CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Celtiberian language - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a5778137-fd1a-4536-99a9-137c3b6cf2f0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Celtiberian_language","wgTitle":"Celtiberian language","wgCurRevisionId":1258097114,"wgRevisionId":1258097114,"wgArticleId":1405133,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Language articles with Linglist code","Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue","Articles containing Celtiberian-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles needing additional references from May 2020", "All articles needing additional references","Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing Breton-language text","Articles containing Cornish-language text","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Manx-language text","Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text","Continental Celtic languages","Paleohispanic languages","Extinct languages of Spain","Ancient languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Celtiberian_language","wgRelevantArticleId":1405133,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q37012","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="957"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="638"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/640px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="511"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Celtiberian language - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberian_language"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtiberian_language"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Celtiberian_language rootpage-Celtiberian_language skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Celtiberian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Celtiberian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Celtiberian+language" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Celtiberian+language" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-PIE_Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PIE_Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>PIE Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PIE_Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonant_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonant_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consonant clusters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonant_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_resonants_and_laryngeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_resonants_and_laryngeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Syllabic resonants and laryngeals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_resonants_and_laryngeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusive_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusive_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Exclusive developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusive_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noun_and_adjective_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noun_and_adjective_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Noun and adjective cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noun_and_adjective_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demonstrative_pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Demonstrative pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demonstrative_pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_pronoun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_pronoun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Relative pronoun</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_pronoun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_endings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_endings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Verbal endings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_endings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sample texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Botorrita_plaque,_side_A" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Botorrita_plaque,_side_A"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>First Botorrita plaque, side A</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Botorrita_plaque,_side_A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Great_inscription_from_Peñalba_de_Villastar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_inscription_from_Peñalba_de_Villastar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_inscription_from_Peñalba_de_Villastar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_plaque_of_Torrijo_del_Campo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_plaque_of_Torrijo_del_Campo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_plaque_of_Torrijo_del_Campo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtiberian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberies" title="Keltiberies – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Keltiberies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_celtibero" title="Idioma celtibero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma celtibero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_celt%C3%ADberu" title="Idioma celtíberu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma celtíberu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кельтыберыйская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кельтыберыйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kejtiberisch" title="Kejtiberisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kejtiberisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltibereg" title="Keltibereg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Keltibereg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtib%C3%A8ric" title="Celtibèric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Celtibèric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtibereg" title="Celtibereg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Celtibereg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberische_Sprache" title="Keltiberische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Keltiberische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_celt%C3%ADbero" title="Idioma celtíbero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma celtíbero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeltiberiera" title="Zeltiberiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeltiberiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="زبان سلتیبری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سلتیبری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtib%C3%A8re" title="Celtibère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Celtibère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtibeirish" title="Celtibeirish – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Celtibeirish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceilt-%C3%8Cbeiris" title="Ceilt-Ìbeiris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceilt-Ìbeiris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_celtib%C3%A9rica" title="Lingua celtibérica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua celtibérica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Keltiberia" title="Bahasa Keltiberia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Keltiberia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_celtiberica" title="Lingua celtiberica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua celtiberica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiber%C5%B3_kalba" title="Keltiberų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Keltiberų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltib%C3%A9r_nyelv" title="Keltibér nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keltibér nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Келтиберски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келтиберски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberisch" title="Keltiberisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Keltiberisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="ケルティベリア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ケルティベリア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberisk" title="Keltiberisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Keltiberisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_seltiberian-a" title="Lenga seltiberian-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga seltiberian-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_celtyberyjski" title="Język celtyberyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język celtyberyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_celtib%C3%A9rica" title="Língua celtibérica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua celtibérica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_celtiberic%C4%83" title="Limba celtiberică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba celtiberică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кельтиберский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кельтиберский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiber%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Keltiberščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Keltiberščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberski_jezik" title="Keltiberski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Keltiberski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltibeeri" title="Keltibeeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Keltibeeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltoiberiska" title="Keltoiberiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Keltoiberiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Кельтіберська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кельтіберська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keltiberki" title="Keltiberki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Keltiberki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%B1%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="凱爾特伊比利亞語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凱爾特伊比利亞語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37012#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Celtiberian_language" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_language"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Celtiberian_language" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Celtiberian_language" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&oldid=1258097114" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Celtiberian_language&id=1258097114&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCeltiberian_language"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCeltiberian_language"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Celtiberian_language&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtiberian_language" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37012" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct Celtic language of Iberia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Celtiberian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Northeastern Hispano-Celtic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">attested 2nd century BC – 1st century AD<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Celtiberian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xce" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xce">xce</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xce">xce</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/celt1247">celt1247</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/320px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/480px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg/640px-Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:cyan; color:black;"> </span> Celtiberian in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Paleohispanic_languages" title="Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Celtiberian</b> or <b>Northeastern Hispano-Celtic</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> branch spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a> in an area of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> between the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAcar" title="Júcar">Júcar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turia_(river)" title="Turia (river)">Turia</a> rivers and the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a>, a direct adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">northeastern Iberian script</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three <a href="/wiki/Botorrita_plaque" title="Botorrita plaque">Botorrita plaques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> plaques from <a href="/wiki/Botorrita" title="Botorrita">Botorrita</a> near <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, dating to the early 1st century BC, labeled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>). Shorter and more fragmentary is the <a href="/wiki/Novallas_bronze_tablet" title="Novallas bronze tablet">Novallas bronze tablet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages#Classification" title="Celtic languages">P/Q Celtic hypothesis</a>, and like its Iberian relative <a href="/wiki/Gallaecian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallaecian">Gallaecian</a>, Celtiberian is classified as a Q Celtic language, putting it in the same category as <a href="/wiki/Goidelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Goidelic">Goidelic</a> and not <a href="/wiki/P-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Celtic">P-Celtic</a> like <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages#Classification" title="Celtic languages">Insular/Continental Celtic hypothesis</a>, Celtiberian and Gaulish are grouped together as <a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a> but this grouping is <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a>: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a>. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> : "Celtiberian...is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Celtiberian has a fully inflected relative pronoun <i>ios</i> (as does, for instance, Ancient Greek), an ancient feature that was not preserved by the other Celtic languages, and the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">particles</a> <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">-kue</i></span></b> 'and' < *<i>kʷe</i> (cf. Latin <i>-<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">que</i></span></i>, Attic Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τε</span></span> <i>te</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">nekue</i></span></b> 'nor' < *<i>ne-kʷe</i> (cf. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">neque</i></span></i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ekue</i></span></b> 'also, as well' < *<i>h₂et(i)-kʷe</i> (cf. Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">atque</i></span></i>, Gaulish <i>ate</i>, OIr. <i>aith</i> 'again'), <i>ve</i> "or" (cf. Latin enclitic <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ve</i></span></i> and Attic Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἤ</span></span> <i>ē</i> < Proto-Greek <i>*ē-we</i>). As in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, there is an <i>s</i>-<a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a>, <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gabiseti</i></span></i> "he shall take" (Old Irish <i>gabid</i>), <i>robiseti</i>, <i>auseti</i>. Compare <a href="/wiki/Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrian">Umbrian</a> <i>ferest</i> "he/she/it shall make" or <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δείξῃ</span></span> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">deiksēi</i></span></i> (aorist subj.) / <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">δείξει</span></span> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">deiksei</i></span></i> (future ind.) "(that) he/she/it shall show". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Celtiberian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Celtiberian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Celtiberian was a <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic language">Celtic language</a> that shows the characteristic sound changes of Celtic languages such as:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PIE_Consonants">PIE Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: PIE Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PIE <b>*bʰ, *dʰ, *gʰ</b> > <b>b, d, g</b>: Loss of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> voiced aspiration. <ul><li>Celtiberian and Gaulish placename element <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">-brigā</i></span></b> 'hill, town, akro-polis' < *<i>bʰr̥ǵʰ-eh₂</i>;</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">nebintor</i></span></b> 'they are watered' < *<i>nebʰ-i-nt-or</i>;</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dinbituz</i></span></b> 'he must build' < *<i>dʰingʰ-bī-tōd</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ambi-dingounei</i></span></b> 'to build around > to enclose' < *<i>h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-o-mn-ei</i> (cf. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fingō</i></span></i> 'to build, shape' < *<i>dʰingʰ-o</i>, Old Irish <i>cunutgim</i> 'erect, build up' < *<i>kom-ups-dʰingʰ-o</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ambi-diseti</i></span></b> '(that someone) builds around > enclose' < *<i>h₂m̥bi-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti</i>.</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">gortika</i></span></b> 'mandatory, required' < *<i>gʰor-ti-ka</i> (cfr. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ex-horto</i></span></i> 'exhort' < *<i>ex-gʰor-to</i>); though, as the meaning in Celtiberian cannot be determined with certainty, this root may be related to Old Irish <i>gort</i> "field" (<PIE: *<i>g<sup>h</sup>о̄rd<sup>h</sup>-s</i>, Gen. *<i>g<sup>h</sup>rd<sup>h</sup>-os</i> ‘enclosure, garden, pen") and its many Indo-European cognates.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">duatir</i></span></b> 'daughter' < *<i>dʰugh₂tēr</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">duateros</i></span></b> 'grandson, son of the daughter' (Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">duxtir</i></span></i>);</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">bezom</i></span></b> 'mine' < *<i>bʰedʰ-yo</i> 'that is pierced'.</li></ul></li> <li>PIE <b>*kʷ</b>: Celtiberian preserved the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">PIE</a> <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless consonant">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">labiovelar</a> <i>kʷ</i> (hence <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Q-Celtic</a>), a development also observed in Archaic Irish and Latin. On the contrary <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">P-Celtic</a>—a change also seen in some dialects of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> branches like <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Osco-Umbrian">P-Italic</a>) changed <i>kʷ</i> to <i>p</i>. <b>-kue</b> 'and' < *<i>kʷe</i>, Latin <i>-que</i>, Osco-Umbrian <i>-pe</i> 'and', <i>neip</i> 'and not, neither' < *<i>ne-kʷe</i>.</li> <li>PIE <b>*ḱw</b> > <b>ku</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ekuo</i></span></b> <i>horse</i> (in ethnic name <i>ekualakos</i>) < *<i>h₁eḱw-ālo</i> (cf. Middle Welsh <i>ebawl</i> 'foal' < *<i>epālo</i>, Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">equus</i></span></i> 'horse', OIr. <i>ech</i> 'horse' < *eko´- < *<i>h₁eḱwo-</i>, OBret. <i>eb</i> < *<i>epo-</i> < *<i>h₁eḱwo-</i>); <ul><li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">kū</i></span></b> 'dog' < *<i>kuu</i> < *<i>kwōn</i>, in <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Virokū</i></span></b>, 'hound-man, male hound/wolf, werewolf' (cfr. Old Irish <i>Ferchú</i> < *Virokū, Old Welsh <i>Gurcí</i> < *Virokū 'idem.'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>PIE <b>*gʷ</b> > <b>b</b>: <b>bindis</b> 'legal agent' < *<i>gʷiHm-diks</i> (cfr. Latin <i>vindex</i> 'defender');<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">bovitos</i></span></b> 'cow passage' < *<i>gʷow-(e)ito</i> (cfr. OIr <i>bòthar</i> 'cow passage' < *gʷow-(e)itro),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>boustom</b> 'cowshed' < *<i>gʷow-sto</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>PIE <b>*gʷʰ</b> > <b>gu</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">guezonto</i></span></b> < *<i>gʷʰedʰ-y-ont</i> 'imploring, pleading'. Common Celtic <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">guedyo</i></span> 'ask, plead, pray', OIr. <i>guidid</i>, W. <i><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gweddi</i></span></i>.</li> <li>PIE <b>*p</b> > <b>*φ</b> > <b>∅</b>: Loss of PIE *<i><span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">p</span></span></i>, e.g. <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">ro-</i></span></i> (Celtiberian, Old Irish and Old Breton) vs. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">pro-</i></span></i> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">pra-</i></span></i>. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ozas sues</i></span></b> acc. pl. fem. 'six feet, unit of measure' (< *<i>φodians</i> < *<i>pod-y-ans</i> *<i>sweks</i>); <ul><li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">aila</i></span></b> 'stone building' < *<i>pl̥-ya</i> (cfr. OIr. <i>ail</i> 'boulder');</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">vamos</i></span></b> 'higher' < *<i>uφamos</i> < *<i>up-m̥os</i>;</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">vrantiom</i></span></b> 'remainder, rest' < *<i>uper-n̥tiyo</i> (cfr. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">(s)uperans</i></span></i>).</li> <li>Toponym <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Litania</i></span></b> now <a href="/wiki/Leda%C3%B1a" title="Ledaña">Ledaña</a> 'broad place' < *<i>pl̥th<sub>2</sub>-ny-a</i>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Final <b>*-m</b> is preserved in Celtiberian (and Lepontic), a further indication of these dialects' conservatism. It is generally fronted to -n in Gaulish (exceptional cases, for instance on the <a href="/wiki/Larzac_tablet" title="Larzac tablet">Larzac tablet</a>, are probably due to influence from Latin): <b>boustom</b> "stable."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonant_clusters">Consonant clusters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consonant clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PIE <b>*mn</b> > <b>un</b>: as in Lepontic, Brittonic and Gaulish, but not Old Irish and seemingly not Galatian. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Kouneso</i></span></b> 'neighbour' < *<i>kom-ness-o</i> < *<i>Kom-nedʰ-to</i> (cf. OIr. <i>comnessam</i> 'neighbour' < *<i>Kom-nedʰ-t-m̥o</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*pn</b> > <b>un</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Klounia</i></span></b> < *<i>kleun-y-a</i> < *<i>kleup-ni</i> 'meadow' (Cfr. OIr. <i>clúain</i> 'meadow' < *<i>klouni</i>). However, in Latin *<i>pn</i> > mn: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">damnum</i></span></i> 'damage' < *<i>dHp-no</i>.</li> <li>PIE <b>*nm</b> > <b>lm</b>: Only in Celtiberian. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">melmu</i></span></b> < *<i>men-mōn</i> 'intelligence', <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Melmanzos</i></span></b> 'gifted with mind' < *<i>men-mn̥-tyo</i> (Cfr. OIr. <i>menme</i> 'mind' < *<i>men-mn̥</i>. Also occurs in modern Spanish: <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">alma</i></span></i> 'soul' < *<i>anma</i> < Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">anima</i></span></i>, Asturian <i>galmu</i> 'step' < Celtic <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">kang-mu</i></span>.</li> <li>PIE <b>*ps</b> > <b>*ss / s</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">usabituz</i></span></b> 'he must excavate (lit. up/over-dig)' < *<i>ups-ad-bʰiH-tōd</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Useizu</i></span></b> * < *<i>useziu</i> < *<i>ups-ed-yō</i> 'highest'. The ethnic name <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">contestani</i></span></i> in Latin (<i>contesikum</i> in native language), recall the proper name <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Komteso</i></span></b> 'warm-hearted, friendly' (< *<i>kom-tep-so</i>, cf. OIr. <i>tess</i> 'warm' > *<i>tep-so</i>). In Latin epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Usseiticum</i></span></b> 'of the Usseitici' < *<i>Usseito</i> < *<i>upse-tyo</i>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> *ps > *x (cf. Gaulish <i>Uxama</i>, MW. <i>uchel</i>, 'one six').</li> <li>PIE <b>*pt</b> > <b>*tt / t</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">setantu</i></span></b> 'seventh' (< *<i>septm<sub>o</sub>-to</i>). However, in Gaulish and Insular Celtic *pt > x: <i>sextameto</i> 'seventh', Old Irish <i>sechtmad</i> (< *<i>septm<sub>o</sub>-e-to</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*gs</b> > <b>*ks</b> > <b>*ss / s</b>: <b>sues</b> 'six' < *<i>sweks</i>; <ul><li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Desobriga</i></span></b> 'south/right city' (Celts oriented looking east) < *<i>dekso-*bʰr̥ǵʰa</i>; **<b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Nertobris</i></span></b> 'strength town' < *<i>h₂ner-to-*bʰr̥ǵʰs</i>;</li> <li><b>es-</b> 'out of, not' < *<i>eks</i> < *<i>h₁eǵʰs</i> (cf. Lat. <i>ex-</i>, Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">exs-</i></span></i>, OIr. <i>ess-</i>). In Latin epigraphy that sound its transcript with geminated: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Suessatium</i></span></b> < *<i>sweks</i>- 'the sixth city' (cfr. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Sextantium</i></span></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Dessicae</i></span></b> < *<i>deks-ika</i>. However, in <a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a> *ks > *x: <i>Dexivates</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>PIE <b>*gt</b> > <b>*kt</b> > <b>*tt / t</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ditas</i></span></b> 'constructions, buildings' < *<i>dʰigʰ-tas</i> (= Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">fictas</i></span></i>); <ul><li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">loutu</i></span></b> 'load' < *<i>louttu</i> < *<i>louktu</i> < *<i>leugʰ-tu</i>;</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">litom</i></span></b> 'it is permitted', <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ne-litom</i></span></b> 'it is not permitted' (< *<i>l(e)ik-to</i>, cf. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">licitum</i></span></i> < *<i>lik-e-to</i>). But Common Celtic *kt > *xt: <i>luxtu</i> < *<i>louktu</i> < *<i>leugʰ-tu</i>, OIr. <i>lucht</i>.</li> <li>Celtiberian <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Retugenos</i></span></b> 'right born, lawful' < *<i>h₃reg-tō-genos</i>, Gaulish <i>Rextugenos</i>. In Latin epigraphy that sound is transcribed with geminated: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Britto</i></span></b> 'noble' < *<i>brikto</i> < *<i>bʰr̥ǵʰ-to</i>.</li> <li><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Bruttius</i></span></b> 'fruitful' < *<i>bruktio</i> < *<i>bʰruHǵ-t-y-o</i> (cfr. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Fructuosus</i></span></i> 'profitable').</li></ul></li> <li>PIE <b>*st</b> > <b>*st</b>: against Gaulish, Irish and Welsh, where the change was *st > ss. This preservation of the PIE cluster *st is another indication of the phonological conservatism of this dialect. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Gustunos</i></span></b> 'excellent' < *<b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">gustu</i></span></b> 'excellence' < *<i>gus-tu</i>. Old Irish <i>gussu</i> 'excellence' (cfr. <i>Fergus</i> < *<i>viro-gussu</i>), Gaulish <i>gussu</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lezoux_Plate" title="Lezoux Plate">Lezoux Plate</a>, line 7).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PIE <b>*e, *h₁e</b> > <b>e</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Togoitei eni</i></span></b> 'in Togotis' < *<i>h₁en-i</i> (cf. Lat. <i>in</i>, OIr. <i>in</i> 'into, in'), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">somei eni touzei</i></span></b> 'inside of this territory', <b>es-</b> 'out of, not' < *<i>eks</i> < *<i>h₁eǵʰs</i> (cf. Lat. <i>ex-</i>, Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">exs-</i></span></i>, OIr. <i>ess-</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">esankios</i></span></b> 'not enclosed, open' lit. 'unfenced' < *<i>h₁eǵʰs-*h₂enk-yos</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">treba</i></span></b> 'settlement, town', <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Kontrebia</i></span></b> 'conventus, capital' < *<i>kom-treb-ya</i> (cf. OIr. <i>treb</i>, W. <i>tref</i> 'settlement'), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ekuo</i></span></b> <i>horse</i> < *<i>h₁ekw-os</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ekualo</i></span></b> 'horseman'.</li> <li>PIE <b>*h₂e</b> > <b>a</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ankios</i></span></b> 'fenced, enclosed' < *<i>h₂enk-yos</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Ablu</i></span></b> 'strong' < *<i>h₂ep-lō</i> 'strength', <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">augu</i></span></b> 'valid, firm' < *<i>h₂ewg-u</i>, adj. 'strong, firm, valid'.</li> <li>PIE <b>*o, *Ho</b> > <b>o</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">olzui</i></span></b> (dat.sing.) 'for the last' (< *<i>olzo</i> 'last' < *<i>h₂ol-tyo</i>, cf. Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ultimus</i></span></i> < *<i>h₂ol-t-m̥o</i>. OIr. <i>ollam</i> 'master poet' < *<i>oltamo</i> < *<i>h₂ol-t-m̥</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">okris</i></span></b> 'mountain' (< *<i>h₂ok-r-i</i>, cf. Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ocris</i></span></i> 'mountain', OIr. <i>ochair</i> 'edge' < *<i>h₂ok-r-i</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">monima</i></span></b> 'memory' (< *<i>monī-mā</i> < *<i>mon-eye-mā</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*eh₁</b> > <b>ē</b> > <b>ī</b>?. This Celtic reflex isn't well attested in Celtiberian. e.g. IE <i><sup>*</sup>h<sub>3</sub>r<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">ē</span></span>g<sup>'</sup>-s</i> meaning "king, ruler" vs. Celtiberian <i>-reiKis</i>, Gaulish <i>-rix</i>, British <i>rix</i>, Old Irish, Old Welsh, Old Breton <i>ri</i> meaning "king". In any case, the maintenance of PIE ē = ē is well attested in <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dekez</i></span></b> 'he did' < *<i>deked</i> < *<i>dʰeh₁k-et</i>, identical to Latin <i>fecit</i>.</li> <li>PIE <b>*eh₂</b> > <b>ā</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dāunei</i></span></b> 'to burn' < *<i>deh₂u-nei</i> (Old Irish <i>dóud, dód</i> 'burn' < *<i>deh₂u-to-</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">silabur sāzom</i></span></b> 'enough money, a considerable amount of money' (< *<i>sātio</i> < *<i>seh₂t-yo</i>, Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">sāti</i></span></i> 'sufficiency', OIr. <i>sáith</i>), <b>kār</b> 'friendship' (< *<i>keh₂r</i>, cf. Lat. <i>cārus</i> 'dear' < *<i>keh₂r-os</i>, Irish <i>cara</i> 'friend', W. <i>caru</i> 'love' < *<i>kh₂r-os</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*eh₃, *oH</b> > <b>a/u</b>: Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">ū</i></span></i> in final syllables and <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">ā</i></span></i> in non-final syllables, e.g. IE <i><sup>*</sup>dh<sub>3</sub>-t<span title="Proto-Indo-European-language text" class="Unicode" style="white-space:nowrap;"><span lang="ine">ō</span></span>d</i> to Celtiberian <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">datuz</i></span></b> meaning 'he must give'. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dama</i></span></b> 'sentence' < *<i>dʰoh₁m-eh₂</i> 'put, dispose' (cfr. Old Irish <i>dán</i> 'gift, skill, poem', Germanic dōma < *<i>dʰoh₁m-o</i> 'verdict, sentence').</li> <li>PIE <b>*Hw-</b> > <b>w-</b>: <b>uta</b> 'conj. and, prep. besides' (< *<i>h₂w-ta</i>, 'or, and', cfr, Umb. <i>ute</i> 'or', Lat. <i>aut</i> 'or' (< *<i>h₂ew-ti</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>ey</b> remains <b>ey</b> in Celtiberian and Lepontic (<b>teiuo-</b> < *<i>dēywo-</i>), but in other Celtic languages, it becomes ē (apparently, another indication of the conservatism of Celtiberian, unless these spellings indicate a high /e/ rather than an actual diphthong).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabic_resonants_and_laryngeals">Syllabic resonants and laryngeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Syllabic resonants and laryngeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>PIE <b>*n̥</b> > <b>an</b> / <b>*m̥</b> > <b>am</b>: <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">arganto</i></span></b> 'silver' < *<i>h₂r̥gn̥to</i> (cf. OIr. <i>argat</i> and Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">argentum</i></span></i>). <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">kamanom</i></span></b> 'path, way' *<i>kanmano</i> < *<i>kn̥gs-mn̥-o</i> (cf. OIr. <i>céimm</i>, OW. <i>cemmein</i> 'step'), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">decameta</i></span></b> 'tithe' < *<i>dekm̥-et-a</i> (cf. Gaulish <i>decametos</i> 'tenth', Old Irish <i>dechmad</i> 'tenth'), <b>dekam</b> 'ten' (cf. Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">decem</i></span></i>, Common Celtic <i>dekam</i>, OIr. <i>deich</i> < *<i>dekm̥</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">novantutas</i></span></b> 'the nine tribes', <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">novan</i></span></b> 'nine' < *<i>h₁newn̥</i> (cf. Lat. <i>novem</i>, Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">novan</i></span></i>, OW. <i>nauou</i> < *<i>h₁newn̥</i>), <b>ās</b> 'we, us' (< *<i>ans</i> < *<i>n̥s</i>, Old Irish <i>sinni</i> < *<i>sisni</i>, *<i>snisni</i> 'we, us', cf. German <i>uns</i> < *<i>n̥s</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">trikanta</i></span></b> < *<i>tri-kn̥g-ta</i>, lit. 'three horns, three boundaries' > 'civil parish, shire' (modern Spanish <a href="/wiki/Tres_Cantos" title="Tres Cantos">Tres Cantos</a>).</li> <li>Like Common Celtic and Italic (SCHRIJVER 1991: 415, McCONE 1996: 51 and SCHUMACHER 2004: 135), PIE <b>*CHC > CaC</b> (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">datuz</i></span></b> < *<i>dh₃-tōd</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dakot</i></span></b> 'they put' < *<i>dʰh₁k-ont</i>, <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">matus</i></span></b> 'propitious days' < *<i>mh₂-tu</i> (Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mānus</i></span></i> 'good' < *<i>meh₂-no</i>, Old Irish <i>maith</i> 'good' < *<i>mh₂-ti</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*CCH</b> > <b>CaC</b> (C = any consonant, H = any laryngeal): <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Magilo</i></span></b> 'prince' (< *<i>mgh₂-i-lo</i>, cf. OIr. <i>mál</i> 'prince' < *<i>mgh₂-lo</i>).</li> <li>PIE <b>*r̥R</b> > <b>arR</b> and <b>*l̥R</b> > <b>alR</b> (R = resonant): <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">arznā</i></span></b> 'part, share' < <i>*φarsna</i> < *<i>parsna</i> < *<i>pr̥s-nh₂</i>. Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<span lang="cel">φrasna</span></span></i> < *<i>prasna</i> < *<i>pr̥s-nh₂</i>, cf. Old Irish <i>ernáil</i> 'part, share'.</li> <li>PIE <b>*r̥P</b> > <b>riP</b> and <b>*l̥P</b> > <b>liP</b> (P = plosive): <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">briganti</i></span></b> PiRiKanTi < *<i>bʰr̥ǵʰ-n̥ti</i>. <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">silabur konsklitom</i></span></b> 'silver coined' < *<i>kom-skl̥-to</i> 'to cut'.</li> <li>PIE <b>*Cr̥HV</b> > <b>CarV</b> and <b>*Cl̥HV</b> > <b>CalV</b>: <b>sailo</b> 'dung, slurry' *<i>salyo</i> < *<i>sl̥H-yo</i> (cf. Lat. <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">saliva</i></span></i> < *<i>sl̥H-iwa</i>, OIr. <i>sal</i> 'dirt' < *<i>sl̥H-a</i>), <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">aila</i></span></b> 'stone building' < *<i>pl̥-ya</i> (cf. OIr. <i>ail</i> 'boulder'), <b>are-</b> 'first, before' (Old Irish <i>ar</i> 'for', Gaulish <i>are</i> 'in front of', < *<i>pr̥h₂i</i>. Lat. <i>prae-</i> 'before' < *<i>preh₂i</i>).</li> <li>Like Common Celtic (JOSEPH 1982: 51 and ZAIR 2012: 37), PIE <b>*HR̥C</b> > <b>aRC</b> (H = any laringeal, R̥ any syllabic resonant, C = any consonant): <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">arganto</i></span></b> 'silver' < *<i>h₂r̥gn̥to</i>, not **<i>riganto</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusive_developments">Exclusive developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Exclusive developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affrication</a> of the PIE groups -*dy-, -*dʰy-. -*ty- > z/th (/θ/) located between vowels and of -*d, -*dʰ > z/th (/θ/) at the end of the word: <b>adiza</b> 'duty' < *<i>adittia</i> < *<i>h₂ed-d(e)ik-t-ya</i>; <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">Useizu</i></span></b> 'highest' < *<i>ups-ed-yō</i>; <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">touzu</i></span></b> 'territory' < *<i>teut-yō</i>; <b>rouzu</b> 'red' < *<i>reudʰy-ō</i>; <b>olzo</b> 'last' < *<i>h₂ol-tyo</i>; <b>ozas</b> 'feet' < *<i>pod-y-ans</i>; <b>datuz</b> < *<i>dh₃-tōd</i>; <b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">louzu</i></span></b> 'free' (in: LOUZOKUM, MLH IV, K.1.1.) < *<i>h₁leudʰy-ō</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> <i>loufir</i> 'free man', <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>ljúdi</i> 'men, people'. That this is one of only a very few phonological developments that distinguishes Celtiberian phonologically from Proto-Celtic is one of the reasons Matasovic has concluded that Celtiberian is a very early independent branch of Proto-Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noteworthy that this weakening of most non-initial Proto-Celtic voiced dental stops (<i>d</i>s) seems to indicate that Celtiberian had taken the first step in what became more widespread lenition of non-initial (and in some cases even initial) voiced consonants in later Celtic dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_and_adjective_cases">Noun and adjective cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Noun and adjective cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">arznā</i></span></i> 'part, share' < *parsna < *pr̥s-nh₂. Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<span lang="cel">φrasna</span></span></i> < *parsna</li> <li><i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">veizos</i></span></i> 'witness' < *weidʰ-yo < *weidʰ- 'perceive, see' / <i>vamos</i> 'higher' < *up-m̥os</li> <li><i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">gentis</i></span></i> 'son, descendance' < *gen-ti. Common Celtic <span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">genos</i></span> 'family'</li> <li><i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">loutu</i></span></i> 'load' < *louttu < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu. Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">luxtu</i></span></i> < *louktu < *leugʰ-tu (oir. <i>lucht</i>).</li> <li><i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">duater</i></span></i> 'daughter' < *dʰugh₂tēr. Common Celtic <i><span title="Proto-Celtic-language text">*<i lang="cel">duxtir</i></span></i>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="5">Singular </th> <th rowspan="8">  </th> <th colspan="5">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>ā-stem </th> <th>o-stem </th> <th>i-stem </th> <th>u-stem </th> <th>r-stem </th> <th>ā-stem </th> <th>o-stem </th> <th>i-stem </th> <th>u-stem </th> <th>r-stem </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td>*arznā </td> <td>*veizos / *vamos (n. *-om) </td> <td>*gentis </td> <td>*loutus </td> <td>duater </td> <td>*arznās / *arznī </td> <td>*veizoi (n *-a) </td> <td>*gentis </td> <td>*loutoves </td> <td>*duateres </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> </th> <td>*arznām </td> <td>*veizom </td> <td>*gentim </td> <td>*loutum </td> <td>*duaterem </td> <td>*arznās < -*ams </td> <td>*veizus < *-ōs < -*oms </td> <td>*gentīs < -*ims </td> <td>*loutūs < -*ums </td> <td>*duaterēs < -*ems </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td>*arznās </td> <td>*veizo </td> <td>*gentes<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>? </td> <td>*duateros </td> <td>*arznaum </td> <td>*veizum < *weidʰ-y-ōm </td> <td>*gentizum < *isōm </td> <td>*loutoum < *ewōm </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td>*arznāi </td> <td>*veizūi < *weidʰ-y-ōi </td> <td>*gentei </td> <td>*loutuei<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>*veizubos </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative</a> </th> <td>*arznaz<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>*veizuz < *weidʰ-y-ōd / *vamuz < *up-m̥ōd </td> <td>*gentiz </td> <td>*loutuez </td> <td>*duaterez < -*ed </td> <td>? </td> <td>*veizubos </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </th> <td>*arznai </td> <td>*veizei </td> <td>*gentei </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An -n- stem can be seen in <i>melmu</i> nom.sg. < *-ōn, <i>melmunos</i> gen. sg. (from Botorrita III, probably a name). </p><p>It is notable that the genitive singular -o- stem ends in -o in Celtiberian, unlike the rest of Celtic (and Italic) where this ending is -ī <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a potential Vocative case, however this is very poorly attested, with only an ambiguous -e ending for o-stem nouns being cited in literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative_pronouns">Demonstrative pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demonstrative pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Case </th> <th colspan="3">Singular </th> <th rowspan="7">  </th> <th colspan="3">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>masculine </th> <th>feminine </th> <th>neuter </th> <th>masculine </th> <th>feminine </th> <th>neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative</a> </th> <td>*<i>so</i>: so viros 'this man' </td> <td>*<i>sa</i>: sa duater 'this daughter' </td> <td>*<i>soz</i>: soz bezom < *so-d *bʰedʰ-yom 'this mine'. </td> <td>*<i>sos</i> < *so-s ? </td> <td>*<i>sas</i> < *sa-s ? </td> <td>*<i>soizos</i> < so-syos < *so-sy-os ? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative</a> </th> <td>*<i>som</i>: 'to this' </td> <td>*<i>sam</i>: 'to this' </td> <td>*<i>sozom</i> < *so-sy-om? </td> <td>*<i>sus</i> < *sōs < *so-ms </td> <td>*<i>sās</i> < *sa-ms </td> <td>*<i>soizus</i> < so-syōs < *so-sy-oms ?? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive</a> </th> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td><i>soum</i> < *so-ōm 'of these' </td> <td><i>saum</i> < *sa-ōm 'of these' </td> <td><i>soizum</i> < *so-sy-ōm 'of these' </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative</a> </th> <td><i>somui</i> < *so-sm-ōi 'for this' </td> <td><i>somai</i> < *so-sm-ai 'for this' </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative</a> </th> <td><i>somei</i> < *so-sm-ei 'from this' </td> <td><i>samei</i> < *sa-sm-ei 'from this' </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td> <td>? </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_pronoun">Relative pronoun</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Relative pronoun"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forms of the masculine singular relative pronoun *yo- can be found in the first <a href="/wiki/Botorrita_plaque" title="Botorrita plaque">Botorrita plaque</a>: The form <i>io-s</i> in line 10 is the nominative singular masculine of the relative pronoun from Proto-Indo-European <i>*yo-</i> (Sanskrit <i>ya-</i>, Greek <i>hos</i>), which shows up in Old Irish only as the aspiration<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> for leniting relative verb forms. Line 7 has the accusative singular <i>io-m</i> and the dative singular <i>io-mui</i> of the same root.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_endings">Verbal endings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Verbal endings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Indo-European third person verbal ending system seems to be evident, though the exact meaning of many verbs remains unclear: primary singular active *<b>-ti</b> in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ambitise-ti</i></span> (Botorrita I, A.5), '(that someone) builds around > encloses' from *h₂m̥b<sup>h</sup>i-dʰingʰ-s-e-ti, and <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">auzeti</i></span>, secondary *<b>-t</b> > /θ/ written <z> in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">terbere-z</i></span> (SP.02.08, B-4) and perhaps <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">kombalke-z</i></span>; primary plural active *-<b>nti</b> in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ara-nti</i></span> (Z.09.24, A-4) and <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">zizonti</i></span> "they sow" (or perhaps "they give" with assimilation of the initial do the medial <z>),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> secondary *<b>-nt</b> perhaps in <i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">atibio-n</i></span></i> (Z.09.24, A-5), middle voice *-<b>nto</b> in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">auzanto</i></span> (Z.09.03, 01) and perhaps <i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">esianto</i></span></i> (SP.02.08 A-2).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A third person imperative <b>*-tо̄d</b> > <i>-tuz</i> perhaps is seen in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">da-tuz</i></span> "he must give" (Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo), <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">usabituz</i></span>, <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">bize-tuz</i></span> (Botorrita I A.5) and <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">dinbituz</i></span> 'he must build' < *dʰingʰ-bī-tōd. </p><p>A possible third person singular subjunctive <b>-a-ti</b> may be <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">asekati</i></span>, and another in <b>-e-ti</b> may be seen in <i>auzeti</i> < *<i>aw-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-e-ti</i> "he may bestow."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the same root, we may have a truncated form of an athematic active third person singular aorist if <i>auz</i> is from *<i>auzaz</i> < *<i>aw-d<sup>h</sup> h<sub>1</sub></i>-<b>t</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also from the same root, an example of the genitive plural of the present active participle ending -<b>nt-om</b> may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Novallas_bronze_tablet" title="Novallas bronze tablet">Novallas bronze tablet</a> in <i>audintum</i> < <i>*awd<sup>h</sup>eh<sub>1</sub>-nt-ōm.</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Possible infinitive form <b>-u-nei</b> perhaps from *<b>-mn-ei</b> may be seen in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ambi-tinko-unei</i></span> (Botorrita I A.5), and in <span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">ta-unei</i></span> ‘to give’,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a reduplicated infinitive form in <i>ti-za-unei</i> if from *<i>d<sup>h</sup>i-d<sup>h</sup>h<sub>1</sub>-mn-ei</i> "to place."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Celtiberian syntax is considered to have the basic order <a href="/wiki/SOV_word_order" class="mw-redirect" title="SOV word order">subject–object–verb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another archaic Indo-European feature is the use of the relative pronoun <i>jos</i> and the repetition of enclitised conjunctions such as <i>k<sup>w</sup>e</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_texts">Sample texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sample texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Botorrita_plaque,_side_A"><span id="First_Botorrita_plaque.2C_side_A"></span>First <a href="/wiki/Botorrita_plaque" title="Botorrita plaque">Botorrita plaque</a>, side A</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: First Botorrita plaque, side A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of four bronze plaques found in <a href="/wiki/Botorrita" title="Botorrita">Botorrita</a>, this text was written in eastern <a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a>. The other side consists of a list of names. (K.01.01.A) </p> <div title="Celtiberian-language text"><div lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;"> <dl><dd>trikantam : bergunetakam : togoitos-kue : sarnikio (:) kue : sua : kombalkez : nelitom</dd> <dd>nekue [: to-ver-daunei : litom : nekue : daunei : litom : nekue : masnai : dizaunei : litom : soz : augu</dd> <dd>aresta[lo] : damai : uta : oskues : stena : verzoniti : silabur : sleitom : konsklitom : gabizeti</dd> <dd>kantom [:] sanklistara : otanaum : togoitei : eni : uta : oskuez : boustom-ve : korvinom-ve</dd> <dd>makasiam-ve : ailam-ve : ambidiseti : kamanom : usabituz : ozas : sues : sailo : kusta : bizetuz : iom</dd> <dd>asekati : [a]mbidingounei : stena : es : vertai : entara : tiris : matus : dinbituz : neito : trikantam</dd> <dd>eni : oisatuz : iomui : listas : titas : zizonti : somui : iom : arznas : bionti : iom : kustaikos</dd> <dd>arznas : kuati : ias : ozias : vertatosue : temeiue : robiseti : saum : dekametinas : datuz : somei</dd> <dd>eni touzei : iste : ankios : iste : esankios : uze : areitena : sarnikiei : akainakubos</dd> <dd>nebintor : togoitei : ios : vramtiom-ve : auzeti : aratim-ve : dekametam : datuz : iom : togoitos-kue</dd> <dd>sarnikio-kue : aiuizas : kombalkores : aleites : iste : ires : ruzimuz : Ablu : ubokum</dd></dl></div></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Botorrita_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza)."><img alt="First Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Botorrita_1.jpg/120px-Botorrita_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Botorrita_1.jpg/180px-Botorrita_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Botorrita_1.jpg/240px-Botorrita_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">First Botorrita plaque (<a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Another Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza)."><img alt="Another Botorrita plaque (Zaragoza)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg/89px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg/133px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg/177px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Grafito_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="878" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Another Botorrita plaque (<a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>).</div> </li> </ul> <dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">soz augu arestalo damai</span></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-Prosper2006_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosper2006-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>all this (is) valid by order of the competent authority</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">soz</span></span>:</b> all this (< <i>*sod</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">augo</span></span>:</b> final, valid (< <i>*h₂eug-os</i> 'strong, valid', cf. Latin <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">augustus</i></span></i> 'solemn').</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">arestalo</span></span>:</b> of the competent authority (gen. sing. <i><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><i lang="xce">arestalos</i></span></i> < <i>*pr̥Hi-steh₂-lo</i> 'competent authority' < <i>*pr̥Hi-sto</i> 'what is first, authority').</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">damai</span></span>:</b> by order (instrumental fem. sing. < <i>*dʰoh₁m-eh₂</i> 'establish, dispose').</dd></dl></dd> <dd>(Translation: Prospér 2006)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">saum dekametinas datuz somei eni touzei iste ankios iste es-ankios</span></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-Jordan2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordan2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>of these, he will give the tax inside of this territory, so be fenced as be unfenced</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">saum</span></span>:</b> of these (< <i>*sa-ōm</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">dekametinas</span></span>:</b> the tithes, the tax.</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">datuz</span></span>:</b> he will pay, will give.</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">eni</span></span>:</b> inside, in (< <i>*h₁en-i</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">somei</span></span>:</b> of this (loc. sing. < <i>*so-sm-ei</i> 'from this').</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">touzei</span></span>:</b> territory (loc. sing. < *<i>touzom</i> 'territory' < <i>*tewt-yo</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">iste ankios</span></span>:</b> so (be) fenced.</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">iste es-ankios</span></span>:</b> as (be) unfenced.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(Transcription: Jordán 2004)</dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">togoitei ios vramtiom-ve auzeti aratim-ve dekametam datuz</span></span></b></dd> <dd>In Togotis, he who draws water either for the green or for the farmland, the tithe (of their yield) he shall give</dd></dl> <dl><dd>(Translation: De Bernardo 2007)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_inscription_from_Peñalba_de_Villastar"><span id="Great_inscription_from_Pe.C3.B1alba_de_Villastar"></span>Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Great inscription from Peñalba de Villastar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An inscription in the Latin alphabet in the Celtiberian sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1alba_de_Villastar" title="Peñalba de Villastar">Peñalba de Villastar</a>, in the current municipality of <a href="/wiki/Villastar" title="Villastar">Villastar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> province. (K.03.03) Other translations, which differ dramatically from this and from each other, may be found in P. Sims-Williams' treatment of the Celtic languages in <i>The Indo-European Languages</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div title="Celtiberian-language text"><div lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;"> <dl><dd>eni Orosei</dd> <dd>uta Tigino tiatunei</dd> <dd>erecaias to Luguei</dd> <dd>araianom komeimu</dd> <dd>eni Orosei Ekuoisui-kue</dd> <dd>okris olokas togias sistat Luguei tiaso</dd> <dd>togias</dd></dl></div></div> <dl><dd><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;"><b>eni Orosei uta Tigino tiatunei erecaias to Luguei araianom comeimu</b></span></span></dd> <dd>In Orosis and the surroundings of Tigino river, we dedicate the fields to Lugus.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">eni</span></span>:</b> in (< <i>*h₁en-i</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Orosei</span></span>:</b> Orosis (loc. sing. <i>*oros-ei</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">uta</span></span>:</b> and (conj. cop.).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Tigino</span></span>:</b> of Tigino (river) (gen. sing. <i>*tigin-o</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">tiatunei</span></span>:</b> in the surroundings (loc. sing. <i>*tiatoun-e</i>i < <i>*to-yh₂eto-mn-ei</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">erecaias</span></span>:</b> the furrows > the land cultivated (acc. pl. fem. <i>erekaiās</i> < <i>*perka-i-ans</i> > English <i>furrow</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">to Luguei</span></span>:</b> to Lugus.</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">araianom</span></span>:</b> properly, totally, (may be a verbal complement > <i>*pare-yanom</i>, cfr. welsh <i>iawn</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">comeimu</span></span>:</b> we dedicate (present 3 p.pl. <i>komeimu < *komeimuz < *kom-ei-mos-i</i>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">eni Orosei Ekuoisui-kue okris olokas togias sistat Luguei</span></span></b></dd> <dd>In Orosis and Equeiso the hills, the vegetable gardens [and] the houses are dedicated to Lugus.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Ekuoisui</span></span>:</b> in Ekuoisu (loc. sing.) <i><b>-kue:</b></i> and (< <i>*-kʷe</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">okris</span></span>:</b> the hills (nom. pl. < <i>*h₂ok-r-eyes</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">olokas</span></span>:</b> the vegetable gardens (nom. pl. <i>olokas</i> < *olkās < <i>*polk-eh₂-s</i> > English <i>fallow</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">togias</span></span>:</b> (and) the roofs > houses (nom. pl. or gen. sg. <i>togias</i> < <i>tog-ya-s</i> > Old Irish <i>tuige</i> "cover, protection").<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">sistat</span></span>:</b> are they (dedicated) (3 p.pl. < <i>*sistan</i>t < <i>*si-sth₂-nti</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Luguei</span></span>:</b> to Lug (dat. <i>Lugue-i</i>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(Transcription: Meid 1994, Translation: Prósper 2002<sup id="cite_ref-Prosper2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prosper2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_plaque_of_Torrijo_del_Campo">Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bronze plaque of Torrijo del Campo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bronze plaque found in Torrijo del Campo, Teruel province in 1996, using the eastern Celtiberian script. </p> <div title="Celtiberian-language text"><div lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;"> <dl><dd>kelaunikui</dd> <dd>derkininei : es</dd> <dd>kenim : dures : lau</dd> <dd>ni : olzui : obakai</dd> <dd>eskenim : dures</dd> <dd>useizunos : gorzo</dd> <dd>nei : lutorikum : ei</dd> <dd>subos : adizai : ekue : kar</dd> <dd>tinokum : ekue : lankikum</dd> <dd>ekue : tirtokum : silabur</dd> <dd>sazom : ibos : esatui</dd></dl></div></div> <dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Lutorikum eisubos adizai ekue Kartinokum ekue Lankikum ekue Tirtokum silabur sazom ibos esatui (datuz)</span></span></b></dd> <dd>for those of the Lutorici included in the duty, and also of the Cartinoci, of the Lancici and of the Tritoci, must give enough money to settle the debt with them.</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Lutorikum</span></span>:</b> of the Lutorici ( gen. masc. pl.).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">eisubos</span></span>:</b> for those included ( < <i>*h<sub>1</sub>epi-s-o-bʰos</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">adizai</span></span>:</b> in the assignment, in the duty (loc. fem. sing. < <i>*adittia</i> < <i>*ad-dik-tia</i>. Cfr. Latin <i>addictio</i> 'assignment').</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">ekue</span></span>:</b> and also (< <i>*h₂et(i)kʷe</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Kartinokum</span></span>:</b> of the Cartinoci ( gen. masc. pl.).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Lankikum</span></span>:</b> of the Lancici ( gen. masc. pl.).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">Tirtokum</span></span>:</b> of the Tritoci ( gen. masc. pl.).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">silabur</span></span>:</b> money.</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">sazom</span></span>:</b> enough (< <i>*sātio</i> < <i>*seh₂t-yo</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">ibos</span></span>:</b> for them (dat.3 p.pl. <i>ibus</i> < <i>*i-bʰos</i>).</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">esatui</span></span>:</b> to settle the debt (< <i>*essato</i> < <i>*eks-h₂eg-to</i>. Cfr. Latin <i>ex-igo</i> 'demand, require' & <i>exactum</i> 'identical, equivalent').</dd> <dd><b><span title="Celtiberian-language text"><span lang="xce" style="font-style: normal;">datuz</span></span>:</b> must give (< <i>*dh₃-tōd</i>).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(Transcription and Translation: Prósper 2015)</dd></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cortono plaque. Unknown origin."><img alt="Cortono plaque. Unknown origin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg/120px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg/180px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg/240px-Zaragoza_-_Museo_-_Bronce_epigr%C3%A1fico.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cortono plaque. Unknown origin.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronce_luzaga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Luzaga's bronze (Guadalajara)."><img alt="Luzaga's bronze (Guadalajara)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronce_luzaga.jpg/120px-Bronce_luzaga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronce_luzaga.jpg/180px-Bronce_luzaga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Bronce_luzaga.jpg/240px-Bronce_luzaga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Luzaga%27s_bronze" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzaga's bronze">Luzaga's bronze</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_(Uxama).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uxama tessera (Osma, Soria)."><img alt="Uxama tessera (Osma, Soria)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg/120px-T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg/180px-T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg/240px-T%C3%A9sera_hospitalidad_%28Uxama%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uxama <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tessera</a> (Osma, <a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a>).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tessera_Celtiberian_(unknown).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fröhner tessera. Unknown origin."><img alt="Fröhner tessera. Unknown origin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg/120px-Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg/180px-Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg/240px-Tessera_Celtiberian_%28unknown%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="324" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fröhner <a href="/wiki/Tessera" title="Tessera">tessera</a>. Unknown origin.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botorrita_plaque" title="Botorrita plaque">Botorrita plaque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzaga%27s_Bronze" title="Luzaga's Bronze">Luzaga's Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernd_VathSabine_Ziegler2017" class="citation book cs1">Bernd Vath; Sabine Ziegler (2017). "The documentation of Celtic". In Jared Klein; Brian Joseph; Matthias Fritz (eds.). <i>Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</i>. pp. 1168–1188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110523874-022">10.1515/9783110523874-022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+documentation+of+Celtic&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1168-1188&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110523874-022&rft.au=Bernd+Vath&rft.au=Sabine+Ziegler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Beltrán Lloris , Carlos Jordán Cólera , Borja Díaz Ariño1, and Ignacio Simón Cornago. Journal of Roman Archaeology 34 (2021), 713–733 doi:10.1017/S1047759421000635</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallory1989" class="citation book cs1">Mallory, J. P. (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/106"><i>In Search of the Indo-Europeans</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchofindoeu00jpma/page/106">106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05052-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05052-X"><bdi>0-500-05052-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Indo-Europeans&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-500-05052-X&rft.aulast=Mallory&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchofindoeu00jpma%2Fpage%2F106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranko Matasovic 2009 <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> Leiden: Brill, 2009, p.13 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoch2005" class="citation book cs1">Koch, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f899xH_quaMC&q=loss+of+p+in+celtiberian&pg=PA1465"><i>Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABL-CIO. pp. 1465–66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-440-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-440-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Culture%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1465-66&rft.pub=ABL-CIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-440-0&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df899xH_quaMC%26q%3Dloss%2Bof%2Bp%2Bin%2Bceltiberian%26pg%3DPA1465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matasovic, R. <i> Etymological Dictionary Of Proto-Celtic</i> Brill, 2009, pp. 264-265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lambert, Pierre-Yves. "Francisco Villar, M.a Pilar Fernandez Álvarez, ed. Religión, lengua y cultura prerromanas de Hispania, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2001 (Acta Salmanticensia, Estudios Filológicos, 283). = Actas del VIII Coloquio internacional sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (11-14 mai 1999, Salamanque)". In: <i>Etudes Celtiques</i>, vol. 35, 2003. p. 393. [www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2242_t1_0386_0000_2]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Bernardo, P. "La gramática celtibérica del bronce de Botorrita. Nuevos Resultados". In Palaeohispanica 9 (2009), pp. 683-699.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schmidt, K. H. "How to define celtiberian archaims?". in Palaeohispanica 10 (2010), pp. 479-487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p. 768 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17">https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia 2009 "El nombre -¿céltico?- de la Pintia vaccea". BSAA Arqueología Nº. 75, (243-256).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p753. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17">https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ranko Matasovic 2009 <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> Leiden: Brill, 2009, p.17 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic/Etymological%20Dictionary%20of%20Proto-Celtic_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cólera, Carlos Jordán (2007) "Celtiberian," e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies: Vol. 6, Article 17. p.763 Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17">https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorrochategui, Joaquín 1991 "Descripción y posición lingiiistica del celtibérico" in "Memoriae L. Mitxelena magistri sacrum vol I (3-32)". Ed. Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beltrán Lloris, F. Jordán Cólera, C. Marco Simón, F. 2005 "Novedades epigráficas en Peñalba de Villastar (Teruel)". Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua Nº. 5, 911-956: <i> ENIOROSEI Dat. sg. de un tema en -i. LVGVEI, Dat. sg. de un tema en -u. ERECAIAS, Gen .sg. de un tema en -a, TIASO, Gen. sg. de un tema en -o</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Villar Liébana, F. 1996 "Fonética y Morfología Celtibéricas". La Hispania prerromana : actas del VI Coloquio sobre lenguas y culturas prerromanas de la Península Ibérica (339-378): <i>1) filiación expresada mediante genitivo y cuya desinencia es -as < (*-ās) y 2) origen que se expresa mediante ablativo, cuya desinencia es -az < (*-ād)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wodtko, Dagmar S. "An outline of Celtiberian grammar" 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVáclav2013" class="citation web cs1">Václav, Blažek (2013-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/handle/11222.digilib/114125">"Gaulish language"</a>. <i>digilib.phil.muni.cz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digilib.phil.muni.cz&rft.atitle=Gaulish+language&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1clav&rft.aufirst=Bla%C5%BEek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2Fhandle%2F11222.digilib%2F114125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" <i>PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua</i> pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Untermann, J. (1967). "Die Endung des Genitiv singularis der o-Stämme im Keltiberischen." In W. Meid (ed.), <i>Beiträge zur Indogermanistik und Keltologie, Julius Pokorny zum 80. Geburtstag gewidmet,</i> pp. 281-288. Innsbruck: Sprachwissenschaftliches Institut der Universität Innsbruck.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordán Cólera, Carlos "La forma verbal <i>cabint</i> del bronce celtibérico de Novallas". En Emerita, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica LXXXII 2, 2014, pp. 327-343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matasovic, R. <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic.</i> Leiden: Brill. 2006. p. 436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p.10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf">https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "<i>Avdintvm</i>, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <i>Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos</i>, 2015-05, Vol.25 (25), pp.11-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "<i>Avdintvm</i>, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <i>Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos</i>, 2015-05, Vol.25 (25), pp.11-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "<i>Avdintvm</i>, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <i>Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos</i>, 2015-05, Vol.25 (25), pp.11-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "<i>Avdintvm</i>, una nueva forma verbal en celtibérico y sus posibles relaciones paradigmáticas (auzeti, auzanto, auz, auzimei, auzares...)" Universidad Complutense de Madrid. <i>Cuadernos de filología clásica. Estudios griegos e indoeuropeos</i>, 2015-05, Vol.25 (25), pp.11-23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Addenda et corrigenda to Ranko Matasović’s <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> (Brill, Leiden 2009) Zagreb, December 2011, p.10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf">https://mudrac.ffzg.hr/~rmatasov/EDPC-Addenda%20et%20corrigenda.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francisco Beltrán Lloris and Carlos Jordán Cólera (2020) "Celtiberian" <i>PALAEOHISPANICA: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua</i> pp. 631-690. I.S.S.N. 1578-5386 DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prosper, Blanca María. "Some Thoughts on the Gaulish Result of Common Celtic <i>-mn-</i> in Galatian" <i>Celtic Studies</i> 3. 2008. pp. 189-199, p. 190</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2000. Fife J. 2000. Historical Aspects. In: The Celtic Languages. Ed. by Martin j. Ball. with James Fife. Routledge. P.74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosper2006-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prosper2006_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrósper2006" class="citation journal cs1">Prósper, Blanca María (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/25/20/07prosper.pdf">"SOZ AUKU ARESTALO TAMAI: La segunda línea del bronce de Botorrita y el anafórico celtibérico"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Palaeohispánica: Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua</i> (6). Institución Fernando el Católico: 139–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohisp%C3%A1nica%3A+Revista+sobre+lenguas+y+culturas+de+la+Hispania+antigua&rft.atitle=SOZ+AUKU+ARESTALO+TAMAI%3A+La+segunda+l%C3%ADnea+del+bronce+de+Botorrita+y+el+anaf%C3%B3rico+celtib%C3%A9rico&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=139-150&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Pr%C3%B3sper&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifc.dpz.es%2Frecursos%2Fpublicaciones%2F25%2F20%2F07prosper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordan2004-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jordan2004_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordán_Cólera2004" class="citation journal cs1">Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2004). "Celtibérico". <i>Monografías de Filología Griega</i>. <b>16</b> (IV). Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-96214-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-96214-38-9"><bdi>84-96214-38-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monograf%C3%ADas+de+Filolog%C3%ADa+Griega&rft.atitle=Celtib%C3%A9rico&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=IV&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-96214-38-9&rft.aulast=Jord%C3%A1n+C%C3%B3lera&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapović, M. (editor) <i>The Indo-European Languages</i> Routledge: 2017. p. 360 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/MateKapoviTheIndoEuropeanLanguages/Mate%20Kapovi%C4%87%20The%20Indo-European%20Languages_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/MateKapoviTheIndoEuropeanLanguages/Mate%20Kapovi%C4%87%20The%20Indo-European%20Languages_djvu.txt</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matasovic, R. <i>Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic</i> Leiden: Brill. 2009. p. 376</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prosper2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prosper2002_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Prósper, Blanca M. 2002: «La gran inscripción rupestre celtibérica de Peñalba de Villastar. Una nueva interpretación», Palaeohispanica 2, pp. 213–226.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberro2003" class="citation journal cs1">Alberro, Manuel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2149">"The celticisation of the Iberian Peninsula, a process that could have had parallels in other European regions"</a>. <i>Études Celtiques</i>. <b>35</b>: 7–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.2003.2149">10.3406/ecelt.2003.2149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=The+celticisation+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+a+process+that+could+have+had+parallels+in+other+European+regions&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=7-24&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.2003.2149&rft.aulast=Alberro&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fecelt_0373-1928_2003_num_35_1_2149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Anderson, James M. "Preroman indo-european languages of the hispanic peninsula" . In: <i>Revue des Études Anciennes</i>. Tome 87, 1985, n°3-4. pp. 319–326. [DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1985.4212">https://doi.org/10.3406/rea.1985.4212</a>]; [www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1985_num_87_3_4212]</li> <li>Hoz, Javier de. "Lepontic, Celtiberian, Gaulish and the archaeological evidence". In: <i>Etudes Celtiques</i>. vol. 29, 1992. Actes du IXe congrès international d'études celtiques. Paris, 7-12 juillet 1991. Deuxième partie : Linguistique, littératures. pp. 223–240. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1992.2006">https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1992.2006</a></li> <li>Hoz, Javier de. (1996). <i>The Botorrita first text. Its epigraphical background</i>; in: <i>Die größeren altkeltischen Sprachdenkmäler.</i> Akten des Kolloquiums Innsbruck 29. April - 3. Mai 1993, ed. W. Meid and P. Anreiter, 124–145, Innsbruck.</li> <li>Jordán Cólera, Carlos: (2004). <i>Celtibérico</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.uwm.edu/Dept/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf">[1]</a>. University of Zaragoza, Spain.</li> <li>Joseph, Lionel S. (1982): <i>The Treatment of *CRH- and the Origin of CaRa- in Celtic</i>. Ériu n. 33 (31-57). Dublín. RIA.</li> <li>Lejeune, Michel (1955) <i>Celtiberica</i> Acta Salmanticensia: Filosofia y Letras, vol. 7, #4. Salamanca. Universidad de Salamanca.</li> <li>Lorrio, Alberto J. "Les Celtibères: archéologie et culture". In: <i>Etudes Celtiques</i>. vol. 33, 1997. pp. 7–36. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1997.2109">https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1997.2109</a></li> <li>Luján, Eugenio R. "Celtic and Celtiberian in the Iberian peninsula". In: E. Blasco et al. (eds.). <i>Iberia e Sardegna</i>. Le Monnier Universitá. 2013. pp. 97–112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-00-74449-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-00-74449-2">978-88-00-74449-2</a></li> <li>Luján, Eugenio R.; Lorrio, Alberto J. "Un puñal celtibérico con inscripción procedente de Almaraz (Cáceres, España)". In: <i>Etudes Celtiques</i>, vol. 43, 2017. pp. 113–126. DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2017.1096">https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.2017.1096</a></li> <li>McCone, Kim.(1996): <i>Towards a relative chronology of ancient and medieval Celtic sound change</i> Maynooth Studies in Celtic Linguistics 1. Maynooth. St. Patrick's College.</li> <li>Meid, Wolfgang. (1994). <i>Celtiberian Inscriptions</i>, Archaeolingua, edd. S. Bökönyi and W. Meid, Series Minor, 5, 12–13. Budapest.</li> <li>Schrijver, Peter (1991): <i>The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin</i>. Amsterdam. Ed. Rodopi.</li> <li>Schumacher, Stefan (2004): <i>Die keltischen Primärverben: ein vergleichendes, etymologisches und morphologisches Lexikon</i>. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft vol. 110. Universität Innsbruck.</li> <li>Untermann, Jürgen. (1997): <i>Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum. IV Die tartessischen, keltiberischen und lusitanischen Inschriften</i>, Wiesbaden.</li> <li>Velaza, Javier (1999): <i>Balance actual de la onomástica personal celtibérica</i>, <i>Pueblos, lenguas y escrituras en la Hispania Prerromana</i>, pp. 663–683.</li> <li>Villar, Francisco (1995): <i>Estudios de celtibérico y de toponimia prerromana</i>, Salamanca.</li> <li>Zair, Nicholas. (2012): <i>The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Celtic</i>. Leiden. Ed. Brill.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Overview</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Beltrán Lloris, Francisco; Jordán Cólera, Carlos. "Celtibérico". In: <i>Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania antigua</i> n. 20 (2020): pp. 631–688. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1578-5386">1578-5386</a> DOI: 10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.395</li> <li>de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifc.dpz.es/ojs/index.php/palaeohispanica/article/view/349">Centro Y áreas Laterales: Formación Del Celtibérico Sobre El Fondo Del Celta Peninsular Hispano</a>". In: <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista Sobre Lenguas Y Culturas De La Hispania Antigua</i>, n.º 2 (diciembre), 89-132. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i2.349">https://doi.org/10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i2.349</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Bla%C5%BEek" title="Václav Blažek">Blažek, Václav</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/114002">Celtiberian</a>". In: <i>Sborník prací Filozofické fakulty brněnské univerzity</i>. N, Řada klasická = Graeco-Latina Brunensia. 2007, vol. 56, iss. N. 12, pp. [5]-25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1211-6335">1211-6335</a>.</li> <li>Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2007). "Celtiberian". <i>e-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies</i>. Vol. 6: The Celts in the Iberian Peninsula. Article 17. pp. 749–850. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1540-4889">1540-4889</a> Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17">https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Lexicon</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrizia_de_Bernardo_Stempel" title="Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel">Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia de</a>. "Celtic ‘son’, ‘daughter’, other descendants, and <i>*sunus</i> in Early Celtic". In: <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i> 118, 2013 (2013): 259–298. doi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259">https://doi.org/10.1515/indo.2013.118.2013.259</a></li> <li>Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. “A propósito de matrubos y los términos de parentesco en celtibérico”. In: <i>Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico</i>. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 4 (2019): 5-15. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2603-9117">2603-9117</a></li> <li>Fernández, Esteban Ngomo. "El color rojo en celtibérico: del IE <i>*H1roudh-</i> al celtibérico <i>routaikina</i>". In: <i>Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico</i>. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. nº. 6 (junio, 2020): 5-19. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2603-9117">2603-9117</a></li> <li>Stifter, David (2006). "Contributions to Celtiberian Etymology II". In: <i>Palaeohispanica: revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua</i>, 6. pp. 237–245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1578-5386">1578-5386</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWodtko2023" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wodtko, Dagmar (2023). "Das Keltiberische Lexikon" [The Celtiberian lexicon]. <i>Palaeohispanica. Revista Sobre Lenguas y Culturas de la Hispania Antigua</i> (in German). <b>23</b>: 151–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v23i0.531">10.36707/palaeohispanica.v23i0.531</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeohispanica.+Revista+Sobre+Lenguas+y+Culturas+de+la+Hispania+Antigua&rft.atitle=Das+Keltiberische+Lexikon&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=151-64&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36707%2Fpalaeohispanica.v23i0.531&rft.aulast=Wodtko&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Alphabet</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordán_Cólera2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jordán Cólera, Carlos (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_2015_num_41_1_2450">"La valeur du s diacrité dans les inscriptions celtibères en alphabet latin"</a>. <i>Études Celtiques</i> (in French). <b>41</b>: 75–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fecelt.2015.2450">10.3406/ecelt.2015.2450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Celtiques&rft.atitle=La+valeur+du+s+diacrit%C3%A9+dans+les+inscriptions+celtib%C3%A8res+en+alphabet+latin&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=75-94&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fecelt.2015.2450&rft.aulast=Jord%C3%A1n+C%C3%B3lera&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fecelt_0373-1928_2015_num_41_1_2450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACeltiberian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Simón Cornago, Ignacio; Jordán Cólera, Carlos Benjamín. "The Celtiberian S. A New Sign in (Paleo)Hispanic Epigraphy". In: <i>Tyche</i> 33 (2018). pp. 183–205. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1010-9161">1010-9161</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Celtiberian, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Celtiberian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Celtiberian language"><i><b>Celtiberian language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Celtiberian_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Celtiberian language">Celtiberian language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208211958/http://www.arqueotavira.com/Mapas/Iberia/Populi.htm">Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mnamon.sns.it/index.php?page=Esempi&id=60&lang=en">Celtic, Celtiberian - 2nd - 1st c. B.C. Examples of writing</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celtic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celtic_languages" title="Template talk:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celtic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celtic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></i> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtiberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Insular Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a><br />(Brythonic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Brittonic_languages" title="Southwestern Brittonic languages">Southwestern Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Brittonic_languages" title="Western Brittonic languages">Western Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Welsh" title="Old Welsh">Old Welsh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pictish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Primitive Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Irish" title="Middle Irish">Middle Irish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Irish" title="Early Modern Irish">Early Modern Irish</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Classical_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Gaelic">Classical Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Belgian_language" title="Ancient Belgian language">Ancient Belgian</a></i>? (possibly hypothetical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i>? (possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a> or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i>? (possibly independent or pre-Indo-European)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_language" title="Lusitanian language">Lusitanian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhaetic" title="Rhaetic">Rhaetic</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i>? (possibly <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hispanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Hispanic languages">Paleo-Hispanic</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic-speaking areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Brittany" title="Lower Brittany">Lower Brittany</a> (Brittany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a> (Chubut Province, Argentina; Welsh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht" title="Gaeltacht">Gaeltacht</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> (Nova Scotia; Scottish Gaelic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A0idhealtachd" title="Gàidhealtachd">Gàidhealtachd</a> (Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a> (Wales)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immersive education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(school)" title="Diwan (school)">Diwan</a> (Breton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skol_Veythrin_Karenza" title="Skol Veythrin Karenza">Skol Veythrin Karenza</a> (Cornish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelscoil" title="Gaelscoil">Gaelscoil</a> (Irish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunscoill_Ghaelgagh" title="Bunscoill Ghaelgagh">Bunscoill Ghaelgagh</a> (Manx)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic-medium_education" title="Scottish Gaelic-medium education">Scottish Gaelic-medium education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-medium_education" title="Welsh-medium education">Welsh-medium education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct or ancestor languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Celts" title="Template:Celts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Celts" title="Template talk:Celts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Celts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Celts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Celts_and_modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Celtic studies</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Celtic tribes</a> <b>·</b> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Ancient Celtic ethnic groups</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Celts" title="Names of the Celts">Names</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonians" title="Caledonians">Caledonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberians" title="Celtiberians">Celtiberians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaeci" title="Gallaeci">Gallaeci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatians_(people)" title="Galatians (people)">Galatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcae" title="Volcae">Volcae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celtic ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_diaspora" title="Cornish diaspora">Cornish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_diaspora" title="Scottish diaspora">Scottish diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh diaspora">Welsh diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Celtic" title="Anglo-Celtic">Anglo-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celtic_round_dogs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/100px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/150px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Celtic_round_dogs.svg/200px-Celtic_round_dogs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_studies" title="Celtic studies">Studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dálriata</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Alba" title="Kingdom of Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Iron_Age" title="British Iron Age">Iron Age Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia (ancient region)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dumnonia" title="Dumnonia">Dumnonia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Iron Age Gaul</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britonia" title="Britonia">Britonia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_settlement_of_Southeast_Europe" title="Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts_in_Transylvania" title="Celts in Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia" title="Galatia">Galatia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_paganism" title="Proto-Celtic paganism">Proto-Celtic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_deities" title="Celtic deities">Celtic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Animism" title="Celtic Animism">Celtic Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Rite" title="Celtic Rite">Celtic Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_stone_idols" title="Celtic stone idols">Celtic stone idolss</a>* <a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_Monasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Celtic_temple" title="Romano-Celtic temple">Romano-Celtic temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Celtic_pagan_practices" title="Template:Celtic pagan practices">Practices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_mythology" title="Scottish mythology">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_mythology" title="Breton mythology">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_mythology" title="Cornish mythology">Cornish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bard" title="Bard">Bard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brehon" title="Brehon">Brehon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Celtic festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women" title="Ancient Celtic women">Celtic women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Name" title="Chief of the Name">Chief of the Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbfine" title="Derbfine">Derbfine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_clan_chief" title="Scottish clan chief">Clan chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_astrology" title="Early Irish astrology">Gaelic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1inne" title="Fáinne">Fáinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fili" class="mw-redirect" title="Fili">Fili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanistry" title="Tanistry">Tanistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seancha%C3%AD" title="Seanchaí">Seanchaí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">Sept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BAath" title="Túath">Túath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vates" title="Vates">Vates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic warfare">Warfare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_coinage" title="Celtic coinage">Coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modern_Celts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celts_(modern)" title="Celts (modern)">Modern Celts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Celtic_Christianity" title="Neo-Celtic Christianity">Neo-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Wicca" title="Celtic Wicca">Celtic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Neo-Druidism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a> definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (<span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Breizh</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> (<span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">Kernow</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (<span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Éire</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> (<span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Mannin</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (<span title="Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="gd">Alba</i></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Cymru</i></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Wladfa" title="Y Wladfa">Y Wladfa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culture</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_literature" title="Celtic literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian Legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_bardic_poetry" title="Irish bardic poetry">Bardic Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_literature" title="Breton literature">Breton literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_literature" title="Cornish literature">Cornish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_literature" title="Manx literature">Manx literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_literature" title="Scottish literature">Scottish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Welsh-language literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">Welsh literature in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">Early Irish literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Irish annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_literature" title="Gaelic literature">Gaelic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_literature" title="Scottish Gaelic literature">Scottish Gaelic literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brittany" title="Culture of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cornwall" title="Culture of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Culture of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Scotland" title="Culture of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_art" title="Celtic art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_brooch" title="Celtic brooch">Brooches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragonesque_brooch" title="Dragonesque brooch">Dragonesque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_cross" title="Celtic cross">Celtic cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_knot" title="Celtic knot">Knotwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High crosses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_art" title="Insular art">Insular art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlace_(art)" title="Interlace (art)">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_leaf-crown" title="Celtic leaf-crown">Leaf-crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_maze" title="Celtic maze">Mazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">Torcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triskelion" title="Triskelion">Triple spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Dress" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Dress">Celtic Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_clothing" title="Irish clothing">Gaelic clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_dress" title="Highland dress">Highland dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartan" title="Tartan">Tartan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Highland culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_music" title="Ancient Celtic music">Ancient Celtic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_folk_music" title="Welsh folk music">Welsh folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_singing" title="Sean-nós singing">Sean-nós singing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnyx" title="Carnyx">Carnyx</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National_music_scenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National music scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cornwall" title="Music of Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Music of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Scotland" title="Music of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_festivals" title="List of Celtic festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Gaeaf" title="Calan Gaeaf">Calan Gaeaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a>/<a href="/wiki/G%C5%B5yl_Fair_y_Canhwyllau" title="Gŵyl Fair y Canhwyllau">Gŵyl Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Beltane</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calan_Mai" title="Calan Mai">Calan Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gathering_Day" title="Gathering Day">Calan Awst</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_Interceltique_de_Lorient" title="Festival Interceltique de Lorient">Festival Interceltique de Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Celtic_Festival" title="Pan Celtic Festival">Pan Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebridean_Celtic_Festival" title="Hebridean Celtic Festival">Hebridean Celtic Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Connections" title="Celtic Connections">Celtic Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Media_Festival" title="Celtic Media Festival">Celtic Media Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando_(sport)" title="Bando (sport)">Bando</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bataireacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataireacht">Bataireacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cammag" title="Cammag">Cammag</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cnapan" title="Cnapan">Cnapan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_hurling" title="Cornish hurling">Cornish hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Gaelic_football" title="Ladies' Gaelic football">Ladies'</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouren" title="Gouren">Gouren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_games" title="Highland games">Highland games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinty" title="Shinty">Shinty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_handball" title="Welsh handball">Welsh handball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Breton_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Breton nationalism">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Brittany" title="Reunification of Brittany">reunification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Cornwall" title="Constitutional status of Cornwall">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_status_of_Orkney,_Shetland_and_the_Western_Isles" title="Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles">Constitutional status of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_national_identity" title="Scottish national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_national_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh national identity">national identity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_devolution" title="Cornish devolution">Cornish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_devolution" title="Scottish devolution">Scottish devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_devolution" title="Welsh devolution">Welsh devolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton independence">Breton independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_League" title="Celtic League">Celtic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Congress" title="Celtic Congress">Celtic Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_society" title="Celtic society">Celtic society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic unity">Celtic unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_Project" title="Columba Project">Columba Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beurla_Reagaird" title="Beurla Reagaird">Beurla Reagaird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Continental Celtic languages">Ancient Celtic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">Extinct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Proto-Brittonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_Irish" title="Primitive Irish">Proto-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulish" title="Gaulish">Gaulish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatian_language" title="Galatian language">Galatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecian_language" title="Gallaecian language">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepontic_language" title="Lepontic language">Lepontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noric_language" title="Noric language">Noric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbric" title="Cumbric">Cumbric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_language" title="Pictish language">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Celtic_languages" title="Hispano-Celtic languages">Hispano-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish" title="Cisalpine Gaulish">Cisalpine Gaulish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arran_Gaelic" title="Arran Gaelic">Arran Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeside_Gaelic" title="Deeside Gaelic">Deeside Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galwegian_Gaelic" title="Galwegian Gaelic">Galwegian Gaelic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Law_and_Warfare" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_law" title="Celtic law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_law" title="Early Irish law">Early Irish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Cyfraith Hywel</a> (Medieval Welsh law)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scots_law" title="History of Scots law">Early Scots law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_warfare" title="Ancient Celtic warfare">Warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_warfare" title="Gaelic warfare">Gaelic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cateran" title="Cateran">Ceathairne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_(soldier)" title="Kern (soldier)">Ceithearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna" title="Fianna">Fianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallowglass" title="Gallowglass">Gallóglaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobelar" title="Hobelar">Hobelar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshank_(soldier)" title="Redshank (soldier)">Redshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimarcisia" title="Trimarcisia">Trimarcisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_deities" title="List of Celtic deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_English_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="Lists of English words of Celtic origin">Celtic words in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Spanish words of Celtic origin">– in Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Galician_words_of_Celtic_origin" title="List of Galician words of Celtic origin">– in Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_words_of_Gaulish_origin" title="List of French words of Gaulish origin">Gaulish words in French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Galicia" title="List of Celtic place names in Galicia">Celtic place names in Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Italy" title="List of Celtic place names in Italy">– in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celtic_place_names_in_Portugal" title="List of Celtic place names in Portugal">– in Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Celts" title="Portal:Celts">Celts portal</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/16px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/24px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg/32px-Triple-Spiral-4turns_green_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120222-3">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&oldid=1258097114">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&oldid=1258097114</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_Celtic_languages" title="Category:Continental Celtic languages">Continental Celtic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleohispanic_languages" title="Category:Paleohispanic languages">Paleohispanic languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_languages_of_Spain" title="Category:Extinct languages of Spain">Extinct languages of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_languages" title="Category:Ancient languages">Ancient languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_Linglist_code" title="Category:Language articles with Linglist code">Language articles with Linglist code</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extinct_ISO_language_articles_citing_sources_other_than_Ethnologue" title="Category:Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue">Extinct ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Celtiberian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Celtiberian-language text">Articles containing Celtiberian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2020">Articles needing additional references from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Proto-Celtic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text">Articles containing Proto-Celtic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manx-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manx-language text">Articles containing Manx-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scottish_Gaelic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text">Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 03:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Celtiberian_language&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-lnrz6","wgBackendResponseTime":208,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.221","walltime":"1.476","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8524,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":263912,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9015,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":97434,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1234.605 1 -total"," 25.28% 312.148 203 Template:Lang"," 13.07% 161.401 1 Template:Infobox_language"," 12.75% 157.423 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.79% 145.536 15 Template:Navbox"," 10.78% 133.135 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.20% 113.526 3 Template:Cite_book"," 8.05% 99.343 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.83% 96.646 1 Template:Celtic_languages"," 5.56% 68.639 2 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.658","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18910033,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vnstb","timestamp":"20241122142814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Celtiberian language","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Celtiberian_language","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37012","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q37012","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-17T18:59:39Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T03:24:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/Mapa_lleng%C3%BCes_paleohisp%C3%A0niques-ang.jpg","headline":"language"}</script> </body> </html>