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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Status of combatants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status of combatants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_of_combatants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Imperial military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperial_police" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_police"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Imperial police</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_police-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebel_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebel_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rebel forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebel_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Southwestern_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Southwestern_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The Southwestern War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Southwestern_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Southwestern War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Southwestern_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Kumamoto_Castle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Kumamoto_Castle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Siege of Kumamoto Castle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Kumamoto_Castle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Tabaruzaka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Tabaruzaka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Battle of Tabaruzaka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Tabaruzaka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retreat_from_Kumamoto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retreat_from_Kumamoto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Retreat from Kumamoto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retreat_from_Kumamoto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Shiroyama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Shiroyama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Battle of Shiroyama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Shiroyama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7" title="تمرد ساتسوما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تمرد ساتسوما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ساتسوما آیاقلانماسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ساتسوما آیاقلانماسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_de_Satsuma" title="Rebel·lió de Satsuma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rebel·lió de Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacumsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Sacumské povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sacumské povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma-Rebellion" title="Satsuma-Rebellion – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Satsuma-Rebellion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Satsuma" title="Rebelión de Satsuma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جنگ سینان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ سینان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9bellion_de_Satsuma" title="Rébellion de Satsuma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rébellion de Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%9C_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="세이난 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세이난 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Satsuma" title="Pemberontakan Satsuma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribellione_di_Satsuma" title="Ribellione di Satsuma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ribellione di Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="מרד סצומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד סצומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="საცუმას აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საცუმას აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacumos_sukilimas" title="Sacumos sukilimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sacumos sukilimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Satsuma" title="Pemberontakan Satsuma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemberontakan Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsumaopstand" title="Satsumaopstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Satsumaopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="西南戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西南戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Satsuma-opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Satsuma-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebellion_Satsuma" title="Rebellion Satsuma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rebellion Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunt_Satsumy" title="Bunt Satsumy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bunt Satsumy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%A3o_Satsuma" title="Rebelião Satsuma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rebelião Satsuma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Сацумское восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сацумское восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuman_kapina" title="Satsuman kapina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Satsuman kapina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsumaupproret" title="Satsumaupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Satsumaupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8F%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B0" title="กบฏซัตสึมะ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กบฏซัตสึมะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Satsuma Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Satsuma Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Південно-західна війна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південно-західна війна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_T%C3%A2y_Nam_(Nh%E1%BA%ADt_B%E1%BA%A3n)" title="Chiến tranh Tây Nam (Nhật Bản) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Tây Nam (Nhật Bản)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Satsuma Rebellion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Shizoku" title="Shizoku">Shizoku</a> rebellions</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satsuma_rebeliion.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Satsuma_rebeliion.svg/300px-Satsuma_rebeliion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Satsuma_rebeliion.svg/450px-Satsuma_rebeliion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Satsuma_rebeliion.svg/600px-Satsuma_rebeliion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="965" /></a></span><br />Map of the campaign</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29 January – 24 September 1877</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Imperial victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a></li> <li><b>Imperial Army:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arisugawa_Taruhito" title="Prince Arisugawa Taruhito">Prince Arisugawa</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda Kiyotaka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tani_Tateki" title="Tani Tateki">Tani Tateki</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a></li> <li><b>Imperial Guard:</b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/45px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Murata_Tsuneyoshi" title="Murata Tsuneyoshi">Murata Tsuneyoshi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kirino_Toshiaki" title="Kirino Toshiaki">Kirino Toshiaki</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain"><img alt="Satsuma Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/15px-Maru_juji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/23px-Maru_juji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Maru_juji.svg/30px-Maru_juji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beppu_Shinsuke" title="Beppu Shinsuke">Beppu Shinsuke</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>51,800 Imperial Army</li> <li>5,054 Imperial Guard</li> <li>18,000 police (including unknown number of <a href="/wiki/Battotai" title="Battotai">battōtai</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>12,000 infantry</li> <li>200 artillerymen</li> <li>60 artillery pieces</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>21,000 killed and wounded<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>4,000 captured or deserted</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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Kumamoto Castle">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabaruzaka" title="Battle of Tabaruzaka">Tabaruzaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama" title="Battle of Shiroyama">Shiroyama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaigoWithOfficers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SaigoWithOfficers.jpg/220px-SaigoWithOfficers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SaigoWithOfficers.jpg/330px-SaigoWithOfficers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SaigoWithOfficers.jpg/440px-SaigoWithOfficers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a> (seated, in French uniform), surrounded by his officers, in traditional attire. News article in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_illustr%C3%A9" title="Le Monde illustré">Le Monde illustré</a></i>, 1877. This painting was imagined and depicted by a French illustrator, portraying a central figure seated in a Western-style military uniform on a chair, likely based on hearsay as Saigō Takamori. The entourage surrounding him, all dressed in heavily armored samurai attire from the 1500s, is entirely a product of the French artist's imagination and is completely inaccurate.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Satsuma Rebellion</b>, also known as the <b>Seinan War</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">西南戦争</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Seinan Sensō</i></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Southwestern War</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>, was a <a href="/wiki/Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt">revolt</a> of disaffected <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> against the new imperial government of <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>, nine years into the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a>. Its name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma Domain</a>, which had been influential in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Restoration</a> and became home to unemployed samurai after military reforms rendered their status obsolete. The rebellion lasted from 29 January until 24 September of 1877, when it was decisively crushed, and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, was shot and mortally wounded. </p><p>Saigō's rebellion was the last and most serious of a series of armed uprisings against the new government of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Predecessor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Predecessor state">predecessor state</a> to modern <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. The rebellion was very expensive for the government, which forced it to make numerous monetary reforms including leaving the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>. The conflict effectively ended the samurai class and ushered in modern warfare fought by conscript soldiers instead of military nobles. It is also the most recent civil war fought in Japan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Domain" title="Satsuma Domain">Satsuma</a> had been one of the key players in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, and although many men from Satsuma had risen to influential positions in the new <a href="/wiki/Meiji_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji government">Meiji government</a>, there was growing dissatisfaction with the direction the country was taking. The modernization of the country meant the abolition of the privileged <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> of the samurai class, and had undermined their financial position. The very rapid and massive changes to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese culture">Japanese culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_gairaigo_and_wasei-eigo_terms" title="List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms">language</a>, dress and society appeared to many samurai to be a betrayal of the <i>jōi</i> ('expel the barbarian') portion of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">sonnō jōi</a></i> justification used to overthrow the former <a href="/wiki/Tokugawa_shogunate" title="Tokugawa shogunate">Tokugawa shogunate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Saig%C5%8D_Takamori" title="Saigō Takamori">Saigō Takamori</a>, one of the senior Satsuma leaders in the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji government">Meiji government</a> who had initially supported the reforms, was especially concerned about growing political corruption – popular prints depicted the rebel army with banners bearing the words <i>shinsei-kōtoku</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">新政厚徳</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">new government, rich virtue</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>)</span>. Saigō was a strong proponent of war with <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Seikanron" title="Seikanron">Seikanron</a></i> debate of 1873. At one point, he offered to visit Korea in person and to provide a <i><a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a></i> by the likely outcome of his being assassinated by Korean nationalists. Saigō expected both that a war would ultimately be successful for Japan and also that the initial stages of it would offer a means by which the samurai whose cause he championed could find meaningful and beneficial death. When the plan was rejected, Saigō resigned from all of his government positions in protest and returned to his hometown of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima,_Kagoshima" class="mw-redirect" title="Kagoshima, Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a>, as did many other Satsuma ex-samurai in the military and police forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg/220px-KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg/330px-KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg/440px-KumamotoSoldiers1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="801" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> officers of the Kumamoto garrison, who resisted Saigō Takamori's siege, 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>To help support and employ these men, in 1874 Saigō established a private academy known as the <a href="/wiki/Shi-gakk%C5%8D" title="Shi-gakkō">Shi-gakkō</a> in Kagoshima. Soon 132 branches were established all over the prefecture. The “training” provided was not purely academic: although the Chinese classics were taught, all students were required to take part in weapons training and instruction in tactics. Saigō also started an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> school. The schools resembled <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> political organizations more than anything else, and they enjoyed the support of the governor of Satsuma, who appointed disaffected samurai to political offices, where they came to dominate the Kagoshima government. Support for Saigō was so strong that Satsuma had effectively seceded from the central government by the end of 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_of_combatants">Status of combatants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Status of combatants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_military">Imperial military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperial military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per the 1873 conscription law, Japan was divided into six military districts with conscripts drawn by lots, with seven years service (three active and four reserve) for the conscripted and service for 20 years in the national militia for those not chosen for active service. </p><p>A cavalry squadron contained 150 in wartime. However, due to difficulties in securing horses suited for modern war, only three squadrons were available, for a total of 450 cavalrymen (including the Imperial guard squadron). An infantry regiment had three battalions of 1,088 men and 16 battalion staff each. 14 such regiments existed for a total of 45,920 infantry. An engineer company contained 150 men. The engineers had 10 companies, giving a total of 1,500 engineers. The train companies contained 80 men. There were a total of six companies giving a total of 480 men. There were also nine coastal artillery battalions of 100 men, a total of 900 men.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mobile artillery consisted of 12 mountain gun batteries with 1,920 men and six field gun batteries with 780 men, with each battery containing 12 guns. A total of 2,700 men with 108 guns were in the mobile artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The imperial guard, a force drawn from the pro-imperial forces of the Boshin War, was organised into two regiments of infantry (4,384), one cavalry squadron (150), one artillery battalion (12 guns and 290 men), one engineer company (150), and a train company (80 men), giving a total of 5,054 men.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Imperial_police">Imperial police</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imperial police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1871, the imperial government organised the Rasotsu, which expanded rapidly from its original 3,000 to 18,000 in 1877. These policemen were militarised and saw action throughout the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict, the government side expended, on average, 322,000 rounds of ammunition and 1,000 artillery shells per day.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebel_forces">Rebel forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rebel forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The forces of Saigo were only partly modernised, with an ad hoc organisation made in 1877 with 6 infantry battalions of 2,000 men, each with 10 companies of 200 per battalion. There was little to no cavalry in the rebel army and only 200 gunners for the 28 mountain, 2 field and 30 mortar pieces assembled by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Word of Saigō's academies was greeted with considerable concern in Tokyo. The government had just dealt with several small but violent samurai revolts in <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, and they found the prospect of rebellion by the numerous and fierce Satsuma samurai, led by the famous and popular Saigō, an alarming one. In December 1876, the Meiji government sent a police officer named Nakahara Hisao and 57 other men to investigate reports of subversive activities and unrest. The men were captured, and under <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, confessed that they were spies who had been sent to assassinate Saigō. Although Nakahara later repudiated the confession, it was widely believed in Satsuma and was used as justification by the disaffected samurai that a rebellion was necessary in order to "protect Saigō". Fearing a rebellion, the Meiji government sent a warship to Kagoshima to <a href="/wiki/Sword_hunt#Sword_ban_in_Meiji_Restoration" title="Sword hunt">remove the weapons</a> stockpiled at the Kagoshima arsenal on January 30, 1877. This, accompanied by an elimination of samurai rice stipends in 1877, provoked open conflict. Outraged by the government's tactics, 50 students from Saigō's academy attacked the Somuta Arsenal and carried off weapons. Over the next three days, more than 1000 students staged raids on the naval yards and other arsenals.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Presented with this sudden success, the greatly dismayed Saigō was reluctantly persuaded to come out of his semi-retirement to lead the rebellion against the central government. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kagoshima_battle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kagoshima_battle.jpg/220px-Kagoshima_battle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kagoshima_battle.jpg/330px-Kagoshima_battle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Kagoshima_battle.jpg/440px-Kagoshima_battle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>The clash at <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima" title="Kagoshima">Kagoshima</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In February 1877, the Meiji government dispatched <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayashi_Tomoyuki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayashi Tomoyuki (page does not exist)">Hayashi Tomoyuki</a>, an official with the <a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Ministry (Japan)">Home Ministry</a> with Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kawamura_Sumiyoshi" title="Kawamura Sumiyoshi">Kawamura Sumiyoshi</a> in the warship <a href="/w/index.php?title=Japanese_warship_Takao_Maru_(1874)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Japanese warship Takao Maru (1874) (page does not exist)"><i>Takao</i></a> to ascertain the situation. Satsuma's governor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oyama_Tsunayoshi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oyama Tsunayoshi (page does not exist)">Oyama Tsunayoshi</a>, explained that the uprising was in response to the government's assassination attempt on Saigō, and asked that Admiral Kawamura (Saigō's cousin) come ashore to help calm the situation. After Oyama departed, a flotilla of small ships filled with armed men attempted to board <i>Takao</i> by force, but were repelled. The following day, Hayashi declared to Oyama that he could not permit Kawamura to go ashore when the situation was so unsettled, and that the attack on <i>Takao</i> constituted an act of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8se-majest%C3%A9" title="Lèse-majesté">lèse-majesté</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg/220px-Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg/330px-Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg/440px-Imperial_troops_embarking_at_Yokohama_to_fight_the_Satsuma_rebellion_in_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Imperial troops embarking at <a href="/wiki/Yokohama" title="Yokohama">Yokohama</a> to fight the Satsuma rebellion in 1877</figcaption></figure> <p>On his return to <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a> on February 12, Hayashi met with General <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> and <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, and it was decided that the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> would need to be sent to Kagoshima to prevent the revolt from spreading to other areas of the country sympathetic to Saigō. On the same day, Saigō met with his lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Kirino_Toshiaki" title="Kirino Toshiaki">Kirino Toshiaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/File:Kunimoto_Shinohara.jpg" title="File:Kunimoto Shinohara.jpg">Shinohara Kunimoto</a> and announced his intention of marching to Tokyo to ask questions of the government. Rejecting large numbers of volunteers, he made no attempt to contact any of the other domains for support, and no troops were left at Kagoshima to secure his base against an attack. To aid in the air of legality, Saigō wore his army uniform. Marching north, his army was hampered by the deepest snowfall Satsuma had seen in more than 50 years, which, because of the similarity to the weather that had greeted those setting out to enact the Meiji Restoration nine years earlier, was interpreted by some as a sign of divine support.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Southwestern_War">The Southwestern War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Southwestern War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Kumamoto_Castle">Siege of Kumamoto Castle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Kumamoto Castle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kumamoto_Castle" title="Siege of Kumamoto Castle">Siege of Kumamoto Castle</a></div> <p>The Satsuma vanguard crossed into <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Prefecture" title="Kumamoto Prefecture">Kumamoto Prefecture</a> on February 14. The commandant of <a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_Castle" title="Kumamoto Castle">Kumamoto Castle</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Tani_Tateki" title="Tani Tateki">Tani Tateki</a> had 3,800 soldiers and 600 policemen at his disposal. However, most of the garrison was from Kyūshū, while a significant number of officers were natives of Kagoshima; their loyalties were open to question. Rather than risk desertions or defections, Tani decided to stand on the defensive. On February 19, the first shots of the war were fired as the defenders of Kumamoto Castle opened fire on Satsuma units attempting to force their way into the castle. Kumamoto Castle, built in 1598, was among the strongest in Japan, but Saigō was confident that his forces would be more than a match for Tani's conscripts, who were still demoralized by the recent <a href="/wiki/Shinp%C5%ABren_rebellion" title="Shinpūren rebellion">Shinpūren rebellion</a>. </p><p>On February 22, the main Satsuma army arrived and attacked Kumamoto Castle in a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a>. Fighting continued into the night. Imperial forces fell back, and acting Major <a href="/wiki/Nogi_Maresuke" title="Nogi Maresuke">Nogi Maresuke</a> of the Kokura Fourteenth Regiment lost the regimental colors in fierce fighting. However, despite their successes, the Satsuma army failed to take the castle and began to realize that the conscript army was not as ineffective as first assumed. After two days of fruitless attack, the Satsuma forces dug into the rock-hard icy ground around the castle and tried to starve the garrison out in a siege. The situation was especially desperate for the defenders as their stores of food and ammunition had been depleted by a warehouse fire shortly before the rebellion began. During the siege, many Kumamoto ex-samurai flocked to Saigō's banner, swelling his forces to around 20,000 men. In the meantime, on March 9, Saigō, Kirino, and Shinohara were stripped of their court ranks and titles.<sup id="cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of April 8, a force from Kumamoto Castle made a sortie, forcing open a gap in the Satsuma lines and enabling desperately needed supplies to reach the garrison. The main Imperial Army, under General <a href="/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka" title="Kuroda Kiyotaka">Kuroda Kiyotaka</a> with the assistance of General <a href="/wiki/Yamakawa_Hiroshi" title="Yamakawa Hiroshi">Yamakawa Hiroshi</a>, arrived in Kumamoto on April 12, putting the now heavily outnumbered Satsuma forces to flight. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Tabaruzaka">Battle of Tabaruzaka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of Tabaruzaka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabaruzaka" title="Battle of Tabaruzaka">Battle of Tabaruzaka</a></div> <p>On March 4, Imperial Army General Yamagata ordered a frontal assault against Tabaruzaka, guarding the approaches to Kumamoto, which developed into an eight-day-long battle. Tabaruzaka was held by some 15,000 samurai from Satsuma, Kumamoto and <a href="/wiki/Hitoyoshi,_Kumamoto" title="Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto">Hitoyoshi</a> against the Imperial Army's 9th Infantry Brigade (some 9,000 men). At the height of the battle, Saigō wrote a private letter to Prince Arisugawa, restating his reasons for going to Tokyo. His letter indicated that he was not committed to rebellion and sought a peaceful settlement. The government, however, refused to negotiate. </p><p>In order to cut Saigō off from his base, an imperial force with three warships, 500 policemen, and several companies of infantry landed in Kagoshima on March 8, seized arsenals, and took Satsuma's governor into custody. </p><p>Yamagata also landed a detachment with two infantry brigades and 1,200 policemen behind the rebel lines, so as to fall on them from the rear from <a href="/wiki/Yatsushiro,_Kumamoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatsushiro, Kumamoto">Yatsushiro Bay</a>. Imperial forces landed with few losses, then pushed north seizing the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Miyanohara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miyanohara (page does not exist)">Miyanohara</a> on March 19. After receiving reinforcements, the imperial force, now totaling 4,000 men, attacked the rear elements of the Satsuma army and drove them back. </p><p>Tabaruzaka was one of the most intense campaigns of the war. Imperial forces emerged victorious, but with heavy casualties on both sides. Each side had suffered more than 4,000 killed or wounded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat_from_Kumamoto">Retreat from Kumamoto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retreat from Kumamoto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his failure to take Kumamoto, Saigō led his followers on a seven-day march to Hitoyoshi. Morale was extremely low, and lacking any strategy, the Satsuma forces dug in to wait for the next Imperial Army offensive. However, the Imperial Army was likewise depleted, and fighting was suspended for several weeks to permit reinforcement. When the offensive was resumed, Saigo retreated to <a href="/wiki/Miyazaki,_Miyazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyazaki, Miyazaki">Miyazaki</a>, leaving behind numerous pockets of samurai in the hills to conduct <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla attacks</a>. </p><p>On July 24, the Imperial Army forced Saigō out of <a href="/wiki/Miyakonoj%C5%8D,_Miyazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyakonojō, Miyazaki">Miyakonojō</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Nobeoka,_Miyazaki" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobeoka, Miyazaki">Nobeoka</a>. Troops were landed at <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita,_%C5%8Cita" class="mw-redirect" title="Ōita, Ōita">Ōita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saiki,_%C5%8Cita" title="Saiki, Ōita">Saiki</a> north of Saigō's army, and Saigō was caught in a pincer attack. However, the Satsuma army was able to cut its way free from encirclement. By August 17, the Satsuma army had been reduced to 3000 combatants, and had lost most of its modern firearms and all of its artillery. </p><p>The surviving rebels made a stand on the slopes of Mount Enodake, and were soon surrounded. Determined not to let the rebels escape again, Yamagata sent in a large force which outnumbered the Satsuma army 7:1. Most of Saigō's remaining forces either surrendered or committed <i><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a></i>. However, Saigō burned his private papers and army uniform on August 19, and slipped away towards Kagoshima with his remaining able-bodied men. Despite Yamagata's efforts over the next several days, Saigō and his remaining 500 men reached Kagoshima on September 1 and seized <a href="/wiki/Mount_Shiroyama_(Kagoshima)" title="Mount Shiroyama (Kagoshima)">Shiroyama</a>, overlooking the city. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seinansenso_snou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kagoshima boto shutsujinzu by Yoshitoshi"><img alt="Kagoshima boto shutsujinzu by Yoshitoshi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Seinansenso_snou.jpg/200px-Seinansenso_snou.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Seinansenso_snou.jpg/300px-Seinansenso_snou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Seinansenso_snou.jpg/400px-Seinansenso_snou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="594" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kagoshima boto shutsujinzu by <a href="/wiki/Tsukioka_Yoshitoshi" title="Tsukioka Yoshitoshi">Yoshitoshi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumamoto Castle"><img alt="Kumamoto Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg/200px-Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg/300px-Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg/400px-Small_tenshu_%26_Uto_turret_%26_Large_tenshu_in_Kumamoto-Csl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="1996" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kumamoto Castle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saigō Takamori Gunmusho (軍務所) banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. Japan Currency Museum."><img alt="Saigō Takamori Gunmusho (軍務所) banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. Japan Currency Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg/121px-Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg/181px-Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg/242px-Saigo_Takamori_Gunmusho_banknote_1877.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saigō Takamori <i>Gunmusho</i> (軍務所) banknote, issued in 1877 to finance his war effort. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Currency_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Currency Museum">Japan Currency Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right"><img alt="Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg/200px-Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg/300px-Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg/400px-Battle-of-Tabaruzaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2401" data-file-height="1258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle of Tabaruzaka: Imperial troops on the left, rebel samurai troops on the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Tabaruzaka"><img alt="Battle of Tabaruzaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg/200px-Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg/300px-Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg/400px-Battle_of_Tabaruzaka_Nishiki-e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="863" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Battle of Tabaruzaka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Satsuma_rebellion.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces"><img alt="Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Satsuma_rebellion.JPG/200px-Satsuma_rebellion.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Satsuma_rebellion.JPG/300px-Satsuma_rebellion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Satsuma_rebellion.JPG/400px-Satsuma_rebellion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="473" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saigo's army clashes with the government's forces</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Shiroyama">Battle of Shiroyama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle of Shiroyama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiroyama" title="Battle of Shiroyama">Battle of Shiroyama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShiroyamaBattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ShiroyamaBattle.jpg/220px-ShiroyamaBattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ShiroyamaBattle.jpg/330px-ShiroyamaBattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/ShiroyamaBattle.jpg/440px-ShiroyamaBattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Shiroyama</figcaption></figure> <p>Saigō and his remaining samurai were pushed back to Kagoshima where, in a <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">final battle</a>, the Battle of Shiroyama, Imperial Army troops under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Yamagata_Aritomo" title="Yamagata Aritomo">Yamagata Aritomo</a> and marines under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Kawamura_Sumiyoshi" title="Kawamura Sumiyoshi">Kawamura Sumiyoshi</a> outnumbered Saigō 60-to-1. However, Yamagata was determined to leave nothing to chance. The imperial troops spent several days constructing an elaborate system of ditches, walls and obstacles to prevent another breakout. The five government warships in Kagoshima harbor added their firepower to Yamagata's <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a>, and began to systematically reduce the rebel positions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg/220px-ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg/330px-ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg/440px-ShiroyamaFortifications.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Japanese Army fortifications encircling Shiroyama. 1877 photograph.</figcaption></figure> <p>After Saigō rejected a letter dated September 1 from Yamagata drafted by a young <a href="/wiki/Suematsu_Kench%C5%8D" title="Suematsu Kenchō">Suematsu Kenchō</a> asking him to surrender, Yamagata ordered a full frontal assault on September 24, 1877. By 6 a.m., only 40 rebels were still alive. Saigō was severely wounded. Legend says that one of his followers, <a href="/wiki/Beppu_Shinsuke" title="Beppu Shinsuke">Beppu Shinsuke</a>, acted as <i><a href="/wiki/Kaishakunin" title="Kaishakunin">kaishakunin</a></i> and aided Saigō in committing <i><a href="/wiki/Seppuku" title="Seppuku">seppuku</a></i> before he could be captured. However, other evidence contradicts this, stating that Saigō in fact died of the bullet wound and then had his head removed by Beppu in order to preserve his dignity. </p><p>After Saigo's death, Beppu and the last of the "ex-samurai" drew their swords and plunged downhill toward the Imperial positions and to their deaths. With these deaths, the Satsuma rebellion came to an end. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_(Satsuma).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg/409px-Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="409" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg/614px-Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg/818px-Subjugation_of_Kagoshima_in_Sasshu_%28Satsuma%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2489" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Samurai fighting the Imperial army during the Subjugation of Kagoshima in Sasshu (Satsuma), by <a href="/wiki/Yoshitoshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoshitoshi">Yoshitoshi</a>, 1877</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg/220px-ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg/330px-ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg/440px-ImperialArmySatsuma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> during the Satsuma Rebellion</figcaption></figure> <p>Financially, crushing the Satsuma Rebellion cost the government a total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">¥420,000,000</span> (£8,400,000),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing Japan off the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and causing the government to print <a href="/wiki/Paper_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper currency">paper currency</a>. Economic effects of the Satsuma Rebellion resulted in the passing of the Act of February 4, 1877, which reduced the land tax from 3% to 2.5%. The Rebellion reduced Japan's yearly expenditure from £13,700,000 to £10,250,000, and it raised Japan's <a href="/wiki/National_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="National debt">national debt</a> from £28,000,000 to £70,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costs of pacifying the former samurai led to the Meiji government becoming virtually bankrupt; the government was forced to sell off state-owned enterprises such as factories and mines to politically-connected merchants and former officials at low prices, leading to the instant formation of large industrial firms or <a href="/wiki/Zaibatsu" title="Zaibatsu">zaibatsu</a>. These state-owned industries had been operating at a loss, and Finance Minister Matsukata Masayoshi decided to sell all of these to politically connected capitalists at a loss, except the railroad, telegraph and military industries. He also cancelled scholarships for Japanese students abroad and fired foreign experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebrey_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebrey-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the remnants of the militaristic faction that supported Saigo's invasion proposal evolved into Japanese right-wing groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Genyosha" class="mw-redirect" title="Genyosha">genyosha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kokury%C5%ABkai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokuryūkai">kokuryūkai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebellion also effectively ended the samurai class, as the new Imperial Japanese Army built on <a href="/wiki/Heimin" title="Heimin">heimin</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscripts">conscripts</a> had proven itself in battle. More critically, the defeat of the samurai displayed the power of modern artillery and rifles, against which a <a href="/wiki/Banzai_charge" title="Banzai charge">banzai charge</a> had no appreciable effect.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 February 1889, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Emperor Meiji</a> <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardoned</a> Saigō posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Statues in <a href="/wiki/Ueno_Park" title="Ueno Park">Ueno Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> and near the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Castle" title="Kagoshima Castle">Kagoshima Castle</a> stand in his memory. Saigō Takamori was labelled as a tragic hero by the people, and his actions were considered an honorable example of <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamato-damashii" title="Yamato-damashii">Yamato-damashii</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English, the most common name for the war is the "Satsuma Rebellion". Mark Ravina, the author of <i>The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori</i>, argued that "Satsuma Rebellion" is not the best name for the war because the English name does not well represent the war and its Japanese name. Ravina said that the war's scope was much farther than Satsuma, and he characterizes the event as being closer to a civil war than a rebellion. Ravina prefers the English name "War of the Southwest."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Boshin_War_and_Satsuma_Rebellion_films" title="List of Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion films">List of Boshin War and Satsuma Rebellion films</a></div> <p>Western interpretations include the 2003 American film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Samurai" title="The Last Samurai">The Last Samurai</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Zwick" title="Edward Zwick">Edward Zwick</a>, which combines into a single narrative historical situations belonging both to the <a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a>, the Satsuma Rebellion, and other similar uprisings of ex-samurai during the early Meiji period.<sup id="cite_ref-warhist_mclaughlin_2016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warhist_mclaughlin_2016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, the song Shiroyama in the album <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Stand_(Sabaton_album)" title="The Last Stand (Sabaton album)">The Last Stand</a> by the Swedish power metal band <a href="/wiki/Sabaton_(band)" title="Sabaton (band)">Sabaton</a> is about the Satsuma rebellion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hane Mikiso. <i>Modern Japan: A Historical Survey</i>. p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-satsuma-rebellion-195570">"The Satsuma Rebellion"</a>. ThoughtCo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 16,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.pub=ThoughtCo&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=Kallie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fthe-satsuma-rebellion-195570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buck,_1973-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buck,_1973_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buck, 1973.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon, Andrew. A Modern History of Japan from Tokugawa Times to the Present, Second Edition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2020" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele (2020). <i>Japanese Armies 1868–1877: The Boshin War & Satsuma Rebellion</i>. Illustrations: Giuseppe Rava. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 57–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3706-6"><bdi>978-1-4728-3706-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1130012340">1130012340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armies+1868%E2%80%931877%3A+The+Boshin+War+%26+Satsuma+Rebellion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=57-67&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1130012340&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3706-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perrin, p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounsey" class="citation book cs1">Mounsey, Augustus. <i>The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History</i>. p. 235.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion%3A+An+Episode+of+Modern+Japanese+History&rft.pages=235&rft.aulast=Mounsey&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMounsey" class="citation book cs1">Mounsey, Augustus. <i>The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History</i>. pp. 238–239.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion%3A+An+Episode+of+Modern+Japanese+History&rft.pages=238-239&rft.aulast=Mounsey&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ebrey-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ebrey_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B (2006). <i>East Asia: a cultural, social, and political history</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 356–357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0"><bdi>978-0-618-13384-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607716664">607716664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+a+cultural%2C+social%2C+and+political+history&rft.pages=356-357&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607716664&rft.isbn=978-0-618-13384-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichio_Morishima1982" class="citation book cs1">Michio Morishima (1982). <i>Why Has Japan 'Succeeded'?: Western Technology and the Japanese Ethos</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521269032" title="Special:BookSources/9780521269032"><bdi>9780521269032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Has+Japan+%27Succeeded%27%3F%3A+Western+Technology+and+the+Japanese+Ethos&rft.pages=93-95&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780521269032&rft.au=Michio+Morishima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2003" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Stephen (2003). <i>Samurai: The World of the Warrior</i>. Osprey Publishing. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai%3A+The+World+of+the+Warrior&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Dorothy. <i>Japan Goes to War: A Chronology of Japanese Military Expansion</i>. Diane Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+Goes+to+War%3A+A+Chronology+of+Japanese+Military+Expansion&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ravina, Mark. <i>The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori</i>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_and_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley and Sons">John Wiley and Sons</a>, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lwt587Ex_a4C&pg=PT8">Names, Romanizations, and Spelling (page 2 of 2)</a>. Retrieved from <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> on August 7, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-118-04556-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-118-04556-4">1-118-04556-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04556-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04556-5">978-1-118-04556-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warhist_mclaughlin_2016-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warhist_mclaughlin_2016_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMclaughlin2016" class="citation web cs1">Mclaughlin, William (November 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/true-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html">"The Last Samurai: The True History Behind The Film"</a>. War History Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200325022241/https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/true-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Last+Samurai%3A+The+True+History+Behind+The+Film&rft.pub=War+History+Online&rft.date=2016-11-11&rft.aulast=Mclaughlin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Finstant-articles%2Ftrue-history-behind-film-last-samurai.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_Mounsey1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Mounsey" title="Augustus Henry Mounsey">Henry Mounsey, Augustus</a> (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/satsumarebellio01moungoog/"><i>The Satsuma Rebellion: An Episode of Modern Japanese History</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion%3A+An+Episode+of+Modern+Japanese+History&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Henry+Mounsey&rft.aufirst=Augustus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsatsumarebellio01moungoog%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeasley1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Beasley" title="William G. Beasley">Beasley, W. G.</a> (1972). <i>The Meiji restoration</i>. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0815-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0815-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0815-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meiji+restoration&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0815-9&rft.aulast=Beasley&rft.aufirst=W.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1973" class="citation journal cs1">Buck, James H. (1973). "The Satsuma Rebellion of 1877. From Kagoshima Through the Siege of Kumamoto Castle". <i>Monumenta Nipponica</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 427–446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2383560">10.2307/2383560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383560">2383560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=The+Satsuma+Rebellion+of+1877.+From+Kagoshima+Through+the+Siege+of+Kumamoto+Castle&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=427-446&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2383560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2383560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibaIshimitsuCraigShiba1999" class="citation book cs1">Shiba, Gorō; Ishimitsu, Mahito; Craig, Teruko; Shiba, Gorō (1999). <i>Remembering Aizu: the testament of Shiba Gorō</i> (Nachdr. ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2157-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2157-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-2157-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Aizu%3A+the+testament+of+Shiba+Gor%C5%8D&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=Nachdr.&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2157-9&rft.aulast=Shiba&rft.aufirst=Gor%C5%8D&rft.au=Ishimitsu%2C+Mahito&rft.au=Craig%2C+Teruko&rft.au=Shiba%2C+Gor%C5%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrea1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Drea" title="Edward J. Drea">Drea, Edward J.</a> (1998). <i>In the service of the Emperor: essays on the Imperial Japanese Army</i>. Studies in war, society, and the military. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-1708-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-1708-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+service+of+the+Emperor%3A+essays+on+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.series=Studies+in+war%2C+society%2C+and+the+military&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-1708-9&rft.aulast=Drea&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Andrew (2003). <i>A modern history of Japan: from Tokugawa times to the present</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511061-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511061-6"><bdi>978-0-19-511061-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+modern+history+of+Japan%3A+from+Tokugawa+times+to+the+present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511061-6&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshall2001" class="citation book cs1">Henshall, Kenneth G. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofjapan00kenn"><i>A history of Japan : from stone age to superpower</i></a>. New York: New York : St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23370-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23370-9"><bdi>978-0-312-23370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Japan+%3A+from+stone+age+to+superpower&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23370-9&rft.aulast=Henshall&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofjapan00kenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Jansen" class="mw-redirect" title="Marius Jansen">Jansen, Marius B.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodernja00jans"><i>The making of modern Japan</i></a>. Cambridge (Mass.): the Belknap press of Harvard university press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00334-7"><bdi>978-0-674-00334-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+modern+Japan&rft.place=Cambridge+%28Mass.%29&rft.pub=the+Belknap+press+of+Harvard+university+press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00334-7&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Marius+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodernja00jans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeene2005" class="citation book cs1">Keene, Donald (2005). <i>Emperor of Japan: Meiji and his world, 1852-1912</i>. New York Chichester: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12341-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperor+of+Japan%3A+Meiji+and+his+world%2C+1852-1912&rft.place=New+York+Chichester&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12341-9&rft.aulast=Keene&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1979" class="citation book cs1">Perrin, Noel (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/givingupgun00noel"><i>Giving up the gun : Japan's reversion to the sword, 1543-1879</i></a></span>. Boston: Boston : D.R. Godine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87923-278-8"><bdi>978-0-87923-278-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giving+up+the+gun+%3A+Japan%27s+reversion+to+the+sword%2C+1543-1879&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Boston+%3A+D.R.+Godine&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-87923-278-8&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgivingupgun00noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavina2004" class="citation book cs1">Ravina, Mark (2004). <i>The last samurai: the life and battles of Saigō Takamori</i>. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08970-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-08970-4"><bdi>978-0-471-08970-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+samurai%3A+the+life+and+battles+of+Saig%C5%8D+Takamori&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-471-08970-4&rft.aulast=Ravina&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSims2001" class="citation book cs1">Sims, Richard L. (2001). <i>Japanese political history since the Meiji renovation, 1868-2000</i>. New York: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23914-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23914-5"><bdi>978-0-312-23914-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+political+history+since+the+Meiji+renovation%2C+1868-2000&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23914-5&rft.aulast=Sims&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASatsuma+Rebellion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Satsuma_Rebellion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Satsuma_Rebellion" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/satsuma-rebellion-satsuma-clan-samurai-against-the-imperial-japanese-army.htm">Satsuma Rebellion: Satsuma Clan Samurai Against the Imperial Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russojapanesewar.com/satsuma.html">Organization of Imperial and Satsuma Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Empire_of_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Empire_of_Japan" title="Template talk:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Empire_of_Japan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Empire of Japan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Empire_of_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Japan_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_coups" title="Template:Japanese coups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_coups" title="Template talk:Japanese coups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_coups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese coups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coups,_rebellions,_and_revolts_in_Japan_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Japan&#124;link=Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Coups, rebellions, and revolts in Japan <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attempted<br />coups and<br />rebellions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kibi_Clan_Rebellion" title="Kibi Clan Rebellion">Kibi Clan Rebellion</a> (463)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hoshikawa_Rebellion" title="Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion">Prince Hoshikawa Rebellion</a> (479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwai_Rebellion" title="Iwai Rebellion">Iwai Rebellion</a> (527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isshi_incident" title="Isshi incident">Isshi incident</a> (645)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinshin_War" title="Jinshin War">Jinshin Rebellion</a> (672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayato_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayato Rebellion">Hayato Rebellion</a> (720–721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Hirotsugu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion">Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion</a> (740)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Nakamaro_Rebellion" title="Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion">Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion</a> (764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengy%C5%8D_no_Ran" title="Tengyō no Ran">Tengyō no Ran</a> (939–940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dgen_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōgen Rebellion">Hōgen Rebellion</a> (1156)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiji_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiji Rebellion">Heiji Rebellion</a> (1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishigatani_incident" title="Shishigatani incident">Shishigatani incident</a> (1177)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_H%C5%8Dj%C5%ABjidono" title="Siege of Hōjūjidono">Siege of Hōjūjidono</a> (1184)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennin_Rebellion" title="Kennin Rebellion">Kennin Rebellion</a> (1201)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%AB_War" title="Jōkyū War">Jōkyū Rebellion</a> (1221)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%8D_uprising" title="Shōchō uprising">Shōchō uprising</a> (1428)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABki_War" title="Yūki War">Yūki War</a>(1440-1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamashiro_ikki" title="Yamashiro ikki">Yamashiro Rebellion</a> (1485–1493)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_Rebellion" title="Kaga Rebellion">Kaga Rebellion</a> (1487–1488)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honn%C5%8D-ji_Incident" title="Honnō-ji Incident">Honnō-ji Incident</a> (1582)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunohe_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunohe Rebellion">Kunohe Rebellion</a> (1591)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rokug%C5%8D_Rebellion" title="Rokugō Rebellion">Rokugō Rebellion</a> (1603)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimabara_Rebellion" title="Shimabara Rebellion">Shimabara Rebellion</a> (1637–1638)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keian_Uprising" title="Keian Uprising">Keian Uprising</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakushain%27s_revolt" title="Shakushain's revolt">Shakushain's revolt</a> (1669–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menashi%E2%80%93Kunashir_rebellion" title="Menashi–Kunashir rebellion">Menashi–Kunashir rebellion</a> (1789)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cshio_Heihachir%C5%8D#The_rebellion" title="Ōshio Heihachirō">Ōshio Heihachirō's Rebellion</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teradaya_incident" title="Teradaya incident">Teradaya incident</a> (1862, 1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimonoseki_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimonoseki Campaign">Shimonoseki Campaign</a> (1863–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tench%C5%ABgumi_incident" title="Tenchūgumi incident">Tenchūgumi incident</a> (1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mito_Rebellion" title="Mito Rebellion">Mito Rebellion</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinmon_incident" title="Kinmon incident">Kinmon incident</a> (1864)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_Rebellion" title="Saga Rebellion">Saga Rebellion</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinp%C5%ABren_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinpūren Rebellion">Shinpūren Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akizuki_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Akizuki Rebellion">Akizuki Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagi_Rebellion" title="Hagi Rebellion">Hagi Rebellion</a> (1876)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Satsuma Rebellion</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takebashi_incident" title="Takebashi incident">Takebashi incident</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_incident_(1882)" title="Fukushima incident (1882)">Fukushima incident</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichibu_incident" title="Chichibu incident">Chichibu incident</a> (1884)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_incident" title="March incident">March incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_incident" title="October incident">October incident</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Blood_Incident" title="League of Blood Incident">League of Blood Incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_15_incident" title="May 15 incident">May 15 incident</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Academy_incident" title="Military Academy incident">Military Academy incident</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_26_incident" title="February 26 incident">February 26 incident</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABj%C5%8D_incident" title="Kyūjō incident">Kyūjō incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsue_incident" title="Matsue incident">Matsue incident</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmu_incident" title="Sanmu incident">Sanmu incident</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukio_Mishima#Coup_attempt_and_ritual_suicide" title="Yukio Mishima">Mishima incident</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Riots and<br />civil disorder</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Modern<br />Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakitsu_uprising" title="Kakitsu uprising">Kakitsu uprising</a> (1441)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dky%C5%8D_uprising" title="Jōkyō uprising">Jōkyō uprising</a> (1686)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_tax_riots" title="Blood tax riots">Blood tax riots</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_incident" title="Nagasaki incident">Nagasaki incident</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiya_incendiary_incident" title="Hibiya incendiary incident">Hibiya incendiary incident</a> (1905)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_riots_of_1918" title="Rice riots of 1918">Rice riots</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_Massacre" title="Kantō Massacre">Kantō Massacre</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shibuya_incident" title="Shibuya incident">Shibuya incident</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_May_Day" title="Bloody May Day">Bloody May Day</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_riot" title="Shinjuku riot">Shinjuku riot</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koza_riot" title="Koza riot">Koza riot</a> (1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> 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