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This includes the multiplicity of mind/body problems, the limits" /> <title>(PDF) The relation of consciousness to the material world | Max Velmans - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/943125/The_relation_of_consciousness_to_the_material_world" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '39314d9bcf4522f48eeb027cf31da0a13496d2ce'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1733902516000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1733902516000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Many of the arguments about how to address the hard versus the easy questions of consciousness put by Chalmers (1995) are similar to ones I have developed in Velmans (1991a,b; 1993a). This includes the multiplicity of mind/body problems, the limits of functional explanation, the need for a non-reductionist approach, and the notion that consciousness may be related to neural/physical representation via a dual-aspect theory of information. But there are also differences. Unlike Chalmers I argue for the use of neutral information processing language for functional accounts rather than the term \u0026amp;quot;awareness.\u0026amp;quot; I do not agree that functional equivalence cannot be extricated from phenomenal equivalence, and suggest a hypothetical experiment for doing so—using a cortical implant for blindsight. I argue that not all information has phenomenal accompaniments, and introduce a different form of dual-aspect theory involving \u0026amp;quot;psychological complementarity.\u0026amp;quot; I also suggest that the hard problem posed by \u0026amp;quot;qualia\u0026amp;quot; has its origin in a misdescription of everyday experience implicit in dualism.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Max Velmans"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2011-09-23","dateModified":"2024-05-01","datePublished":"1995-01-01","headline":"The relation of consciousness to the material world","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/17860923/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Cognitive Science","Metaphysics","Philosophy of Mind","Philosophy of Science","Metaphilosophy","Consciousness (Psychology)","Metaphysics of Consciousness","Theory of Mind","Consciousness","Metaphysics of Mind","Functionalism","Personal Identity","Philosophy of perception","Theory of Mind (Psychology)","Human Consciousness","Qualia","Reductionism","Consciousness Studies","Intuitive mind-body dualism","Dualism","Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence","Blindsight","Positions beyond dualism","Psychological Complementarity","David Chalmers","Dual Aspect Theory of Information","Chalmers and Velmans","Cortical Implant"],"publication":"Journal of Consciousness Studies","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"ingentaconnect.com"},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"goldsmiths"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/17860923/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/943125/The_relation_of_consciousness_to_the_material_world"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F943125%2FThe_relation_of_consciousness_to_the_material_world%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":17860923,"identifier":"Attachment_17860923","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":943125,"created_at":"2011-09-23T02:12:14.976-07:00","from_world_paper_id":9334481,"updated_at":"2024-11-21T12:16:46.667-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Many of the arguments about how to address the hard versus the easy questions of consciousness put by Chalmers (1995) are similar to ones I have developed in Velmans (1991a,b; 1993a). This includes the multiplicity of mind/body problems, the limits of functional explanation, the need for a non-reductionist approach, and the notion that consciousness may be related to neural/physical representation via a dual-aspect theory of information. But there are also differences. Unlike Chalmers I argue for the use of neutral information processing language for functional accounts rather than the term \"awareness.\" I do not agree that functional equivalence cannot be extricated from phenomenal equivalence, and suggest a hypothetical experiment for doing so—using a cortical implant for blindsight. I argue that not all information has phenomenal accompaniments, and introduce a different form of dual-aspect theory involving \"psychological complementarity.\" I also suggest that the hard problem posed by \"qualia\" has its origin in a misdescription of everyday experience implicit in dualism.","more_info":"This paper was an invited commentary on David Chalmer's first publication in the Journal of Consciousness Studies (1995). To my surprise there were quite a few major areas of agreement between Chalmers' proposals and my own earlier publications, for example in the Behavioral and Brain Sciences in 1991, although Chalmers had made no reference to them. However, there were also some major differences. In this paper I tried to chart these similarities and differences--partly to try to advance the argument, and partly for the historical record. For anyone interested in the question of whether it...","publisher":"ingentaconnect.com","publication_date":"1995,1,1","publication_name":"Journal of Consciousness Studies"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":2,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"The relation of consciousness to the material world","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [136643]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":17860923,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “The relation of consciousness to the material world”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/17860923/mini_magick20190427-28317-gx6ell.png?1556352230" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">The relation of consciousness to the material world</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136643" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/MaxVelmans"><img alt="Profile image of Max Velmans" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/136643/36257/16019637/s65_max.velmans.jpg" />Max Velmans</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">1995, Journal of Consciousness Studies</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Many of the arguments about how to address the hard versus the easy questions of consciousness put by Chalmers (1995) are similar to ones I have developed in Velmans (1991a,b; 1993a). This includes the multiplicity of mind/body problems, the limits of functional explanation, the need for a non-reductionist approach, and the notion that consciousness may be related to neural/physical representation via a dual-aspect theory of information. But there are also differences. Unlike Chalmers I argue for the use of neutral information processing language for functional accounts rather than the term "awareness." I do not agree that functional equivalence cannot be extricated from phenomenal equivalence, and suggest a hypothetical experiment for doing so—using a cortical implant for blindsight. I argue that not all information has phenomenal accompaniments, and introduce a different form of dual-aspect theory involving "psychological complementarity." I also suggest that the hard problem posed by "qualia" has its origin in a misdescription of everyday experience implicit in dualism.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":17860923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/943125/The_relation_of_consciousness_to_the_material_world"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":17860923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/943125/The_relation_of_consciousness_to_the_material_world"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" 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Johann Friederich Herbart further developed Wolff's measuring methods, and Wilhelm Wundt, who considered Wolff "the most influential psychological systematist among moderns," used Wolff's ideas to develop his psychophysics.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An account of consciousness in physical and functional terms: A target for research in the neurosciences","attachmentId":51687792,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31289244/An_account_of_consciousness_in_physical_and_functional_terms_A_target_for_research_in_the_neurosciences","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31289244/An_account_of_consciousness_in_physical_and_functional_terms_A_target_for_research_in_the_neurosciences"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="33305884" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33305884/Sensory_Qualities_Consciousness_and_Perception_originally_published_as_chapter_7_of_David_Rosenthal_Consciousness_and_Mind_Oxford_Clarendon_Press_2005">Sensory, Qualities, Consciousness, and Perception, originally published as chapter 7 of David Rosenthal, Consciousness and Mind, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="306178" href="https://gc-cuny.academia.edu/david">David Rosenthal</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Sensory, Qualities, Consciousness, and Perception, originally published as chapter 7 of David Rosenthal, Consciousness and Mind, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005","attachmentId":53369776,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33305884/Sensory_Qualities_Consciousness_and_Perception_originally_published_as_chapter_7_of_David_Rosenthal_Consciousness_and_Mind_Oxford_Clarendon_Press_2005","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33305884/Sensory_Qualities_Consciousness_and_Perception_originally_published_as_chapter_7_of_David_Rosenthal_Consciousness_and_Mind_Oxford_Clarendon_Press_2005"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="33215082" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33215082/SOME_PHILOSOPHICAL_PROBLEMS_FOR_CONSCIOUSNESS_AS_A_NEURAL_CAPACITY_FOR_OBJECTIVITY">SOME (PHILOSOPHICAL) PROBLEMS FOR CONSCIOUSNESS AS A NEURAL CAPACITY FOR OBJECTIVITY</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64203461" href="https://up-losbanos.academia.edu/JohnIanBoongaling">John Ian Boongaling</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper is a critical appraisal of the most recent attempt from cognitive science in general, developmental and evolutionary biology in particular, to understand the nature and mechanisms underlying consciousness as proposed by Anton J.M. Dijker. The proposal, briefly stated, is to view consciousness as a neural capacity for objectivity. What makes the problem of consciousness philosophically and scientifically challenging may be stated as follows: If consciousness has a first-person ontology and our best scientific theories have a third-person ontology, how can we come up with a satisfactory theory? Moreover, if the reduction of one to the other is impossible, what are we supposed to do? By neglecting what Chalmers calls the " hard problem " of consciousness , Dijker's proposal seems unable to respond to the foregoing questions, and these questions, I maintain, are the very motivations that most of us have when we inquire about consciousness.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"SOME (PHILOSOPHICAL) PROBLEMS FOR CONSCIOUSNESS AS A NEURAL CAPACITY FOR OBJECTIVITY","attachmentId":53293160,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33215082/SOME_PHILOSOPHICAL_PROBLEMS_FOR_CONSCIOUSNESS_AS_A_NEURAL_CAPACITY_FOR_OBJECTIVITY","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33215082/SOME_PHILOSOPHICAL_PROBLEMS_FOR_CONSCIOUSNESS_AS_A_NEURAL_CAPACITY_FOR_OBJECTIVITY"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="68186991" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68186991/Two_Puzzles_For_a_New_Theory_of_Consciousness">Two Puzzles For a New Theory of Consciousness</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8188906" href="https://miami.academia.edu/AmieThomasson">Amie Thomasson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In The Significance of Consciousness, Charles Siewert proposes a novel understanding of consciousness by arguing against higher-order views of consciousness and rejecting the traditional taxonomy of the mental into qualitative and intentional aspects. I discuss two puzzles that arise from these changes: first, how to account for first-person knowledge of our conscious states while denying that these are typically accompanied by higher-order states directed towards them; second, how to understand his claim that phenomenal features are intentional features without either risking consciousness neglect or retreating to a more traditional understanding of the relation between qualitative and intentional character. Thinking of theories that defend phenomenal consciousness might bring to mind Kantian inner-awareness pictures of a mind constantly aware of its own contents, or contemporary &#39;qualia freaks&#39; who would preserve consciousness by arguing for the irreducibility of sensory &...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Two Puzzles For a New Theory of Consciousness","attachmentId":78753166,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68186991/Two_Puzzles_For_a_New_Theory_of_Consciousness","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68186991/Two_Puzzles_For_a_New_Theory_of_Consciousness"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="25606018" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25606018/Toward_a_model_of_consciousness_philosophical_problems_and_questions_guiding_a_way_forward">Toward a model of consciousness: philosophical problems and questions guiding a way forward</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="49156332" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamesLake6">James Lake</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Nonlocality, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In spite of millennia of introspection, research and debate, there is still no compelling evidence for any single model of consciousness . Nor is there agreement on how to define consciousness, what constitutes a rigorous model of consciousness, and what research methods are most appropriate or productive when investigating consciousness. Current science relies on biological models of brain function as metaphors for describing what consciousness does and cannot confirm postulated causal relationships between discrete functional brain states and specific characteristics or subjective "states" of consciousness. The absence of a strong conceptual framework for thinking about consciousness, together with intrinsic limitations of contemporary research methods and technologies, have resulted in numerous un-testable hypotheses concerning the general nature of consciousness and a paralyzing lack of consensus on research priorities and methods , despite the fact that "mind" and "brain" have supplanted genetics as the next great scientific challenge for the international community -see the Human Brain Project in the EU and the BRAIN Initiative in the US (http://www.nih.gov/science/brain).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Toward a model of consciousness: philosophical problems and questions guiding a way forward","attachmentId":45937340,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25606018/Toward_a_model_of_consciousness_philosophical_problems_and_questions_guiding_a_way_forward","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25606018/Toward_a_model_of_consciousness_philosophical_problems_and_questions_guiding_a_way_forward"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="1130505" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1130505/Consciousness_Brain_and_the_Physical_World">Consciousness, Brain and the Physical World</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="136643" href="https://goldsmiths.academia.edu/MaxVelmans">Max Velmans</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Dualist and Reductionist theories of mind disagree about whether or not consciousness can be reduced to a state of or function of the brain. They assume, however, that the contents of consciousness are separate from the external physical world as-perceived. According to the present paper this assumption has no foundation either in everyday experience or in science. Drawing on evidence for perceptual projection in both interoceptive and exteroceptive sense modalities, the case is made that the physical world as-perceived is a construct of perceptual processing and, therefore, part of the contents of consciousness. A finding which requires a Reflexive rather than a Dualist or Reductionist model of how consciousness relates to the brain and the physical world. The physical world as-perceived may, in turn be thought of as a biologically useful model of the world as described by physics. Redrawing the boundaries of consciousness to include the physical world as-perceived undermines the conventional separation of the 'mental' from the physical', and with it the very foundation of the Dualist-Reductionist debate. The alternative Reflexive model departs radically from current conventions, with consequences for many aspects of consciousness theory and research. Some of the consequences which bear on the internal consistency and intuitive plausibility of the model are explored, e.g. the causal sequence in perception, representationalism, a suggested resolution of the Realism versus Idealism debate, and the way manifest differences between physical events as-perceived and other conscious events (images, dreams, etc.) are to be construed.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Consciousness, Brain and the Physical World","attachmentId":6977004,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1130505/Consciousness_Brain_and_the_Physical_World","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1130505/Consciousness_Brain_and_the_Physical_World"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":17860923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":17860923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_17860923" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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