–6_Oct._2023_(new_charter)">2017–6 Oct. 2023 (new charter)</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">2017 Hamas charter</a></div> On 1 May 2017, after much internal discussion, Hamas and its <a href="#Political_Bureau">Hamas Political Bureau</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a> published "A Document of General Principles and Policies", also known as the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">2017 Hamas charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017205–207-167">[161]</a> In the new charter Hamas accepts a Palestinian state in the 1967 borders, without recognizing Israel.<a href="#cite_note-168">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> When asked, Hamas leaders explained that "The original charter has now become a historical document and part of an earlier stage in our evolution. It will remain in the movement's bookshelf as a record of our past."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017205–207-167">[161]</a> Khaled Mashal stated that the new document reflected "our position for now."<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> However, Hamas fell short of formally repudiating the original 1988 charter.<a href="#cite_note-no-softened-171">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202262-172">[166]</a> According to some analysts Hamas did not formally revoke the old charter so as to not alienate some of its base members, who it feared might join rival Islamist factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202262-172">[166]</a> Around 2018, a Hamas finance minister has suggested that a "long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas [<a href="/wiki/Hudna" title="Hudna">hudna</a>] and a two-state settlement are the same".<a href="#cite_note-Baconi-108-47">[43]</a> In 2021 Hamas organized and financed a conference among 250 Gaza citizens about the future management of the State of Palestine following the takeover of Israel which was predicted to come soon. According to the conclusions of the conference, the Jewish Israeli fighters would be killed, while the peaceful individuals could be integrated or be allowed to leave. At the same time the highly skilled and educated would be prevented from leaving.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a> In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> said in an interview that one of the principles of Hamas was "Palestine <a href="/wiki/From_the_river_to_the_sea" title="From the river to the sea">from the sea to the river</a>."<a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> In 2022, Yahya Sinwar cautioned Israelis that Hamas would one day "march through your walls to uproot your regime."<a href="#cite_note-WP_Deeper-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="7_Oct._2023–present">7 Oct. 2023–present</h4></div> In a <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">flash attack on 7 October 2023</a>, Hamas and associates murdered 767 civilians and killed a further 376 security personnel of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Israel retaliated with warfare in the Gaza Strip</a>, aiming at Hamas militants but also harming much civilian infrastructure and directly killing tens of thousands of civilians, as admitted even by Israel (not counting the presumed multiple number of indirect deaths). A number of conflicting statements since then were made by Hamas senior leaders regarding the Hamas policy towards Israel. On 24 October, <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamad" title="Ghazi Hamad">Ghazi Hamad</a>—member of the <a href="#Political_Bureau">decision-making Hamas Political Bureau</a><a href="#cite_note-Libération-177">[171]</a>—explained the 7 October attack: "Israel is a country that has no place on our land. We must remove that country because it constitutes a security, military and political catastrophe to the Arab and Islamic nation". "We are called a nation of <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyrs</a> and we are proud to sacrifice martyrs". Hamad called the creation of the Jewish state "illogical": "(...) We are the victims of the occupation. Therefore, nobody should blame us for the things we do".<a href="#cite_note-178">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> On 1 November 2023, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, then incumbent highest Hamas leader (but <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh#assassination" title="Ismail Haniyeh">assassinated by Israel 31 July 2024</a>), stated that if Israel agreed to a ceasefire in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a>, if humanitarian corridors would be opened, and aid would be allowed into Gaza, Hamas would be "ready for political negotiations for a two-state solution with <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> as the capital of Palestine". Haniyeh also praised the support of movements in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> for the Palestinian struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Haniyeh2023-180">[174]</a> In January 2024 <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, a former Hamas leader, slighted "The West" and the "the two-state solution", saying "The 1967 borders represent 21% of Palestine, which is practically one fifth of its land, so this cannot be accepted", and adding that "our right in Palestine from the sea to the river" cannot be waived.<a href="#cite_note-mashal2-181">[175]</a> However, he reiterated that Hamas "accepts a state on the 1967 borders with Jerusalem as its capital, with complete independence and with the right of return without recognising the legitimacy of the Zionist entity."<a href="#cite_note-mashal2-181">[175]</a> Hamas Member of Parliament <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Hayya" title="Khalil al-Hayya">Khalil al-Hayya</a>, also deputy chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, told the Associated Press in April 2024 that Hamas is willing to agree to a truce of five years or more with Israel and that it would lay down its weapons and convert into a political party if an independent Palestinian state is established along pre-1967 borders.<a href="#cite_note-Sewell_2024_s696-182">[176]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> considered this a "significant concession", but presumed that <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> would not even want to consider this scenario following the October 2023 attack.<a href="#cite_note-Sewell_2024_s696-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reactions">Reactions</h4></div> The vision that Hamas articulated in its <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">original 1988 charter</a> resembles the vision of certain Zionist groups regarding the same territory, as noted by several authors.<a href="#cite_note-UWR-162">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> This may suggest that Hamas's views were inspired by those Zionist perspectives.<a href="#cite_note-186">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> Several (other) authors have interpreted the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas charter</a> as a call for "armed struggle against Israel".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Malley2015118-93">[88]</a> In 2009, Taghreed El-khodary and Ethan Bronner, writing in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, said that Hamas' position is that it doesn't recognize Israel's right to exist, but is willing to accept as a compromise a Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-189">[182]</a> Writing for Middle Eastern Studies, Imad Alsoos says that Hamas has both a short and long-term objective: "The short-term objective aims to establish a Palestinian state in Gaza and the West Bank, while the long-term objective still strives to liberate Mandate Palestine in its entirety.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a> Establishing a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza (as part of a hudna deal) would be Hamas's interim solution, during which Israel would not be formally recognized.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> In mid-2006, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_College_Park" title="University of Maryland, College Park">University of Maryland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Segal" title="Jerome Segal">Jerome Segal</a> suggested that a Palestinian state within the 1967 borders and a truce for many years could be considered Hamas's de facto recognition of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Hatz_14Aug2008-106">[101]</a> As of January 2007, Israeli, American and European news media considered Hamas to be the "dominant political force" within the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Zaki_Chehab" title="Zaki Chehab">Zaki Chehab</a> wrote in 2007 that Hamas's public concessions following the 2006 elections were "window-dressing" and that the organisation would never recognise Israel's right to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChehab2007203-194">[187]</a> As to the question whether Hamas would be capable to enter into a long-term non-aggression treaty with Israel without being disloyal to their understanding of Islamic law and God's word, <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">the Atlantic</a> magazine columnist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Jeffrey Goldberg</a> in January 2009 stated: "I tend to think not, though I've noticed over the years a certain plasticity of belief among some Hamas ideologues. Also, this is the Middle East, so anything is possible".<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ayoob" title="Mohammed Ayoob">Mohammed Ayoob</a> in his 2020 book, while discussing the <a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">2017 Hamas charter</a>, stated that “acceptance of the 1967 borders can be interpreted as a de facto acceptance of the preconditions for a two-state solution”.<a href="#cite_note-196">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaza_Strip">Gaza Strip</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Islamism in the Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamist_anti-Hamas_groups_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip">Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamila_Abdallah_Taha_al-Shanti" title="Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti">Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></div> Hamas' <a href="/wiki/Change_and_Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Change and Reform">Change and Reform</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_list" title="Electoral list">electoral list</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian legislative election</a> included a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Christian">Palestinian Christian</a> candidate, Hosam al-Taweel, running as an independent for the Christian <a href="/wiki/Reserved_political_positions" title="Reserved political positions">reserved</a> seat in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-AJ_HT-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-PI_HT-200">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-API_HT-201">[193]</a> Israeli media were surprised by the team.<a href="#cite_note-JP_HT-197">[190]</a> Hosam al-Taweel won the seat, one of six seats reserved for Palestine's Christian minority, with the highest winning vote of the six elected, due to the endorsement of Hamas and other nationalist groups.<a href="#cite_note-imec_ht-202">[194]</a> The gender ideology outlined in the Hamas charter, the importance of women in the religious-nationalist project of liberation is asserted as no lesser than that of males. Their role was defined primarily as one of manufacturing males and caring for their upbringing and rearing, though the charter recognized they could fight for liberation without obtaining their husband's permission and in 2002 their participation in jihad was permitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201755-203">[195]</a> The doctrinal emphasis on childbearing and rearing as woman's primary duty is not so different from Fatah's view of women in the First Intifada and it also resembles the outlook of Jewish settlers, and over time it has been subjected to change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitrit201573–74-204">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201181-205">[197]</a> A few were worried about imposition of Islamic dress codes, but most Christians in the Gaza Strip said these worries were baseless were not worried about the Hamas government.<a href="#cite_note-imec_ht-202">[194]</a> In 1989, during the First Intifada, a small number of Hamas followers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitrit201574-206">[198]</a> campaigned for polygamy, and also insisted women stay at home and be segregated from men. In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed, with the result that the hijab was being worn 'just to avoid problems on the streets'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubenberg2001230–31-207">[199]</a> The harassment dropped drastically when, after 18 months, the <a href="/wiki/Unified_National_Leadership_of_the_Uprising" title="Unified National Leadership of the Uprising">Unified National Leadership of the Uprising</a> (UNLU) condemned it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerner200727-208">[200]</a> though similar campaigns reoccurred.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Polygamy is practised in some <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> communities in Israel, and some Palestinians with Israeli citizenship, particularly in the Negev desert (Arabic pronunciation: Naqab) surrounding the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> Since Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007, some of its members have attempted to impose Islamic dress or the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> head covering on women.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-214">[206]</a> The government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the dangers of immodest dress, card playing, and dating.<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-215">[207]</a> There are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-189">[182]</a> There has also been successful resistance to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.<a href="#cite_note-216">[208]</a> Hamas officials deny having any plans to impose Islamic law, one legislator stating that "What you are seeing are incidents, not policy," and that Islamic law is the desired standard "but we believe in persuasion".<a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-215">[207]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/UNRWA" title="UNRWA">UNRWA</a> canceled its annual marathon in Gaza after Hamas prohibited women from participating in the race.<a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_West_Bank">In the West Bank</h3></div> In 2005, the human rights organization <a href="/w/index.php?title=Freemuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freemuse (page does not exist)">Freemuse</a> released a report titled "Palestine: <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>-like attempts to censor music", which said that <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palestine" title="Music of Palestine">Palestinian musicians</a> feared that harsh religious laws against music and concerts will be imposed since Hamas group scored political gains in the Palestinian Authority local elections of 2005.<a href="#cite_note-freemuse-218">[210]</a> The attempt by Hamas to dictate a cultural code of conduct in the 1980s and early 1990s led to a violent fighting between different Palestinian sectors. Hamas members reportedly burned down stores that stocked videos they deemed indecent and destroyed books they described as "heretical".<a href="#cite_note-barel-219">[211]</a> In 2005, an outdoor music-and-dance performance in <a href="/wiki/Qalqiliya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qalqiliya">Qalqiliya</a> was suddenly banned by the Hamas-led municipality, for the reason that such an event would be "<a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">haram</a>", i.e. forbidden by Islam.<a href="#cite_note-otterbeck-220">[212]</a> The municipality also ordered that music no longer be played in the Qalqiliya zoo, and mufti Akrameh Sabri issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">religious edict</a> affirming the municipality decision.<a href="#cite_note-barel-219">[211]</a> In response, the Palestinian national poet <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Darwish" title="Mahmoud Darwish">Mahmoud Darwish</a> warned that "There are Taliban-type elements in our society, and this is a very dangerous sign."<a href="#cite_note-freemuse-218">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-darwish-221">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-newhumanist-222">[214]</a> The Palestinian columnist Mohammed Abd Al-Hamid, a resident of Ramallah, wrote that this religious coercion could cause the migration of artists, and said "The religious fanatics in Algeria destroyed every cultural symbol, shattered statues and rare works of art and liquidated intellectuals and artists, reporters and authors, ballet dancers and singers—are we going to imitate the Algerian and Afghani examples?"<a href="#cite_note-barel-219">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erdoğan's_Turkey_as_a_role_model">Erdoğan's Turkey as a role model</h3></div> Some Hamas members have stated that the model of Islamic government that Hamas seeks to emulate is that of Turkey under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>. The foremost members to distance Hamas from the practices of the Taliban and to publicly support the Erdoğan model were <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yousef" title="Ahmed Yousef">Ahmed Yousef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghazi_Hamad" title="Ghazi Hamad">Ghazi Hamad</a>, advisers to Prime Minister Hanieh.<a href="#cite_note-Sayigh-223">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a> Yusuf, the Hamas deputy foreign minister, reflected this goal in an interview with a Turkish newspaper, stating that while foreign public opinion equates Hamas with the Taliban or <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, the analogy is inaccurate. Yusuf described the Taliban as "opposed to everything", including education and women's rights, while Hamas wants to establish good relations between the religious and secular elements of society and strives for human rights, democracy and an open society.<a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> According to professor <a href="/wiki/Yezid_Sayigh" title="Yezid Sayigh">Yezid Sayigh</a> of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College</a> in London, how influential this view is within Hamas is uncertain, since both Ahmad Yousef and Ghazi Hamad were dismissed from their posts as advisers to Hamas Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Hanieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Hanieh">Ismail Hanieh</a> in October 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Sayigh-223">[215]</a> Both have since been appointed to other prominent positions within the Hamas government. Khaled al-Hroub of the West Bank-based and anti-Hamas<a href="#cite_note-226">[218]</a> Palestinian daily Al Ayyam added that despite claims by Hamas leaders that it wants to repeat the Turkish model of Islam, "what is happening on the ground in reality is a replica of the Taliban model of Islam."<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Erdogan-228">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charter_and_policy_documents">Charter and policy documents</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1988_charter">1988 charter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas charter</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">Calls for the destruction of Israel</a></div> Hamas published its charter in August 1988, wherein it defined itself as a chapter of the Muslim Brotherhood and its desire to establish "an Islamic state throughout Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabahā2014324-229">[221]</a> The foundational document was written by a single individual and made public without going through the usual prior consultation process.<a href="#cite_note-231">[i]</a> It was then signed on August 18, 1988. It <a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">compares</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israeli attacks on civilians</a> to that by Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> The charter also claims all of historical Palestine<a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2004130-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weimann-237">[227]</a> but promises religious coexistence under Islam's rule.<a href="#cite_note-238">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[229]</a> Article 6 states that the movement's aim is to "raise the banner of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> over every inch of Palestine, for under the wing of Islam followers of all religions can coexist in security and safety where their lives, possessions and rights are concerned".<a href="#cite_note-Yale-145">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[230]</a> The charter rejects a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>, stating that <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Palestinian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Palestinian conflict">the conflict</a> cannot be resolved "except through <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>". Many scholars have pointed out that both the 1988 Hamas's charter and the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party platform sought full control of the land, thus denouncing the two-state solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeinart2012219,_n.53-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Emmett-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_charter">2017 charter</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">2017 Hamas charter</a></div> In May 2017, Hamas published a document titled "<a href="/wiki/A_Document_of_General_Principles_and_Policies" class="mw-redirect" title="A Document of General Principles and Policies">A Document of General Principles and Policies</a>". While this policy document was much shorter than the 1988 charter, and Hamas leaders stated that it did not replace the 1988 charter,<a href="#cite_note-no-softened-171">[165]</a> it covers some of the same topics and is referred to as the "2017 charter".<a href="#cite_note-Hroub-54">[50]</a> It accepted a Palestinian state in the 1967 borders, <a href="#Recognition_of_Israel">without recognizing Israel</a>, which is seen by many as being consistent with a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jihad-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baconi-108-47">[43]</a> while others state that Hamas retains the long-term objective of establishing one state in former <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a> The charter also argued that armed resistance to occupation is supported by international law.<a href="#cite_note-Hroub-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alsoos-48">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-charter2017-243">[233]</a> Hamas has described these changes as adaptation within a specific context, as opposed to abandonment of its principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202218-244">[234]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas charter</a> was widely described as <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hamed2023-49">[45]</a> Hamas's 2017 charter removed the antisemitic language and said Hamas's struggle was with <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionists</a>, not Jews.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201917-50">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haaretz20170503-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitka2023-52">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-AlJazeera20170506-53">[49]</a> Some sources maintain its condemnation of Zionists is antisemitic:<a href="#cite_note-hoffman-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spitka2023-52">[48]</a> it describes Zionism as the enemy of all Muslims and a danger to international security, what author J.S. Spoerl in 2020 has disqualified as "hardly (...) a serious repudiation of anti-Semitism".<a href="#cite_note-Spoerl_2020_pp._210–244-55">[51]</a> Hroub, though not responding directly, disagrees, writing that the 2017 document shows that Hamas is stressing the nationalist/resistance aspects of its purpose, providing a "clear assertion of the right to a national liberation struggle on the basis of international law."<a href="#cite_note-Hroub-54">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership_and_structure">Leadership and structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Hamas" title="List of leaders of Hamas">List of leaders of Hamas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamasleadership.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamasleadership.png/220px-Hamasleadership.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamasleadership.png/330px-Hamasleadership.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Hamasleadership.png/440px-Hamasleadership.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Map of key Hamas leadership nodes. 2010.<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></figcaption></figure> Hamas inherited from its predecessor a tripartite structure that consisted in the provision of social services, of religious training and military operations under a Shura Council. Traditionally it had four distinct functions: (a) a charitable social welfare division (dawah); (b) a military division for procuring weapons and undertaking operations (al-Mujahideen al Filastinun); (c) a security service (Jehaz Aman); and (d) a media branch (A'alam).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200610–11-245">[235]</a> Hamas has both an internal leadership within the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, and an external leadership, split between a Gaza group directed by <a href="/wiki/Mousa_Abu_Marzook" title="Mousa Abu Marzook">Mousa Abu Marzook</a> from his exile first in Damascus and then in Egypt, and a Kuwaiti group (Kuwaidia) under <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200611–12-246">[236]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] The Kuwaiti group of Palestinian exiles began to receive extensive funding from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_states_of_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Arab states of the Persian Gulf">Gulf States</a> after its leader Mashal broke with <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>'s decision to side with <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Invasion of Kuwait</a>, with Mashal insisting that Iraq withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy201330-247">[237]</a> On May 6, 2017, <a href="/wiki/Majlis_al-Shura" title="Majlis al-Shura">Hamas' Shura Council</a> chose <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> to become the new leader, to replace Mashal.<a href="#cite_note-248">[238]</a> The exact structure of the organization is unclear as it is shrouded in a veil of secrecy in order to conceal operational activities. Formally, Hamas maintains the wings are separate and independent, but this has been questioned. It has been argued that its wings are both separate and combined for reasons of internal and external political necessity. Communication between the political and military wings of Hamas is made difficult by the thoroughness of Israeli intelligence surveillance and the existence of an extensive base of informants. After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a> the political direction of the militant wing was diminished and field commanders were given wider discretional autonomy over operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201644–45-249">[239]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shura_Council_and_Political_Bureau">Shura Council and Political Bureau</h4></div> Hamas's overarching governing body is the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_al-Shura" title="Majlis al-Shura">Majlis al-Shura</a> (Shura Council), based on the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> concept of consultation and popular assembly (<a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a>), which Hamas leaders argue provides for democracy within an Islamic framework.<a href="#cite_note-250">[240]</a> As the organization grew more complex and Israeli pressure increased, the Shura Council was renamed the General Consultative Council, with members elected from local council groups. The council elects the 15-member Political Bureau (al-Maktab al-Siyasi)<a href="#cite_note-Mandaville-251">[241]</a> that makes decisions for Hamas. Representatives come from Gaza, the West Bank, leaders in exile and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_prisoners_in_Israel#Administrative_detention" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian prisoners in Israel">Israeli prisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berti-252">[242]</a> The Political Bureau was based in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> until January 2012, when Hamas's support for the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_opposition_to_Bashar_al-Assad" title="Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad">Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> led to the office's relocation to <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Berti-252">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[243]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances_and_funding">Finances and funding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaher_Jabarin" title="Zaher Jabarin">Zaher Jabarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israeli support for Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Taxation in the State of Palestine">Taxation in the State of Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_reconciliation_process" title="Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process">Fatah–Hamas reconciliation process</a></div> Hamas, like its predecessor the Muslim Brotherhood, assumed the administration of Gaza's <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> properties, endowments which extend over 10% of all real estate in the Gaza Strip, with 2,000 acres of agricultural land held in religious trusts, together with numerous shops, rentable apartments and public buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Amr19938-254">[244]</a> In the first five years of the 1st Intifada, the Gaza economy, 50% of which depended on external sources of income, plummeted by 30–50% as Israel closed its labour market and remittances from the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_diaspora" title="Palestinian diaspora">Palestinian expatriates</a> in the Gulf countries dried up following the 1991–1992 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy199321-255">[245]</a> At the 1993 Philadelphia conference, Hamas leaders' statements indicated that they read <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>'s outline of a <a href="/wiki/New_world_order_(politics)" title="New world order (politics)">New World Order</a> as embodying a <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">tacit aim</a> to destroy Islam, and that therefore funding should focus on enhancing the Islamic roots of Palestinian society and promoting jihad, which also means zeal for social justice, in the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006148-256">[246]</a> Hamas became particularly fastidious about maintaining separate resourcing for its respective branches of activity—military, political and social services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittori201172-257">[247]</a> It has had a holding company in East Jerusalem (Beit al-Mal), a 20% stake in Al Aqsa International Bank which served as its financial arm, the Sunuqrut Global Group and al-Ajouli money-changing firm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittori201173-258">[248]</a> By 2011, Hamas's budget, calculated to be roughly US$70 million, derived even more substantially (85%) from foreign, rather than internal Palestinian, sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittori201173-258">[248]</a> Only two Israeli-Palestinian sources figure in a list seized in 2004, while the other contributors were donor bodies located in Jordan, Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Britain, Germany, the United States, United Arab Emirates, Italy and France. Much of the money raised comes from sources that direct their assistance to what Hamas describes as its charitable work for Palestinians, but investments in support of its ideological position are also relevant, with Persian Gulf States and Saudi Arabia prominent in the latter. Matthew Levitt claims that Hamas also taps money from corporations, criminal organizations and financial networks that support terror.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006143–44-259">[249]</a> It is also alleged that it engages in cigarette and drug smuggling, multimedia copyright infringement and credit card fraud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVittori201173-258">[248]</a> The United States, Israel and the EU have shut down many charities and organs that channel money to Hamas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land_Foundation_for_Relief_and_Development" title="Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development">Holy Land Foundation for Relief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClarke201597-260">[250]</a> Between 1992 and 2001, this group is said to have provided $6.8 million to Palestinian charities of the $57 million collected. By 2001, it was alleged to have given Hamas $13 million, and was shut down shortly afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-261">[251]</a> About half of Hamas's funding came from states in the Persian Gulf down to the mid-2000s. Saudi Arabia supplied half of the Hamas budget of $50 million in the early 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-Burfeindt-262">[252]</a> but, under US pressure, began to cut its funding by cracking down on Islamic charities and private donor transfers to Hamas in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-Vittori-263">[253]</a> which by 2006 drastically reduced the flow of money from that area. Iran and Syria, in the aftermath of Hamas's 2006 electoral victory, stepped in to fill the shortfall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006173-264">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleisBerti2012156-265">[255]</a> Saudi funding, negotiated with third parties including Egypt, remained supportive of Hamas as a Sunni group but chose to provide more assistance to the PNA, the electoral loser, when the EU responded to the outcome by suspending its monetary aid.<a href="#cite_note-266">[256]</a> During the 1980s, Iran began to provide 10% of Hamas's funding, which it increased annually until by the 1990s it supplied $30 million.<a href="#cite_note-Burfeindt-262">[252]</a> It accounted for $22 million, over a quarter of Hamas's budget, by the late 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-Vittori-263">[253]</a> According to Matthew Levitt, Iran preferred direct financing to operative groups rather than charities, requiring video proof of attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Vittori-263">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006172–74-267">[257]</a> Much of the Iran funding is said to be channeled through <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vittori-263">[253]</a> After 2006, Iran's willingness to take over the burden of the shortfall created by the drying up of Saudi funding also reflected the geopolitical tensions between the two, since, though Shiite, Iran was supporting a Sunni group traditionally closely linked with the Saudi kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-268">[258]</a> The US imposed sanctions on Iran's Bank Saderat, alleging it had funneled hundreds of millions to Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-269">[259]</a> The US has expressed concerns that Hamas obtains funds through Palestinian and Lebanese sympathizers of Arab descent in the <a href="/wiki/Foz_do_Igua%C3%A7u" title="Foz do Iguaçu">Foz do Iguaçu</a> area of the tri-border region of Latin America, an area long associated with arms trading, drug trafficking, contraband, the manufacture of counterfeit goods, money-laundering and currency fraud. The State Department adds that confirmatory information of a Hamas operational presence there is lacking.<a href="#cite_note-270">[260]</a> After 2009, <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_on_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions on Iran">sanctions on Iran</a> made funding difficult, forcing Hamas to rely on religious donations by individuals in the West Bank, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Funds amounting to tens of millions of dollars raised in the Gulf states were transferred through the <a href="/wiki/Rafah_Border_Crossing" title="Rafah Border Crossing">Rafah Border Crossing</a>. These were not sufficient to cover the costs of governing the Strip and running the al Qassam Brigades, and when tensions arose with Iran over support of President Assad in Syria, Iran dropped its financial assistance to the government, restricting its funding to the military wing, which meant a drop from $150 million in 2012 to $60 million the following year. A further drop occurred in 2015 when Hamas expressed its criticisms of Iran's role in the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[261]</a> In 2017, the PA government imposed its own sanctions against Gaza, including, among other things, cutting off salaries to thousands of PA employees, as well as financial assistance to hundreds of families in the Gaza Strip. The PA initially said it would stop paying for the electricity and fuel that Israel supplies to the Gaza Strip, but after a year partially backtracked.<a href="#cite_note-272">[262]</a> The Israeli government has allowed millions of dollars from Qatar to be funneled on a regular basis through Israel to Hamas, to replace the millions of dollars the PA had stopped transferring to Hamas. Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> explained that letting the money go through Israel meant that it could not be used for terrorism, saying: "Now that we are supervising, we know it's going to humanitarian causes."<a href="#cite_note-273">[263]</a> According to U.S. officials, as of 2023 Hamas has an investment portfolio that is worth anywhere from 500 million to US$1 billion, including assets in Sudan, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Algeria and the United Arab Emirates.<a href="#cite_note-274">[264]</a> Hamas has denied such allegations.<a href="#cite_note-275">[265]</a> In 2024, financial activity in Gaza is mainly carried out via money changers in order to bypass the international financial authorities.<a href="#cite_note-276">[266]</a> Also in 2024, the <a href="/wiki/European_Council" title="European Council">European Council</a> added six people to its sanctions list for helping fund Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad, including a senior official from the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps">Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>. Three businesses were also added, including companies in Spain and Sudan that functioned as front companies.<a href="#cite_note-277">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_services_wing">Social services wing</h3></div> Hamas developed its social welfare programme by replicating the model established by Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood. For Hamas, charity and the development of one's community are both prescribed by religion and to be understood as forms of resistance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016136-279">[269]</a> In Islamic tradition, dawah (<abbr title="literal translation">lit. transl.</abbr> "the call to God") obliges the faithful to reach out to others by both proselytising and by charitable works, and typically the latter centre on the mosques which make use of both <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> endowment resources and charitable donations (<a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, one of the five pillars of Islam) to fund grassroots services such as nurseries, schools, orphanages, soup kitchens, women's activities, library services and even sporting clubs within a larger context of preaching and political discussions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200616–23-280">[270]</a> In the 1990s, some 85% of its budget was allocated to the provision of social services.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201178-281">[271]</a> Hamas has been called perhaps the most significant social services actor in Palestine. By 2000, Hamas or its affiliated charities ran roughly 40% of the social institutions in the West Bank and Gaza and, with other Islamic charities, by 2005, was supporting 120,000 individuals with monthly financial support in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitrit201571-282">[272]</a> Part of the appeal of these institutions is that they fill a vacuum in the administration by the PLO of the Palestinian territories, which had failed to cater to the demand for jobs and broad social services, and is widely viewed as corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201175-283">[273]</a> As late as 2005, the budget of Hamas, drawing on global charity contributions, was mostly tied up in covering running expenses for its social programmes, which extended from the supply of housing, food and water for the needy to more general functions such as financial aid, medical assistance, educational development and religious instruction. A certain accounting flexibility allowed these funds to cover both charitable causes and military operations, permitting transfer from one to the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201647ff-284">[274]</a> The dawah infrastructure itself was understood, within the Palestinian context, as providing the soil from which a militant opposition to the occupation would flower.<a href="#cite_note-286">[k]</a> In this regard it differs from the rival <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Palestinian Islamic Jihad</a> which lacks any social welfare network, and relies on spectacular terrorist attacks to recruit adherents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200625–26-287">[276]</a> In 2007, through funding from Iran, Hamas managed to allocate at a cost of $60 million, monthly stipends of $100 for 100,000 workers, and a similar sum for 3,000 fishermen <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip#Effect_on_the_fishing_industry" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">laid idle by Israel's imposition of restrictions</a> on fishing offshore, plus grants totalling $45 million to detainees and their families.<a href="#cite_note-288">[277]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Levitt" title="Matthew Levitt">Matthew Levitt</a> argues that Hamas grants to people are subject to a rigorous cost-benefit analysis of how beneficiaries will support Hamas, with those linked to terrorist activities receiving more than others.<a href="#cite_note-289">[278]</a> Israel holds the families of suicide bombers accountable and bulldozes their homes, whereas the families of Hamas activists who have been killed or wounded during militant operations are given an initial, one-time grant varying between $500–$5,000, together with a $100 monthly allowance. Rent assistance is also given to families whose homes have been destroyed by Israeli bombing though families unaffiliated with Hamas are said to receive less.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips201181-205">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt2006122–23-290">[279]</a> Until 2007, these activities extended to the West Bank, but, after a PLO crackdown, now continue exclusively in the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201648-291">[280]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2013 Egyptian coup d'état">2013 Egyptian coup d'état</a> deposed the elected Muslim Brotherhood government of <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a> in 2013, Hamas found itself in a financial straitjacket and has since endeavoured to throw the burden of responsibility for public works infrastructure in the Gaza Strip back onto the Palestinian National Authority, but without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201648–49-292">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Media coverage of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy_of_Israel" title="Public diplomacy of Israel">Public diplomacy of Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian propaganda">Palestinian propaganda</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Aqsa_TV">Al-Aqsa TV</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shehab_News_Agency" title="Shehab News Agency">Shehab News Agency</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a> is a television channel founded by Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-293">[282]</a> The station began broadcasting in the Gaza Strip on January 9, 2006,<a href="#cite_note-news24_alaqsa_tv-294">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-adl_al_aqsa_tv-295">[284]</a> less than three weeks before the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">Palestinian legislative elections</a>. It has shown television programs, including some children's television, which deliver antisemitic messages.<a href="#cite_note-296">[285]</a> Hamas has stated that the television station is "an independent media institution that often does not express the views of the Palestinian government headed by Ismail Haniyeh or of the Hamas movement", and that Hamas does not hold antisemitic views.<a href="#cite_note-Hamas_Condemns_the_Holocaust-297">[286]</a> The programming includes ideologically tinged children's shows, news talk, and religiously inspired entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-npr_al_aqsa_tv-298">[287]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, the station promotes terrorist activity and incites hatred of Jews and Israelis.<a href="#cite_note-adl_al_aqsa_tv-295">[284]</a> Al-Aqsa TV is headed by the controversial <a href="/wiki/Fathi_Ahmad_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathi Ahmad Hammad">Fathi Ahmad Hammad</a>, chairman of al-Ribat Communications and Artistic Productions—a Hamas-run company that also produces Hamas's radio station, Voice of al-Aqsa, and its biweekly newspaper, The Message.<a href="#cite_note-guardian_johnson-299">[288]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fathi_Hamad" title="Fathi Hamad">Hamad</a> has made a number of controversial comments, including a speech in which he reportedly stated: 'you have Jews everywhere and we must attack every Jew on the globe by way of slaughtering and killing' <a href="#cite_note-300">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Fateh_magazine">Al-Fateh magazine</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Al-Fateh" title="Al-Fateh">Al-Fateh</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hamas#Disputed" title="Talk:Hamas">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (October 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Al-Fateh ("the conqueror") is the Hamas children's magazine, published biweekly in London, and also posted in an online website. It began publication in September 2002, and its 108th issue was released in mid-September 2007. The magazine features stories, poems, riddles, and puzzles, and states it is for "the young builders of the future".<a href="#cite_note-OnlineTerrorists-301">[290]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, al-Fateh promotes violence and antisemitism, with praise for and encouragement to become suicide bombers, and that it "regularly includes photos of children it claims have been detained, injured or killed by Israeli police, images of children firing slingshots or throwing rocks at Israelis and children holding automatic weapons and firebombs".<a href="#cite_note-302">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_media">Social media</h4></div> Hamas has traditionally presented itself as a voice of suffering of the Palestinian people. According to <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a>, a new social media strategy was employed in the wake of the October 7 attack: Hamas asserted itself as the dominant resistance force in the Middle East by recording and <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> the brutality of their attacks.<a href="#cite_note-303">[292]</a> According to Dr. Harel Horev, historian and researcher of Palestinian affairs at Tel Aviv University, Hamas has used social media to dehumanize Israelis/Jews. According to his research, Hamas took over the most popular accounts on Palestinian networks in a covert manner that did not reveal its involvement. This control gave it the ability to significantly influence the Palestinian discourse online through content that denies the humanity and right to life of Israelis. These included posters, songs and videos glorifying threats; computer games that encourage the murder of Jews; training videos for carrying out effective and indiscriminate stabbing and shooting attacks; and anti-Semitic cartoons as a central means of dehumanizing the Israeli/Jew in the Palestinian online discourse.<a href="#cite_note-304">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_security">Internal security</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)">Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)</a></div> The General Security Service, formally part of the Hamas political party, operates akin to a governmental body within Gaza. Under the direct oversight of Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar, it conducts extensive surveillance on Palestinians, compiling files on various individuals including journalists and government critics. This secret police force relies on a network of informants and employs tactics such as censorship and surveillance to maintain control. Before the conflict with Israel, the unit reportedly had a monthly budget of $120,000 and consisted of 856 personnel, including more than 160 individuals paid to spread Hamas propaganda and conduct online attacks against opponents.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20240513-306">[295]</a> Other powerful internal security bodies in Gaza include Military Intelligence, which focuses on Israel, and the Internal Security Service, an arm of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)">Interior Ministry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes20240513-306">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian_crisis_management">Civilian crisis management</h4></div> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Palestine">COVID-19 pandemic in Palestine</a> Gaza's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(State_of_Palestine)" title="Ministry of Interior (State of Palestine)">Ministry of the Interior</a> formed a crisis management team, headed by Hamas police officer <a href="/wiki/Faiq_Al-Mabhouh" title="Faiq Al-Mabhouh">Faiq Al-Mabhouh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SA_-_prominent_leaders-307">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockdown_option-308">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-sama-309">[298]</a> Mabhouh played a prominent role in communicating with the public about the changing situation. He appeared in video announcements on <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a> and social media channels, and gave interviews to local media to explain changes in restrictions. The Gaza Strip restrictions took the "<a href="/wiki/Flattening_the_curve" title="Flattening the curve">flattening the curve</a>" approach.<a href="#cite_note-sama-309">[298]</a> The restrictions imposed were similar to most western countries, and more relaxed than the <a href="/wiki/Zero_COVID" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero COVID">zero COVID</a> policy implemented by <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization#Regional_offices" title="World Health Organization">their neighbors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lockdown_option-308">[297]</a> The Gaza Strip's starter was to avoid total <a href="/wiki/Lockdowns" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockdowns">lockdowns</a> using partial measures like weekend lockdowns and curfews. The weekend lockdowns included mosques being closed for Friday prayers. But during times while the mosques were open, one creative measure initiated by <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%99s_Ministry_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza’s Ministry of Health">Gaza’s Ministry of Health</a> was to replace the mosque preachers with doctors who gave health information seminars.<a href="#cite_note-mosque_medics-310">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lockdown_option-308">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-sama-309">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qassam_Brigades_(military_wing)">Qassam Brigades (military wing)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg/170px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg/255px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg/340px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Weapons_Found_in_a_Mosque_During_Cast_Lead_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="2105" /></a><figcaption>Weapons found in a mosque during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a>, according to the IDF. </figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades" class="mw-redirect" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades</a> is Hamas' military wing.<a href="#cite_note-Qassam_logo-311">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[301]</a> While the number of members is known only to the Brigades leadership, Israel estimates the Brigades have a core of several hundred members who receive <a href="/wiki/Military_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Military training">military style training</a>, including training in Iran and in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (before the Syrian Civil War).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidère2012173-313">[302]</a> Additionally, the brigades have an estimated 10,000–17,000 operatives,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShitrit201571-282">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007106-314">[303]</a> other sources say 15,000–40,000 militants,<a href="#cite_note-315">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[305]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hamas#Conflicting_estimates_of_size_of_Qassam_Brigades" title="Talk:Hamas">discuss</a>] forming a backup force whenever circumstances call for reinforcements for the Brigade. Recruitment training lasts for two years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidère2012173-313">[302]</a> The group's ideology outlines its aim as the liberation of Palestine and the restoration of Palestinian rights under the dispensations set forth in the Qur'an, and this translates into three policy priorities: <blockquote>To evoke the spirit of Jihad (Resistance) among Palestinians, Arabs, and Muslims; to defend Palestinians and their land against the Zionist occupation and its manifestations; to liberate Palestinians and their land that was usurped by the Zionist occupation forces and settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007105-317">[306]</a></blockquote> According to its official stipulations, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades' military operations are to be restricted to operating only inside Palestine, engaging with Israeli soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-318">[l]</a> and in exercising the right of self-defense against armed settlers. They are to avoid civilian targets, to respect the enemy's humanity by refraining from mutilation, defacement or excessive killing, and to avoid targeting Westerners either in the occupied zones or beyond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007105–06-319">[307]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg/220px-2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg/330px-2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg/440px-2013_Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam_Brigades_exercise_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Exercise of al-Qassam Brigades in Gaza City, January 27, 2013</figcaption></figure> Down to 2007, the Brigades are estimated to have lost some 800 operatives in conflicts with Israeli forces. The leadership has been consistently undermined by targeted assassinations. Aside from <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a> (January 5, 1996), it has lost <a href="/wiki/Emad_Akel" title="Emad Akel">Emad Akel</a> (November 24, 1993), <a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a> (July 23, 2002), <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Makadmeh" title="Ibrahim al-Makadmeh">Ibrahim al-Makadmeh</a> (March 8, 2003), <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Abu_Shanab" title="Ismail Abu Shanab">Ismail Abu Shanab</a> (August 21, 2003), <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a> (March 22, 2004), and <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a> (April 17, 2004).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007107-320">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuestonPierpaoliZahar201467-321">[309]</a> The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades groups its fighters in 4–5 man cells, which in turn are integrated into companies and battalions. Unlike the political section, which is split between an internal and external structure, the Brigades are under a local Palestinian leadership, and disobedience with the decisions taken by the political leadership have been relatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007107–08-322">[310]</a> Although the Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades are an integral part of Hamas, the exact nature of the relationship is hotly debated.<a href="#cite_note-Mandaville-251">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200889ff.-323">[311]</a> They appear to operate at times independently of Hamas, exercising a certain autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2004100-324">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick2011?-325">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[314]</a> Some cells have independent links with the external leadership, enabling them to bypass the hierarchical command chain and political leadership in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2007123–55-327">[315]</a> Ilana Kass and Bard O'Neill, likening Hamas's relationship with the Brigades to the political party <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>'s relationship to the military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a>, quote a senior Hamas official as stating: "The Izz al-Din al-Qassam Brigade is a separate armed military wing, which has its own leaders who do not take their orders from Hamas and do not tell us of their plans in advance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKassO'Neill1997267-328">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[m]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaza_forces,_October_2023">Gaza forces, October 2023</h3></div> During the 2023 Gaza war, the IDF published its intelligence about the Hamas military in the Strip.<a href="#cite_note-ToI23-332">[319]</a> They put the strength of the Qassam Brigades there at the start of the war at 30,000 fighters, organised by area in five brigades, consisting in total of 24 battalions and c. 140 companies.<a href="#cite_note-ToI23-332">[319]</a> Each regional brigade had a number of strongholds and outposts, and included specialised arrays for rocket firing, anti-tank missiles, air defenses, snipers, and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-ToI23-332">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_(08).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg/220px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg/330px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg/440px-25th_anniversary_of_Hamas_%2808%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Hamas flags at the 25th anniversary rally in 2012</figcaption></figure> The flag of Hamas is a green field (<a href="/wiki/Green_in_Islam" title="Green in Islam">a traditionally respected color in Islam</a>) charged in the middle with the writing of the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a>, an Islamic statement of faith, in white calligraphic script: "There is no god but <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the messenger of God".<a href="#cite_note-333">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[321]</a> The emblems of their political<a href="#cite_note-auto3-335">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-npr20070619-336">[323]</a> and military wings are distinctly different.<a href="#cite_note-militant_logo-337">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi_logo-338">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-קסאם-339">[326]</a> The emblem of Hamas' political wing features Islamic and militaristic motifs. It shows two crossed swords in front of the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome of the rock">central building</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> mosque complex, in Jerusalem. The mosque is framed by two Palestinian flags that feature the two statements that comprise the Shahada.<a href="#cite_note-npr20070619-336">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-335">[322]</a> Above Al Aqsa is a map of Palestine, matching the borders of <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>. Immediately below the Dome it reads "Palestine" and below that in the green banner: "Islamic Resistance Movement – Hamas".<a href="#cite_note-340">[327]</a> The emblem of their <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Al-Qassam Brigades</a> militant wing does not include a map or a Palestinian flag, the militant wing emblem is a cartoon drawing of a man holding an <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16 rifle</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, with his face mostly covered by a black and white <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_keffiyeh" title="Palestinian keffiyeh">Palestinian keffiyeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Qassam_logo-311">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi_logo-338">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-קסאם-339">[326]</a> He is standing in front of a green flag and the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Dome of the rock">golden dome</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> mosque, but the building is more stylised than it is in the political wing emblem.<a href="#cite_note-militant_logo-337">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-toi_logo-338">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-קסאם-339">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Violence">Violence</h2></div> Hamas has used both political activities and violence in pursuit of its goals. For example, while politically engaged in the 2006 Palestinian Territories parliamentary election campaign, Hamas stated in its election manifesto that it was prepared to use "armed resistance to end <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">the occupation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-SMF22-341">[328]</a> Hamas has repeatedly justified its violence by arguing "People under occupation have a right to resist that occupation".<a href="#cite_note-sen-342">[329]</a> Hamas also argues its armed resistance only started after decades of Israeli occupation.<a href="#cite_note-sen-342">[329]</a> From 2000 to 2004, Hamas was responsible for killing nearly 400 Israelis and wounding more than 2,000 in 425 attacks, according to the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 2001 through May 2008, Hamas launched more than 3,000 Qassam rockets and 2,500 mortar attacks into Israel.<a href="#cite_note-fox1-343">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_civilians">Attacks on civilians</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HAMAS_suicide_bombing_in_Jerusalem_on_25_February_(DoS_Publication_10321).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/HAMAS_suicide_bombing_in_Jerusalem_on_25_February_%28DoS_Publication_10321%29.png/170px-HAMAS_suicide_bombing_in_Jerusalem_on_25_February_%28DoS_Publication_10321%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/HAMAS_suicide_bombing_in_Jerusalem_on_25_February_%28DoS_Publication_10321%29.png 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of 1996 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road_bus_bombings" title="Jaffa Road bus bombings">Jaffa Road bus bombings</a> in which 26 people were killed</figcaption></figure> Hamas have committed massacres targeting Israeli civilians. Hamas's most deadly suicide bombing was an attack on a <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a> hotel on March 27, 2002, in which 30 people were killed and 140 were wounded. The attack has also been referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Netanya_suicide_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Netanya suicide attack">Passover massacre</a> since it took place on the first night of the Jewish festival of <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Passover_Seder" title="Passover Seder">Seder</a>. Hamas has defended suicide attacks as a legitimate aspect of its <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric warfare</a> against Israel. In 2003, according to Stephen Atkins, Hamas resumed suicide bombings in Israel as a retaliatory measure after the failure of peace talks and an Israeli campaign targeting members of the upper echelon of the Hamas leadership.<a href="#cite_note-345">[n]</a> but they are considered as <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> under international law.<a href="#cite_note-346">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[333]</a> In a 2002 report, Human Rights Watch stated that Hamas leaders "should be held accountable" for "war crimes and crimes against humanity" committed by the al-Qassam Brigades.<a href="#cite_note-hrw.org-bombing-348">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[336]</a> In 2008, Hamas leader <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, offered that Hamas would attack only military targets if the IDF would stop causing the deaths of Palestinian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-351">[337]</a> Following a June 19, 2008, ceasefire, the al-Qassam Brigades ended its rocket attacks and arrested Fatah militants in Gaza who had continued sporadic rocket and mortar attacks against Israel. The al-Qassam Brigades resumed the attacks after the November 4 Israeli incursion into Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-ITIC-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-ynetnews.com-81">[76]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg/220px-Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg/330px-Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg/440px-Nova_massacre_dashcam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>The 2023 <a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im music festival massacre</a> left 364 people dead with many others wounded or taken hostage</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">2023 Hamas attack on Israel</a>, Hamas infiltrated homes, shot civilians en masse, and took scores of Israeli civilians and soldiers as hostages into Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-352">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[339]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, the deliberate targeting of civilians, indiscriminate attacks, and taking of civilians as hostages amount to <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> under international humanitarian law.<a href="#cite_note-354">[340]</a> During its October 2023 offensive against Israel, Hamas massacred 364 people at the <a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im music festival</a>, while abucting others.<a href="#cite_note-355">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris2023-356">[342]</a> During the same offensive, it also was reported that Hamas had massacred the population of the <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza" title="Kfar Aza">Kfar Aza</a> kibbutz.<a href="#cite_note-357">[343]</a> About 10 percent of the residents of the <a href="/wiki/Be%27eri" title="Be'eri">Be'eri</a> kibbutz were killed.<a href="#cite_note-358">[344]</a> Hamas militants attacked the <a href="/wiki/Psyduck_music_festival_massacre" title="Psyduck music festival massacre">Psyduck festival</a>, that took place near kibutz Nir Oz, killing 17 <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a> partygoers.<a href="#cite_note-359">[345]</a> Video footage shows children being deliberately killed during the kibbutz attacks,<a href="#cite_note-360">[346]</a> as well as what appears to be an attempt to decapitate a living person using a garden hoe.<a href="#cite_note-361">[347]</a> Forensic teams who examined bodies of victims said many bodies showed signs of torture as well as <a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_gender-based_violence_in_the_7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual and gender-based violence in the 7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">sexual and gender-based violence</a>, and testimonies to this effect were also collected by Israeli police.<a href="#cite_note-362">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[351]</a> Haaretz later reported that forensic pathologists who examined bodies of the victims taken the Shura Base for identification found "no signs on any of those bodies attesting to sexual relations having taken place or of mutilation of genitalia." Not all bodies could be fully examined given the lack of forensic pathologists, and for some conclusions could not be drawn given their deteriorated state.<a href="#cite_note-366">[352]</a> Israeli forensic pathologists in charge of the process clarified later that all bodies had been examined, and some were disfigured or burned.<a href="#cite_note-367">[353]</a> Some of the testimonies were later proven to be false.<a href="#cite_note-368">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-beri-false-369">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[356]</a> Detailed reports by the UN and <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> concluded that Israel's claims about the scale and formally sanctioned, systematic nature of sexual assaults did not stand up to scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-371">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-OHCHR3-372">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiniger-373">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rocket_attacks_on_Israel">Rocket attacks on Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rocket fired from a civilian area in Gaza towards civilian areas in Southern Israel"><img alt="A rocket fired from a civilian area in Gaza towards civilian areas in Southern Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/170px-A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/255px-A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg/340px-A_rocket_fired_from_a_civilian_area_in_Gaza_towards_civilian_areas_in_Southern_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="635" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;line-height:1.25em;font-size:90%;">A rocket fired from the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> into <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> By year (list)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2001" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2001">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2002%E2%80%932006" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2002–2006">2002–2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2007" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2007">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2008" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2008">2008</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">2008 ceasefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2009" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2009">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2010" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2010">2010</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2011" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2011">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2012" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2013" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2013">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2014" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2014">2014</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2015" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2016" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2016">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2017" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2017">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2018" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2018">2018</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2019" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2019">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2020" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2020">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2021" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2021">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2022" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2023" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2023">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2024" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2024">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Groups responsible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jihad_Movement_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine">Islamic Jihad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat_Ansar_al-Sunna" title="Jamaat Ansar al-Sunna">Ansar al-Sunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_17" title="Force 17">Force 17</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Islam_(Gaza_Strip)" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Islam (Gaza Strip)">Army of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid_al-Jihad_(Gaza_Strip)" title="Tawhid al-Jihad (Gaza Strip)">Tawhid wal-Jihad</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Azzam_Brigades" title="Abdullah Azzam Brigades">Abdullah Azzam Brigades</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen_Shura_Council_in_the_Environs_of_Jerusalem" title="Mujahideen Shura Council in the Environs of Jerusalem">Mujahideen Shura Council</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_arsenal" title="Palestinian rocket arsenal">Rocket types</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_rocket" title="Al-Quds rocket">Al-Quds</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katyusha_rocket_launcher" title="Katyusha rocket launcher">Katyusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">Grad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fajr-5" title="Fajr-5">Fajr-5</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Cities affected</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedera" title="Gedera">Gedera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Gat" title="Kiryat Gat">Kiryat Gat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Malakhi" title="Kiryat Malakhi">Kiryat Malakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netivot" title="Netivot">Netivot</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sderot" title="Sderot">Sderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofakim" title="Ofakim">Ofakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavne" title="Yavne">Yavne</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Regional_council_(Israel)" title="Regional council (Israel)">Regional Council</a> areas affected</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hof_Ashkelon_Regional_Council" title="Hof Ashkelon Regional Council">Hof Ashkelon</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karmia" title="Karmia">Karmia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara" title="Netiv HaAsara">Netiv HaAsara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Mordechai" title="Yad Mordechai">Yad Mordechai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Zikim" title="Zikim">Zikim</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eshkol_Regional_Council" title="Eshkol Regional Council">Eshkol</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz" title="Nir Oz">Nir Oz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nirim" title="Nirim">Nirim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yesha,_Israel" title="Yesha, Israel">Yesha</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaNegev_Regional_Council" title="Sha'ar HaNegev Regional Council">Sha'ar HaNegev</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza" title="Kfar Aza">Kfar Aza</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz">Nahal Oz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nir_Am" title="Nir Am">Nir Am</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sdot_Negev_Regional_Council" title="Sdot Negev Regional Council">Sdot Negev</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alumim" title="Alumim">Alumim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad" title="Sa'ad">Sa'ad</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merhavim_Regional_Council" title="Merhavim Regional Council">Merhavim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%27er_Tuvia_Regional_Council" title="Be'er Tuvia Regional Council">Be'er Tuvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoav_Regional_Council" title="Yoav Regional Council">Yoav</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Shimon_Regional_Council" title="Bnei Shimon Regional Council">Bnei Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gush_Etzion" title="Gush Etzion">Gush Etzion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Settlements</a> affected (evacuated)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Atzmon" title="Bnei Atzmon">Atzmona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugit" title="Dugit">Dugit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elei_Sinai" title="Elei Sinai">Elei Sinai</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gadid" title="Gadid">Gadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganei_Tal,_Hof_Aza" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganei Tal, Hof Aza">Ganei Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katif_(moshav)" class="mw-redirect" title="Katif (moshav)">Katif</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Darom" title="Kfar Darom">Kfar Darom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morag_(moshav)" class="mw-redirect" title="Morag (moshav)">Morag</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netzarim" title="Netzarim">Netzarim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netzer_Hazani,_Hof_Aza" class="mw-redirect" title="Netzer Hazani, Hof Aza">Netzer Hazani</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neve_Dekalim" title="Neve Dekalim">Neve Dekalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisanit" title="Nisanit">Nisanit</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafiah_Yam" title="Rafiah Yam">Rafiah Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slav_(village)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slav (village)">Slav</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Defense and response</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Civil defense in Israel</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Color" title="Red Color">Red Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAKA" title="ZAKA">ZAKA</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_attacks_on_Eilat_and_Aqaba" title="Rocket attacks on Eilat and Aqaba">Rocket attacks on Eilat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_projectile_attacks_from_Lebanon_on_Israel_and_the_Golan_Heights" title="List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights">Projectile attacks from Lebanon</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Template:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Template talk:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hamas and other Palestinian armed groups have launched thousands of rockets into Israel since 2001, killing 15 civilians, wounding many more, and posing an ongoing threat to the nearly 800,000 Israeli civilians who live and work in the weapons' range. Hamas officials have said that the rockets were aimed only at military targets, saying that civilian casualties were the "accidental result" of the weapons' poor quality. According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, statements by Hamas leaders suggest that the purpose of the rocket attacks was indeed to strike civilians and civilian objects. From January 2009, following <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cast_Lead" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Cast Lead">Operation Cast Lead</a>, Hamas largely stopped launching rocket attacks on Israel and has on at least two occasions arrested members of other groups who have launched rockets, "showing that it has the ability to impose the law when it wants".<a href="#cite_note-374">[360]</a> In February 2010, Hamas issued a statement regretting any harm that may have befallen Israeli civilians as a result of Palestinian rocket attacks during the Gaza war. It maintained that its rocket attacks had been aimed at Israeli military targets but lacked accuracy and hence sometimes hit civilian areas. Israel responded that Hamas had boasted repeatedly of targeting and murdering civilians in the media.<a href="#cite_note-375">[361]</a> According to one report, commenting on the 2014 conflict, "nearly all the 2,500–3,000 rockets and mortars Hamas has fired at Israel since the start of the war seem to have been aimed at towns", including an attack on "a kibbutz collective farm close to the Gaza border", in which an Israeli child was killed.<a href="#cite_note-Training_Manual-376">[362]</a> Former Israeli Lt. Col. Jonathan D. Halevi stated that "Hamas has expressed pride in aiming long-range rockets at strategic targets in Israel including the nuclear reactor in Dimona, the chemical plants in Haifa, and Ben-Gurion Airport", which "could have caused thousands" of Israeli casualties "if successful".<a href="#cite_note-377">[363]</a> In July 2008, <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, then the Democratic presidential candidate, said: "If somebody was sending rockets into my house, where my two daughters sleep at night, I'm going to do everything in my power to stop that, and I would expect Israelis to do the same thing."<a href="#cite_note-378">[364]</a> On December 28, 2008, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> said in a statement: "the United States strongly condemns the repeated rocket and mortar attacks against Israel."<a href="#cite_note-379">[365]</a> On March 2, 2009, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> condemned the attacks.<a href="#cite_note-380">[366]</a> On October 7, 2023, Hamas claimed responsibility for a barrage of missile attacks originating from the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-381">[367]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guerrilla_warfare">Guerrilla warfare</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya,_Gaza_(14552909800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg/220px-Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg/330px-Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg/440px-Weapons_Found_in_Shuja%27iya%2C_Gaza_%2814552909800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Hamas anti-tank rockets, captured by Israel Defense Forces during Operation Protective Edge</figcaption></figure> Hamas has made great use of <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla tactics</a> in the Gaza Strip and to a lesser degree the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-ynetnews_weight-382">[368]</a> It has successfully adapted these techniques over the years since its inception. According to a 2006 report by rival Fatah party, Hamas had smuggled between several hundred and 1,300 tons of advanced rockets, along with other weaponry, into Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-ynetnews_weight-382">[368]</a> Hamas has used <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">IEDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-tank rocket">anti-tank rockets</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> in Gaza. The latter include standard <a href="/wiki/RPG-7" title="RPG-7">RPG-7</a> warheads and home-made rockets such as the <a href="/wiki/Al-Bana" title="Al-Bana">Al-Bana</a>, Al-<a href="/wiki/Batar" title="Batar">Batar</a> and Al-<a href="/wiki/Yasin_(RPG)" title="Yasin (RPG)">Yasin</a>. The IDF has a difficult, if not impossible, time trying to find hidden weapons caches in Palestinian areas—this is due to the high local support base Hamas enjoys.<a href="#cite_note-383">[369]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extrajudicial_killings_of_rivals">Extrajudicial killings of rivals</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip">Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip</a></div> In addition to killing Israeli civilians and armed forces, Hamas has also murdered suspected Palestinian Israel collaborators and Fatah rivals.<a href="#cite_note-384">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[371]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, collaborating with Israel is a crime punishable by death in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-386">[372]</a> Hundreds of Palestinians were executed by both Hamas and Fatah during the First Intifada.<a href="#cite_note-387">[373]</a> In the wake of the 2006 Israeli conflict with Gaza, Hamas was accused of systematically rounding up, torturing and summarily executing Fatah supporters suspected of supplying information to Israel. Human Rights Watch estimates several hundred Gazans were "maimed" and tortured in the aftermath of the conflict. Seventy-three Gazan men accused of "collaborating" had their arms and legs broken by "unidentified perpetrators", and 18 Palestinians accused of helping Israel were executed by Hamas security officials in the first days of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1-388">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-btselem.org-389">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[376]</a> In November 2012, Hamas's Izzedine al-Qassam brigade publicly executed six Gaza residents accused of collaborating with Israel. According to the witnesses, six alleged informers were shot dead one by one in <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza City</a>, while the corpse of the sixth victim was tied by a cable to the back of a motorcycle and dragged through the streets.<a href="#cite_note-391">[377]</a> In 2013, Human Rights Watch issued a statement condemning Hamas for not investigating and giving a proper trial to the six men. Their statement was released the day before Hamas issued a deadline for "collaborators" to turn themselves in, or they will be pursued "without mercy".<a href="#cite_note-392">[378]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel-Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel-Gaza conflict">2014 Israel-Gaza conflict</a>, Hamas executed at least 23 accused collaborators after three of its commanders were assassinated by Israeli forces, with <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> also reporting instances of torture used by Hamas forces.<a href="#cite_note-393">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-Executions-394">[380]</a> An Israeli source denied that any of the commanders had been targeted on the basis of human intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-Not_collaborators-395">[381]</a> Frequent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">ambiguous</a>] killings of unarmed people have also occurred during Hamas-Fatah clashes.<a href="#cite_note-396">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[383]</a> NGOs have cited a number of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a> as particular examples of violations of the rules of warfare, including the case of Muhammad Swairki, 28, a cook for Palestinian Authority Chairman Mahmoud Abbas's presidential guard, who was thrown to his death, with his hands and legs tied, from a 15-story apartment building in Gaza City.<a href="#cite_note-398">[384]</a> Hamas security forces reportedly shoot and torture Palestinians who opposed Hamas rule in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-399">[385]</a> In one case, a Palestinian had criticized Hamas in a conversation on the street with some friends. Later that day, more than a dozen armed men with black masks and red <a href="/wiki/Kaffiyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaffiyeh">kaffiyeh</a> took the man from his home, and brought him to a solitary area where they shot him three times in the lower legs and ankles. The man told <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> that he was not politically active.<a href="#cite_note-HRW1-388">[374]</a> On 14 August 2009, Hamas fighters <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(2009)" title="Battle of Rafah (2009)">stormed the Mosque</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamist_anti-Hamas_groups_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip">extremist</a> cleric <a href="/wiki/Abdel-Latif_Moussa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdel-Latif Moussa">Abdel-Latif Moussa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[386]</a> The cleric was protected by at least 100 fighters from <a href="/wiki/Jund_Ansar_Allah" title="Jund Ansar Allah">Jund Ansar Allah</a> ("Army of the Helpers of God"), an <a href="/wiki/Islamist_anti-Hamas_groups_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamist anti-Hamas groups in the Gaza Strip">Islamist group</a> with links to <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a>. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rafah_(2009)" title="Battle of Rafah (2009)">The resulting battle</a> left at least 13 people dead, including Moussa and six Hamas fighters, and 120 people injured.<a href="#cite_note-401">[387]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian president">Palestinian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>, during <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>, Hamas killed more than 120 Palestinian youths for defying house arrest imposed on them by Hamas, in addition to 30–40 Palestinians killed by Hamas in extrajudicial executions after accusing them of being collaborators with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-402">[388]</a> Referring to the killing of suspected collaborators, a Shin Bet official stated that "not even one" of those executed by Hamas provided any intelligence to Israel, while the Shin Bet officially "confirmed that those executed during Operation Protective Edge had all been held in prison in Gaza in the course of the hostilities".<a href="#cite_note-Not_collaborators-395">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrorist_designation">Terrorist designation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_views_on_Hamas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/International_views_on_Hamas.svg/220px-International_views_on_Hamas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/International_views_on_Hamas.svg/330px-International_views_on_Hamas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/International_views_on_Hamas.svg/440px-International_views_on_Hamas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Designated Hamas as a terrorist organization</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Designated the military wing of Hamas as a terrorist organization</div></figcaption></figure> The United States designated Hamas as a terrorist organisation in 1995, as did Canada in November 2002,<a href="#cite_note-AFPC-NA-403">[389]</a> and the United Kingdom in November 2021.<a href="#cite_note-auto-404">[390]</a> In May 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a> designated Hamas as a terrorist organisation.<a href="#cite_note-405">[391]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> so designated Hamas's military wing in 2001 and, under US pressure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2004234-406">[392]</a> designated Hamas in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200650–51-407">[393]</a> Hamas challenged this decision,<a href="#cite_note-408">[394]</a> which was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> in July 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Court-409">[395]</a> Japan<a href="#cite_note-410">[396]</a> and New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-NZ-r1373-terrorlist-411">[397]</a> have designated the military wing of Hamas as a terrorist organisation.<a href="#cite_note-412">[398]</a> The organisation is banned in Jordan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200649-413">[399]</a> In late February 2024, New Zealand re-designated the entire Hamas organisation as a terror entity.<a href="#cite_note-Beehive_29_Feb_2024-414">[400]</a> In September 2024, Switzerland approved a draft law on to ban the group.<a href="#cite_note-415">[401]</a> Hamas is not regarded as a terrorist organisation by Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-416">[402]</a> Russia,<a href="#cite_note-417">[403]</a> Norway,<a href="#cite_note-419">[o]</a> Turkey, China,<a href="#cite_note-420">[405]</a> Egypt, Syria, and Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Feldberg_pp._187-421">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmossy2017273,_n4-423">[408]</a> "Many other states, including Russia, China, Syria, Turkey and Iran consider the (armed) struggle waged by Hamas to be legitimate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017203,_n.27-424">[409]</a> Tobias Buck, a journalist with the British <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a> newspaper wrote in 2012 that Hamas is "listed as a terrorist organisation by Israel, the US and the EU, but few dare to treat it that way" and in the Arab and Muslim world it had lost its pariah status with its emissaries welcomed in capitals of Islamic countries.<a href="#cite_note-425">[410]</a> In the early 2010s, Hamas was considered a terrorist group by some governments and academics, others regarded Hamas as a complex organisation, with <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> as only one component.<a href="#cite_note-426">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Use_of_human_shields_by_Hamas" title="Use of human shields by Hamas">Use of human shields by Hamas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_genocide_in_the_October_7_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel">Allegations of genocide in the October 7 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></div> Aside from its use of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> in pursuit of its goals, Hamas has been <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">widely criticised for a variety of reasons</a>, including the use of antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a> by its representatives, frequent <a href="/wiki/Calls_for_the_destruction_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calls for the destruction of Israel">calls for the military destruction of Israel</a>, its reported <a href="/wiki/Use_of_human_shields_by_Hamas" title="Use of human shields by Hamas">use of human shields</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[413]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_combatants" class="mw-redirect" title="Child combatants">child combatants</a> as part of its military operations, its restriction of <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedoms</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuses">human rights abuses</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After the start of the 2023 war, the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> passed a motion stating the need for Hamas to be eliminated, with US President Biden having expressed the same sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-429">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-430">[415]</a> Hamas was accused of having committed genocide against Israelis on 7 October 2023 by 240 legal experts, including jurists and academics.<a href="#cite_note-431">[416]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_performance">Electoral performance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Council">Legislative Council</h3></div> In the <a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 Palestinian legislative election</a>, the party won 44.45% of the vote, becoming the largest party of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Legislative_Council" title="Palestinian Legislative Council">Legislative Council</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Leading candidate </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> </td> <td>440,409 </td> <td>44.45 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;">74 / 132<div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #008000; color:inherit; width: 56%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>New </td> <td>1st </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support">Support</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_policy_towards_Hamas">Israeli policy towards Hamas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israeli support for Hamas</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> had been Israel's prime minister for most of the two decades preceding the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a>, and was criticized for having championed a policy of empowering Hamas in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-TOI123-432">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-433">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-434">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[420]</a> This policy was part of a strategy to sabotage a <a href="/wiki/Two-state_solution" title="Two-state solution">two-state solution</a> by confining the Palestinian Authority to the West Bank and weakening it, and to demonstrate to the Israeli public and western governments that Israel has no partner for peace.<a href="#cite_note-CBS11-436">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[422]</a> This criticism was leveled by several Israeli officials, including former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>, and former head of <a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a> security services <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Diskin" title="Yuval Diskin">Yuval Diskin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBS11-436">[421]</a> Saudi Arabia and the Palestinian Authority were also critical of Israel under Netanyahu allowing suitcases of Qatari money to be given to Hamas,<a href="#cite_note-CBS11-436">[421]</a> in exchange for maintaining the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-TOI123-432">[417]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a> reported after the Hamas attack that Netanyahu's policy to treat the Palestinian Authority as a burden and Hamas as an asset had "blown up in our faces".<a href="#cite_note-TOI123-432">[417]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_support">Public support</h3></div> A poll conducted in 2021 found that 53% of Palestinians believed Hamas was "most deserving of representing and leading the Palestinian people". Only 14% preferred Abbas's Fatah party.<a href="#cite_note-438">[423]</a> At the same time, a majority of Gazans also saw Hamas as corrupt, but were frightened to criticize the group.<a href="#cite_note-439">[424]</a> Polls conducted in September 2023 found that support for Hamas among Palestinians stood at around 27–31%.<a href="#cite_note-440">[425]</a> Public opinions of Hamas deteriorated after it took control of the Gaza Strip in 2007. Prior to the takeover, 62% of Palestinians had held a favorable view of the group, while a third had negative views. According to a 2014 Pew Research survey just prior to the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">2014 Israel–Gaza conflict</a>, only about a third had positive opinions, and more than half viewed Hamas negatively. Furthermore, 68% of Israeli Arabs viewed Hamas negatively.<a href="#cite_note-pew2014-441">[426]</a> In July 2014, 65% of Lebanese viewed Hamas negatively. In Jordan and Egypt, roughly 60% viewed Hamas negatively, and in Turkey, 80% had a negative view of Hamas. In Tunisia, 42% had a negative view of Hamas, while 56% of Bangladeshis and 44% of Indonesians had a negative opinion of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-pew2014-441">[426]</a> Hamas popularity surged after the <a href="/wiki/2014_Israel%E2%80%93Gaza_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Israel–Gaza conflict">war in July–August 2014</a> with polls reporting that 81 percent of Palestinians felt that Hamas had "won" that war.<a href="#cite_note-442">[427]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[428]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> in October 2023 and the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a> that followed, Hamas's popularity in Gaza fell while increasing in the West Bank. A May 2024 poll by the Arab World for Research and Development, a West Bank-based independent organization, only a quarter of Gazans supported Hamas, while 76% of Palestinians in the West Bank views Hamas positively. Views on the attack among Gazans plummeted from 50% support to 24% in favor from a poll taken in November 2023 to the May 2024 poll.<a href="#cite_note-444">[429]</a> According to the poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Institute_for_Near_East_Policy" title="The Washington Institute for Near East Policy">The Washington Institute for Near East Policy</a> from November 14 to December 6, 2023, 40% of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi</a> participants expressed a positive view of Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-445">[430]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg/220px-Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg/330px-Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg/440px-Pro_Hamas_Rally_in_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Hamas rally in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Syria.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hamas" title="Foreign relations of Hamas">Foreign relations of Hamas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg/220px-Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg/330px-Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg/440px-Hamas_leader_Ismail_Haniyeh_meeting_Iranian_Supreme_Leader_Ali_Khamenei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Hamas leader <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> and Iranian Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> in 2012</figcaption></figure> After winning the Palestinian elections, Hamas leaders made multi-national diplomatic tours abroad. In April 2006, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Zahar" title="Mahmoud al-Zahar">Mahmoud al-Zahar</a> (then foreign minister) visited Saudi Arabia, Syria, Kuwait, Bahrein, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Yemen, Libya, Algeria, Sudan and Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202269-446">[431]</a> He met the Saudi foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Prince_Faysal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Faysal">Prince Faysal</a>. In Syria he held talks on the issue of Palestinians stuck on the Syrian-Iraqi border.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This is mysterious: In what sense were “Palestinians stuck on” that border (Syria–Iraq) in 2006? Car without petrol? Arrested by police? Intraversable fence? Far too often I find such vague, metaphorical language in this Hamas article, and quite often, like this time, it comes from a book of ms. Seurat, who apparently is dedicated to producing such vague or meaningless language. (May 2024)">clarification needed</a>] He also stated that he unofficially met officials from Western Europe in Qatar who did not wish to be named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202269-446">[431]</a> In May 2006, Hamas foreign minister visited Indonesia, Malaysia, the Sultanate of Brunei, Pakistan, China, Sri Lanka and Iran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202269-446">[431]</a> The minister also participated in <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Arab_States_Cooperation_Forum" title="China–Arab States Cooperation Forum">China–Arab States Cooperation Forum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202270-447">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> in 2006 visited Egypt, Syria, Kuwait, Iran, Lebanon, Qatar and Saudi Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202271-448">[433]</a> Hamas has always maintained leadership abroad. The movement is deliberately fragmented to ensure that Israel cannot kill its top political and military leaders.<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-449">[434]</a> Hamas used to be strongly allied with both Iran and Syria. Iran gave Hamas an estimated $13–15 million in 2011 as well as access to long-range missiles. Hamas's political bureau was once located in the Syrian capital of Damascus before the start of the Syrian civil war. Relations between Hamas, Iran, and Syria began to turn cold when Hamas refused to back the government of Syrian President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>. Instead, Hamas backed the Sunni rebels fighting against Assad. As a result, Iran cut funding to Hamas, and Iranian ally Hezbollah ordered Hamas members out of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> Hamas was then forced out of Syria, and subsequently has tried to mend fences with Iran and Hezbollah.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> Hamas contacted Jordan and Sudan to see if either would open up its borders to its political bureau, but both countries refused, although they welcomed many Hamas members leaving Syria.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-451">[436]</a> From 2012 to 2013, under the short-lived leadership of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> President <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Morsi" title="Mohamed Morsi">Mohamed Morsi</a>, Hamas had the support of Egypt. After Morsi was removed from office, his successor <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fattah_al-Sisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Fattah al-Sisi">Abdul Fattah al-Sisi</a> outlawed the Muslim Brotherhood and destroyed the tunnels Hamas built into Egypt. In 2015, Egypt declared Hamas a terrorist organization. But this decision was overturned by Egypt in June of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022108-452">[437]</a> There was a rapprochement between Hamas and Egypt, when a Hamas delegation visited Cairo on 12 March 2016.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022109-453">[438]</a> Hamas has assisted Egypt in controlling the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Sinai">insurgency in Sinai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022109-453">[438]</a> Hamas denied Egypt's request to deploy its own militants in the Sinai leading to tensions between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022109-453">[438]</a> Egypt has occasionally served as mediator between Hamas and Fatah, seeking to unify the two factions. In 2017, Yahya Sinwar visited Cairo for 5 weeks and convinced the Egyptian government to open the <a href="/wiki/Rafah_crossing" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafah crossing">Rafah crossing</a>, letting in cement and fuel in exchange for Hamas committing to better relations with <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a>; this subsequently led to the signing of the <a href="/wiki/2017_Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_Agreement" title="2017 Fatah–Hamas Agreement">2017 Fatah–Hamas Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022110-454">[439]</a> The United Arab Emirates has been hostile to Hamas designating the Brotherhood as a terrorist organization and Hamas was at the time viewed as the Brotherhood's Palestinian equivalent.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> Hamas enjoyed close relations with Saudi Arabia in its early years.<a href="#cite_note-visit-455">[440]</a> Saudi Arabia funded most of its operations from 2000 to 2004, but reduced its support due to US pressure.<a href="#cite_note-CarnegieEndowment20150901-58">[54]</a> In 2020, many Hamas members in Saudi Arabia were arrested. In 2022, Saudi Arabia began releasing Hamas members from prison. In April 2023, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, a sign of improving relations.<a href="#cite_note-visit-455">[440]</a> Haniyeh had long sought to visit Saudi Arabia, and his requests to do so had been long ignored up until then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202284-85-456">[441]</a> Despite its Sunni Islamist ideology, Hamas has been flexible and pragmatic in its foreign policy, moderating and toning down its religious rhetoric when expedient;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022185-457">[442]</a> it has developed strong ties with Iran,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022x-458">[443]</a> and has also established relations with constitutionally secular states such as Syria and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022x-458">[443]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022185-457">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kyrylo_Budanov" title="Kyrylo Budanov">Kyrylo Budanov</a>, the chief of Ukraine's <a href="/wiki/Main_Directorate_of_Intelligence_(Ukraine)" title="Main Directorate of Intelligence (Ukraine)">Main Directorate of Intelligence</a>, has accused Russia of supporting Hamas by supplying the group with stolen Ukrainian weaponry,<a href="#cite_note-NYT:_UkraineRussia-459">[444]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Center_of_Ukraine" title="National Resistance Center of Ukraine">National Resistance Center of Ukraine</a> alleged that the Russian <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> trained Hamas militants ahead of the October 7 attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Kyiv:_Wagner-460">[445]</a> According to AP some <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> arms were "likely" used during the Oct. 7 assault on Israel.<a href="#cite_note-461">[446]</a> Ali Barakeh, a Hamas official living in Lebanon, claimed the two are allies.<a href="#cite_note-462">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-463">[448]</a> Hamas leaders reportedly re-established relations with <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, all of which reportedly have not had warm relations with Fatah.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022144-464">[449]</a> The cool relationship between Fatah and Kuwait owed to Arafat's support for <a href="/wiki/Saddam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam">Saddam</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">First Gulf War</a>, which lead to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_exodus_from_Kuwait_(1990%E2%80%9391)" title="Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)">Palestinian exodus from Kuwait (1990–91)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022144-464">[449]</a> This rapproachment is in part due to Hamas's policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of Arab countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022144-464">[449]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_al-Zahar" title="Mahmoud al-Zahar">Mahmoud al-Zahar</a> stated that Hamas does not "play the game" of siding with one Arab nation against another (e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022145-465">[450]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>, and other Sunni <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>, called for an uprising against Assad's regime in Syria, Mahmoud al-Zahar maintained that taking sides would harm the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian cause">Palestinian cause</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022224-225-466">[451]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Assad_regime" title="Fall of the Assad regime">fall of the Assad regime</a> in Syria, Hamas congratulated the Syrian people for achieving their "aspirations for freedom and justice," and expressed hope that the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_transitional_government" title="Syrian transitional government">new Syrian government</a> would continue "its historical and pivotal role in supporting the Palestinian people."<a href="#cite_note-467">[452]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qatar_and_Turkey">Qatar and Turkey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Qatari_support_for_Hamas" title="Qatari support for Hamas">Qatari support for Hamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_support_for_Hamas" title="Turkish support for Hamas">Turkish support for Hamas</a></div> According to Middle East experts, now Hamas has two firm allies: <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. Both give Hamas public and financial assistance estimated to be in the hundreds of millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> Qatar has transferred more than $1.8 billion to Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-allies-468">[453]</a> Shashank Joshi, senior research fellow at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a>, says that "Qatar also hosts Hamas's political bureau which includes Hamas leader Khaled Meshaal." Meshaal also visits Turkey frequently to meet with Turkish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> Erdogan has dedicated himself to breaking Hamas out of its political and economic seclusion. On <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">US television</a>, Erdogan said in 2012 that "I don't see Hamas as a terror organization. Hamas is a <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a>."<a href="#cite_note-theatlantic.com-449">[434]</a> Qatar has been called Hamas' most important financial backer and foreign ally.<a href="#cite_note-allies-468">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[454]</a> In 2007, Qatar was, with Turkey, the only country to back Hamas after the group ousted the Palestinian Authority from the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-time-450">[435]</a> The relationship between Hamas and Qatar strengthened in 2008 and 2009 when Khaled Meshaal was invited to attend the Doha Summit where he was seated next to the then Qatari Emir <a href="/wiki/Hamad_bin_Khalifa_al-Thani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani">Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani</a>, who pledged $250 million to repair the damage caused by Israel in the Israeli war on Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-451">[436]</a> These events caused Qatar to become the main player in the "Palestinian issue". Qatar called Gaza's blockade unjust and immoral, which prompted the Hamas government in Gaza, including former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a>, to thank Qatar for their "unconditional" support. Qatar then began regularly handing out political, material, humanitarian and charitable support for Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-451">[436]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg/220px-Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg/330px-Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg/440px-Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F_%C4%B0smail_Heniye.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4332" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>Haniyeh with Turkish Minister of Culture <a href="/wiki/Numan_Kurtulmu%C5%9F" title="Numan Kurtulmuş">Numan Kurtulmuş</a>, 20 November 2012</figcaption></figure> In 2011, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> personally requested that Qatar, one of the U.S.'s most important Arab allies, provide a base for the Hamas leadership. At the time, the U.S. were seeking to establish communications with Hamas and believed that a Hamas office in Qatar would be easier to access than a Hamas bureau in Iran, the group's main backer.<a href="#cite_note-FTQatar-470">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelQatar-471">[456]</a> In 2012, Qatar's former Emir, Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani, became the first head of state to visit Gaza under Hamas rule. He pledged to raise $400 million for reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-472">[457]</a> Sources say that advocating for Hamas is politically beneficial to Turkey and Qatar because the Palestinian cause draws popular support amongst their citizens at home.<a href="#cite_note-473">[458]</a> Speaking in reference to Qatar's support for Hamas, during a 2015 visit to Palestine, Qatari official Mohammad al-Emadi, said Qatar is using the money not to help Hamas but rather the Palestinian people as a whole. He acknowledges that giving to the Palestinian people means using Hamas as the local contact. Emadi said, "You have to support them. You don't like them, don't like them. But they control the country, you know."<a href="#cite_note-474">[459]</a> Some argue that Hamas's relations with Qatar are putting Hamas in an awkward position because Qatar has become part of the regional Arab problem. Hamas says that having contacts with various Arab countries establishes positive relations which will encourage Arab countries to do their duty toward the Palestinians and support their cause by influencing public opinion in the Arab world.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-451">[436]</a> In March 2015, Hamas has announced its support of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">military intervention in Yemen</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> and forces loyal to former President <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abdullah_Saleh" title="Ali Abdullah Saleh">Ali Abdullah Saleh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-475">[460]</a> In a controversial deal, Israel's government under <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> supported Qatar's payments to Hamas for many years, in the hope that it would turn Hamas into an effective counterweight to the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> and prevent the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian state">Palestinian state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CNNDec2023-476">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpiegelQatar-471">[456]</a> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish president">Turkish president</a> Recep Tayyip Erdoğan <a href="/wiki/Tweeted" class="mw-redirect" title="Tweeted">tweeted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> that Hamas is not a terrorist organization but a resistance movement that defends the Palestinian homeland against an occupying power. During that period there were conflicts between Israeli troops and Palestinian protestors in the Gaza Strip, due to the decision of the United States to move <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of the United States, Israel">their embassy to Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-477">[462]</a> Also in 2018 the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Security_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Security Agency">Israel Security Agency</a> accused <a href="/wiki/SADAT_International_Defense_Consultancy" title="SADAT International Defense Consultancy">SADAT International Defense Consultancy</a> (a Turkish <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> with connections to the Turkish government) of transferring funds to Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-478">[463]</a> In February 2020, Hamas leader <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> met with Turkish President Erdoğan.<a href="#cite_note-479">[464]</a> On 26 July 2023, Haniyeh met with Erdoğan and Palestinian Authority President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a>. Behind the meeting was Turkey's effort to reconcile <a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a> with Hamas.<a href="#cite_note-480">[465]</a> On 7 October 2023, the day of the <a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas attack on Israel">Hamas attack on Israel</a>, Haniyeh was in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-481">[466]</a> On 21 October 2023, Haniyeh spoke with Erdoğan about the latest developments in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a> and the current situation in Gaza.<a href="#cite_note-482">[467]</a> On 25 October 2023, Erdoğan said that Hamas was not a terrorist organisation but a liberation group fighting to protect Palestinian lands and people.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_Erdogan-228">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/48px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/64px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamastan" title="Hamastan">Hamastan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamas" title="History of Hamas">History of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Hamas" title="List of leaders of Hamas">List of leaders of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="List of political parties in the State of Palestine">List of political parties in the State of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Palestine">Politics of Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israeli support for Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Resistance_Movement" title="Jewish Resistance Movement">Jewish Resistance Movement</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Consists of <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Hayya" title="Khalil al-Hayya">Khalil al-Hayya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaher_Jabarin" title="Zaher Jabarin">Zaher Jabarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ismail_Darwish" title="Muhammad Ismail Darwish">Muhammad Ismail Darwish</a>, and an unnamed senior member of Hamas. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The post will remain vacant until March 2025. <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Hayya" title="Khalil al-Hayya">Khalil al-Hayya</a>, who served with <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a> as the previous deputy chairman of the Hamas Political Bureau, was promoted to become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Shared_leadership" title="Shared leadership">quinquevirate leadership</a> that will lead Hamas until the next election that will take place in March 2025.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/həˈmæs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">hə-MASS</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/həˈmɑːs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cc\/Hamas_pronunciation.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Hamas pronunciation.mp3"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Hamas_pronunciation.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hamas_pronunciation.mp3" title="File:Hamas pronunciation.mp3">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">hə-MAHSS</a>;<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حَمَاس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Ḥamās, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ħaˈmaːs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/df\/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-Mohammad-LPA-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.wav\/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-Mohammad-LPA-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-Mohammad-LPA-\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-Mohammad-LPA-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.wav/LL-Q55633582_%28ajp%29-Mohammad-LPA-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q55633582_(ajp)-Mohammad-LPA-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3.wav" title="File:LL-Q55633582 (ajp)-Mohammad-LPA-حماس.wav">ⓘ</a><a href="#cite_note-MERIP_1989222-24">[22]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> commonly <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حركة حماس, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Haraka Hamas, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Hamas Movement'. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> A two-thirds majority was required for the motion to pass. 87 voted in favour, 58 against, 32 abstained and 16 did not vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDW2018-63">[59]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Haniyeh at the time was the (overall) <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Prime Minister of the State of Palestine">Prime Minister of the State of Palestine</a> but as such was dismissed<a href="#cite_note-bbc_dissolve-159">[154]</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Abbas</a> in 2007; nevertheless he remained <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of the Gaza Strip">head of the Hamas government in the Gaza Strip</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> The notion of "Palestine from the river to the sea" is nothing but the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Eretz Israel</a> as imagined by the first Zionists. The notion was enshrined in the founding charter of the <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party [ruling Israel in 1977–92, 1996–99, 2001–06, 2009–21 and 2022 – present] which states that "between the Sea and the Jordan there will only be Israeli sovereignty." One can thus entertain the chilling irony that Hamas owes its cherished slogan to the Zionists. After all, what is "free Palestine from the river to the sea" but a utopian parody of "Greater Israel"?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssi2018-185">[179]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> His name has been spelled: Hussam al-Tawil,<a href="#cite_note-JP_HT-197">[190]</a> Hossam Al-Tawil, or Hosam al-Taweel.<a href="#cite_note-AJ_HT-198">[191]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> 'The Charter was written in early 1988 by one individual and was made public without appropriate general Hamas consultation, revision or consensus, to the regret of Hamas's leaders in later years. The author of the Charter was one of the 'old guard' of the Muslim Brotherhood in the Gaza Strip, completely cut off from the outside world. All kinds of confusions and conflations between Judaism and Zionism found their way into the Charter, to the disservice of Hamas ever since, as this document has managed to brand it with charges of 'anti-Semitism' and a naïve world-view' Hamas leaders and spokespeople have rarely referred to the Charter or quoted from it, evidence that it has come to be seen as a burden rather than an intellectual platform that embraces the movement's principles.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHroub200633-230">[222]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> 'The second major component in Palestine's sanctity, according to Hamas, is its designation as a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> by the Caliph <a href="/wiki/Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Omar">'Umar b. al-Khattab</a>. When the Muslim armies conquered Palestine in the year 638, the Hamas Charter says, the Caliph 'Umar b. al-Khattab decided not to divide the conquered land among the victorious soldiers, but to establish it as a waqf, belonging to the entire Muslim nation until the day of resurrection.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvak1998153-235">[226]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> 'In a 1995 lecture, Sheikh Jamil Hamami, a party to the foundation of Hamas and a senior member of its West Bank leadership, expounded the importance of Hamas' dawa infrastructure as the soil from which militancy would flower.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200623-285">[275]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> 'Consistent attacks on army units by Hamas activists are as new as the use of anti-tank missiles against civilian homes by the Israeli military.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoy199321-255">[245]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Levitt" title="Matthew Levitt">Matthew Levitt</a> on the other hand claims that Hamas's welfare institutions act as a mere façade or front for the financing of terrorism, and dismisses the idea of two wings as a 'myth'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrick2011179-329">[317]</a> He cites Ahmed Yassin stating in 1998: "We can not separate the wing from the body. If we do so, the body will not be able to fly. Hamas is one body."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200624-330">[318]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> 'This ceasefire ended when Israel started targeting Hamas leaders for assassination in July 2003. Hamas retaliated with a suicide bombing in Israel on August 19, 2003, that killed 20 people, including 6 children. Since then Israelis have mounted an assassination campaign against the senior leadership of Hamas that has killed 13 Hamas members, including Ismail Abu Shanab, one of the most moderate leaders of Hamas. ... After each of these assassinations, Hamas has sent a suicide bomber into Israel in retaliation.'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkins2004123-344">[331]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> "In 2006, Norway explicitly distanced itself from the EU proscription regime, claiming that it was causing problems for its role as a 'neutral facilitator.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaspeslagh2016199-418">[404]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thearabweekly.com/hamas-be-temporarily-led-five-member-ruling-committee">"Hamas to be temporarily led by five-member ruling committee"</a>. The Arab Weekly. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arab+Weekly&rft.atitle=Hamas+to+be+temporarily+led+by+five-member+ruling+committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthearabweekly.com%2Fhamas-be-temporarily-led-five-member-ruling-committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c04p04lq27ko">"Who will lead Hamas after killing of Yahya Sinwar?"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 24 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Who+will+lead+Hamas+after+killing+of+Yahya+Sinwar%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc04p04lq27ko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wsj20250113-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wsj20250113_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wsj20250113_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/hamas-has-another-sinwar-and-hes-rebuilding-0a16031d">"Hamas Has Another Sinwar. And He's Rebuilding"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. 13 January 2025. Retrieved 14 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hamas+Has+Another+Sinwar.+And+He%E2%80%99s+Rebuilding.&rft.pub=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.date=2025-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fhamas-has-another-sinwar-and-hes-rebuilding-0a16031d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alami-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Alami_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowns" class="citation news cs1">Downs, Ray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/01/31/Hamas-leader-dead-after-accidental-gunshot-to-head/7131517379007/">"Hamas leader dead after 'accidental' gunshot to head"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UPI" class="mw-redirect" title="UPI">UPI</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231207194243/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/01/31/Hamas-leader-dead-after-accidental-gunshot-to-head/7131517379007/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UPI&rft.atitle=Hamas+leader+dead+after+%27accidental%27+gunshot+to+head&rft.aulast=Downs&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FTop_News%2FWorld-News%2F2018%2F01%2F31%2FHamas-leader-dead-after-accidental-gunshot-to-head%2F7131517379007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbdelal2016122-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbdelal2016122_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbdelal2016">Abdelal 2016</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalloul2017-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalloul2017_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalloul2017">Dalloul 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbu-Amr199310-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbu-Amr199310_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbu-Amr1993">Abu-Amr 1993</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvak1998151-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvak1998151_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvak1998">Litvak 1998</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarzak2011-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarzak2011_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarzak2011">Barzak 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAFP2019-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAFP2019_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAFP2019">AFP 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201266–67_13-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalacoura2012">Dalacoura 2012</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGelvin2014">Gelvin 2014</a>, p. 226: "As with Islamic political organizations elsewhere, Hamas offers its followers an ideology that appropriates the universal message of Islam for what is, in effect, a nationalist struggle." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStepanova2008113-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStepanova2008113_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStepanova2008">Stepanova 2008</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheema2008">Cheema 2008</a>, p. 465: "Hamas considers <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> the main front of jihad and viewed the uprising as an Islamic way of fighting the Occupation. The organisation's leaders argued that Islam gave the Palestinian people the power to confront Israel and described the Intifada as the return of the masses to Islam. Since its inception, Hamas has tried to reconcile nationalism and Islam. [...] Hamas claims to speak as a nationalist movement but with an Islamic-nationalist rather than a secular nationalist agenda." </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvak2004">Litvak 2004</a>, pp. 156–57: "Hamas is primarily a religious movement whose nationalist worldview is shaped by its religious ideology." </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2007" class="citation journal cs1">Klein, Menachem (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330419">"Hamas in Power"</a>. Middle East Journal. 61 (3): 442–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3751%2F61.3.13">10.3751/61.3.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141">0026-3141</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4330419">4330419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal&rft.atitle=Hamas+in+Power&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E442-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=0026-3141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4330419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3751%2F61.3.13&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Menachem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4330419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_A_Quick_Look-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_A_Quick_Look_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT_A_Quick_Look_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2023" class="citation news cs1">May, Tiffany (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html">"A Quick Look at Hamas"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 25 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Quick+Look+at+Hamas&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Tiffany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F08%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fhamas-military-gaza-explained.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaqdsi" class="citation web cs1">Maqdsi, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/attachments/jps-articles/2538093.pdf">"Charter of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) of Palestine"</a> (PDF). Palestine Studies. University of California Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227022635/https://www.palestine-studies.org/sites/default/files/attachments/jps-articles/2538093.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Charter+of+the+Islamic+Resistance+Movement+%28Hamas%29+of+Palestine&rft.aulast=Maqdsi&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-studies.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fattachments%2Fjps-articles%2F2538093.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016270-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning2016270_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunning2016">Dunning 2016</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMišʿalSelaSelaʿ2006" class="citation book cs1">Mišʿal, Šāʾûl; Sela, Avraham; Selaʿ, Avrāhām (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdKnUys3mWAC">The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence ; [with a new introduction]</a>. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231116756" title="Special:BookSources/9780231116756"><bdi>9780231116756</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106101344/https://books.google.com/books?id=gdKnUys3mWAC">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+Hamas%3A+vision%2C+violence%2C+and+coexistence+%3B+%5Bwith+a+new+introduction%5D&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780231116756&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%A1%CA%BFal&rft.aufirst=%C5%A0%C4%81%CA%BE%C3%BBl&rft.au=Sela%2C+Avraham&rft.au=Sela%CA%BF%2C+Avr%C4%81h%C4%81m&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdKnUys3mWAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/hamas_n">"Hamas, n. meanings, etymology and more"</a>. Oxford English Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hamas%2C+n.+meanings%2C+etymology+and+more&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhamas_n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MERIP_1989222-24"><a href="#cite_ref-MERIP_1989222_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaraki1989" class="citation magazine cs1">Taraki, Lisa (January–February 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merip.org/1989/01/the-islamic-resistance-movement-in-the-palestinian-uprising/">"The Islamic Resistance Movement in the Palestinian Uprising"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Report" title="Middle East Report">Middle East Report</a>. No. 156. Tacoma, WA: <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Research_and_Information_Project" title="Middle East Research and Information Project">MERIP</a>. pp. 30–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3012813">10.2307/3012813</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-2851">0899-2851</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3012813">3012813</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/615545050">615545050</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201212246/https://merip.org/1989/01/the-islamic-resistance-movement-in-the-palestinian-uprising/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Report&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+Resistance+Movement+in+the+Palestinian+Uprising&rft.issue=156&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1989-01%2F1989-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F615545050&rft.issn=0899-2851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3012813%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3012813&rft.aulast=Taraki&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmerip.org%2F1989%2F01%2Fthe-islamic-resistance-movement-in-the-palestinian-uprising%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dni.gov/nctc/ftos/hamas_fto.html">"HAMAS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a>. <a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence#Office_of_the_Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence#Office of the Director of National Intelligence</a>. September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101140852/https://www.dni.gov/nctc/ftos/hamas_fto.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Counterterrorism+Center&rft.atitle=HAMAS&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dni.gov%2Fnctc%2Fftos%2Fhamas_fto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezIrelandIrelandLewis2020" class="citation book cs1">Lopez, Anthony; Ireland, Carol; Ireland, Jane; Lewis, Michael (2020). The Handbook of Collective Violence: Current Developments and Understanding. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429588952" title="Special:BookSources/9780429588952"><bdi>9780429588952</bdi></a>. <q>The most successful radical Sunni Islamist group has been Hamas, which began as a branch of the Muslim Brotherhood in Palestine in the early 1980s. It used terrorist attacks against civilians - particularly suicide bombings – to help build a larger movement, going so far as to emerge as the recognized government of the Gaza Strip in the Palestine Authority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Collective+Violence%3A+Current+Developments+and+Understanding&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780429588952&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Ireland%2C+Carol&rft.au=Ireland%2C+Jane&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKear201822-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKear201822_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKear2018">Kear 2018</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008152411/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/what-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group">"What is Hamas? A simple guide to the armed Palestinian group"</a>. Al Jazeera. 8 October 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/8/what-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group">the original</a> on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=What+is+Hamas%3F+A+simple+guide+to+the+armed+Palestinian+group&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F8%2Fwhat-is-the-group-hamas-a-simple-guide-tothe-palestinian-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins2009" class="citation news cs1">Higgins, Andrew (24 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847">"How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2023. <q>When Israel first encountered Islamists in Gaza in the 1970s and '80s, they seemed focused on studying the Quran, not on confrontation with Israel. The Israeli government officially recognized a precursor to Hamas called Mujama Al-Islamiya, registering the group as a charity. It allowed Mujama members to set up an Islamic university and build mosques, clubs and schools. Crucially, Israel often stood aside when the Islamists and their secular left-wing Palestinian rivals battled, sometimes violently, for influence in both Gaza and the West Bank. 'When I look back at the chain of events I think we made a mistake,' says David Hacham, who worked in Gaza in the late 1980s and early '90s as an Arab-affairs expert in the Israeli military. 'But at the time nobody thought about the possible results.' Israeli officials who served in Gaza disagree on how much their own actions may have contributed to the rise of Hamas. They blame the group's recent ascent on outsiders, primarily Iran. This view is shared by the Israeli government. 'Hamas in Gaza was built by Iran as a foundation for power, and is backed through funding, through training and through the provision of advanced weapons,' Mr. Olmert said last Saturday. Hamas has denied receiving military assistance from Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=How+Israel+Helped+to+Spawn+Hamas&rft.date=2009-01-24&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB123275572295011847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/1/26/hamas-wins-huge-majority">"Hamas wins huge majority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Hamas+wins+huge+majority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2006%2F1%2F26%2Fhamas-wins-huge-majority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGreal2006" class="citation news cs1">McGreal, Chris (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/27/israel">"Hamas faces unexpected challenge: how to deal with power"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Hamas+faces+unexpected+challenge%3A+how+to+deal+with+power&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=McGreal&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2006%2Fjan%2F27%2Fisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201767–69-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201767–69_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2017">Davis 2017</a>, pp. 67–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukhimer2012vii,_58-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukhimer2012vii,_58_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMukhimer2012">Mukhimer 2012</a>, pp. vii, 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022">"The Gaza Strip | The humanitarian impact of 15 years of blockade – June 2022"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240409204047/https://www.unicef.org/mena/documents/gaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Gaza+Strip+%7C+The+humanitarian+impact+of+15+years+of+blockade+%E2%80%93+June+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fmena%2Fdocuments%2Fgaza-strip-humanitarian-impact-15-years-blockade-june-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGelvin2014">Gelvin 2014</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-seurat1719-38"><a href="#cite_ref-seurat1719_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2019">Seurat 2019</a>, pp. 17–19: "Indeed, since 2006, Hamas has unceasingly highlighted its acceptance of the 1967 borders, as well as accords signed by the PLO and Israel. This position has been an integral part of reconciliation agreements between Hamas and Fatah since 2005: the Cairo Agreement in 2005, the Prisoners' Document in 2006, the Mecca Agreement in 2007 and finally the Cairo and Doha Agreements in 2011 and 2012." </li> <li id="cite_note-prisoners-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prisoners_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prisoners_39-1">b</a> *<a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, pp. 114–116: "["Prisoners' Document"] enshrined many issues that had already been settled, including statehood on the 1967 borders; UN Resolution 194 for the right of return; and the right to resist within the occupied territories...This agreement was in essence a key text that offered a platform for unity between Hamas and Fatah within internationally defined principles animating the Palestinian struggle." *<a href="#CITEREFRoy2013">Roy 2013</a>, p. 210: "Khaled Meshal, as chief of Hamas's Political Bureau in Damascus, as well as Hamas prime minister Ismail Haniyeh similarly confirmed the organization's willingness to accept the June 4, 1967, borders and a two-state solution should Israel withdraw from the occupied territories, a reality reaffirmed in the 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document, in which most major Palestinian factions had reached a consensus on a two-state solution, that is, a Palestinian state within 1967 borders including East Jerusalem and the refugee right of return." </li> <li id="cite_note-cairo-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cairo_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, pp. 82: "The Cairo Declaration formalized what Hamas's military disposition throughout the Second Intifada had alluded to: that the movement's immediate political goals were informed by the desire to create a Palestinian state on the 1967 borders." </li> <li id="cite_note-Jazeera,2May2017-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jazeera,2May2017_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazeera,2May2017_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazeera,2May2017_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jazeera,2May2017_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/5/2/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders">"Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders: Khaled Meshaal presents a new document in which Hamas accepts 1967 borders without recognising state of Israel Gaza"</a>. Al Jazeera. 2 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas+accepts+Palestinian+state+with+1967+borders%3A+Khaled+Meshaal+presents+a+new+document+in+which+Hamas+accepts+1967+borders+without+recognising+state+of+Israel+Gaza&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F5%2F2%2Fhamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-borders1967-42"><a href="#cite_ref-borders1967_42-0">^</a> Sources that believe that Hamas' 2017 charter accepted the 1967 borders: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Bjorn Brenner (2022). Gaza Under Hamas. <a href="/wiki/I._B._Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I. B. Tauris">I. B. Tauris</a>. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza+Under+Hamas&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Bjorn+Brenner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ayoob" title="Mohammed Ayoob">Mohammed Ayoob</a>. The Many Faces of Political Islam, Second Edition. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Political+Islam%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.au=Mohammed+Ayoob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Maria Koinova. Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaspora+Entrepreneurs+and+Contested+States&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.au=Maria+Koinova&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZartman2020">Zartman 2020</a>, p. 230</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Asaf Siniver (ed.). Routledge Companion to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Routledge+Companion+to+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSeurat2019">Seurat 2019</a>, pp. 61–62</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/what-does-israels-declaration-of-war-mean-for-palestinians-in-gaza">"What does Israel's declaration of war mean for Palestinians in Gaza?"</a>. Al Jazeera. 9 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+does+Israel%27s+declaration+of+war+mean+for+Palestinians+in+Gaza%3F&rft.date=2023-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F9%2Fwhat-does-israels-declaration-of-war-mean-for-palestinians-in-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-760004">"What will the Israeli-Palestinian conflict look like in 30 years?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 22 September 2023. <q>Even Hamas in 2017 said it was ready to accept a Palestinian state with 1967 borders if it is clear this is the consensus of the Palestinians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=What+will+the+Israeli-Palestinian+conflict+look+like+in+30+years%3F&rft.date=2023-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Farticle-760004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atran-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atran_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atran_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atran_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott_Atran,_Robert_Axelrod2008" class="citation journal cs1">Scott Atran, Robert Axelrod (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://websites.umich.edu/~axe/negj0708.pdf">"Reframing Sacred Values"</a> (PDF). Negotiation Journal. 24 (3): 221–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.2008.00182.x">10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00182.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121114409/https://websites.umich.edu/~axe/negj0708.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Negotiation+Journal&rft.atitle=Reframing+Sacred+Values&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.2008.00182.x&rft.au=Scott+Atran%2C+Robert+Axelrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.umich.edu%2F~axe%2Fnegj0708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jihad-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jihad_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jihad_46-1">b</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalim_Rane2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halim_Rane" title="Halim Rane">Halim Rane</a> (2009). Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms. p. 34. <q>Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that "Hamas' 'hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon's 'long-term interim agreement." Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would "have to express the final result in terms of a "hudna," or "indefinite" ceasefire," rather than a formal peace agreement."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Jihad+Amid+Competing+International+Norms&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Halim+Rane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_D._Lybarger2020" class="citation book cs1">Loren D. Lybarger (2020). Palestinian Chicago. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 199. <q>Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Chicago&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Loren+D.+Lybarger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristan_Dunning2016" class="citation book cs1">Tristan Dunning (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 179–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%2C+Jihad+and+Popular+Legitimacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Tristan+Dunning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baconi-108-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baconi-108_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baconi-108_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baconi-108_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baconi-108_47-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, p. 108: "Hamas's finance minister in Gaza stated that 'a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It's just a question of vocabulary.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Alsoos-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos_48-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsoos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alsoos, Imad (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006">"From jihad to resistance: the evolution of Hamas's discourse in the framework of mobilization"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (5): 833–856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006">10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234860010">234860010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=From+jihad+to+resistance%3A+the+evolution+of+Hamas%27s+discourse+in+the+framework+of+mobilization&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E856&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234860010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alsoos&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00263206.2021.1897006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamed2023-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamed2023_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamed2023_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQossay_Hamed2023" class="citation book cs1">Qossay Hamed (2023). Hamas in Power: The Question of Transformation. IGI Global. p. 161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+in+Power%3A+The+Question+of+Transformation&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Qossay+Hamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat201917-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat201917_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat201917_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat201917_50-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2019">Seurat 2019</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz20170503-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz20170503_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz20170503_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmira2017" class="citation news cs1">Amira, Hass (3 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230423130642/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2017-05-03/ty-article/.premium/why-hamas-new-charter-is-aimed-at-palestinians-not-israelis/0000017f-eabf-d0f7-a9ff-eeffc7ec0000">"Why Hamas' New Charter Is Aimed at Palestinians, Not Israelis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/palestinians/2017-05-03/ty-article/.premium/why-hamas-new-charter-is-aimed-at-palestinians-not-israelis/0000017f-eabf-d0f7-a9ff-eeffc7ec0000">the original</a> on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 12 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Why+Hamas%27+New+Charter+Is+Aimed+at+Palestinians%2C+Not+Israelis&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft.aulast=Amira&rft.aufirst=Hass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2Fpalestinians%2F2017-05-03%2Fty-article%2F.premium%2Fwhy-hamas-new-charter-is-aimed-at-palestinians-not-israelis%2F0000017f-eabf-d0f7-a9ff-eeffc7ec0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spitka2023-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spitka2023_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitka2023_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitka2023_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spitka2023_52-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimea_Spitka2023" class="citation book cs1">Timea Spitka (2023). National and International Civilian Protection Strategies in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. pp. 88–89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+and+International+Civilian+Protection+Strategies+in+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Timea+Spitka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AlJazeera20170506-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera20170506_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera20170506_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AlJazeera20170506_53-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews">"Khaled Meshaal: Struggle is against Israel, not Jews"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al-Jazeera</a>. 6 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119044505/https://www.aljazeera.com/program/talk-to-al-jazeera/2017/5/6/khaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Khaled+Meshaal%3A+Struggle+is+against+Israel%2C+not+Jews&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogram%2Ftalk-to-al-jazeera%2F2017%2F5%2F6%2Fkhaled-meshaal-struggle-is-against-israel-not-jews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hroub-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hroub_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hroub_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hroub_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hroub_54-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroub2017" class="citation journal cs1">Hroub, Khaled (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26378710">"A Newer Hamas? The Revised Charter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 46 (4 (184)): 100–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F26378710">10.2307/26378710</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>. <q>In a similar vein, Hamas's description of itself appears in a section titled "The Movement" that is couched in language quite different from the 1988 charter. Here, Hamas stresses the nationalist and resistance aspects of its purpose far more than the religious and pan-Islamic ones...Framing the struggle in nationalist terms is not only a novel element of the 2017 document but it is repeatedly emphasized and clearly articulated...Hamas makes plain that the "conflict is with the Zionist project, not with the Jews because of their religion...The new document offers a definitive framing of the struggle against Zionism and Israel as having nothing to do with religion...In "The Position toward Occupation and Political Solutions," the document articulates a stance that reflects the movement's internal consensus on the two-state solution, that is, the creation of a Palestinian state along the 1967 lines...The "Resistance and Liberation" portion of the new document is also quite different in its language from the 1988 charter and other past statements. Here, there is a clear assertion of the right to a national liberation struggle on the basis of international law."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Newer+Hamas%3F+The+Revised+Charter&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4+%28184%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F26378710&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26378710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spoerl_2020_pp._210–244-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spoerl_2020_pp._210–244_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spoerl_2020_pp._210–244_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpoerl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Spoerl, Joseph S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">"Parallels between Nazi and Islamist Anti-Semitism"</a>. Jewish Political Studies Review. 31 (1/2). Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs: 210–244. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">26870795</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240116061115/https://www.jstor.org/stable/26870795">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2024. Retrieved 27 January 2024. <q>Strictly speaking, the Hamas Covenant of 1988 focused its anti-Semitic language on Zionists, for example, describing The Protocols of the Elders of Zion as the blueprint for the Zionist project (Article 32) and accusing the Zionists of aiming to "annihilate Islam" (Article 28). The May 2017 "Document" continues in this vein, albeit in somewhat less florid language, asserting that "the Zionist project does not target the Palestinian people alone; it is the enemy of the Arabic and Islamic Ummah posing a grave threat to its security and interests. It is also hostile to the Ummah's aspirations for unity, renaissance, and liberation and has been the major source of its troubles. The Zionist project also poses a danger to international security and peace and to mankind…." (#15). As in the 1988 Covenant, the 2017 "Document" merely takes all the classical tropes of anti-Semitism and focuses them on Zionism, noting that "it is the Zionists who constantly identify Judaism and the Jews with their own colonial project and illegal entity" (#16). In effect, Hamas is saying that it is at war with all Jews except those who are anti-Zionist, thus it is not anti-Semitic. This can hardly be regarded as a serious repudiation of anti-Semitism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Parallels+between+Nazi+and+Islamist+Anti-Semitism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E210-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870795%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Spoerl&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26870795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202288-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat202288_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat202288_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat202288_56-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2022">Seurat 2022</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018181-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018181_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-CarnegieEndowment20150901-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CarnegieEndowment20150901_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CarnegieEndowment20150901_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Ramani2015" class="citation news cs1">Samuel Ramani (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2015/09/hamass-pivot-to-saudi-arabia?lang=en">"Hamas's Pivot to Saudi Arabia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas%27s+Pivot+to+Saudi+Arabia&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.au=Samuel+Ramani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F2015%2F09%2Fhamass-pivot-to-saudi-arabia%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022254-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat2022254_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2022">Seurat 2022</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat2022115,214-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat2022115,214_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2022">Seurat 2022</a>, p. 115,214. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218143423/http://www.international.gc.ca/name-anmo/peace_process-processus_paix/canadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx?lang=eng">"Canadian Policy on Key Issues in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.international.gc.ca/name-anmo/peace_process-processus_paix/canadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx?lang=eng">the original</a> on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canadian+Policy+on+Key+Issues+in+the+Israeli-Palestinian+Conflict&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.international.gc.ca%2Fname-anmo%2Fpeace_process-processus_paix%2Fcanadian_policy-politique_canadienne.aspx%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldBankReport-62"><a href="#cite_ref-WorldBankReport_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410135638/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf">"Movement and Access Restrictions in the West Bank: Uncertainty and Inefficiency in the Palestinian Economy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. 9 May 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 29 March 2010. <q>Currently, freedom of movement and access for Palestinians within the West Bank is the exception rather than the norm contrary to the commitments undertaken in a number of Agreements between GOI and the PA. In particular, both the Oslo Accords and the Road Map were based on the principle that normal Palestinian economic and social life would be unimpeded by restrictions</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Movement+and+Access+Restrictions+in+the+West+Bank%3A+Uncertainty+and+Inefficiency+in+the+Palestinian+Economy&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsiteresources.worldbank.org%2FINTWESTBANKGAZA%2FResources%2FWestBankrestrictions9Mayfinal.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDW2018-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDW2018_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDW2018">DW 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupretLynchBerard2015" class="citation book cs1">Dupret, Baudouin; Lynch, Michael; Berard, Tim (2015). Law at Work: Studies in Legal Ethnomethods. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190210243" title="Special:BookSources/9780190210243"><bdi>9780190210243</bdi></a>. <q>[It has been alleged that] Hamas cynically abuses its own civilian population and their suffering for propaganda purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+at+Work%3A+Studies+in+Legal+Ethnomethods&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780190210243&rft.aulast=Dupret&rft.aufirst=Baudouin&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Berard%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DW20181207-66"><a href="#cite_ref-DW20181207_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413">"UN rejects US motion to condemn Hamas"</a>. dw.com. Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=UN+rejects+US+motion+to+condemn+Hamas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fun-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas%2Fa-46623413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJefferis2016119-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJefferis2016119_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJefferis2016">Jefferis 2016</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzog200684-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzog200684_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzog2006">Herzog 2006</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201255-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201255_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201255_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiliu2012">Filiu 2012</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiliu201266-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiliu201266_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFiliu2012">Filiu 2012</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2020" class="citation book cs1">Khalidi, Rashid (2020). The Hundred Years' War on Palestine. Metropolitan Books. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-627-79855-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-627-79855-6"><bdi>978-1-627-79855-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hundred+Years%27+War+on+Palestine&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-627-79855-6&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kimmerling-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Kimmerling_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimmerling2009" class="citation book cs1">Kimmerling, Baruch (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRYEr8FR1IC">The Palestinian People: A History</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674039599" title="Special:BookSources/9780674039599"><bdi>9780674039599</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+People%3A+A+History&rft.pages=372&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674039599&rft.aulast=Kimmerling&rft.aufirst=Baruch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NRYEr8FR1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek1-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek1_73-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifcj.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=13130">"The Gangs of Gaza"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708081039/http://www.ifcj.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=13130">Archived</a> 2010-07-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, June 26, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> al-Mughrabi, Nidal and Assadi, Mohammed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03862017.htm">Palestinian in-fighting provokes despair, frustration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207211606/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L03862017.htm">Archived</a> 2008-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>, October 3, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-canadafreepress.com-75"><a href="#cite_ref-canadafreepress.com_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm">"The Palestinian National Unity Government"</a>. 24 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814062056/http://www.canadafreepress.com/2007/inss022407.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+National+Unity+Government&rft.date=2007-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadafreepress.com%2F2007%2Finss022407.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-Hamas-who-76"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-Hamas-who_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm">"Who are Hamas?"</a>. London: BBC News. 26 January 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160124204240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1654510.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 23 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+are+Hamas%3F&rft.date=2006-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F1654510.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/exposing-the-bitter-truth-of-gaza-carnage/2007/06/22/1182019365851.html">Exposing the bitter truth of Gaza carnage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113182446/http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/exposing-the-bitter-truth-of-gaza-carnage/2007/06/22/1182019365851.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Age" title="The Age">The Age</a>, June 23, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-iht.com-78"><a href="#cite_ref-iht.com_78-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/09/africa/ME-GEN-Israel-Palestinians.php">"Gaza faces economic disaster if blockade continues, U.N. official warns"</a> International Herald Tribune </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-79"><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_79-0">^</a> Dion Nissenbaum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://washingtonbureau.typepad.com/jerusalem/2008/12/olmert-aide-supports-free-gaza.html">"Olmert aide supports free Gaza"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090950/http://washingtonbureau.typepad.com/jerusalem/2008/12/olmert-aide-supports-free-gaza.html">Archived</a> 2014-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/McClatchy_Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="McClatchy Newspapers">McClatchy Newspapers</a>. December 8, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-ITIC-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ITIC_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ITIC_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091013120923/http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf">"The Six Months of the Lull Arrangement pdf"</a> (PDF). Tel Aviv Terrorism Information Center. December 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrorism-info.org.il/malam_multimedia/English/eng_n/pdf/hamas_e017.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv+Terrorism+Information+Center&rft.atitle=The+Six+Months+of+the+Lull+Arrangement+pdf&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terrorism-info.org.il%2Fmalam_multimedia%2FEnglish%2Feng_n%2Fpdf%2Fhamas_e017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ynetnews.com-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ynetnews.com_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ynetnews.com_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626260,00.html">Qassam lands in western Negev, no injuries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110106123823/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3626260,00.html">Archived</a> 2011-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Ynet_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Ynet News">Ynet News</a> November 20, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLefkovits2009" class="citation web cs1">Lefkovits, Etgar (19 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813132815/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1232292897399&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull">"Pool of 8 foreign journalists allowed into Gaza"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1232292897399&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull">the original</a> on 13 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pool+of+8+foreign+journalists+allowed+into+Gaza&rft.date=2009-01-19&rft.aulast=Lefkovits&rft.aufirst=Etgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.jpost.com%2Fservlet%2FSatellite%3Fcid%3D1232292897399%26pagename%3DJPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece">"Israel withdraws its troops from Gaza"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005808/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article5558389.ece">Archived</a> 2011-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Times Online </li> <li id="cite_note-F24231215-84"><a href="#cite_ref-F24231215_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths">"Israel social security data reveals true picture of Oct 7 deaths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/France_24" title="France 24">France 24</a>. 15 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217222630/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Israel+social+security+data+reveals+true+picture+of+Oct+7+deaths&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20231215-israel-social-security-data-reveals-true-picture-of-oct-7-deaths&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl_Jazeera_Staff" class="citation news cs1">Al Jazeera Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/7/hamas-says-it-has-enough-israeli-captives-to-free-all-palestinian-prisoners">"Hamas says it has enough Israeli captives to free all Palestinian prisoners"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fears+of+a+ground+invasion+of+Gaza+grow+as+Israel+vows+%27mighty+vengeance%27&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F10%2F7%2Fworld-is-watching-fears-grow-of-a-massive-gaza-invasion-by-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/21/hamas-says-october-7-attack-was-a-necessary-step-admits-to-some-faults">"Hamas says October 7 attack on Israel was a 'necessary step'"</a>. Al Jazeera. 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Retrieved 15 December 2024. <q>The Palestinian people in the homeland and in the Diaspora seek and struggle to liberate their land and remove the settlements and evacuate the settlers and remove the apartheid and annexation and separation wall and to achieve their right to freedom, return and independence and to exercise their right to self-determination, including the right to establish their independent state with al-Quds al-Shareef as its capital on all territories occupied in 1967, and to secure the right of return for refugees to their homes and properties from which they were evicted and to compensate them and to liberate all prisoners and detainees without any discrimination and all of this is based on the historical right of our people on the land of our forefathers and based on the UN Charter and international law and legitimacy in a way that does not affect the rights of our people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Question+of+Palestine&rft.atitle=National+Conciliation+Document+of+the+Prisoners+%2828+June+2006%29+-+Non-UN+document&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Funispal%2Fdocument%2Fauto-insert-208621%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017206-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2017206_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2017">Brenner 2017</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZartman2020230-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZartman2020230_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZartman2020230_98-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZartman2020">Zartman 2020</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-govtandpolitics-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govtandpolitics_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-govtandpolitics_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacqueline_S._IsmaelTareq_Y._IsmaelGlenn_Perry2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacqueline S. 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Negotiation Journal. 24 (3): 238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.2008.00182.x">10.1111/j.1571-9979.2008.00182.x</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121114409/https://websites.umich.edu/~axe/negj0708.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Negotiation+Journal&rft.atitle=Reframing+Sacred+Values&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1571-9979.2008.00182.x&rft.au=Scott+Atran%2C+Robert+Axelrod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.umich.edu%2F~axe%2Fnegj0708.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fiftyyears-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fiftyyears_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fiftyyears_101-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumantra_Bose" class="citation book cs1">Sumantra Bose. Contested Lands: Israel-Palestine, Kashmir, Bosnia, Cyprus, and Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Lands%3A+Israel-Palestine%2C+Kashmir%2C+Bosnia%2C+Cyprus%2C+and+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=283&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.au=Sumantra+Bose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tuastad2-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tuastad2_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuastad2_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuastad2_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tuastad2_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuastad2010" class="citation web cs1">Tuastad, Dag (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/126174/The%20Hudna%20-%20PRIO%20Policy%20Brief%2009-2010.pdf">"The Hudna: Hamas's Concept of a Long-Term Ceasefire"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Peace_Research_Institute_Oslo" title="Peace Research Institute Oslo">Peace Research Institute Oslo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hudna%3A+Hamas%27s+Concept+of+a+Long-Term+Ceasefire&rft.pub=Peace+Research+Institute+Oslo&rft.date=2010-10&rft.aulast=Tuastad&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.files.ethz.ch%2Fisn%2F126174%2FThe%2520Hudna%2520-%2520PRIO%2520Policy%2520Brief%252009-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunning2016179-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning2016179_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunning2016179_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunning2016">Dunning 2016</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kamel-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kamel_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamel_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kamel_104-2">c</a> Dr. Lorenzo Kamel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.608906">"Why do Palestinians in Gaza support Hamas?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010124417/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.608906">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Haaretz, August 5, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater2020285-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater2020285_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatz_14Aug2008-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatz_14Aug2008_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatz_14Aug2008_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatz_14Aug2008_106-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatz_14Aug2008_106-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarak_Ravid2008" class="citation news cs1">Barak Ravid (14 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213">"In 2006 letter to Bush, Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151125215124/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=In+2006+letter+to+Bush%2C+Haniyeh+offered+compromise+with+Israel&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft.au=Barak+Ravid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fin-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner202236-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner202236_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2022">Brenner 2022</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-offer_2008-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-offer_2008_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-offer_2008_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmira_Hass2008" class="citation news cs1">Amira Hass (9 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/haniyeh-hamas-willing-to-accept-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders-1.256915">"Hamas willing to accept Palestinian state with 1967 borders"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010124644/https://www.haaretz.com/news/haniyeh-hamas-willing-to-accept-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders-1.256915">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hamas+willing+to+accept+Palestinian+state+with+1967+borders&rft.date=2008-11-09&rft.au=Amira+Hass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fhaniyeh-hamas-willing-to-accept-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders-1.256915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018108-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018108_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, p. 108" Hamas's finance minister in Gaza stated that "a long-term ceasefire as understood by Hamas and a two-state settlement are the same. It's just a question of vocabulary."" </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB2-110"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB2_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlanger2008" class="citation news cs1">Erlanger, Steven (1 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/01/world/middleeast/01hamas.html">"In Gaza, Hamas's Insults to Jews Complicate Peace"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Gaza%2C+Hamas%27s+Insults+to+Jews+Complicate+Peace&rft.date=2008-04-01&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Erlanger&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F01%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F01hamas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrenner2022206-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2022206_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrenner2022206_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrenner2022">Brenner 2022</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroub2010" class="citation book cs1">Hroub, Khaled (2010). "Hamas, Israel and Judaism". Hamas: A Beginner's Guide (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783714667" title="Special:BookSources/9781783714667"><bdi>9781783714667</bdi></a>. <q>Would Hamas ever recognize Israel and conclude peace agreements with it? It is not inconceivable that Hamas would recognize Israel. Hamas's pragmatism and its realistic approach to issues leave ample room for such a development. Yet most of the conditions that could create a conducive climate for such a step lie in the hands of the Israelis. As long as Israel refuses to acknowledge the basic rights of the Palestinian people in any end result based on the principle of a two-state solution, Hamas will find it impossible to recognize Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamas%2C+Israel+and+Judaism&rft.btitle=Hamas%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781783714667&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usip.org/publications/2009/06/hamas-ideological-rigidity-and-political-flexibility">"Hamas: Ideological Rigidity and Political Flexibility"</a>. United States Institute of Peace. pp. 16–18. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft.atitle=Hamas%3A+Ideological+Rigidity+and+Political+Flexibility&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usip.org%2Fpublications%2F2009%2F06%2Fhamas-ideological-rigidity-and-political-flexibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-12-14/ty-article/top-hamas-official-suggests-recognizing-israel-following-official-plo-stance/0000018c-67e4-d798-adac-e7ef81fd0000">"Top Hamas Official Suggests Recognizing Israel, Following Official PLO Stance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Top+Hamas+Official+Suggests+Recognizing+Israel%2C+Following+Official+PLO+Stance&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2023-12-14%2Fty-article%2Ftop-hamas-official-suggests-recognizing-israel-following-official-plo-stance%2F0000018c-67e4-d798-adac-e7ef81fd0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeinart2012219,_n.53-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeinart2012219,_n.53_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeinart2012219,_n.53_115-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeinart2012">Beinart 2012</a>, p. 219, n.53. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emmett-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emmett_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emmett_116-1">b</a> Ayala H. Emmett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BazOwasdNMC&pg=PA101">Our Sisters' Promised Land: Women, Politics, and Israeli-Palestinian Coexistence,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154534/https://books.google.com/books?id=7BazOwasdNMC&pg=PA101#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> University of Michigan Press, 2003 pp. 100–02. </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26">Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154452/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>, 2010 pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unsettledpod.com/episodes/2021/5/17/tareq-baconi-hamas-explained">"Tareq Baconi: Hamas, Explained"</a>. UNSETTLED Podcast. 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNSETTLED+Podcast&rft.atitle=Tareq+Baconi%3A+Hamas%2C+Explained&rft.date=2021-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsettledpod.com%2Fepisodes%2F2021%2F5%2F17%2Ftareq-baconi-hamas-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaconi2018230_119-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaconi2018">Baconi 2018</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-Alsoos2-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos2_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos2_120-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsoos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alsoos, Imad (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006">"From jihad to resistance: the evolution of Hamas's discourse in the framework of mobilization"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (5): 833–856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006">10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=From+jihad+to+resistance%3A+the+evolution+of+Hamas%E2%80%99s+discourse+in+the+framework+of+mobilization&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E856&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft.aulast=Alsoos&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faeq-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Faeq_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaeqJahnata2020" class="citation journal cs1">Faeq, Nasir; Jahnata, Diego (12 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijssrr.com/journal/article/view/49">"The Historical Antecedents of Hamas"</a>. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 3 (3): 26–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47814%2Fijssrr.v3i3.49">10.47814/ijssrr.v3i3.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2700-2497">2700-2497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Science+Research+and+Review&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Antecedents+of+Hamas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47814%2Fijssrr.v3i3.49&rft.issn=2700-2497&rft.aulast=Faeq&rft.aufirst=Nasir&rft.au=Jahnata%2C+Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijssrr.com%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kear-217-122"><a href="#cite_ref-kear-217_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKear2019" class="citation book cs1">Kear, Martin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Hamas-and-Palestine-The-Contested-Road-to-Statehood/Kear/p/book/9780367584450">Hamas and Palestine: The Contested Road to Statehood</a> (Hardcover). Routledge. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138585416" title="Special:BookSources/9781138585416"><bdi>9781138585416</bdi></a>. <q>Without expressly stating as much, Hamas had agreed to 'respect' UNSC Resolutions 242 and 338, the once reviled Oslo Accords, and by extension, the problematic issue of Israel's existence. While Hamas had previously proposed hudnas with Israel, this was the first time that they had signed any Agreement that tacitly accepted that any future Palestinian state would only consist of the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem. After the Agreement, Meshaal reiterated Hamas's position concerning its understanding of what any prospective peace agreement with Israel would look like: that any Palestinian state should be established along the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital, acknowledgement of the right of return for all Palestinian refugees, the dismantling of all West Bank settlements, and the complete withdrawal of all vestiges of Israeli rule (Tamimi 2009 : 261; Caridi 2012 : 248). This truncated version of any future Palestinian state was a key ideological concession from Hamas that finally brought it in line with Fatah, and more importantly, with the views of most of the Palestinian public.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+and+Palestine%3A+The+Contested+Road+to+Statehood&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781138585416&rft.aulast=Kear&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FHamas-and-Palestine-The-Contested-Road-to-Statehood%2FKear%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367584450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeurat202250-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat202250_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeurat202250_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeurat2022">Seurat 2022</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUsher2006" class="citation journal cs1">Usher, Graham (1 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1525/jps.2006.35.3.20">"The Democratic Resistance : Hamas , Fatah, and the Palestinian Elections"</a>. Journal of Palestine Studies. 35 (3): 20–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.3.20">10.1525/jps.2006.35.3.20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-919X">0377-919X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Democratic+Resistance+%3A+Hamas+%2C+Fatah%2C+and+the+Palestinian+Elections&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.3.20&rft.issn=0377-919X&rft.aulast=Usher&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.3.20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faeq2-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Faeq2_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaeqJahnata2020" class="citation journal cs1">Faeq, Nasir; Jahnata, Diego (12 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ijssrr.com/journal/article/view/49">"The Historical Antecedents of Hamas"</a>. International Journal of Social Science Research and Review. 3 (3): 26–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47814%2Fijssrr.v3i3.49">10.47814/ijssrr.v3i3.49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2700-2497">2700-2497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Social+Science+Research+and+Review&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Antecedents+of+Hamas&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2020-09-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47814%2Fijssrr.v3i3.49&rft.issn=2700-2497&rft.aulast=Faeq&rft.aufirst=Nasir&rft.au=Jahnata%2C+Diego&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fijssrr.com%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alsoos3-126"><a href="#cite_ref-Alsoos3_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlsoos2021" class="citation journal cs1">Alsoos, Imad (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006">"From jihad to resistance: the evolution of Hamas's discourse in the framework of mobilization"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 57 (5): 833–856. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006">10.1080/00263206.2021.1897006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234860010">234860010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=From+jihad+to+resistance%3A+the+evolution+of+Hamas%27s+discourse+in+the+framework+of+mobilization&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E856&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2021.1897006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234860010%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alsoos&rft.aufirst=Imad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00263206.2021.1897006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconiDenvir" class="citation news cs1">Baconi, Tareq; Denvir, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2023/11/hamas-israel-palestine-gaza-history-decolonization-violence">"How Hamas Became the Violent Face of Palestinian Resistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jacobin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin">Jacobin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jacobin&rft.atitle=How+Hamas+Became+the+Violent+Face+of+Palestinian+Resistance&rft.aulast=Baconi&rft.aufirst=Tareq&rft.au=Denvir%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2023%2F11%2Fhamas-israel-palestine-gaza-history-decolonization-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyPappé2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2010). Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War against the Palestinians. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a> (published 9 November 2010). pp. 16, 168–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-097-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-097-7"><bdi>978-1-60846-097-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza+in+Crisis%3A+Reflections+on+Israel%27s+War+against+the+Palestinians&rft.pages=16%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60846-097-7&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Papp%C3%A9%2C+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomskyPappé2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Papp%C3%A9" title="Ilan Pappé">Pappé, Ilan</a> (2015). On Palestine (Paperback ed.). <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608464708" title="Special:BookSources/9781608464708"><bdi>9781608464708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Palestine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781608464708&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft.au=Papp%C3%A9%2C+Ilan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalidi2023" class="citation news cs1">Khalidi, Rashid (22 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/world/its-time-to-confront-israels-version-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea/">"It's Time to Confront Israel's Version of "From the River to the Sea""</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8378">0027-8378</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=It%E2%80%99s+Time+to+Confront+Israel%E2%80%99s+Version+of+%E2%80%9CFrom+the+River+to+the+Sea%E2%80%9D&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft.issn=0027-8378&rft.aulast=Khalidi&rft.aufirst=Rashid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Fits-time-to-confront-israels-version-of-from-the-river-to-the-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoffman-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffman_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_Hoffman2023" class="citation web cs1">Bruce Hoffman (10 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/hamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide/675602/">"Understanding Hamas's Genocidal Ideology"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20231011135511/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2023/10/hamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide/675602/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Hamas%27s+Genocidal+Ideology&rft.pub=The+Atlantic&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft.au=Bruce+Hoffman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2023%2F10%2Fhamas-covenant-israel-attack-war-genocide%2F675602%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-war-crime-132"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-war-crime_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/16/middleeast/israel-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl/index.html">"Have war crimes been committed in Israel and Gaza and what laws govern the conflict?"</a>. CNN. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Have+war+crimes+been+committed+in+Israel+and+Gaza+and+what+laws+govern+the+conflict%3F&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F11%2F16%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-hamas-gaza-war-crimes-international-law-explainer-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayefskyBlank2018" class="citation book cs1">Bayefsky, Anne F.; Blank, Laurie R. (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Incitement to Terrorism</a>. BRILL. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35982-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35982-6"><bdi>978-90-04-35982-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101112/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHxTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q>[note12] The governing charter of Hamas, "The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement," openly dedicates Hamas to genocide against the Jewish people (…) [see] The Covenant (…) 1988. Articles 7, …</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incitement+to+Terrorism&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35982-6&rft.aulast=Bayefsky&rft.aufirst=Anne+F.&rft.au=Blank%2C+Laurie+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlHxTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsesis2014–2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsesis, Alexander (2014–2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection=">"Antisemitism and Hate Speech Studies"</a>. Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. 16: 352. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101043/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rjlr16&id=352&div=&collection=">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q>For Jews, the Holocaust remains a real concern in an age when Hamas, a Palestinian terrorist organization, continues to advocate genocide in its core Charter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rutgers+Journal+of+Law+and+Religion&rft.atitle=Antisemitism+and+Hate+Speech+Studies&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=352&rft.date=2014%2F2015&rft.aulast=Tsesis&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Frjlr16%26id%3D352%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gourevitch-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Gourevitch_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourevitch2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Gourevitch, Philip (2 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/honest-voice-israel">"An Honest Voice in Israel"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022095942/https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/honest-voice-israel">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=An+Honest+Voice+in+Israel&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft.aulast=Gourevitch&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fhonest-voice-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Goldberg" title="Jeffrey Goldberg">Goldberg, Jeffrey</a> (4 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/what-would-hamas-do-if-it-could-do-whatever-it-wanted/375545/">"What Would Hamas Do If It Could Do Whatever It Wanted?"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200423083359/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/08/what-would-hamas-do-if-it-could-do-whatever-it-wanted/375545/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+Would+Hamas+Do+If+It+Could+Do+Whatever+It+Wanted%3F&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2014%2F08%2Fwhat-would-hamas-do-if-it-could-do-whatever-it-wanted%2F375545%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreedon2015–2016" class="citation journal cs1">Breedon, Jennifer R. (2015–2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">"Why the Combination of Universal Jurisdiction and Polical Lawfare Will Destroy the Sacred Sovereignty of States"</a>. Journal of Global Justice and Public Policy. 2: 389. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101142/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/jglojpp2&id=411&div=&collection=">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q>The Hamas Charter not only calls for the militant, perhaps genocidal, liberation of Palestine (e.g., "raise the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine"), but also demonstrates anti-Semitic, murderous intent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+Justice+and+Public+Policy&rft.atitle=Why+the+Combination+of+Universal+Jurisdiction+and+Polical+Lawfare+Will+Destroy+the+Sacred+Sovereignty+of+States&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=389&rft.date=2015%2F2016&rft.aulast=Breedon&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjglojpp2%26id%3D411%26div%3D%26collection%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Freilich, C. D. (2018). Israeli National security: a new strategy for an Era of change. Oxford University Press. p. 34, 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herf-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Herf_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerf2014" class="citation web cs1">Herf, Jeffrey (1 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-american-interest.com/2014/08/01/why-they-fight-hamas-too-little-known-fascist-charter/">"Why They Fight: Hamas' Too-Little-Known Fascist Charter"</a>. The American Interest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310013401/http://www.the-american-interest.com/2014/08/01/why-they-fight-hamas-too-little-known-fascist-charter/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+They+Fight%3A+Hamas%27+Too-Little-Known+Fascist+Charter&rft.pub=The+American+Interest&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft.aulast=Herf&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-american-interest.com%2F2014%2F08%2F01%2Fwhy-they-fight-hamas-too-little-known-fascist-charter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012" class="citation book cs1">Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew (26 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gh6VIodYxNMC&dq=hamas+%22annihilation+of+israel%22&pg=PA427">How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969362-7"><bdi>978-0-19-969362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Fighting+Ends%3A+A+History+of+Surrender&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2012-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-969362-7&rft.aulast=Afflerbach&rft.aufirst=Holger&rft.au=Strachan%2C+Hew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgh6VIodYxNMC%26dq%3Dhamas%2B%2522annihilation%2Bof%2Bisrael%2522%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeMayerhoferPoratSchiffman2021" class="citation book cs1">Lange, Armin; Mayerhofer, Kerstin; Porat, Dina; Schiffman, Lawrence H. (10 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJZEEAAAQBAJ&dq=hamas+%22annihilation+of+israel%22&pg=PT86">Confronting Antisemitism in Modern Media, the Legal and Political Worlds</a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-067203-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-067203-9"><bdi>978-3-11-067203-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confronting+Antisemitism+in+Modern+Media%2C+the+Legal+and+Political+Worlds&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2021-05-10&rft.isbn=978-3-11-067203-9&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=Armin&rft.au=Mayerhofer%2C+Kerstin&rft.au=Porat%2C+Dina&rft.au=Schiffman%2C+Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJZEEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dhamas%2B%2522annihilation%2Bof%2Bisrael%2522%26pg%3DPT86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalim_Rane2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halim_Rane" title="Halim Rane">Halim Rane</a> (2009). Reconstructing Jihad Amid Competing International Norms. p. 34. <q>Asher Susser, director of the Dayan Centre at Tel Aviv University, conveyed to me in an interview that "Hamas' 'hudna' is not significantly different from Sharon's 'long-term interim agreement." Similarly, Daniel Levy, a senior Israeli official for the Geneva Initiative (GI), informed me that certain Hamas officials find the GI acceptable, but due to the concerns about their Islamically oriented constituency and their own Islamic identity, they would "have to express the final result in terms of a "hudna," or "indefinite" ceasefire," rather than a formal peace agreement."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Jihad+Amid+Competing+International+Norms&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Halim+Rane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristan_Dunning2016" class="citation book cs1">Tristan Dunning (2016). Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 179–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%2C+Jihad+and+Popular+Legitimacy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Tristan+Dunning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoren_D._Lybarger2020" class="citation book cs1">Loren D. Lybarger (2020). Palestinian Chicago. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 199. <q>Hamas too would signal a willingness to accept a long-term "hudna" (cessation of hostilities, truce) along the armistice lines of 1948 (an effective acceptance of the two-state formula).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Chicago&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Loren+D.+Lybarger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/blogs/2017/12/18/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9">"فلسطين.. ووهم أسلمة الصراع!"</a>. Al Jazeera. 18 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226023131/https://www.aljazeera.net/amp/blogs/2017/12/18/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%86..+%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D9%85+%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%21&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fblogs%2F2017%2F12%2F18%2F%25D9%2581%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D8%25B7%25D9%258A%25D9%2586-%25D9%2588%25D9%2588%25D9%2587%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charter-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charter_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charter_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/880818.htm">"The Charter of the HAMAS (1988) (full text, translated at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem)"</a>. Intelligence Resource Project. Federation of American Scientists. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231115072059/https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/880818.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intelligence+Resource+Project&rft.atitle=The+Charter+of+the+HAMAS+%281988%29+%28full+text%2C+translated+at+the+Hebrew+University+in+Jerusalem%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firp.fas.org%2Fworld%2Fpara%2Fdocs%2F880818.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yale-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yale_145-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">"Hamas Covenant 1988: The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement"</a>. The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy. Yale Law School. 18 August 1988. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117074547/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Avalon+Project%3A+Documents+in+Law%2C+History+and+Diplomacy&rft.atitle=Hamas+Covenant+1988%3A+The+Covenant+of+the+Islamic+Resistance+Movement&rft.date=1988-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fhamas.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201267-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalacoura201267_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalacoura2012">Dalacoura 2012</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704163620/http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=2&id=849">"Palestine Media Center: Text of the Palestinian 'Cairo Declaration'"</a>. palestine-pmc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palestine-pmc.com/details.asp?cat=2&id=849">the original</a> on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 14 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palestine-pmc.com&rft.atitle=Palestine+Media+Center%3A+Text+of+the+Palestinian+%E2%80%98Cairo+Declaration%E2%80%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palestine-pmc.com%2Fdetails.asp%3Fcat%3D2%26id%3D849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KhaledHroub2006-148"><a href="#cite_ref-KhaledHroub2006_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hroub, Khaled (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918090220/http://palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=7087&jid=1&href=fulltext">"A "New Hamas" through Its New Documents"</a>. Journal of Palestine Studies. 35 (1 (Summer 2006)): 6–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.4.6">10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palestine-studies.org/journals.aspx?id=7087&jid=1&href=fulltext">the original</a> on 18 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=A+%22New+Hamas%22+through+Its+New+Documents&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1+%28Summer+2006%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.4.6&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalestine-studies.org%2Fjournals.aspx%3Fid%3D7087%26jid%3D1%26href%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nixed-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nixed_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nixed_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth_Ackerman2006" class="citation web cs1">Seth Ackerman (September–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fair.org/extra/nixed-signals/">"Nixed Signals"</a>. Extra!. <a href="/wiki/Fairness_and_Accuracy_in_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting">Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240124004638/https://fair.org/extra/nixed-signals/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 18 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Extra%21&rft.atitle=Nixed+Signals&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft.au=Seth+Ackerman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffair.org%2Fextra%2Fnixed-signals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumantra_Bose" class="citation book cs1">Sumantra Bose. 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Retrieved 8 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas+Actually+Believed+It+Would+Conquer+Israel.+In+Preparation%2C+It+Divided+the+Country+Into+Cantons&rft.date=2024-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2024-04-05%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.highlight%2Fhamas-actually-believed-it-would-conquer-israel-and-divided-it-into-cantons%2F0000018e-ab4a-dc42-a3de-abfad6fe0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lusailnews.net/media/video/27/07/2020/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84-%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3">"حوار مع إسماعيل هنية ، رئيس المكتب السياسي لحركة حماس"</a> (in Arabic). Lusail news. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2024. <q>11:40</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B9+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%87%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%8C+%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3&rft.date=2020-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flusailnews.net%2Fmedia%2Fvideo%2F27%2F07%2F2020%2F%25D8%25AD%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1-%25D9%2585%25D8%25B9-%25D8%25A5%25D8%25B3%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B9%25D9%258A%25D9%2584-%25D9%2587%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A6%25D9%258A%25D8%25B3-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2583%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3%25D9%258A-%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WP_Deeper-176"><a href="#cite_ref-WP_Deeper_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/">"Hamas envisioned deeper attacks, aiming to provoke an Israeli war"</a>. The Washington Post. 13 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231113024604/http://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2023/11/12/hamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2023. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hamas+envisioned+deeper+attacks%2C+aiming+to+provoke+an+Israeli+war&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational-security%2F2023%2F11%2F12%2Fhamas-planning-terror-gaza-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Libération-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Libération_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Clémence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/checknews/israel-na-pas-sa-place-sur-notre-terre-qui-est-ghazi-hamad-la-voix-du-hamas-depuis-le-massacre-du-7-octobre-20231103_Z6ZD7UK24JBYVAHSCDKYYS5K7Y/">""Israël n'a pas sa place sur notre terre" : qui est Ghazi Hamad, la "voix du Hamas" depuis le massacre du 7 octobre ?"</a> ['Israel has no place on our land': who is Ghazi Hamad, the 'voice of Hamas' since the October 7 massacre?]. Libération (in French). Retrieved 6 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=%22Isra%C3%ABl+n%27a+pas+sa+place+sur+notre+terre%22+%3A+qui+est+Ghazi+Hamad%2C+la+%22voix+du+Hamas%22+depuis+le+massacre+du+7+octobre+%3F&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A9mence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fchecknews%2Fisrael-na-pas-sa-place-sur-notre-terre-qui-est-ghazi-hamad-la-voix-du-hamas-depuis-le-massacre-du-7-octobre-20231103_Z6ZD7UK24JBYVAHSCDKYYS5K7Y%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacchiani2023" class="citation web cs1">Pacchiani, Gianluca (1 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-official-says-group-will-repeat-oct-7-attack-twice-and-three-times-to-destroy-israel/">"Hamas official says group will repeat Oct. 7 attack 'twice and three times' to destroy Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307141412/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hamas-official-says-group-will-repeat-oct-7-attack-twice-and-three-times-to-destroy-israel/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Hamas+official+says+group+will+repeat+Oct.+7+attack+%27twice+and+three+times%27+to+destroy+Israel&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft.aulast=Pacchiani&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fliveblog_entry%2Fhamas-official-says-group-will-repeat-oct-7-attack-twice-and-three-times-to-destroy-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifer2024" class="citation news cs1">Leifer, Joshua (21 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/21/what-is-the-real-hamas">"What is the real Hamas?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 27 April 2024. <q>He [Hamad] said that "Al-Aqsa Flood", Hamas's name for its armed offensive, "is just the first time, and there will be a second, a third, a fourth". Once considered a thoughtful observer of Palestinian politics, Hamad now declared that "nobody should blame us for what we do – on 7 October, on 10 October, on October 1,000,000. Everything we do is justified."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+is+the+real+Hamas%3F&rft.date=2024-03-21&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fmar%2F21%2Fwhat-is-the-real-hamas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haniyeh2023-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Haniyeh2023_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/58/1262/511435/War-on-Gaza/War-on-Gaza/Haniyeh-says-Hamas-ready-for-negotiations-on-a-two.aspx">"Haniyeh says Hamas ready for negotiations on a two-state solution if Israel stops war on Gaza"</a>. Al-Ahram. 1 November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153323/https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/58/1262/511435/War-on-Gaza/War-on-Gaza/Haniyeh-says-Hamas-ready-for-negotiations-on-a-two.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Ahram&rft.atitle=Haniyeh+says+Hamas+ready+for+negotiations+on+a+two-state+solution+if+Israel+stops+war+on+Gaza&rft.date=2023-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.ahram.org.eg%2FNewsContent%2F58%2F1262%2F511435%2FWar-on-Gaza%2FWar-on-Gaza%2FHaniyeh-says-Hamas-ready-for-negotiations-on-a-two.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mashal2-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mashal2_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mashal2_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240118-meshaal-hamas-rejects-two-state-solution/">"Meshaal: Hamas rejects 'two-state solution'"</a>. Middle East Monitor. 18 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240119101010/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20240118-meshaal-hamas-rejects-two-state-solution/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Meshaal%3A+Hamas+rejects+%27two-state+solution%27&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20240118-meshaal-hamas-rejects-two-state-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sewell_2024_s696-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sewell_2024_s696_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sewell_2024_s696_182-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell2024" class="citation web cs1">Sewell, Abby (25 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/hamas-khalil-alhayya-qatar-ceasefire-1967-borders-4912532b11a9cec29464eab234045438">"Hamas official says group would lay down its arms if an independent Palestinian state is established"</a>. AP News. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Hamas+official+says+group+would+lay+down+its+arms+if+an+independent+Palestinian+state+is+established&rft.date=2024-04-25&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fhamas-khalil-alhayya-qatar-ceasefire-1967-borders-4912532b11a9cec29464eab234045438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Louise Fawcett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nNUiHaUzzNgC&pg=PA249">International Relations of the Middle East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154519/https://books.google.com/books?id=nNUiHaUzzNgC&pg=PA249#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> 2013 p. 49: 'The Hamas platform calls for full Muslim-Palestinian control of the Mediterranean to the Jordan River—the mirror image of Likud's platform for Jewish control of the same land.' </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2014" class="citation cs2">Dunning, Tristan (20 November 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/israels-policy-on-statehood-merits-the-same-scrutiny-as-hamas-gets-33897">Israel's policy on statehood merits the same scrutiny as Hamas gets</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101228/https://theconversation.com/israels-policy-on-statehood-merits-the-same-scrutiny-as-hamas-gets-33897">archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023, retrieved 20 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+policy+on+statehood+merits+the+same+scrutiny+as+Hamas+gets&rft.date=2014-11-20&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Tristan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fisraels-policy-on-statehood-merits-the-same-scrutiny-as-hamas-gets-33897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssi2018-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssi2018_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssi2018">Assi 2018</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Glenn Frankel, <a href="//archive.org/details/beyondpromisedla00fran/page/390" class="extiw" title="iarchive:beyondpromisedla00fran/page/390">Beyond the Promised Land: Jews and Arabs on the Hard Road to a New Israel,</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Schuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Schuster">Simon and Schuster</a>, 1996 pp. 389–91, cites Binjamin Netanyahu as declaring: 'You say the Bible is not a property deed. But I say the opposite-the Bible is our mandate, the Bible is our deed'. <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> at the time charged that "Bibi Netyanyahu is a Hamas collaborator. ... Hamas and Likud have the same political goal.' </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Malley2015">O'Malley 2015</a>, p. 26: Israel incessantly invokes provisions of Hamas's charter that call for the elimination of Jews and the destruction of Israel, and its refusal to recognize the state of Israel. ... Hamas also calls attention to the clauses in the Likud charter that explicitly denounce a two-state solution. A double standard, says Hamas. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_189-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html">Hamas Fights Over Gaza's Islamist Identity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170119001358/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/06/world/middleeast/06gaza.html">Archived</a> 19 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New York Times, September 5, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroub2000" class="citation book cs1">Hroub, Khaled (2000). Hamas : political thought and practice. Institute for Palestine Studies. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0887282768" title="Special:BookSources/0887282768"><bdi>0887282768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+%3A+political+thought+and+practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Institute+for+Palestine+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0887282768&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBymanPalmer2023" class="citation web cs1">Byman, Daniel; Palmer, Alexander (7 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/">"What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence"</a>. Foreign Policy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+the+Israel-Hamas+Violence&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft.aulast=Byman&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2023%2F10%2F07%2Fhamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrquhart2007" class="citation news cs1">Urquhart, Conal (10 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/10/israel1">"Hamas leader acknowledges 'reality' of Israel"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015101442/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/10/israel1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. 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Retrieved 2 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Palestine%3A+Taliban-like+attempts+to+censor+music&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freemuse.org%2Fsw10095.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-barel-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barel_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barel_219-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-barel_219-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/afghanistan-in-palestine-1.165006">"Afghanistan in Palestine"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233322/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/afghanistan-in-palestine-1.165006">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Zvi Bar'el, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, July 26, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-otterbeck-220"><a href="#cite_ref-otterbeck_220-0">^</a> "Battling over the public sphere: Islamic reactions to the music of today". Jonas Otterbeck. Contemporary Islam. Volume 2, Number 3, 211–28,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11562-008-0062-y">10.1007/s11562-008-0062-y</a>. "... the over-all argument was that the event was haram" </li> <li id="cite_note-darwish-221"><a href="#cite_ref-darwish_221-0">^</a> "Palestinians Debate Whether Future State Will be Theocracy or Democracy". <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, July 13, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-newhumanist-222"><a href="#cite_ref-newhumanist_222-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newhumanist.org.uk/937/gaza-taliban">Gaza Taliban?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907185601/http://newhumanist.org.uk/937/gaza-taliban">Archived</a> 7 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Editorial Staff, The New Humanist, volume 121 issue 1, January/February 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayigh-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayigh_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayigh_223-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB41.pdf">Hamas Rule in Gaza: Three Years On</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120402221410/http://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/meb/MEB41.pdf">Archived</a> 2 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yezid_Sayigh" title="Yezid Sayigh">Yezid Sayigh</a>, Crown Center for Middle East studies, March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> See also: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/letters-from/letter-from-gaza?page=show">Letter from Gaza</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627013735/http://www.foreignaffairs.com/features/letters-from/letter-from-gaza?page=show">Archived</a> 27 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hamas's tunnel diplomacy, By Thanassis Cambanis, June 18, 2010. Foreign Affairs. "They want to know if we are more like the Taliban or Erdogan. They will see that we are closer to Erdogan." </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=box-2010-06-10">Hamas: 'We want Erdoğan's model, not Taliban's'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810222815/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=box-2010-06-10">Archived</a> 10 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cansu Çamlibel, The Daily <a href="/wiki/Hurriyet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurriyet">Hurriyet</a>. June 10, 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/21/world/middleeast/21mideast.html">A Leader of Hamas Warns of West Bank Peril for Fatah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425004712/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/21/world/middleeast/21mideast.html">Archived</a> 25 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The New York Times. June 21, 2006. "Mr. Sawaf's West Bank office in Ramallah has been destroyed, and the Palestinian paper Al Ayyam has refused to continue printing his paper in the West Bank." </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hamas-Gaza-extremism.-a0211366448">Hamas-Gaza-extremism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123164955/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Hamas-Gaza-extremism.-a0211366448">Archived</a> 23 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Weekly Middle East Reporter (Beirut, Lebanon), August 8, 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_Erdogan-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_Erdogan_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_Erdogan_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumrukcuHayatsever2023" class="citation news cs1">Gumrukcu, Tuvan; Hayatsever, Huseyin (25 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25/">"Turkey's Erdogan says Hamas is not terrorist organisation, cancels trip to Israel"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110142510/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+says+Hamas+is+not+terrorist+organisation%2C+cancels+trip+to+Israel&rft.date=2023-10-25&rft.aulast=Gumrukcu&rft.aufirst=Tuvan&rft.au=Hayatsever%2C+Huseyin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkeys-erdogan-says-hamas-is-not-terrorist-organisation-2023-10-25%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKabahā2014324-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKabahā2014324_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKabahā2014">Kabahā 2014</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHroub200633-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHroub200633_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHroub2006">Hroub 2006</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Ronni Shaked, 'Ethos of Conflict of the Palestinian Society,' in Keren Sharvit, Eran Halperin (eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ysdyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142">A Social Psychology Perspective on The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: Celebrating the Legacy of Daniel Bar-Tal,</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153323/https://books.google.com/books?id=ysdyCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Springer, 2016 Volume 2 pp. 133–49 [142]. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFHroub2006b">Hroub 2006b</a>, p. 6cited Michael Schulz, "Hamas Between Sharia Rule and Demo-Islam", in Ashok Swain, Ramses Amer, Joakim Öjendal (eds.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTXekQIjsLgC&pg=PA202">Globalization and Challenges to Building Peace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153822/https://books.google.co.ma/books?id=cTXekQIjsLgC&pg=PA202&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 195–201: 'Hamas continues to be characterized with reference to its 1988 charter drawn up less than a year after the movement was established in direct response to the outbreak of the third intifada and when its raison d'être was armed resistance to the occupation. Yet when its election and post-election documents are compared to the charter, it becomes clear that what is being promoted is a profondly different organization'</li> <li>'The non-Zionist Jew is one who belongs to the Jewish culture, whether as a believer in the Jewish faith or simply by accident of birth, but...(who) takes no part in aggressive actions against our land and our nation. ... Hamas will not adopt a hostile position in practice against anyone because of his ideas or his creed but will adopt such a position if those ideas and creed are translated into hostile or damaging actions against our people.' (1990) <a href="/wiki/Khaled_Hroub" title="Khaled Hroub">Khaled Hroub</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XsW4-8VVJ4C&pg=PA31">p. 34</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153823/https://books.google.com/books?id=-XsW4-8VVJ4C&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccoRifkind2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giandomenico_Picco" title="Giandomenico Picco">Picco, Giandomenico</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gabrielle_Rifkind" title="Gabrielle Rifkind">Rifkind, Gabrielle</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BhKsDwAAQBAJ">The Fog of Peace: The Human Face of Conflict Resolution</a>. I.B. Tauris. pp. 47–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857723437" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857723437"><bdi>978-0857723437</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153822/https://books.google.com/books?id=BhKsDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2024. Retrieved 16 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fog+of+Peace%3A+The+Human+Face+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0857723437&rft.aulast=Picco&rft.aufirst=Giandomenico&rft.au=Rifkind%2C+Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhKsDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2004130-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2004130_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2004">Robinson 2004</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvak1998153-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvak1998153_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLitvak1998">Litvak 1998</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-Weimann-237"><a href="#cite_ref-Weimann_237-0">^</a> Gabriel Weimann,<a href="//archive.org/details/terroroninternet00weim/page/82" class="extiw" title="iarchive:terroroninternet00weim/page/82">Terror on the Internet: The New Arena, the New Challenges</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Institute_of_Peace" title="United States Institute of Peace">US Institute of Peace Press</a>, 2006 p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Jim Zanotti, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajKhf9y93nkC&pg=PA15">Hamas: Background and Issues for Congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajKhf9y93nkC&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Diane Publishing, 2011 p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Roberts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xveCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">p. 68</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153901/https://books.google.com/books?id=xveCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>:'The Charter condemns world Zionism and the efforts to isolate Palestine, defines the mission of the organization, and locates that mission within Palestinian, Arab and Islamic elements. It does not condemn the West or non-Muslims, but does condemn aggression against the Palestinian people, arguing for a defensive jihad. It also calls for fraternal relations with the other Palestinian nationalist groups'. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Shaul Mishal, Avraham Sela,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AO-tZkbPDKYC&pg=PA178">The Palestinian Hamas: vision, violence, and coexistence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320153825/https://books.google.com/books?id=AO-tZkbPDKYC&pg=PA178#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Columbia University Press, 2006 p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, in Elliot N. Dorff, Danya Ruttenberg, Louis E Newman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26">Jewish Choices, Jewish Voices: War and National Security</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240320154452/https://books.google.com/books?id=JgfA4moXzEoC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 20 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Publication_Society" title="Jewish Publication Society">Jewish Publication Society</a>, 2010 pp. 26–27 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Jean-François Legrain: Hamas according to Hamas: A reading of its Document of General Principles. In: Shahram Akbarzadeh (Hrsg.): Routledge Handbook of Political Islam, Routledge, London 2020, pp. 79–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-charter2017-243"><a href="#cite_ref-charter2017_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-charter-1637794876">"Hamas in 2017: The document in full"</a>. MiddleEastEye. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171024100126/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/hamas-charter-1637794876">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2017. 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CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020134958/https://www.cnn.com/2017/05/06/middleeast/hamas-leadership-ismail-haniya/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ismail+Haniya+elected+new+Hamas+leader&rft.date=2017-05-06&rft.au=Andrew+Carey+and+Joe+Sterling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F05%2F06%2Fmiddleeast%2Fhamas-leadership-ismail-haniya%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201644–45-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201644–45_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2016">Davis 2016</a>, pp. 44–45. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> A. 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Retrieved 22 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roundup%3A+Gaza+replaces+mosque+preachers+with+doctors+for+sermon+amid+COVID-19+-+Xinhua+-+English.news.cn&rft.date=2020-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2020-03%2F21%2Fc_138900288.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qassam_logo-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qassam_logo_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qassam_logo_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240918231927/https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/2/10/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85">"Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. The military wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic" title="Al Jazeera Arabic">Al Jazeera Arabic</a>. 18 December 2023. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.net/encyclopedia/2014/2/10/كتائب-عز-الدين-القسام">the original</a> on 18 September 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024. <q>(image caption) <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: شعار كتائب عز الدين القسام الجناح العسكري لحركة المقاومة الإسلامية حماس (الجزيرة), <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'Logo of the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas).'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Izz+ad-Din+al-Qassam+Brigades.+The+military+wing+of+the+Islamic+Resistance+Movement+%28Hamas%29&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera+Arabic&rft.date=2023-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.net%2Fencyclopedia%2F2014%2F2%2F10%2F%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2023" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Beaumont_(journalist)" title="Peter Beaumont (journalist)">Beaumont, Peter</a> (12 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/what-is-hamas-the-militant-group-that-rules-gaza">"What is Hamas, the militant group that rules Gaza?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240318031644/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/12/what-is-hamas-the-militant-group-that-rules-gaza">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2024. Retrieved 16 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=What+is+Hamas%2C+the+militant+group+that+rules+Gaza%3F&rft.date=2023-10-12&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Foct%2F12%2Fwhat-is-hamas-the-militant-group-that-rules-gaza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuidère2012173-313">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidère2012173_313-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuidère2012173_313-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuidère2012">Guidère 2012</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007106-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENajibFriedrich2007106_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNajibFriedrich2007">Najib & Friedrich 2007</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(IISS)2018" class="citation book cs1">(IISS), International Institute for Strategic Studies (14 February 2018). The Military Balance, 2018, Vol. 118, No. 1, February 2018. 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Retrieved 4 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Qualification+of+Hamas+as+a+Terrorist+Organization+by+the+OAS+General+Secretariat&rft.date=2021-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oas.org%2Fen%2Fmedia_center%2Fpress_release.asp%3FsCodigo%3DE-051%2F21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunning2004234-406"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunning2004234_406-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGunning2004">Gunning 2004</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevitt200650–51-407"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevitt200650–51_407-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevitt2006">Levitt 2006</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-408"><a href="#cite_ref-408">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150119_01_en.htm">Statement by High Representative/Vice-president Federica Mogherini on the decision to appeal the Judgment regarding Hamas</a>, January 19, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuters_Court-409"><a href="#cite_ref-Reuters_Court_409-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-palestinians-hamas-idUSKBN1AB0VE">"EU court keeps Hamas on terrorism list, removes Tamil Tigers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 26 July 2017. <q>The lower court had found that the listing was based on media and internet reports rather than decisions by a "competent authority". But the ECJ said such decisions were not required for groups to stay on the list, only for their initial listing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=EU+court+keeps+Hamas+on+terrorism+list%2C+removes+Tamil+Tigers&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-eu-palestinians-hamas-idUSKBN1AB0VE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> According to Michael Penn, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ly8zBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA205">Japan and the War on Terror: Military Force and Political Pressure in the US-Japanese Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/I.B._Tauris" title="I.B. Tauris">I.B. Tauris</a> 2014 pp. 205–06), Japan initially welcomed the democratic character of the elections that brought Hamas to power, and only set conditions on its aid to Palestine, after intense pressure was exerted by the Bush Administration on Japan to alter its policy. </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ-r1373-terrorlist-411"><a href="#cite_ref-NZ-r1373-terrorlist_411-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.police.govt.nz/advice/personal-community/counterterrorism/designated-entities/lists-associated-with-resolution-1373">"Lists associated with Resolution 1373"</a>. New Zealand Police. 20 July 2014. 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Freedman, 'Russia,' in Joel Peters, David Newman (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kftqQdNNDWAC&pg=PA331">The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict</a>, Routledge, 2013 pp. 325–33 [331] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaspeslagh2016199-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaspeslagh2016199_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaspeslagh2016">Haspeslagh 2016</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> David J. 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Tauris, 2014 pp. 187–99 </li> <li id="cite_note-422"><a href="#cite_ref-422">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2012" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Max (21 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/21/9-questions-about-israel-gaza-you-were-too-embarrassed-to-ask/">"9 questions about Israel-Gaza you were too embarrassed to ask"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/wvyCq">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Five+lessons+from+the+Gaza+conflict&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F80ce6306-348e-11e2-8986-00144feabdc0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-426"><a href="#cite_ref-426">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Krista_E._Wiegand" title="Krista E. Wiegand">Krista E. 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VOA News. 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VOA+News&rft.atitle=US+Criticizes+Turkey+for+Hosting+Hamas+Leaders&rft.date=2020-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fusa%2Fus-criticizes-turkey-hosting-hamas-leaders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/erdogan-hosts-pas-abbas-hamas-head-haniyeh-to-prepare-for-detente-talks/">"Erdogan hosts PA's Abbas, Hamas head Haniyeh to prepare for détente talks"</a>. The Times of Israel. 26 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Erdogan+hosts+PA%27s+Abbas%2C+Hamas+head+Haniyeh+to+prepare+for+d%C3%A9tente+talks&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Ferdogan-hosts-pas-abbas-hamas-head-haniyeh-to-prepare-for-detente-talks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/report-hamas-chiefs-were-asked-to-leave-turkey-after-october-7-attacks/">"Report: Hamas chiefs were asked to leave Turkey after October 7 attacks"</a>. The Times of Israel. 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Hamas+chiefs+were+asked+to+leave+Turkey+after+October+7+attacks&rft.date=2023-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Freport-hamas-chiefs-were-asked-to-leave-turkey-after-october-7-attacks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-erdogan-discussed-gaza-with-hamas-leader-turkish-presidency-2023-10-21/">"Turkey's Erdogan discussed Gaza with Hamas leader – Turkish presidenc"</a>. Reuters. 21 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+Erdogan+discussed+Gaza+with+Hamas+leader+%E2%80%93+Turkish+presidenc&rft.date=2023-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fturkeys-erdogan-discussed-gaza-with-hamas-leader-turkish-presidency-2023-10-21%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelal2016" class="citation book cs1">Abdelal, Wael (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ebVTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122">Hamas and the Media: Politics and strategy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317267140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317267140"><bdi>978-1317267140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+and+the+Media%3A+Politics+and+strategy&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1317267140&rft.aulast=Abdelal&rft.aufirst=Wael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DebVTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmossy2017" class="citation book cs1">Amossy, Ruth (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFsyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT389">"Understanding political issues through argumentation analysis"</a>. In Wodak, Ruth; Forchtner, Bernhard (eds.). The Routledge Handbook of Language and Politics. Routledge. pp. 262–75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351728966" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351728966"><bdi>978-1351728966</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Understanding+political+issues+through+argumentation+analysis&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Handbook+of+Language+and+Politics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351728966&rft.aulast=Amossy&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFsyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Atkins, Stephen E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C&pg=PA123">Encyclopedia of Modern Worldwide Extremists and Extremist Groups</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313324857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313324857"><bdi>978-0313324857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Worldwide+Extremists+and+Extremist+Groups&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0313324857&rft.aulast=Atkins&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8k4rEPvq_8C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaconi2018" class="citation book cs1">Baconi, Tareq (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jd9ftAEACAAJ">Hamas contained: The rise and pacification of Palestinian resistance</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804797412" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804797412"><bdi>978-0804797412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+contained%3A+The+rise+and+pacification+of+Palestinian+resistance&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0804797412&rft.aulast=Baconi&rft.aufirst=Tareq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJd9ftAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinart2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Beinart" title="Peter Beinart">Beinart, Peter</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0U1fjErMGkC&pg=PT231">The Crisis of Zionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_University_Publishing" title="Melbourne University Publishing">Melbourne University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0522861761" title="Special:BookSources/978-0522861761"><bdi>978-0522861761</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Zionism&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0522861761&rft.aulast=Beinart&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0U1fjErMGkC%26pg%3DPT231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2017" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Björn (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/gaza-under-hamas-9781786731425/">Gaza Under Hamas: From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786731425" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786731425"><bdi>978-1786731425</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza+Under+Hamas%3A+From+Islamic+Democracy+to+Islamist+Governance&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786731425&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsbury.com%2Fuk%2Fgaza-under-hamas-9781786731425%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrenner2022" class="citation book cs1">Brenner, Björn (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhOMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203">Gaza Under Hamas: From Islamic Democracy to Islamist Governance</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0755634392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0755634392"><bdi>978-0755634392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaza+Under+Hamas%3A+From+Islamic+Democracy+to+Islamist+Governance&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0755634392&rft.aulast=Brenner&rft.aufirst=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhOMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChehab2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zaki_Chehab" title="Zaki Chehab">Chehab, Zaki</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEg6Tfai_oC">Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies</a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845113896" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845113896"><bdi>978-1845113896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Hamas%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+Militants%2C+Martyrs+and+Spies&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1845113896&rft.aulast=Chehab&rft.aufirst=Zaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWEg6Tfai_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheema2008" class="citation book cs1">Cheema, Sujata Ashwarya (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YopTyDFI1U4C&pg=466">"Hamas and Politics in Palestine:Impact on Peace-Building"</a>. In Abhyankar, Rajendra Madhukar (ed.). West Asia and the Region: Defining India's Role. New Delhi: Academic Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171886166" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171886166"><bdi>978-8171886166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamas+and+Politics+in+Palestine%3AImpact+on+Peace-Building&rft.btitle=West+Asia+and+the+Region%3A+Defining+India%27s+Role&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Academic+Foundation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8171886166&rft.aulast=Cheema&rft.aufirst=Sujata+Ashwarya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYopTyDFI1U4C%26pg%3D466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2015" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Colin P. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJRzCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Terrorism, Inc.: The Financing of Terrorism, Insurgency, and Irregular Warfare</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440831041" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440831041"><bdi>978-1440831041</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism%2C+Inc.%3A+The+Financing+of+Terrorism%2C+Insurgency%2C+and+Irregular+Warfare&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1440831041&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Colin+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJRzCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalacoura2012" class="citation book cs1">Dalacoura, Katerina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA66">"Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah"</a>. Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 66–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511977367.004">10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511977367" title="Special:BookSources/9780511977367"><bdi>9780511977367</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2010047275">2010047275</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150958046">150958046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamist+Terrorism+and+National+Liberation%3A+Hamas+and+Hizbullah&rft.btitle=Islamist+Terrorism+and+Democracy+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511977367.004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150958046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010047275&rft.isbn=9780511977367&rft.aulast=Dalacoura&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPlTKrMFyawoC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2017" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Jessica (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uR_aDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA57">Women in Modern Terrorism: From Liberation Wars to Global Jihad and the Islamic State</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442274990" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442274990"><bdi>978-1442274990</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Modern+Terrorism%3A+From+Liberation+Wars+to+Global+Jihad+and+the+Islamic+State&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1442274990&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuR_aDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Joyce (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxwbNesHJBkC&pg=PA100">Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403966810" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403966810"><bdi>978-1403966810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Martyrs%3A+Innocence%2C+Vengeance%2C+and+Despair+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1403966810&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxwbNesHJBkC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmaFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68">Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land</a>. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61354-6"><bdi>978-1-107-61354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Palestinian+National+Movement+Comes+of+Age&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=226&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-61354-6&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerner, Deborah J. 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Syracuse University Press. pp. 17–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815631118" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815631118"><bdi>978-0815631118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+Nationalist+Agendas&rft.btitle=From+Patriarchy+to+Empowerment%3A+Women%27s+Participation%2C+Movements%2C+and+Rights+in+the+Middle+East%2C+North+Africa%2C+and+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0815631118&rft.aulast=Gerner&rft.aufirst=Deborah+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiKsSEulnPTsC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleisBerti2012" class="citation book cs1">Gleis, Joshua L.; Berti, Benedetta (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYBtwkj78BUC&pg=PT111">Hezbollah and Hamas: A Comparative Study</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1421406718" title="Special:BookSources/978-1421406718"><bdi>978-1421406718</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hezbollah+and+Hamas%3A+A+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1421406718&rft.aulast=Gleis&rft.aufirst=Joshua+L.&rft.au=Berti%2C+Benedetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYBtwkj78BUC%26pg%3DPT111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuidère2012" class="citation book cs1">Guidère, Mathieu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tCvhzGiDMYsC&pg=PA173">Historical Dictionary of Islamic Fundamentalism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878211"><bdi>978-0810878211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Islamic+Fundamentalism&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810878211&rft.aulast=Guid%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtCvhzGiDMYsC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2007" class="citation book cs1">Gunning, Jeroen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m8_pM7Ncij8C&pg=PA134">"Hamas: Harakat al-Muqamama al-Islamiyya"</a>. 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Arab-Israeli Conflict: The Essential Reference Guide. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-CLIO</a>. pp. 67–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610690683" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610690683"><bdi>978-1610690683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamas&rft.btitle=Arab-Israeli+Conflict%3A+The+Essential+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E67-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1610690683&rft.aulast=Hueston&rft.aufirst=Harry+Raymond&rft.au=Pierpaoli%2C+Paul+G.&rft.au=Zahar%2C+Sherifa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxveCBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroub2006" class="citation book cs1">Hroub, Khaled (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-XsW4-8VVJ4C&pg=PA33">Hamas: A Beginner's Guide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745325910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745325910"><bdi>978-0745325910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0745325910&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-XsW4-8VVJ4C%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferis2016" class="citation book cs1">Jefferis, Jennifer (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzRpCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA150">Hamas: Terrorism, Governance, and Its Future in Middle East Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440839030" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440839030"><bdi>978-1440839030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%3A+Terrorism%2C+Governance%2C+and+Its+Future+in+Middle+East+Politics&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1440839030&rft.aulast=Jefferis&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzRpCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabahā2014" class="citation book cs1">Kabahā, Muṣṭafá (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QyTCNAEACAAJ">The Palestinian People: Seeking Sovereignty and State</a>. [ Boulder, CO], <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588268822" title="Special:BookSources/978-1588268822"><bdi>978-1588268822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palestinian+People%3A+Seeking+Sovereignty+and+State&rft.pub=%5B+Boulder%2C+CO%5D%2C+Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1588268822&rft.aulast=Kabah%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Mu%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADaf%C3%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQyTCNAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKassO'Neill1997" class="citation book cs1">Kass, Ilana; O'Neill, Bard E. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0429999406" title="Special:BookSources/978-0429999406"><bdi>978-0429999406</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+and+Palestine%3A+The+Contested+Road+to+Statehood&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0429999406&rft.aulast=Kear&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYfl0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Levitt" title="Matthew Levitt">Levitt, Matthew</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hamaspoliticscha00levi">Hamas: Politics, Charity, and Terrorism in the Service of Jihad</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300122589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300122589"><bdi>978-0300122589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas%3A+Politics%2C+Charity%2C+and+Terrorism+in+the+Service+of+Jihad&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0300122589&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhamaspoliticscha00levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Levitt" title="Matthew Levitt">Levitt, Matthew</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5EmiYXQUcsC&pg=PA89">Negotiating Under Fire: Preserving Peace Talks in the Face of Terror Attacks</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742565661" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742565661"><bdi>978-0742565661</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Under+Fire%3A+Preserving+Peace+Talks+in+the+Face+of+Terror+Attacks&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0742565661&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5EmiYXQUcsC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meir_Litvak" title="Meir Litvak">Litvak, Meir</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TuaQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA156">"Religious and Nationalist Fanaticism:Hamas"</a>. In Hughes, Matthew; Johnson, Gaynor (eds.). Fanaticism and Conflict in the Modern Age. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Cass" title="Frank Cass">Frank Cass</a>. pp. 156–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135753641" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135753641"><bdi>978-1135753641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+and+Nationalist+Fanaticism%3AHamas&rft.btitle=Fanaticism+and+Conflict+in+the+Modern+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1135753641&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTuaQAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukhimer2012" class="citation book cs1">Mukhimer, Tariq (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktH7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137310194" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137310194"><bdi>978-1137310194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+Rule+in+Gaza%3A+Human+Rights+Under+Constraint&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1137310194&rft.aulast=Mukhimer&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktH7CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNajibFriedrich2007" class="citation book cs1">Najib, Mohammad; Friedrich, Roland (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=icV4k__xMmgC&pg=PA106">"Non-Statutory Armed Groups and Security Sector Governance"</a>. In Friedrich, Roland; Luethold, Arnold (eds.). Entry-points to Palestinian Security Sector Reform. <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Centre_for_the_Democratic_Control_of_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces">DCAF</a>. pp. 101–127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9292220617" title="Special:BookSources/978-9292220617"><bdi>978-9292220617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-Statutory+Armed+Groups+and+Security+Sector+Governance&rft.btitle=Entry-points+to+Palestinian+Security+Sector+Reform&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=DCAF&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9292220617&rft.aulast=Najib&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Roland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DicV4k__xMmgC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Malley2015" class="citation book cs1">O'Malley, Padraig (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3_kVBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">The Two-State Delusion: Israel and Palestine – A Tale of Two Narratives</a>. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 126–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0698192188" title="Special:BookSources/978-0698192188"><bdi>978-0698192188</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two-State+Delusion%3A+Israel+and+Palestine+%E2%80%93+A+Tale+of+Two+Narratives&rft.pages=126-&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0698192188&rft.aulast=O%27Malley&rft.aufirst=Padraig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3_kVBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2011" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, David L. 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Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412812016" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412812016"><bdi>978-1412812016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Bullets+to+Ballots%3A+Violent+Muslim+Movements+in+Transition&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1412812016&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcNq0gvBPcGQC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2004" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Glenn E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Oljj6FhZZ4C&pg=PA130">"Hamas as a Social Movement"</a>. In Wiktorowicz, Quintan (ed.). Islamic Activism: A Social Movement Theory Approach. Indiana University Press. pp. 112–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253216212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253216212"><bdi>978-0253216212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hamas+as+a+Social+Movement&rft.btitle=Islamic+Activism%3A+A+Social+Movement+Theory+Approach&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0253216212&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Oljj6FhZZ4C%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Roy, Sara</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wmmYDwAAQBAJ">Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector</a> (2 ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691124483" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691124483"><bdi>978-0691124483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamas+and+Civil+Society+in+Gaza%3A+Engaging+the+Islamist+Social+Sector&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691124483&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwmmYDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubenberg2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Rubenberg" title="Cheryl Rubenberg">Rubenberg, Cheryl</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestinianwomen0000rube/page/231">Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Rienner_Publishers" title="Lynne Rienner Publishers">Lynne Rienner Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1555879563" title="Special:BookSources/978-1555879563"><bdi>978-1555879563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinian+Women%3A+Patriarchy+and+Resistance+in+the+West+Bank&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1555879563&rft.aulast=Rubenberg&rft.aufirst=Cheryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestinianwomen0000rube%2Fpage%2F231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeurat2019" class="citation book cs1">Seurat, Leila (2019). The Foreign Policy of Hamas. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838607449" title="Special:BookSources/9781838607449"><bdi>9781838607449</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Foreign+Policy+of+Hamas&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781838607449&rft.aulast=Seurat&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeurat2022" class="citation book cs1">Seurat, Leila (2022). The foreign policy of Hamas: ideology, decision making and political supremacy. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781838607456" title="Special:BookSources/9781838607456"><bdi>9781838607456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+foreign+policy+of+Hamas%3A+ideology%2C+decision+making+and+political+supremacy&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781838607456&rft.aulast=Seurat&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShitrit2015" class="citation book cs1">Shitrit, Lihi Ben (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUjuCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA71">Righteous Transgressions: Women's Activism on the Israeli and Palestinian Religious Right</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400873845" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400873845"><bdi>978-1400873845</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Transgressions%3A+Women%27s+Activism+on+the+Israeli+and+Palestinian+Religious+Right&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1400873845&rft.aulast=Shitrit&rft.aufirst=Lihi+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUjuCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Slater, Jerome (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1AAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA280">Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190459086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190459086"><bdi>978-0190459086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End%3A+The+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1917%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0190459086&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy1AAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStepanova2008" class="citation book cs1">Stepanova, Ekaterina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf">Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">SIPRI</a> / Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199533558" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199533558"><bdi>978-0199533558</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Asymmetrical+Conflict%3A+Ideological+and+Structural+Aspects&rft.pub=SIPRI+%2F+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199533558&rft.aulast=Stepanova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.sipri.org%2Ffiles%2FRR%2FSIPRIRR23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVittori2011" class="citation book cs1">Vittori, Jodi (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ra_GAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193">Terrorist Financing and Resourcing</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230117716" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230117716"><bdi>978-0230117716</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorist+Financing+and+Resourcing&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0230117716&rft.aulast=Vittori&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dra_GAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZartman2020" class="citation book cs1">Zartman, Jonathan K. (19 March 2020). Conflict in the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-6502-2"><bdi>978-1-4408-6502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-6502-2&rft.aulast=Zartman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu-Amr1993" class="citation journal cs1">Abu-Amr, Ziad (Summer 1993). "Hamas: A Historical and Political Background". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 22 (4): 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538077">10.2307/2538077</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538077">2538077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Hamas%3A+A+Historical+and+Political+Background&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538077&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538077%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Abu-Amr&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunning2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gunning, Jeroen (March 2004). "Peace with Hamas? The Transforming Potential of Political Participation". International Affairs. 80 (2). <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_International_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Institute of International Affairs">Royal Institute of International Affairs</a>: 233–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2004.00381.x">10.1111/j.1468-2346.2004.00381.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3569240">3569240</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Peace+with+Hamas%3F+The+Transforming+Potential+of+Political+Participation&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2346.2004.00381.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3569240%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gunning&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog2006" class="citation journal cs1">Herzog, Michael (March–April 2006). "Can Hamas Be Tamed?". Foreign Affairs. 85 (2): 83–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20031913">10.2307/20031913</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20031913">20031913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Can+Hamas+Be+Tamed%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=2006-03%2F2006-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20031913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20031913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHroub2006b" class="citation journal cs1">Hroub, Khaled (Summer 2006b). "A 'New Hamas' through Its New Documents". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 35 (4): 6–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.4.6">10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6">10.1525/jps.2006.35.4.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=A+%27New+Hamas%27+through+Its+New+Documents&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.4.6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.1525%2Fjps.2006.35.4.6%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hroub&rft.aufirst=Khaled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meir_Litvak" title="Meir Litvak">Litvak, Meir</a> (January 1998). "The Islamization of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict: The Case of Hamas". <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern Studies">Middle Eastern Studies</a>. 34 (1): 148–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209808701214">10.1080/00263209808701214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283922">4283922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Islamization+of+the+Palestinian-Israeli+Conflict%3A+The+Case+of+Hamas&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1998-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263209808701214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4283922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sara_Roy" title="Sara Roy">Roy, Sara</a> (Summer 1993). "Gaza: New Dynamics of Civic Disintegration". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Palestine_Studies" title="Journal of Palestine Studies">Journal of Palestine Studies</a>. 22 (4): 20–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2538078">10.2307/2538078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538078">2538078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palestine+Studies&rft.atitle=Gaza%3A+New+Dynamics+of+Civic+Disintegration&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2538078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2538078%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Sara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2019" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1479531/middle-east">"Hamas West Bank leader given six-month detention without trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arab_News" title="Arab News">Arab News</a>. Agence France-Presse. 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hamas+West+Bank+leader+given+six-month+detention+without+trial&rft.date=2019-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1479531%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssi2018" class="citation news cs1">Assi, Seraj (16 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/.premium-hamas-owes-its-from-the-river-to-the-sea-slogan-to-zionists-1.6746730">"Hamas Owes Its 'Palestine From the River to the Sea' Slogan to Zionism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Hamas+Owes+Its+%27Palestine+From+the+River+to+the+Sea%27+Slogan+to+Zionism&rft.date=2018-12-16&rft.aulast=Assi&rft.aufirst=Seraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fmiddle-east-news%2F.premium-hamas-owes-its-from-the-river-to-the-sea-slogan-to-zionists-1.6746730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarzak2011" class="citation news cs1">Barzak, Ibrahim (11 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/bostonglobe/obituaries/articles/2011/06/11/muhammad_hassan_shama_little_known_hamas_founder/">"Muhammad Hassan Shama, little-known Hamas founder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Hassan+Shama%2C+little-known+Hamas+founder&rft.date=2011-06-11&rft.aulast=Barzak&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fbostonglobe%2Fobituaries%2Farticles%2F2011%2F06%2F11%2Fmuhammad_hassan_shama_little_known_hamas_founder%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDW2018" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/un-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas/a-46623413">"UN General Assembly rejects US resolution to condemn Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=UN+General+Assembly+rejects+US+resolution+to+condemn+Hamas&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fun-general-assembly-rejects-us-resolution-to-condemn-hamas%2Fa-46623413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalloul2017" class="citation web cs1">Dalloul, Motasem A (14 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20171214-interview-with-dr-ibrahim-al-yazouri-a-founder-of-hamas/">"Interview with Dr Ibrahim Al-Yazouri, a founder of Hamas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Monitor" title="Middle East Monitor">Middle East Monitor</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Dr+Ibrahim+Al-Yazouri%2C+a+founder+of+Hamas&rft.pub=Middle+East+Monitor&rft.date=2017-12-14&rft.aulast=Dalloul&rft.aufirst=Motasem+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeastmonitor.com%2F20171214-interview-with-dr-ibrahim-al-yazouri-a-founder-of-hamas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Tom Stevenson, "Illusions of Containment" (review of Beverly Milton-Edwards and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Farrell_(journalist)" title="Stephen Farrell (journalist)">Stephen Farrell</a>, Hamas: The Quest for Power, Polity, 2024, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B5095%2B6493%2B4" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+5095+6493+4">978 1 5095 6493 4</a>, 331 pp.), <a href="/wiki/London_Review_of_Books" title="London Review of Books">London Review of Books</a>, vol. 47, no. 2 (6 February 2025), pp. 7–10.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Hamas at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hamas" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hamas">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamas" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hamas">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Hamas" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Hamas">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Hamas" class="extiw" title="q:Hamas">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38799" class="extiw" title="d:Q38799">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hamasinfo.info">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38799#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> (in Arabic)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hamas.ps/en/">Official website</a> (in English)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103910/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9811/hamas_leaders.html">Hamas leaders</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">CFR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp">Hamas Charter of 1988</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030163224/https://irp.fas.org/world/para/docs/hamas-2017.pdf">Hamas 2017 Document of General Principles & Policies</a> (English translation published by Hamas, via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm">The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas) (includes interpretation)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/world/middleeast/24gaza.html">Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations</a> The New York Times, July 23, 2009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728103620/http://www.qassam.ps/statement-1319-Twenty_two_years_on_the_start_of_Hamas_movement.html">22 years on the start of Hamas</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Al-Qassam Brigades</a>' Information Office</li> <li>Sherifa Zuhur, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf">Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics</a> (PDF file) December 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720065737/http://www.phrmg.org/Fatah%20and%20hamas%20abuses%20since%20June%202007%20report%20_2_.pdf">Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007</a> by Elizabeth Freed of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Human_Rights_Monitoring_Group" title="Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group">Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3343944,00.html">"Hamas threatens attacks on US: Terrorist warns 'Middle East is full of American targets'"</a> Ynetnews. December 24, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2014.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hamas469" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#008000; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hamas" title="Template:Hamas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hamas" title="Template talk:Hamas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hamas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hamas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hamas469" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hamas" title="History of Hamas">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">Hamas Charter</a> (<a href="/wiki/2017_Hamas_charter" title="2017 Hamas charter">revised</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gaza_(2007)" title="Battle of Gaza (2007)">Takeover of the Gaza Strip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/25th_anniversary_of_Hamas" title="25th anniversary of Hamas">25th anniversary of Hamas</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Political wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_Hamas" title="List of leaders of Hamas">List of leaders of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas government in the Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_temporary_committee" title="Hamas temporary committee">Hamas temporary committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Party" title="Islamic Salvation Party">Islamic Salvation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Sinwar" title="Yahya Sinwar">Yahya Sinwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basem_Naim" title="Basem Naim">Basem Naim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baraka" title="Ali Baraka">Ali Baraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousa_Abu_Marzook" title="Mousa Abu Marzook">Mousa Abu Marzook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaher_Jabarin" title="Zaher Jabarin">Zaher Jabarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essam_al-Da%27alis" title="Essam al-Da'alis">Essam al-Da'alis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rantisi_Hospital" title="Al-Rantisi Hospital">hospital</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women: <a href="/wiki/Jamila_Abdallah_Taha_al-Shanti" title="Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti">Jamila Abdallah Taha al-Shanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Nidal" title="Umm Nidal">Umm Nidal</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Elections9" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFDFBF;;width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Palestinian_presidential_election" title="2005 Palestinian presidential election">2005 presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election" title="2006 Palestinian legislative election">2006 legislative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Law and order</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip">Interior Minister of the Gaza Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihab_al-Ghussein" title="Ihab al-Ghussein">Ihab al-Ghussein</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Civil_Police_Force#Gaza_Strip" title="Palestinian Civil Police Force">Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faiq_Mabhouh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiq Mabhouh">Faiq Mabhouh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_Executive_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestinian Executive Force (page does not exist)">Palestinian Executive Force</a> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:القوة التنفيذية">ar</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Seyam" title="Said Seyam">Said Seyam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_law" title="Palestinian law">Palestinian law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Capital punishment in the Gaza Strip">Executions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Military wing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Joint_Operations_Room" title="Palestinian Joint Operations Room">Palestinian Joint Operations Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qassam_Brigades" title="Al-Qassam Brigades">Al-Qassam Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukhba_forces" title="Nukhba forces">Nukbha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_Nofal" title="Ayman Nofal">Ayman Nofal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_in_Lebanon" title="Hamas in Lebanon">al-Aqsa Flood Vanguards unit</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="People6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFDFBF;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Leader: <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li>Spokesperson: <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaida_(Hamas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaida (Hamas)">Abu Ubaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Issa" title="Marwan Issa">Marwan Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adnan_al-Ghoul" title="Adnan al-Ghoul">Adnan al-Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazen_Faqha" title="Mazen Faqha">Mazen Faqha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%27el_Nassar" title="Wa'el Nassar">Wa'el Nassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jabari" title="Ahmed Jabari">Ahmed Jabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_Abbas" title="Imad Abbas">Imad Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emad_Akel" title="Emad Akel">Emad Akel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidal_Farahat" title="Nidal Farahat">Nidal Farahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunis_Al_Astal" title="Yunis Al Astal">Yunis Al Astal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ghandour_(militant)" title="Ahmed Ghandour (militant)">Ahmed Ghandour</a></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reem_Riyashi" title="Reem Riyashi">Reem Riyashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatma_Omar_An-Najar" title="Fatma Omar An-Najar">Fatma Omar An-Najar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFDFBF;;width:1%">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Yaron_and_Efrat_Ungar" title="Murder of Yaron and Efrat Ungar">Murder of Yaron and Efrat Ungar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Immanuel_bus_attack" title="2001 Immanuel bus attack">2001 Immanuel bus attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">2004 Ashdod Port bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDF_outpost_bombing_attack_(December_2004)" title="IDF outpost bombing attack (December 2004)">IDF outpost bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">2006 Gaza cross-border raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War (2008–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_2010_West_Bank_shooting_attack" title="August 2010 West Bank shooting attack">August 2010 West Bank shooting attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">2012 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">2014 Gaza War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 attack on Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#BFDFBF;;width:1%">Weapons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bana" title="Al-Bana">Al-Bana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batar" title="Batar">Batar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassam_rocket" title="Qassam rocket">Qassam rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasin_(RPG)" title="Yasin (RPG)">Yasin (RPG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Social services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Gaza" title="Islamic University of Gaza">Islamic University of Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujama_al-Islamiya" title="Mujama al-Islamiya">Mujama al-Islamiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority_Martyrs_Fund" title="Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund">Palestinian Authority Martyrs Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_TV" title="Al-Aqsa TV">Al-Aqsa TV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomorrow%27s_Pioneers" title="Tomorrow's Pioneers">Tomorrow's Pioneers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Voice_Radio" title="Al-Aqsa Voice Radio">Al-Aqsa Voice Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_TV" title="Al-Quds TV">Al-Quds TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shehab_News_Agency" title="Shehab News Agency">Shehab News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Watan_(Palestine)" title="Al-Watan (Palestine)">Al-Watan</a> (defunct)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hamas" title="Foreign relations of Hamas">Foreign relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Support from (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_support_for_Hamas" title="Iranian support for Hamas">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_support_for_Hamas" title="Qatari support for Hamas">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_support_for_Hamas" title="Turkish support for Hamas">Turkey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Hamas_relations" title="Russia–Hamas relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_in_Lebanon" title="Hamas in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#008000; color:white;;width:1%;background:#80BF80; color:black;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_war_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas war crimes">Hamas war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamas_most_wanted_playing_cards" title="Hamas most wanted playing cards">Hamas most wanted playing cards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#008000; color:white;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hamas" title="Category:Hamas">Category:Hamas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Palestine427" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Palestinian_political_parties" title="Template:Palestinian political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Palestinian_political_parties" title="Template 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href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)</a> (3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Initiative" title="Palestinian National Initiative">Palestinian National Initiative (PNI)</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Palestinian_political_party)" title="Third Way (Palestinian political party)">Third Way</a> (2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP)</a> (1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_People%27s_Party" title="Palestinian People's Party">Palestinian People's Party (PPP)</a> (1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberation_Front" title="Arab Liberation Front">Arab Liberation Front (ALF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/As-Sa%27iqa" title="As-Sa'iqa">As-Sa'iqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Abbas) (PLF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front_(Abu_Nidal_Ashqar_wing)" title="Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Nidal Ashqar wing)">Palestinian Liberation Front (Abu Nidal Ashqar) (PLF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Arab_Front" title="Palestinian Arab Front">Palestinian Arab Front (PAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Communist_Party_(1991)" title="Palestinian Communist Party (1991)">Palestinian Communist Party (PCP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Democratic_Union" title="Palestinian Democratic Union">Palestinian Democratic Union (FIDA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Freedom_Movement" title="Palestinian Freedom Movement">Palestinian Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (Samir Ghawshah) (PPSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front_(1991)" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (1991)">Palestinian Popular Struggle Front (Khalid ‘Abd al-Majid) (PPSF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_for_Justice_and_Democracy" title="National Coalition for Justice and Democracy">National Coalition for Justice and Democracy (Wa'ad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Development_Party_(Palestine)" title="Reform and Development Party (Palestine)">Reform and Development Party (RDPP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Palestinian_Communist_Party" title="Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party">Revolutionary Palestinian Communist Party (RPCP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="Politics of the Palestinian National Authority">Politics of the Palestinian National Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">Lists of political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict34" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Template talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli–Palestinian conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli–Palestinian_conflict34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Participants34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Israel Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shabak (Shin Bet)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Principals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-Palestine_Protectorate" title="All-Palestine Protectorate">All-Palestine Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah" title="Fatah">Fatah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs%27_Brigades" title="Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades">al-Aqsa Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine">DFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenin_Brigades" title="Jenin Brigades">Jenin Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Den_(militant_group)" title="Lions' Den (militant group)">Lions' Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Palestinian Islamic Jihad">PIJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Liberation_Front" title="Palestinian Liberation Front">PLF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Popular_Struggle_Front" title="Palestinian Popular Struggle Front">PPSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">PFLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine_%E2%80%93_General_Command" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – General Command">PFLP-GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Resistance_Committees" title="Popular Resistance Committees">PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabireen_Movement" title="Sabireen Movement">Sabireen Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Zouari" title="Sons of Zouari">Sons of Zouari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulkarm_Brigade" title="Tulkarm Brigade">Tulkarm Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third-party groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Individuals34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Arens" title="Moshe Arens">Moshe Arens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ami_Ayalon" title="Ami Ayalon">Ami Ayalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Dagan" title="Meir Dagan">Meir Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Dichter" title="Avi Dichter">Avi Dichter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Diskin" title="Yuval Diskin">Yuval Diskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efraim_Halevy" title="Efraim Halevy">Efraim Halevy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Halutz" title="Dan Halutz">Dan Halutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Mordechai" title="Yitzhak Mordechai">Yitzhak Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehud_Olmert" title="Ehud Olmert">Ehud Olmert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Peri" title="Yaakov Peri">Yaakov Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Lipkin-Shahak" title="Amnon Lipkin-Shahak">Amnon Lipkin-Shahak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Shamir" title="Yitzhak Shamir">Yitzhak Shamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabtai_Shavit" title="Shabtai Shavit">Shabtai Shavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Ya%27alon" title="Moshe Ya'alon">Moshe Ya'alon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Yatom" title="Danny Yatom">Danny Yatom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvi_Zamir" title="Zvi Zamir">Zvi Zamir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zaidan" title="Muhammad Zaidan">Abu Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Arafat" title="Moussa Arafat">Moussa Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Ayyash" title="Yahya Ayyash">Yahya Ayyash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_Barghouti" title="Marwan Barghouti">Marwan Barghouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dahlan" title="Mohammed Dahlan">Mohammed Dahlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Deif" title="Mohammed Deif">Mohammed Deif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Habash" title="George Habash">George Habash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadie_Haddad" title="Wadie Haddad">Wadie Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayef_Hawatmeh" title="Nayef Hawatmeh">Nayef Hawatmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_al-Jabali" title="Ghazi al-Jabali">Ghazi Jabali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Jibril" title="Ahmed Jibril">Ahmed Jibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Abu Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Khalaf" title="Salah Khalaf">Salah Khalaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leila_Khaled" title="Leila Khaled">Leila Khaled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_El-Deen_Sheikh_Khalil" title="Izz El-Deen Sheikh Khalil">Sheikh Khalil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Mashal" title="Khaled Mashal">Khaled Mashal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuheir_Mohsen" title="Zuheir Mohsen">Zuheir Mohsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_Mustafa" title="Abu Ali Mustafa">Abu Ali Mustafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Nidal" title="Abu Nidal">Abu Nidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">Izz ad-Din al-Qassam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibril_Rajoub" title="Jibril Rajoub">Jibril Rajoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdel_Aziz_al-Rantisi" title="Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi">Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Hassan_Salameh" title="Ali Hassan Salameh">Ali Hassan Salameh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Shehade" title="Salah Shehade">Salah Shehade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Shalah" title="Ramadan Shalah">Ramadan Shalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathi_Shaqaqi" title="Fathi Shaqaqi">Fathi Shaqaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Tamimi" title="Ahlam Tamimi">Ahlam Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Timeline_**_military_operations34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_of_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Military operations of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">military operations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1920–194811" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1920–1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">Nebi Musa riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tel_Hai" title="Battle of Tel Hai">Battle of Tel Hai</a></li></ul></li> <li>1921 <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots" title="Jaffa riots">Jaffa riots</a></li> <li>1929 <a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Palestine riots</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li>1936–1939 <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt</a></li> <li>1944–1947 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a></li> <li>1947–1948 <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">Civil War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1948–197011" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1948–1970</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">Arab–Israeli War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killings_and_massacres_during_the_1948_Palestine_war" title="Killings and massacres during the 1948 Palestine war">massacres</a></li></ul></li> <li>1948–present <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Fedayeen insurgency</a> <ul><li>1951–1967 <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">Attacks against Israeli civilians</a></li> <li>1950s–1960s <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">Reprisal operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Qibya_massacre" title="Qibya massacre">Qibya massacre</a></li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasim_massacre" title="Kafr Qasim massacre">Kafr Qasim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khan_Yunis_massacre" title="Khan Yunis massacre">Khan Yunis</a> / <a href="/wiki/1956_Rafah_massacre" title="1956 Rafah massacre">Rafah massacres</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></li> <li>1967–1970 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a> <ul><li>1968 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karameh" title="Battle of Karameh">Battle of Karameh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">Palestinian insurgency</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1968–198211" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1968–1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a></li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Sabena_Flight_571" title="Sabena Flight 571">Sabena Flight 571</a> / <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">"Bayonet"</a> (1973 <a href="/wiki/Lillehammer_affair" title="Lillehammer affair">Lillehammer affair</a>)</li> <li>1974 <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Hotel_attack" title="Savoy Hotel attack">Savoy Hotel attack</a></li> <li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Entebbe_raid" title="Entebbe raid">Entebbe raid</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Coastal_road_massacre" title="Coastal road massacre">Coastal road massacre</a> / <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li>1980 <a href="/wiki/Misgav_Am_hostage_crisis" title="Misgav Am hostage crisis">Misgav Am hostage crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1973–198711" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1973–1987</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Zion Square bombing</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">Lebanon War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Beirut" title="Siege of Beirut">Siege of Beirut</a></li></ul></li> <li>1983 <a href="/wiki/1983_West_Bank_fainting_epidemic" title="1983 West Bank fainting epidemic">1983 West Bank fainting epidemic</a></li> <li>1984 <a href="/wiki/Bus_300_affair" title="Bus 300 affair">Bus 300 affair</a></li> <li>1985 <a href="/wiki/Achille_Lauro_hijacking" title="Achille Lauro hijacking">Achille Lauro hijacking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">"Wooden Leg"</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Gliders" title="Night of the Gliders">Night of the Gliders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1987–199111" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">1987–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Wazir#Assassination" title="Khalil al-Wazir">Tunis raid</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/1989_Tel_Aviv%E2%80%93Jerusalem_bus_attack" title="1989 Tel Aviv–Jerusalem bus attack">Bus 405 attack</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_killings" title="1990 Temple Mount killings">Temple Mount killings</a></li> <li>1990s <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#1990s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2000–200511" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2000–2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Palestinian rocket attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2000s" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_assassinations#2000s" title="List of Israeli assassinations">Israeli assassinations</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/October_2000_protests_in_Israel" title="October 2000 protests in Israel">October events</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Santorini_affair" title="Santorini affair">Santorini</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Karine_A_affair" title="Karine A affair">Karine A</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield" title="Operation Defensive Shield">"Defensive Shield"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)" title="Battle of Jenin (2002)">Battle of Jenin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nablus" title="Battle of Nablus">Battle of Nablus</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Determined_Path" title="Operation Determined Path">"Determined Path"</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Ain_es_Saheb_airstrike" title="Ain es Saheb airstrike">Ain es Saheb airstrike</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_Rafah" title="2004 Israeli operation in Rafah">"Rainbow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Beit_Hanoun_raid" title="2004 Beit Hanoun raid">Beit Hanoun raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2004_Israeli_operation_in_the_northern_Gaza_Strip" title="2004 Israeli operation in the northern Gaza Strip">"Days of Penitence"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Palestinian dissident campaigns</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bringing_Home_the_Goods" title="Operation Bringing Home the Goods">"Bringing Home the Goods"</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> / <a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_bulldozer_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem bulldozer attack">Jerusalem bulldozer attack</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2009 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/2010_Palestinian_militancy_campaign" title="2010 Palestinian militancy campaign">Palestinian militancy campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 violence</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">Temple Mount crisis</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel–Palestine crisis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">Al-Aqsa clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-right:0.5em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2006–present14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em">2006–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2006 <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_beach_explosion" title="2006 Gaza beach explosion">Gaza beach explosion</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Gaza cross-border raid">Gaza cross-border raid</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="2006 Gaza–Israel conflict">"Summer Rains"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_Israeli_operation_in_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 Israeli operation in Beit Hanoun">"Autumn Clouds"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2006_shelling_of_Beit_Hanoun" title="2006 shelling of Beit Hanoun">Beit Hanoun shelling</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_breach_of_the_Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="2008 breach of the Egypt–Gaza border">Egypt–Gaza border breach</a> / <a href="/wiki/Operation_Hot_Winter" title="Operation Hot Winter">"Hot Winter"</a></li> <li>2008–2009 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">Gaza flotilla raid</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/March_2012_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="March 2012 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Returning Echo"</a> / <a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">"Pillar of Defense"</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">"Protective Edge"</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Flotilla_III" title="Freedom Flotilla III">Freedom Flotilla III</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Gaza_border_protests" title="2018–2019 Gaza border protests">Gaza border protests</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2018_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2018 Gaza–Israel clashes">November clashes</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/May_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">May clashes</a> / <a href="/wiki/November_2019_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="November 2019 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Black Belt"</a></li> <li>2021 <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">"Guardian of the Walls"</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="2022 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Breaking Dawn"</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/May_2023_Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_clashes" title="May 2023 Gaza–Israel clashes">"Shield and Arrow"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy/law34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy/law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Timeline58" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1948–1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1948 <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_depopulated_during_the_1947%E2%80%931949_Palestine_war" title="List of towns and villages depopulated during the 1947–1949 Palestine war">depopulated towns and villages</a></li></ul></li> <li>1949 <a href="/wiki/Lausanne_Conference_of_1949" title="Lausanne Conference of 1949">Lausanne Conference</a></li> <li>1967–present <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_settler_violence" title="Israeli settler violence">settler violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">international law</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1981–1982 <a href="/wiki/Fahd_Plan" title="Fahd Plan">Fahd Plan</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_of_1991" title="Madrid Conference of 1991">Madrid Conference</a></li> <li>1993–1995 <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Economic_Relations" title="Protocol on Economic Relations">Paris Protocol</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Jericho_Agreement" title="Gaza–Jericho Agreement">Gaza–Jericho Agreement</a></li> <li>1994–present <a href="/wiki/United_States_security_assistance_to_the_Palestinian_National_Authority" title="United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority">US security assistance to the PA</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">Hebron Agreement</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Sharm_El_Sheikh_Memorandum" title="Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum">Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000 <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">Camp David Summit</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Clinton_Parameters" title="The Clinton Parameters">Clinton Parameters</a></li> <li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Taba_Summit" title="Taba Summit">Taba Summit</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East" title="Quartet on the Middle East">Quartet established</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Road_map_for_peace" title="Road map for peace">Road Map</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_Gaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli disengagement from Gaza">Israeli disengagement from Gaza</a></li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_Movement_and_Access" title="Agreement on Movement and Access">Agreement on Movement and Access</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Peace_initiative" title="Valley of Peace initiative">Valley of Peace initiative</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Conference" title="Annapolis Conference">Annapolis Conference</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/2009_Aftonbladet_Israel_controversy" title="2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy">Aftonbladet Israel controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010–11 <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2010–2011 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Papers" title="Palestine Papers">Palestine Papers</a></li> <li>2013–2014 <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_talks" title="2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks">Israeli–Palestinian peace talks</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Nations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Israel and the UN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_and_the_United_Nations" title="Palestine and the United Nations">Palestine and the UN</a></li> <li>1947 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Resolution 181</a></li> <li>1948 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_194" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 194">UN Resolution 194</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Resolution 242</a></li> <li>ICJ cases <ul><li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Legal_Consequences_of_the_Construction_of_a_Wall_in_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" title="Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory">Wall construction</a></li> <li>2023–present <a href="/wiki/South_Africa%27s_genocide_case_against_Israel" title="South Africa's genocide case against Israel">South African allegation of genocide</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._Germany" title="Nicaragua v. Germany">Nicaragua v. Germany</a></li> <li>2023–2024 <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">Israeli occupation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">ICC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_Palestine" title="International Criminal Court investigation in Palestine">Palestine investigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_arrest_warrants_for_Israeli_leaders" title="International Criminal Court arrest warrants for Israeli leaders">arrest warrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Analysis34" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Analysis</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Anti-Palestinianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Israel_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany">Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany</a></li> <li>Criticism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hamas" title="Criticism of Hamas">Criticism of Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_criticism_of_the_occupation_of_Palestine" title="Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine">Israeli criticism of the occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict">Media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Racism in Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_anti-Zionism" title="Timeline of anti-Zionism">Timeline of anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/There_was_no_such_thing_as_Palestinians" title="There was no such thing as Palestinians">There was no such thing as Palestinians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamism119" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism" title="Template:Islamism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamism" title="Template talk:Islamism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism_in_Iran" title="Islamic fundamentalism in Iran">Shia Islamism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_governance" title="Islamic governance">Islamic governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_monarchy" title="Islamic monarchy">Islamic monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamistan" title="Islamistan">Islamistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_knowledge" title="Islamization of knowledge">of knowledge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">Shura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_model" title="Turkish model">Turkish model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Ummah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Socio-political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_Britain" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir Britain">in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir_in_Central_Asia" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir in Central Asia">in Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Defenders_Front" title="Islamic Defenders Front">Islamic Defenders Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Jamaat-e-Islami">Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Egypt" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt">in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood_in_Syria" title="Muslim Brotherhood in Syria">in Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar%E2%80%93Khatmiyya_rivalry" title="Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry">Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Sudan)" title="Ansar (Sudan)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatmiyya" title="Khatmiyya">Khatmiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Justice_Party_(Egypt)" title="Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)">Freedom and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Algeria_Alliance" title="Green Algeria Alliance">Green Algeria Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennahda" title="Ennahda">Ennahda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Constitutional_Movement" title="Islamic Constitutional Movement">Hadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Jamaat-e-Islami" title="Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami">Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan" title="Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan">Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami" title="Jamiat-e Islami">Jamiat-e Islami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Construction_Party" title="Justice and Construction Party">Justice and Construction Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Morocco)" title="Justice and Development Party (Morocco)">Justice and Development Party (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Party_(Sudan)" title="National Congress Party (Sudan)">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iraqi_Alliance" title="National Iraqi Alliance">National Iraqi Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Islamic_Party" title="Malaysian Islamic Party">Malaysian Islamic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperous_Justice_Party" title="Prosperous Justice Party">Prosperous Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Wefaq" title="Al Wefaq">Al Wefaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_Party" title="Welfare Party">Welfare Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_Alliance" title="Fatah Alliance">Fatah Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Law_Coalition" title="State of Law Coalition">State of Law Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Action_Front" title="Islamic Action Front">Islamic Action Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_List" title="United Arab List">United Arab List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Houthi movement">Ansar Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political leaders</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qazi_Hussain_Ahmad" title="Qazi Hussain Ahmad">Qazi Hussain Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rached_Ghannouchi" title="Rached Ghannouchi">Rached Ghannouchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safwat_Hegazi" title="Safwat Hegazi">Safwat Hegazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alija_Izetbegovi%C4%87" title="Alija Izetbegović">Alija Izetbegović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_Ali_Hasani_Nadwi" title="Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi">Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Nabhani" title="Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani">Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Sayyid Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Abu_Rashta" title="Ata Abu Rashta">Ata Abu Rashta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navvab_Safavi" title="Navvab Safavi">Navvab Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bongo" title="Omar Bongo">Omar Bongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Shariatullah" title="Haji Shariatullah">Haji Shariatullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Turabi" title="Hassan al-Turabi">Hassan al-Turabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Yassin" title="Ahmed Yassin">Ahmed Yassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zia-ul-Haq" title="Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizieq_Shihab" title="Rizieq Shihab">Rizieq Shihab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Salafi_movement119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholastic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties#Salafist" title="List of Islamic political parties">Political</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Asalah" title="Al Asalah">Al Asalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Islah_(Yemen)" title="Al-Islah (Yemen)">Al-Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamist_Bloc" title="Islamist Bloc">Islamist Bloc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Kashgar_Party" title="Young Kashgar Party">Young Kashgar Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafi_scholars_by_country" title="Salafi movement">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_al-Hawali" title="Safar al-Hawali">Safar al-Hawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Munajjid" title="Muhammad Al-Munajjid">Muhammad Al-Munajjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakir_Naik" title="Zakir Naik">Zakir Naik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Tamimi" title="Ali al-Tamimi">Ali al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism" title="International propagation of Salafism">International propagation of Salafism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Islamic religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi%E2%80%93Sufi_relations" title="Salafi–Sufi relations">Salafi–Sufi relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Militant_Islamism/Jihadism119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Militant Islamism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Militant Islamism based in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Template:Militant Islamism in the Middle East">MENA region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Islamic_Jihad" title="Egyptian Islamic Jihad">Egyptian Islamic Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah_al-Islam" title="Fatah al-Islam">Fatah al-Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in South Asia">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashkar-e-Taiba" title="Lashkar-e-Taiba">Lashkar-e-Taiba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sayyaf" title="Abu Sayyaf">Abu Sayyaf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Militant_Islamism_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Template:Militant Islamism in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">al-Shabaab</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">in the Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_Iraq" title="Al-Qaeda in Iraq">in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">in North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Major figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hibatullah_Akhundzada" title="Hibatullah Akhundzada">Hibatullah Akhundzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_al-Awlaki" title="Anwar al-Awlaki">Anwar al-Awlaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Yusuf_Azzam" title="Abdullah Yusuf Azzam">Abdullah Yusuf Azzam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhtar_Mansour" title="Akhtar Mansour">Akhtar Mansour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhayman_al-Otaybi" title="Juhayman al-Otaybi">Juhayman al-Otaybi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Abdel-Rahman" title="Omar Abdel-Rahman">Omar Abdel-Rahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayman_al-Zawahiri" title="Ayman al-Zawahiri">Ayman al-Zawahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_21st-century_jihadism" title="Slavery in 21st-century jihadism">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_topics119" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">Reconstruction (Iqbal, 1930s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forty_Hadith_of_Ruhullah_Khomeini" title="Forty Hadith of Ruhullah Khomeini">Forty Hadith (Khomeini, 1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_State_and_Government_in_Islam" title="The Principles of State and Government in Islam"> Principles (Asad, 1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milestones_(book)" title="Milestones (book)">Milestones (Qutb, 1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government" title="Islamic Government">Islamic Government (Khomeini, 1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Declaration" title="Islamic Declaration">Islamic Declaration (Izetbegović, 1969-1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(Gaddafi)" title="The Green Book (Gaddafi)"> The Green Book (Gaddafi, 1975)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_in_Pakistan" title="Islamization in Pakistan">Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_seizure" title="Grand Mosque seizure">Grand Mosque seizure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Arab_and_Islamic_Congress" title="Popular Arab and Islamic Congress">Popular Arab and Islamic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_Campaign" title="Faith Campaign">Faith Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islamic response to modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_and_Islamic_terrorism_in_the_Balkans" title="Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Islamism in the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_Sudan" title="Islamism in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islamism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Islam" title="Political Islam">Political Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Islam in <a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_in_South_Asia" title="Template:Islam in South Asia">South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamism_in_North_Africa" title="Template:Islamism in North Africa">North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035239301">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas&oldid=1277601563">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas&oldid=1277601563</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hamas" title="Category:Hamas">Hamas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_establishments_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Category:1987 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 117 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6cc877bdc-f7lgz","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.564","walltime":"4.064","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33847,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":992099,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":39713,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":61,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1371834,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3494.981 1 -total"," 41.45% 1448.717 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.19% 565.875 133 Template:Cite_news"," 14.68% 512.946 1 Template:Infobox_political_party"," 14.22% 497.004 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.86% 449.520 144 Template:Sfn"," 9.77% 341.588 81 Template:Cite_book"," 9.48% 331.493 88 Template:Cite_web"," 6.23% 217.668 18 Template:If_empty"," 5.28% 184.468 1 Template:Collapsible_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.253","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23552551,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF(IISS)2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAFP2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdelal2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbu-Amr1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAburabia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAfflerbachStrachan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgence_France-Presse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgencies_and_ToI_Staff2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Mughrabi,_Nidal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-Mughrabi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl-MughrabiHafezi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAl_Jazeera_Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlsoos2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFAmira2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmira_Hass2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmossy2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Carey_and_Joe_Sterling2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtkins2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAviad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaconiDenvir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarak_Ravid2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarzak2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayefskyBlank2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeinart2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Zion2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBigg2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackSherwood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoseJackson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoulos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreedon2015–2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrenner2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruce_Hoffman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuck2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullock2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBymanPalmer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheema2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChehab2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomskyPappé2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomskyPappé2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorey_Flintoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDW2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalacoura2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalloul2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebre2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowns\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Hay_Eytan_Cohen_YanarocakDr._Jonathan_Spyer2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDupretLynchBerard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhl,_David2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbagirArvanitidisPlattRazek2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngland2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErlanger2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaeqJahnata2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFiliu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGidda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleisBerti2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldMurphySalmaDahman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGourevitch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimBoguslawScahill2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimScahil2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuidère2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumrukcuHayatsever2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunning2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunning2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalevi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalim_Rane2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHaspeslagh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerf2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrick2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzog2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHroub2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHroub2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHroub2006b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHroub2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHroub2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuestonPierpaoliZahar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndependent_International_Commission_of_Inquiry_on_the_Occupied_Palestinian_Territory2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIssam_Aburaiya2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacqueline_S._IsmaelTareq_Y._IsmaelGlenn_Perry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamaluddineAbukmailAlyCampbell2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJefferis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L.Esposito1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabahā2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKassO\u0026#039;Neill1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKear2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKear2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhadderListerSalmanKourdi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalidi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimmerling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinGinsburg2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoelbl2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKüntzel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangeMayerhoferPoratSchiffman2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefkovits2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeifer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevs2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLidman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvak1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLitvak2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopezIrelandIrelandLewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoren_D._Lybarger2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLubell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLybarger2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadelene_Axelsson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaqdsi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGreal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcLaughlin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMišʿalSelaSelaʿ2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Ayoob\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorKugelMizrahiKaliner2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrisPiperSohyun_LeeGeorge2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukhimer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNajibFriedrich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNtieb2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Malley2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPACCHIANI2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacchiani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilpWeiniger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccoRifkind2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQiblawiDewanRegister2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQossay_Hamed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasgonBergman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRettig2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRozovsky2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSCOTT_ATRAN2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaarnivaara2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Ramani2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchanzer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheindlin2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott_Atran,_Robert_Axelrod2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth_Ackerman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeurat2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeurat2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSewell2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShitrit2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpoerl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStepanova2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStruck2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSumantra_Bose\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaraki1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaub2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimea_Spitka2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTristan_Dunning2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTsesis2014–2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuastad2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrquhart2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsher2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVittori2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestervelt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiner2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFYoav_Segev2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYosif_Mahmoud_Haj-Yahis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYounes\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZartman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"EJK\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Ambiguous\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 133,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 89,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 4,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Color box\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 2,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hamas\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Disputed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 2,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 15,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Hamas\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamism\"] = 1,\n [\"Israeli–Palestinian conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Palestinian political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Party color\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Protection padlock\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 3,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 144,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 12,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Undue weight inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 48,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","15.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","340","14.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","4.2"],["type","100","4.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","2.5"],["[others]","860","36.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-74b99f876-wvqxg","timestamp":"20250226004702","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hamas","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamas","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38799","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q38799","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-07T20:51:00Z","dateModified":"2025-02-25T16:44:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/5\/55\/Emblem_of_Hamas.svg","headline":"Palestinian Islamist political and military organization, widely designated as a terrorist organization"}</script> </body> </html>