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<li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 World War I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_the_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_the_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Between the wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_the_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 World War II </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle World War II subsection </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expands_military_force_fortyfold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expands_military_force_fortyfold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Expands military force fortyfold </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expands_military_force_fortyfold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Replacement_system_criticized" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement_system_criticized"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Replacement system criticized </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement_system_criticized-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planned_invasion_of_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planned_invasion_of_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Planned invasion of Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planned_invasion_of_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_of_Pearl_Harbor_intelligence_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_Pearl_Harbor_intelligence_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_Pearl_Harbor_intelligence_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_to_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_to_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Mission to China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_to_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Secretary of State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_Defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Secretary of Defense </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Secretary of Defense subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_Defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relief_of_General_MacArthur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relief_of_General_MacArthur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1.1 Relief of General MacArthur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relief_of_General_MacArthur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Battle_Monuments_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 American Battle Monuments Commission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Battle_Monuments_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Family life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Reputation and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reputation and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reputation_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tributes_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Tributes and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fictional_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Fictional portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Dates of rank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_decorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_decorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Awards and decorations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Awards and decorations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_decorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civilian_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Civilian honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honorary_degrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorary_degrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Honorary degrees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorary_degrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Works cited </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works cited subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.2 Periodicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_&_Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_&_Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20.3 News & Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_&_Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George C. Marshall</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" > 79 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جورج مارشال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج مارشال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Mar%C5%9Fall" title="Corc Marşall – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Marşall" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جرج مارشال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جرج مارشال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="জর্জ মার্শাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ মার্শাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Джордж Маршал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Маршал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Джордж Маршал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Маршал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Джордж Маршал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Маршал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Catlett_Marshall" title="George Catlett Marshall – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Catlett Marshall" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Τζορτζ Μάρσαλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Μάρσαλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Catlett_Marshall" title="George Catlett Marshall – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Catlett Marshall" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جرج مارشال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج مارشال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral)" title="George Marshall (général) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Marshall (général)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%A7%88%EC%85%9C" title="조지 마셜 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 마셜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Ջորջ Մարշալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Մարշալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="ג'ורג' מרשל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' מרשל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ მარშალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ მარშალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Маршалл – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Маршалл" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Catlett_Marshall" title="Georgius Catlett Marshall – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Catlett Marshall" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_M%C4%81r%C5%A1als" title="Džordžs Māršals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Māršals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Џорџ Маршал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Маршал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ მარშალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ მარშალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D9%81%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="جورج مارشال (لعيب فوتبول امريكانى من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج مارشال (لعيب فوتبول امريكانى من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Жорж Маршалл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Маршалл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ မာရှယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ မာရှယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall_(generaal)" title="George Marshall (generaal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Marshall (generaal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="ジョージ・マーシャル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・マーシャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਮਾਰਸ਼ਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਮਾਰਸ਼ਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="جارج مارشل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج مارشل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جورج سي. مارشال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج سي. مارشال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Маршалл, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маршалл, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Catlett_Marshall" title="George Catlett Marshall – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Catlett Marshall" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Џорџ Маршал (генерал) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Маршал (генерал)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George C. Marshall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜார்ஜ் மார்ஷல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் மார்ஷல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%97_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Җорҗ Маршалл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җорҗ Маршалл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="จอร์จ มาร์แชลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ มาร์แชลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Marshall" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Джордж Маршалл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Маршалл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="جارج مارشل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج مارشل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall" title="George Marshall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Marshall" 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Marshall</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American army officer and statesman (1880–1959)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"George Marshall" and "General Marshall" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Marshall (disambiguation)">George Marshall (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Marshall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Marshall (disambiguation)">General Marshall (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George C. Marshall</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a man in military uniform.marshal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg/220px-Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg/330px-Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg/440px-Army_Chief_of_Staff_General_George_C._Marshall_official_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3153" data-file-height="4000" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official military portrait, 1940</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States Secretary of Defense</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 September 1950 – 12 September 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Early" title="Stephen Early">Stephen Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">10th President of the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 October 1949 – 1 December 1950</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Basil_O%27Connor" title="Basil O'Connor">Basil O'Connor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._Roland_Harriman" title="E. Roland Harriman">E. Roland Harriman</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">2nd Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 1949 – 16 October 1959</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">50th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 21 January 1947 – 20 January 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">United States Special Envoy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 December 1945 – 6 January 1947</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">15th <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1 September 1939 – 18 November 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_D._Gasser" title="Lorenzo D. Gasser">Lorenzo D. Gasser</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Bryden" title="William Bryden">William Bryden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Malin Craig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Catlett Marshall Jr.</div> (1880-12-31)31 December 1880 <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1959(1959-10-16) (aged 78) <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data">None<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[A]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lily Carter Coles</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1902; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1927)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tupper_Marshall" title="Katherine Tupper Marshall">Katherine Boyce Tupper Brown</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1930)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard J. Marshall">Richard J. Marshall</a> (Distant Cousin) <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (Distant Cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Civilian awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a> <a href="#Civilian_honors">Complete list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George C. Marshall's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg/128px-George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg/192px-George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg/256px-George_C_Marshall_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="131" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1902–1959<a href="#cite_note-3">[B]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20111685-4">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O11_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/26px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/39px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/52px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a> 5th Brigade, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a> and District I, <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Screven" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Screven">Fort Screven</a> and District F, <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War#Post-1902_conflicts" title="Philippine–American War">Post-war insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne Offensive">Meuse-Argonne Offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation Beleaguer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Military awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> (2) <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre" title="Croix de Guerre">Croix de Guerre</a> <a href="#Awards_and_decorations">Complete list</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">College football career</td></tr><tr class="note"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AE122A;color:#FFFFFF; border:3px solid #FFD619; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">VMI Keydets</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Position</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)" title="Tackle (gridiron football position)">Left Tackle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AE122A;color:#FFFFFF; border:3px solid #FFD619; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">Career history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">College</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><a href="/wiki/VMI_Keydets_football" title="VMI Keydets football">VMI</a> (1900)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#AE122A;color:#FFFFFF; border:3px solid #FFD619; border-left: none; border-right: none; box-shadow: inset 0 2px 0 #FEFEFE, inset 0 -2px 0 #FEFEFE;">Career highlights and awards</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;"> <a href="/wiki/College_Football_All-Southern_Team" title="College Football All-Southern Team">All-Southern</a> (<a href="/wiki/1900_College_Football_All-Southern_Team" title="1900 College Football All-Southern Team">1900</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav" title="File:Marshall Plan Speech.wav">Marshall's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav/Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav/Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Marshall_Plan_Speech.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">George C. Marshall's speech at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> introducing the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, 5 June 1947</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> George Catlett Marshall Jr. <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath">GCB</a> (31 December 1880 – 16 October 1959) was an American army officer and statesman. He rose through the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> to become <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army</a> under Presidents <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, then served as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> under Truman.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Office-5">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> lauded Marshall as the "organizer of victory" for his leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> victory in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. During the subsequent year, he attempted to but failed to avoid the impending <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. As Secretary of State, Marshall advocated for a U.S. economic and political commitment to post-war European recovery, including the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> that bore his name. In recognition of this work, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1953, the only Army general ever to receive the honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN:_George_C._Marshall-6">[4]</a> Born in Uniontown, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, Marshall graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> (VMI) in 1901. He received his commission as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second lieutenant (United States)">second lieutenant</a> of Infantry in February 1902 and immediately went to the Philippines. He served in the United States and overseas in positions of increasing rank, including platoon leader and company commander in the Philippines during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. He was the top-ranked of the five Honor Graduates of his <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Infantry-Cavalry School Course</a> in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army Staff College</a> class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> In 1916 Marshall was assigned as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">J. Franklin Bell</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_West" title="Department of the West">Western Department</a>. After the nation entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in 1917, Marshall served with Bell, who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_East" title="Department of the East">Department of the East</a>. He was assigned to the staff of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Division</a>; he assisted with the organization's mobilization and training in the United States, as well as planning of its combat operations in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> Subsequently assigned to the staff of the <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> headquarters, he was a key planner of American operations, including the <a href="/wiki/Meuse-Argonne_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse-Argonne Offensive">Meuse-Argonne Offensive</a>. After the war, Marshall became an aide-de-camp to <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>. Marshall later served on the Army staff, was the executive officer of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="15th Infantry Regiment (United States)">15th Infantry Regiment</a> in China and was an instructor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a>. In 1927, he became assistant commandant of the Army's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Infantry_School" title="United States Army Infantry School">Infantry School</a>, where he modernized command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> In 1932 and 1933, he commanded the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Fort Screven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Marshall commanded 5th Brigade, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Barracks" title="Vancouver Barracks">Vancouver Barracks</a> from 1936 to 1938; he received promotion to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a>. During this command, Marshall was also responsible for 35 <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> (CCC) camps in Oregon and Southern Washington. In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division on the War Department staff; he later became the Army's <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Deputy Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Deputy Chief of Staff</a>. When Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Malin Craig</a> retired in 1939, Marshall assumed the role of Chief of Staff in an acting capacity before his appointment to the position, which he held until the war's end in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> As Chief of Staff, Marshall, working closely with Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a>, organized the largest military expansion in U.S. history, and was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star rank</a> as <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)#World_War_II_era" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a>. Marshall coordinated Allied operations in Europe and the Pacific until the end of the war. In addition to accolades from <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and other Allied leaders, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named Marshall its <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1943 and 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006-10">[8]</a> Marshall retired from active service in 1945, but remained on active duty, as required for holders of five-star rank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-11">[9]</a> From 15 December 1945 to January 1947, Marshall served as a special envoy to China in an unsuccessful effort to negotiate a coalition government between the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalists</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of China">Communists</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. As <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> from 1947 to 1949, Marshall advocated rebuilding Europe, a program that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, and which led to his being awarded the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001120-12">[10]</a> After resigning as Secretary of State, Marshall served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Is_Named_Head19496-13">[11]</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="American National Red Cross">American National Red Cross</a>. As <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, Marshall worked to restore the military's confidence and morale after the end of its post-World War II demobilization and then its initial buildup for combat in Korea and operations during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Resigning as Defense Secretary, Marshall retired to his home in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. He died in 1959 and was buried with honors at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> George Catlett Marshall Jr. was born in <a href="/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania" title="Uniontown, Pennsylvania">Uniontown, Pennsylvania</a>, the youngest of three children born to George Catlett Marshall and Laura Emily (née Bradford) Marshall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZajac2003-15">[13]</a> Both sides of his family were long from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, but cherished their <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson20142-16">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[C]</a> He was also a first cousin, three times removed, of former <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham1985106-18">[15]</a> He was also a distant cousin of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marshall_(United_States_Army_officer)" title="Richard Marshall (United States Army officer)">Richard J. Marshall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> Marshall's father was active in the coal and <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> business.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZajac2003-15">[13]</a> Later, when asked about his political allegiances, Marshall often joked that his father had been a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> and his mother a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>, whereas he was an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler2015-20">[17]</a> Marshall was educated at Miss Alcinda Thompson's private school in Uniontown and spent a year at Uniontown's Central School.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZajac2003-15">[13]</a> Having decided early in life that he desired a career in the military, but unlikely to obtain an appointment to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a> because of his average grades, he looked to the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) for a formal education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199023–24-21">[18]</a> Marshall's brother Stuart, a VMI alumnus, believed George would not succeed and argued that their mother should not let George attend out of concern that he would "disgrace the family name."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarly_Career-22">[19]</a> Determined to "wipe his brother's face," Marshall enrolled at the age of sixteen in December 1897.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Marshall_children-23">[20]</a> To pay for his tuition and expenses, Marshall's mother sold parcels of land she owned in Uniontown and <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Kentucky" title="Augusta, Kentucky">Augusta, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray199023–24-21">[18]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg/220px-1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg/330px-1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg/440px-1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team_marshall_encircled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1045" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/1900_VMI_Keydets_football_team" title="1900 VMI Keydets football team">1900 VMI Keydets football team</a>. Marshall circled</figcaption></figure> At the start of his college career, Marshall was subjected to a <a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">hazing</a> incident in which upperclassmen positioned an unsheathed bayonet with the point up and directed him to squat over it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200710-24">[21]</a> After twenty minutes, Marshall fainted and fell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200710-24">[21]</a> When he awoke, he had a deep laceration to one of his buttocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200710-24">[21]</a> While being treated for his injury, Marshall refused to inform on his classmates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200710-24">[21]</a> Impressed with his bravery, the hazers never bothered him again.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200710-24">[21]</a> During his years at VMI, Marshall always ranked first in military discipline and about midway academically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> He attained the rank of first captain, the highest a cadet could achieve, and graduated 15th of 34 in the Class of 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor20202-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkutt199786-26">[23]</a> Marshall received a diploma, not a degree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkutt199786-26">[23]</a> At the time of his graduation, the top five or six VMI graduates received bachelor's degrees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkutt199786-26">[23]</a> The rest received diplomas attesting to their status as graduates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkutt199786-26">[23]</a> He played <a href="/wiki/Tackle_(gridiron_football_position)" title="Tackle (gridiron football position)">offensive tackle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">football</a> team and <a href="/wiki/1900_College_Football_All-Southern_Team" title="1900 College Football All-Southern Team">in 1900</a> he was selected for <a href="/wiki/College_Football_All-Southern_Team" title="College Football All-Southern Team">All-Southern</a> honors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensWilliams2009123-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_infantry_career_and_the_Philippines">Early infantry career and the Philippines</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early infantry career and the Philippines">edit</a>]</div> Following his graduation from VMI, Marshall served as Commandant of Students at the <a href="/wiki/Danville_Community_College" title="Danville Community College">Danville Military Institute</a> in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPops2009307-28">[25]</a> He took a competitive examination for a commission in the United States Army, which had greatly expanded to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201323-29">[26]</a> Marshall passed and used endorsements his father obtained from both of Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a> to bolster his application.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201323-29">[26]</a> VMI Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Scott_Shipp" title="Scott Shipp">Scott Shipp</a> also supported Marshall's application, and in a letter to President <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> compared him favorably to other VMI graduates serving in the Army, saying Marshall was "Fully the equal of the best."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGCM_Foundation199618-30">[27]</a> He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">Infantry</a> in February 1902.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201323-29">[26]</a> In a matter of days he married, resigned the Danville job, and shipped out to serve with the <a href="/wiki/30th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="30th Infantry Regiment (United States)">30th Infantry Regiment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201323-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler198913–14-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020114-32">[29]</a> Prior to <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Marshall received various postings in the United States and the Philippines, including serving as an infantry platoon leader and company commander during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> and other guerrilla uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> He was schooled in modern warfare, including tours from 1906 to 1910 as both a student and an instructor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler198921–25-33">[30]</a> He was ranked first of five Honor Graduates of his Infantry-Cavalry School Course (now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">United States Army Command and General Staff College</a>) in 1907 and graduated first in his 1908 Army Staff College (now the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">United States Army War College</a>) class.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> After graduating in 1908, Marshall was assigned as an instructor at the Infantry-Cavalry School.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020115-35">[32]</a> After another tour of duty in the Philippines beginning in 1913, Marshall returned in 1916 to serve as <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to Major General <a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">J. Franklin Bell</a>, the commander of the Western Department and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army Chief of Staff</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Francisco" title="Presidio of San Francisco">Presidio of San Francisco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolemore19866-36">[33]</a> In the summer and fall of 1916, Marshall was responsible for organizing several Western Department <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Military_Training_Camp" title="Citizens' Military Training Camp">Citizens' Military Training Camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> in April 1917, Marshall relocated with Bell to <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a>, New York, when Bell was reassigned as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_East" title="Department of the East">Department of the East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020115-35">[32]</a> Shortly afterwards, Marshall was assigned to help oversee the mobilization of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Division</a> for service in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War I">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:111-SC-6377_-_Staff,_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-111-SC-6377_-_Staff%2C_First_Division_-_NARA_-_55173660_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Bullard" title="Robert Lee Bullard">Robert Lee Bullard</a> (center, facing towards the right), the newly appointed commander of the 1st Division, and members of his divisional staff at <a href="/wiki/Gondrecourt-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Gondrecourt-le-Château">Gondrecourt</a>, France, 17 January 1918. To Bullard's right is Lieutenant Colonel George C. Marshall, the 1st Division's assistant chief of staff for operations.</figcaption></figure> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">American entry into World War I</a> in April 1917, Marshall had roles as a planner of both training and operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> In the summer, he was assigned as assistant chief of staff for operations on the staff of the newly created <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Infantry Division (United States)">1st Division</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_L._Sibert" title="William L. Sibert">William L. Sibert</a>, a fifty-six-year-old engineer officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020115-35">[32]</a> After overseeing the division's mobilization and organization in Texas, he departed for France with the division staff in mid-1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> On the long ocean voyage, his roommate was the division's assistant chief of staff for training, Major <a href="/wiki/Lesley_J._McNair" title="Lesley J. McNair">Lesley J. McNair</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun201243-39">[36]</a> the two formed a personal and professional bond that they maintained for the rest of their careers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun201243-39">[36]</a> Marshall was the first passenger from the first boat transporting <a href="/wiki/American_Expeditionary_Forces" title="American Expeditionary Forces">American Expeditionary Forces</a> (AEF) soldiers to set foot in Europe, and one of the first to enter the <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trenches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> After arriving in France, Marshall served with the 1st Division on the Saint-Mihiel, Picardy, and Cantigny fronts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> Although the division was designated as a Regular Army formation, most of the officers and men serving within its ranks were almost completely lacking in combat experience. They were also deficient "in training, staff work, and logistical problems. More than half of its soldiers were new recruits. Only a few of its <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> had been in the Army for two years or more, and nearly all of the lieutenants had been commissioned less than six months".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020116-41">[38]</a> In late 1917, General <a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">John J. Pershing</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-Chief</a> (C-in-C) of the AEF, inspected the 1st Division.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201329-42">[39]</a> Unimpressed by what he observed, Pershing began to berate the division commander, Major General Sibert, in front of his staff, including Marshall. Sibert took Pershing's criticism in silence, but when Pershing turned his attention to the division chief of staff, Marshall angrily interceded to inform Pershing of logistical and administrative difficulties of which Pershing was unaware.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle2017-43">[40]</a> Marshall also informed Pershing that the AEF staff had not been very helpful in dealing with the problems. Sibert and his staff were concerned that Marshall's willingness to confront Pershing had probably cost him his career. Instead, Pershing began to seek out Marshall and ask for his advice whenever he visited the 1st Division,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201329-42">[39]</a> which, over the winter, "completed extensive training, much of it under French tutelage". By mid-April 1918 the division, now commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Bullard" title="Robert Lee Bullard">Robert Lee Bullard</a>, was deemed to have progressed enough in its training to have its own sector of the Western Front to hold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020116-41">[38]</a> Marshall won recognition and acclaim for his planning of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cantigny" title="Battle of Cantigny">Battle of Cantigny</a>, which took place from 28 to 31 May 1918;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> Marshall's success resulted in the first notable American victory of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavenport2015-44">[41]</a> As he conducted pre-attack planning, Marshall traveled alone under cover of darkness to personally view the terrain and mentally map it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a> Marshall ventured beyond the front lines and far into <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no-man's land</a>, often under friendly artillery fire and routinely risking discovery and capture by <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Army" title="Imperial German Army">Imperial German Army</a> troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a> On 26 May, he was injured while traveling to several subordinate units to conduct pre-attack coordination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall197693-46">[43]</a> As he departed the division headquarters area, his horse stumbled, fell, and rolled over;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall197693-46">[43]</a> Marshall's left foot was caught in the stirrup, and he sustained a severe sprain and bruise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall197693-46">[43]</a> A physician bound Marshall's injured ankle and foot with adhesive tape so he could avoid medical evacuation and remain with the division to oversee the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall197693–94-47">[44]</a> In 1920, Marshall was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Citation_Star" title="Citation Star">Citation Star</a> for his heroism during this battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a> medal was created in 1932, Citation Stars were converted to the new award.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlampin1963xiv-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valor-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[D]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonel_George_Marshall.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Colonel_George_Marshall.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Colonel_George_Marshall.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Colonel_George_Marshall.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Colonel_George_Marshall.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Colonel_George_Marshall.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Colonel_George_Marshall.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="2298" /></a><figcaption>Colonel Marshall in France in 1919.</figcaption></figure> In mid-1918, Pershing brought Marshall on to the AEF operations staff, G-3, where he worked closely with Pershing and was a key planner of American operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> He was instrumental in the planning and coordination of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a>, which contributed to the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELengel2008-51">[47]</a> Marshall held the permanent rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">captain</a> and the temporary rank of <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> and was recommended for promotion to temporary <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in October 1918, but the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a> on 11 November 1918 occurred before the recommendation was acted on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20061186-52">[48]</a> After the Armistice, Marshall served as chief of staff for the <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VIII Corps (United States)">VIII Corps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabeckiMastriano2020120-53">[49]</a> For his services during the war he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a>, the citation for which reads: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Colonel (Infantry) George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during World War I. Colonel Marshall has performed the duties of Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, 1st Division, from 26 June 1917 to 12 July 1918. He served in the G-3 Section, General Headquarters, American Expeditionary Forces, from 13 July 1918 to 19 August 1918, in G-3 section, 1st Army, from 20 August 1918 to 16 October 1918; as Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, of the 1st Army from 17 October to 19 November 1918; and as Chief of Staff of the 8th Army Corps from 20 November 1918 to 15 January 1918, during which period the 1st Division served in the Toul sector and at the Cantigny attack and the 1st Army operations in the St. Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne offensives. By untiring, painstaking, and energetic efforts he succeeded in all these undertakings. His efforts had a marked influence on the successes achieved by the units with which he served.<a href="#cite_note-Valor-49">[46]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Between the wars">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff._Group_showing_Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff_standing_on_State,_War,_and_Navy_Building_steps._Washington,_D.C_-_DPLA_-_1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff._Group_showing_Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff_standing_on_State%2C_War%2C_and_Navy_Building_steps._Washington%2C_D.C_-_DPLA_-_1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff._Group_showing_Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff_standing_on_State%2C_War%2C_and_Navy_Building_steps._Washington%2C_D.C_-_DPLA_-_1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff._Group_showing_Gen._J._J._Pershing_and_Staff_standing_on_State%2C_War%2C_and_Navy_Building_steps._Washington%2C_D.C_-_DPLA_-_1c56a88aeb0697950857227de7c3def9_%28cropped%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>General of the Armies John J. Pershing and members of his staff standing outside the <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Executive_Office_Building" title="Eisenhower Executive Office Building">State, War, and Navy Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 23 September 1919. Pershing is second from left in front row. Marshall is behind Pershing.</figcaption></figure> After the war, Marshall reverted to his permanent rank of captain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuckerRoberts20061186-52">[48]</a> In 1919, he became an <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a> to <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> Pershing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> Between 1920 and 1924, while Pershing was <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Army Chief of Staff</a>, Marshall worked on a number of projects that focused on training and teaching modern, mechanized warfare. He taught at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a> and was a key planner in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> He then served as executive officer of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="15th Infantry Regiment (United States)">15th Infantry Regiment</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, where he remained for three years and learned to speak basic Mandarin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> In 1927, as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">lieutenant colonel</a>, he was appointed assistant commandant of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Infantry_School" title="United States Army Infantry School">Infantry School</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Benning" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Benning">Fort Benning</a>, where he initiated major changes to modernize command and staff processes, which proved to be of major benefit during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> Marshall placed <a href="/wiki/Edwin_F._Harding" title="Edwin F. Harding">Edwin F. Harding</a> in charge of the Infantry School's publications, and Harding became editor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell200841,_400-54">[50]</a> of Infantry in Battle, a book that codified the lessons of World War I. Infantry in Battle is still used as an officer's training manual in the Infantry Officer's Course and was the training manual for most of the infantry officers and leaders of World War II. Marshall's first wife died in 1927. The following year, while stationed at Fort Benning, Marshall met <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tupper_Marshall" title="Katherine Tupper Marshall">Katherine Tupper Brown</a> at a dinner party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarly_Career-22">[19]</a> They married on 15 October 1930, at Emmanuel Episcopal Church in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, Maryland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESantoro199949-55">[51]</a> The wedding made headlines as General Pershing served as Marshall's best man.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> From June 1932 to June 1933, Marshall was the commanding officer of the <a href="/wiki/8th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="8th Infantry Regiment (United States)">8th Infantry Regiment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tybee_Island,_Georgia" title="Tybee Island, Georgia">Fort Screven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> From July 1933 to October 1933 he was commander of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a>, South Carolina, and District I of the <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a>. He was promoted colonel in September 1933.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States" title="Great Depression in the United States">Great Depression</a>, Marshall became a strong supporter of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[53]</a> Army Chief of Staff <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, who was a Republican and with whom Marshall had a contentious relationship, did not appreciate Marshall's views. After only a few months at Ft. Moultrie, MacArthur engineered Marshall's abrupt transfer to Chicago, where he served as senior instructor and chief of staff for the Illinois National Guard's <a href="/wiki/33rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="33rd Infantry Division (United States)">33rd Division</a> from November 1933 to August 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECray1990116–117-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg/170px-George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg/255px-George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg/340px-George_C._Marshall_cph.3a44773.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption>Brigadier General Marshall in 1938</figcaption></figure> Marshall was assigned to command the 5th Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Barracks" title="Vancouver Barracks">Vancouver Barracks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver, Washington</a>, from 1936 to 1938, and was promoted to brigadier general in October 1936.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> In addition to obtaining a long-sought and significant troop command, traditionally viewed as an indispensable step to the pinnacle of the US Army, Marshall was also responsible for 35 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps in Oregon and southern Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a> As post commander Marshall made a concerted effort to cultivate relations with the city of Portland and to enhance the image of the US Army in the region. With the CCC, he initiated a series of measures to improve the morale of the participants and to make the experience beneficial in their later life. He started a newspaper for the CCC region that provided a vehicle to promote CCC successes, and he initiated a variety of programs that developed participants' skills and improved their health. Marshall's inspections of the CCC camps gave him and his wife Katherine the chance to enjoy the beauty of the American <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> and made that assignment what he called "the most instructive service I ever had, and the most interesting."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHome-60">[56]</a> In July 1938, Marshall was assigned to the War Plans Division in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and subsequently reassigned as Deputy Chief of Staff. In that capacity, then-Brigadier General Marshall attended a White House conference at which President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> proposed a plan to expand the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a> by 15,000 aircraft per year in preparation for World War II. With all other attendees voicing support, Marshall was the only one to disagree, pointing out the lack of consideration for logistical support or training. Marshall also spoke in favor of a large ground army although Roosevelt had said a large air force would be a greater deterrent to enemies, pointing out that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> did not yet have a single division at full operational strength.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[53]</a> Despite others' belief then that Marshall had ended his career, his willingness to express disagreement resulted in Roosevelt nominating Marshall to be the Army Chief of Staff. At the time of the appointment, Marshall was only 34th in seniority, outranked by 21 major generals and 11 brigadier generals, but he was fifth under an unwritten rule that the chief of staff should be able to serve a four-year term before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 64.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200827-61">[57]</a> Upon the retirement of General <a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Malin Craig</a> on 1 July 1939, Marshall became acting chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiebling1940-62">[58]</a> President Roosevelt favored Marshall because he was more supportive of <a href="/wiki/New_Deal_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="New Deal liberalism">New Deal liberalism</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a>, and because of the recommendations of Pershing, Craig, <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a>, and most importantly Roosevelt's close advisor <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[53]</a> Marshall was sworn in as chief of staff on 1 September 1939, just hours after the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> launched its <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> He held this post until retiring in November 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_of_the_Army_George-64">[60]</a> On 11 May 1940, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> cut $10 million from a $28 million appropriation budget for equipment to detect <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a> aircraft off the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a>. Marshall met with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> and they went to see Roosevelt; Marshall emphasized the supreme importance of getting the full amount and told Roosevelt "you have got to do something and you've got to do it today". Marshall's advocacy worked and he got "all he wanted and more".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200832,_33-65">[61]</a> In 1941, Marshall became a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>, raised "at sight" by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> of the Grand Lodge of the District of Columbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2011-66">[62]</a> ("At sight" is the procedure by which a Grand Master confers on a candidate all three Masonic degrees – Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master – at one time.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2011-66">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg/220px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg/330px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg/440px-Winston_Churchill_As_Prime_Minister_1940-1945_H12744.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Marshall standing behind President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> aboard the British battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS Prince of Wales</a> on 10 August 1941</figcaption></figure> As Chief of Staff, Marshall organized the largest military expansion in American history, inheriting an outmoded, poorly equipped army of 189,000 men and, partly drawing from his experience teaching and developing techniques of modern warfare as an instructor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_War_College" title="United States Army War College">Army War College</a>, coordinated the large-scale expansion and modernization of the U.S. Army. Under his name were produced significant works of doctrine such as <a href="/wiki/Field_Manual_100-5" title="Field Manual 100-5">Field Manual 100-5</a>. During his first week in office, he advised Roosevelt to issue an <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> expanding the <a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> to 227,000 troops and the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a> to 235,000 reservists, although the President could not immediately act because the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> still favored <a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States non-interventionism">isolationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[63]</a> Marshall's efforts to expand the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> began to have more success after the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> conquered most of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a>. Beginning in July 1940, he was greatly assisted in this effort by newly appointed Secretary of War Henry Stimson, whom Marshall would gradually displace as the most significant leader of the U.S. military apparatus in a deviation from the United States' tradition of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-67">[63]</a> Though he had never actually led troops in combat, Marshall was a skilled organizer with a talent for inspiring other officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBland202027–51-68">[64]</a> Many of the American generals who were given top commands during the war were either picked or recommended by Marshall, including <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry_de_la_Mesa_Allen_Sr." title="Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.">Terry de la Mesa Allen Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Fredendall" title="Lloyd Fredendall">Lloyd Fredendall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesley_J._McNair" title="Lesley J. McNair">Lesley J. McNair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Wayne_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Wayne Clark">Mark Wayne Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssad2003-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expands_military_force_fortyfold">Expands military force fortyfold</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expands military force fortyfold">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif/170px-Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif/255px-Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif/340px-Infantry_in_battle_cover.gif 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Cover to the book Infantry in Battle, the World War II officer's guide to infantry combat operations. Marshall directed production of the book, which is still used as a reference today.</figcaption></figure> Faced with the necessity of turning former civilians into an army of over eight million soldiers by 1942 (a fortyfold increase within three years), Marshall directed McNair as commander of <a href="/wiki/Army_Ground_Forces" title="Army Ground Forces">Army Ground Forces</a> to focus efforts on rapidly producing large numbers of soldiers. With the exception of airborne forces, Marshall approved McNair's concept of an abbreviated training schedule for men entering Army land forces training, particularly in regard to basic infantry skills, weapons proficiency, and combat tactics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997271–84-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">[67]</a> At the time, most U.S. commanders at lower levels had little or no combat experience of any kind. Without the input of experienced British or Allied combat officers on the nature of modern warfare and enemy tactics, many resorted to formulaic training methods emphasizing static defense and orderly large-scale advances by motorized convoys over improved roads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198113–21-72">[68]</a> In consequence, Army forces deploying to Africa in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> suffered serious initial reverses when they encountered German armored units in Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a> and other major battles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">[67]</a> Even as late as 1944, American soldiers undergoing stateside training in preparation for deployment against German forces in Europe were not being trained in combat procedures and tactics in use there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanford2008viii-73">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement_system_criticized">Replacement system criticized</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Replacement system criticized">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg/220px-George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg/330px-George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg/440px-George_marshall%26henry_stimson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2995" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>Army Chief of Staff Marshall with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a></figcaption></figure> Originally, Marshall had planned a 265-division army with a system of unit rotation such as that practiced by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and other Allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandergriff2003-74">[70]</a> By mid-1943, however, after pressure from government and business leaders to preserve manpower for industry and agriculture, he had abandoned this plan in favor of a 90-division Army using individual replacements sent via a circuitous process from training to divisions in combat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandergriff2003-74">[70]</a> The individual replacement system devised by Marshall and implemented by McNair exacerbated problems with <a href="/wiki/Unit_cohesion" title="Unit cohesion">unit cohesion</a> and effective transfer of combat experience to new soldiers and officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277–84-75">[71]</a> In Europe, where there were few pauses in combat with German forces, the individual replacement system had broken down completely by late 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14-76">[72]</a> Hastily trained replacements or service personnel reassigned as infantry were often given only a few weeks' refresher training before being thrown into battle with Army divisions locked in front-line combat. The new men were often not even proficient in the use of their own weapons, and once in combat, could not receive enough practical instruction from veterans before being killed or wounded, sometimes within the first few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997271–84-70">[66]</a> Under such conditions, many soldiers suffered a crippling loss of morale, while veterans were kept at the front until they were killed, wounded, or incapacitated by battle fatigue or illness. Incidents of soldiers going <a href="/wiki/AWOL" class="mw-redirect" title="AWOL">AWOL</a> from combat duty as well as battle fatigue and self-inflicted injury rose rapidly during the last eight months of the war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277–84-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14-76">[72]</a> As one historian concluded, "Had the Germans been given a free hand to devise a replacement system..., one that would do the Americans the most harm and the least good, they could not have done a better job."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277-77">[73]</a> Marshall's abilities to pick competent field commanders during the early part of the war was decidedly mixed. He was instrumental in advancing the careers of the highly capable generals such as <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Krueger" title="Walter Krueger">Walter Krueger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Clark" title="Mark W. Clark">Mark W. Clark</a>. A notable exception was his recommendation of the swaggering <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Fredendall" title="Lloyd Fredendall">Lloyd Fredendall</a> to Eisenhower for a major command in the American invasion of North Africa during Operation Torch. Marshall was especially fond of Fredendall, describing him as "one of the best" and remarking in a staff meeting when his name was mentioned, "I like that man; you can see determination all over his face." Eisenhower duly picked him to command the 39,000-man Central Task Force (the largest of three) in Operation Torch. Both men would come to regret that decision, as Fredendall was the leader of U.S. Army forces at the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kasserine_Pass" title="Battle of Kasserine Pass">Battle of Kasserine Pass</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssad2003-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_invasion_of_Europe">Planned invasion of Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Planned invasion of Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._George_C._Marshall,_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff,_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold,_Commanding_General,_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg/220px-Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg/330px-Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg/440px-Gen._George_C._Marshall%2C_U._S._Army_Chief_of_Staff%2C_and_Gen._Henry_%22Hap%22_Arnold%2C_Commanding_General%2C_U._S._Army_Air..._-_NARA_-_198960.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption>General George C. Marshall with Chief of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Force</a> General <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry "Hap" Arnold</a> at <a href="/wiki/Franz_Urbig#Villa_Urbig" title="Franz Urbig">Villa Urbig</a> on 23 July 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. The two generals return the salute of the Guard of Honor formed by a detachment of <a href="/wiki/Scots_Guards" title="Scots Guards">Scots Guards</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Brigade_of_Guards" title="Brigade of Guards">Brigade of Guards</a>.</figcaption></figure> During World War II, Marshall was instrumental in preparing the U.S. Army and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">Army Air Forces</a> for the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a>. Marshall wrote the document that would become the central strategy for all Allied operations in Europe. During the <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a>, he convinced the United Kingdom to accept this strategy, including the focus on defeating Germany first and the establishment of international unified commands in control of all Allied forces in a given theatre. His push for unity of command, in particular through the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a>, met with resistance from the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a> under <a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Alan Brooke</a> because the scheme would allow the United States to dominate the Western Allied war effort, but the British government ultimately approved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200966-81-78">[74]</a> He initially scheduled <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> for 1 April 1943, but met with strong opposition from Winston Churchill, who convinced Roosevelt to commit troops to <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Operation Husky</a> for the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTED-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019-79">[75]</a> Marshall and his advisors also opposed the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Allied invasion of French North Africa</a> after it became clear that <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> would offer resistance, concerns over an Axis intervention through <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, and suspicions that the operation was intended to defend European colonial territory with little strategic value to the war.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals,_Tehran_Conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg/220px-Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg/330px-Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg/440px-Joseph_Stalin_%26_Generals%2C_Tehran_Conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4639" data-file-height="3714" /></a><figcaption>Marshall with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in Iran, December 1943</figcaption></figure> When rumors circulated that Marshall would become the Supreme Commander of Operation Overlord, many critics viewed the potential transfer as a demotion, since he would leave his position as Chief of Staff of the Army and lose his seat on the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue-81">[77]</a> While Marshall enjoyed considerable success in working with Congress and Roosevelt, he refused to lobby for the position. Roosevelt selected Eisenhower, in large part because he did not want to do without Marshall in the Chief of Staff position. He told Marshall, "I didn't feel I could sleep at ease if you were out of Washington."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuellJohn_H._Bradley258-82">[78]</a> On 16 December 1944, Marshall became the first American general to be promoted to the newly created rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)#World_War_II_era" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Five-star_rank" title="Five-star rank">five-star rank</a> that placed senior American commanders on an equal footing with the <a href="/wiki/Field_marshal" title="Field marshal">field marshals</a> of European Allies; Marshall had objected to being awarded the title of field marshal, as it would have given him the title of "Marshal Marshall".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrequently_Asked_Questions_Five-Star-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Throughout the remainder of World War II, Marshall coordinated Allied operations in both Europe and the Pacific. He was characterized as the organizer of Allied victory by Churchill. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine named Marshall <a href="/wiki/Time_Magazine_Person_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Magazine Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> for 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006-10">[8]</a> Marshall resigned his post of chief of staff on 18 November 1945, but did not retire, as regulations stipulate that Generals of the Army remain on active duty for life. He was succeeded as Army chief of staff by General of the Army Dwight Eisenhower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-11">[9]</a> During this time, he also received a Bronze <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf cluster</a> to his Army DSM for his unprecedented work from 1939 to 1945. The medal's citation reads: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress 9 July 1918, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Award of the Army Distinguished Service Medal to General of the Army George Catlett Marshall, Jr. (ASN: 0-1616), United States Army, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility during the period from September 1939 through November 1945. The singularly distinctive accomplishments of General Marshall reflect the highest credit upon himself and the United States Army.<a href="#cite_note-Valor-49">[46]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_Pearl_Harbor_intelligence_failure">Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Analysis of Pearl Harbor intelligence failure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_shaking_hands_with_Secretary_of_State_James_F._Byrnes_after_awarding_him_the..._-_NARA_-_199180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2413" /></a><figcaption>President Truman, Marshall, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a>, and General Arnold at the White House, August 1945</figcaption></figure> After World War II ended, the Congressional Joint Committee on the Investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor Attack</a> received testimony on the intelligence failure. It amassed 25,000 pages of documents, 40 volumes, and included nine reports and investigations, eight of which had been previously completed. These reports included criticism of Marshall for delaying sending Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Walter_Short" title="Walter Short">Walter Short</a>, the Army commander in Hawaii, important information obtained from intercepted Japanese diplomatic messages. The report also criticized Marshall's lack of knowledge of the readiness of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Department">Hawaiian Command</a> during November and December 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee-85">[81]</a> Marshall also advised President Roosevelt to move part of the United States Pacific Fleet to the Atlantic Ocean to assist <a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Patrol" title="Neutrality Patrol">Neutrality Patrols</a>, and that the defenses at <a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oahu</a> made a Japanese attack on the island impossible. These recommendations were dismissed by the President but could have been catastrophic if they had not been.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200951-86">[82]</a> Ten days after the attack, Short and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Husband_E._Kimmel" title="Husband E. Kimmel">Husband E. Kimmel</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Station_Pearl_Harbor" title="Naval Station Pearl Harbor">Naval Station Pearl Harbor</a>, were both relieved of their duties. The final report of the Joint Committee did not single out or fault Marshall. While the report was critical of the overall situation, the committee noted that subordinates had failed to pass on important information to their superiors, including to Marshall.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> A secret review of the Army's role, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Clausen_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausen Report">Clausen Report</a>, was authorized by Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen200123–24-89">[85]</a> The report was critical of Short and also of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Rufus_S._Bratton" title="Rufus S. Bratton">Rufus S. Bratton</a> of the Military Intelligence Division (G-2), who investigator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clausen" title="Henry Clausen">Henry Clausen</a> concluded arrived at the War Department later on the morning of 7 December 1941 than he initially claimed during testimony and invented a story about a warning to affected army commanders about the imminent Pearl Harbor Attack being delayed because he had been unable to get in touch with Marshall, an allegation which "nearly destroyed" Marshall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen200123–24-89">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_to_China">Mission to China</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mission to China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhang,_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Zhang%2C_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg/220px-Zhang%2C_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Zhang%2C_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg/330px-Zhang%2C_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Zhang%2C_Marshall_and_Zhou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>General Marshall with Chiang Kai-shek and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> in China, 1946</figcaption></figure> Only weeks after Marshall's retirement, in December 1945, President <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration">Harry Truman</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">dispatched Marshall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, where he had served in the 1920s. His new mission was to prevent a resumption of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> by brokering a coalition government between America's <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> allies under Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Marshall had no leverage over the Communists but threatened to withdraw American aid essential to the Nationalists. Both sides rejected his proposals and he returned to the United States in January 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler1989145–51-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsou1963-91">[87]</a> As Secretary of State, Marshall disagreed with the Defense and State Department views that Chiang's success was vital to American interests, insisting that U.S. troops not become involved. The war continued, and the Communists won in 1949. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Secretary of State">edit</a>]</div> After Marshall's return to the U.S. in early 1947, Truman appointed him <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>. As one of the most well-regarded and least politicized national leaders, he made an ideal front office personality. He became the spokesman for the State Department's ambitious plans to rebuild Europe. He did not design the plans and paid little attention to details or negotiations. Nor did he keep current on details of foreign affairs. As one biographer notes, he had never been a workaholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014393-92">[88]</a> He turned over major responsibilities to his deputies, especially Under-Secretary <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a>, and refused to be troubled by minutiae. By 1948, with frailties building up, his participation was further curtailed. Marshall said, "The fact of the matter is that Lovett bears the principal burden as I get away whenever possible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014389–90,_448-93">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg/220px-Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg/330px-Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg/440px-Photograph_of_George_C._Marshall_being_sworn_in_as_Secretary_of_State_in_the_Oval_Office_by_Chief_Justice_Fred..._-_NARA_-_199520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2358" /></a><figcaption>General Marshall being sworn in as Secretary of State by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred Vinson</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> on 21 January 1947</figcaption></figure> On 5 June 1947, in a speech<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Plan-94">[90]</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, he outlined the American proposal. The European Recovery Program, as it was formally known, became known as the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clark Clifford</a> had suggested to Truman that the plan be called the Truman Plan, but Truman immediately dismissed that idea and insisted that it be called the Marshall Plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992a717-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200774-96">[92]</a> The Marshall Plan would help Europe rebuild and modernize its economy along American lines and open up new opportunities for international trade. Stalin ordered his satellites in Eastern Europe not to participate. Marshall was again named "Man of the Year" by Time in January 1948.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg/220px-Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg/330px-Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg/440px-Secretary_of_State_General_George_C._Marshall_Speak_to_The_House_Appropriations_Committee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of State Marshall speaks to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a>. 15 January 1948.</figcaption></figure> Truman repeatedly rejected Marshall's advice on Middle Eastern policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecher2012227-247.-98">[94]</a> As Secretary of State, Marshall strongly opposed recognizing the newly formed state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. Marshall felt that if the state of Israel was declared, a war would break out in the Middle East (which it did when the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> began one day after <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israel declared independence</a>). Marshall saw recognizing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> as a political move to gain <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">American Jewish</a> support in the upcoming election, in which Truman was expected to lose to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a>. He told President Truman in May 1948, "If you [recognize the state of Israel] and if I were to vote in the election, I would vote against you."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJCPA:_President_Truman's_Decision-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Adviser_Recalls_May199117-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecognition_of_Israel-101">[97]</a> However, Marshall refused to vote in any election as a matter of principle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUldrich2005-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie1972-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[E]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[F]</a> During his tenure as Secretary of State, Marshall also urged Truman to immediately call for <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> to stop their <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">invasion of Indonesia</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch colony</a> which had <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">declared independence</a> in 1945. The Netherlands ignored the Truman administration's initial entreaties. As a result, the Marshall Plan program for the Netherlands' economic recovery was put on hold and the Truman administration threatened to cut all economic aid. The Netherlands finally agreed to withdraw and transferred sovereignty following the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Indonesian_Round_Table_Conference" title="Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference">Dutch–Indonesian Round Table Conference</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouda2002-106">[100]</a> Marshall resigned as Secretary of State because of ill health on 7 January 1949. He was severely exhausted throughout his tenure in the position. <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> in late 1947 said he was underperforming like "a four-engine bomber going only on one engine."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler1989173-107">[101]</a> Truman named him to the largely honorific positions of chairman of the <a href="/wiki/American_Battle_Monuments_Commission" title="American Battle Monuments Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American National Red Cross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014455-108">[102]</a> He received the 1953 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> for his post-war work, despite the criticism that he was a warrior not a pacifist.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_Defense">Secretary of Defense</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secretary of Defense">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/170px-Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/255px-Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/340px-Secretary_of_Defense_George_C._Marshall_at_The_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="2740" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall in his office at the Pentagon</figcaption></figure> When the early months of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> showed how poorly prepared the Defense Department was, President Truman fired Secretary <a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> and named Marshall as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> in September 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Office-5">[3]</a> The appointment required a congressional waiver because the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> prohibited a uniformed military officer from serving in the post. This prohibition included Marshall since individuals promoted to General of the Army are not technically retired but remain officially on active duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016-110">[104]</a> Marshall was the first person to be granted such a waiver; in 2017, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Jim Mattis</a> became the second and in January 2021, General <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> became the third.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Mattis2017-111">[105]</a> Marshall's main role as Secretary of Defense was to restore confidence and morale to the Defense Department while rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a> following their <a href="/wiki/Demobilization_of_United_States_armed_forces_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilization of United States armed forces after World War II">post-World War II demobilization</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Korean War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L_to_R,_President_Truman,_George_Marshall,_Paul_Hoffman,_and_Averell_Harriman,_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif/lossy-page1-220px-L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif/lossy-page1-330px-L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif/lossy-page1-440px-L_to_R%2C_President_Truman%2C_George_Marshall%2C_Paul_Hoffman%2C_and_Averell_Harriman%2C_in_the_oval_office_discussing_the..._-_NARA_-_200036.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2408" /></a><figcaption>Secretary of Defense George C. Marshall discussing the Korean War with President Truman and Special Assistant to the President Averell Harriman in the Oval Office</figcaption></figure> Marshall worked to provide more manpower to meet the demands of both the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in Europe. To implement his priorities Marshall brought in a new leadership team, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> as his deputy and <a href="/wiki/Anna_M._Rosenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna M. Rosenberg">Anna M. Rosenberg</a>, former head of the <a href="/wiki/War_Manpower_Commission" title="War Manpower Commission">War Manpower Commission</a>, as assistant secretary of defense for manpower. He also worked to rebuild the relationship between the Defense and State Departments, as well as the relationship between the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Marshall participated in the post-<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon">Inchon landing</a> discussion that led to authorizing <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> to conduct the <a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">UN offensive into North Korea</a>. A secret "eyes only" signal from Marshall to MacArthur on 29 September 1950, declared the Truman administration's commitment: "We want you to feel unhampered strategically and tactically to proceed north of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th Parallel</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._Lewis2012104-112">[106]</a> At the same time, Marshall advised against public pronouncements which might lead to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> votes undermining or countermanding the initial mandate to restore the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">border between North and South Korea</a>. Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were generally supportive of MacArthur because they were of the view that field commanders should be able to exercise their best judgment in accomplishing the intent of their superiors. Following Chinese military intervention in Korea during late November, Marshall and the Joint Chiefs of Staff sought ways to aid MacArthur while avoiding all-out war with China. In the debate over what to do about China's increased involvement, Marshall opposed a cease-fire on the grounds that it would make the U.S. look weak in China's eyes, leading to demands for future concessions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Relations_of_United-113">[107]</a> In addition, Marshall argued that the U.S. had a moral obligation to honor its commitment to South Korea. When British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> suggested diplomatic overtures to China, Marshall opposed, arguing that it was impossible to negotiate with the Communist government. In addition, Marshall expressed concern that concessions to China would undermine confidence in the U.S. among its Asian allies, including Japan and the Philippines. When some in Congress favored expanding the war in Korea and confronting China, Marshall argued against a wider war in Korea, continuing instead to stress the importance of <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containing</a> the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the Cold War battle for primacy in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relief_of_General_MacArthur">Relief of General MacArthur</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relief of General MacArthur">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Douglas_MacArthur" title="Relief of Douglas MacArthur">Relief of Douglas MacArthur</a></div> Increasingly concerned about public statements from MacArthur, commander of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> forces fighting in the Korean War, which contradicted President Truman's on prosecution of the war, on the morning of 6 April 1951, Truman held a meeting with Marshall, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> Omar Bradley, Secretary of State Dean Acheson and advisor <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> to discuss whether MacArthur should be removed from command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> Harriman was emphatically in favor of MacArthur's relief, but Bradley opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> Marshall asked for more time to consider the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> Acheson was in favor but did not disclose this, instead warning Truman that if he did it, MacArthur's relief would cause "the biggest fight of your administration."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeisner2009429-115">[109]</a> At another meeting the following day, Marshall and Bradley continued to oppose MacArthur's relief.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> On April 8, the Joint Chiefs of Staff met with Marshall, and each expressed the view that MacArthur's relief was desirable from a "military point of view," suggesting that "if MacArthur were not relieved, a large segment of our people would charge that civil authorities no longer controlled the military."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2019179-116">[110]</a> Marshall, Bradley, Acheson, and Harriman met with Truman again on April 9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> Bradley informed the President of the views of the Joint Chiefs, and Marshall added that he agreed with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> Truman wrote in his diary that "it is of unanimous opinion of all that MacArthur be relieved. All four so advise."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiary_entries_6_7-117">[111]</a> (The Joint Chiefs would later insist that they had only "concurred" with the relief, not "recommended" it.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearlman2008214-118">[112]</a> On 11 April 1951, President Truman directed transmittal of an order to MacArthur, issued over Bradley's signature, relieving MacArthur of his assignment in Korea and directing him to turn over command to <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201399-119">[113]</a> In line with Marshall's view, and those of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, MacArthur's relief was looked upon by proponents as being necessary to reassert the tenet of <a href="/wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilian control of the military">civilian control of the military</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodona_Manor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dodona_Manor.JPG/220px-Dodona_Manor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dodona_Manor.JPG/330px-Dodona_Manor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Dodona_Manor.JPG/440px-Dodona_Manor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Dodona Manor, the 19th century home and gardens of George Marshall and his wife Katherine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> In September 1951, after 49 years of continuous public service, Marshall retired to his home, <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall%27s_Dodona_Manor" title="George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor">Dodona Manor</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Leesburg,_Virginia" title="Leesburg, Virginia">Leesburg, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2015-120">[114]</a> Purchased by the Marshalls in 1941, Dodona had previously served as a quiet weekend retreat for the busy couple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona-121">[115]</a> The home was restored beginning in the 1990s and the house and its gardens are open to the public as a museum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2015-120">[114]</a> It was at Dodona Manor that Marshall enjoyed his favorite food, roast leg of lamb, and his favorite beverage, an <a href="/wiki/Old_fashioned_(cocktail)" title="Old fashioned (cocktail)">old fashioned</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStories_of_Service_Richard-122">[116]</a> Gardening was one of Marshall's favorite pastimes, and in retirement he grew vegetables throughout the year, including tomatoes and pumpkins, while Katherine Marshall enjoyed tending to her rose garden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona-121">[115]</a> In a 1942 letter to David Burpee, president of the <a href="/wiki/Burpee_Seeds_and_Plants" title="Burpee Seeds and Plants">W. Atlee Burpee & Company</a>, Marshall wrote, "The business of seeds and flowers tantalizes me because I have been an amateur gardener, both flower and vegetable, since a boy of ten. There is nothing I would so much prefer to do this spring as to turn my mind to the wholesome business of gardening rather than the terrible problems and tragedies of war."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE3-147_To_David_Burpee-123">[117]</a> Katherine's love of roses was well known, leading inventor Eugene S. Boerner to create the Katherine Tupper Marshall Rose, a pink hybrid tea rose.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhy_is_a_rose-124">[118]</a> It was patented by Jackson and Perkins in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhy_is_a_rose-124">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Battle_Monuments_Commission">American Battle Monuments Commission</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: American Battle Monuments Commission">edit</a>]</div> Throughout his retirement, Marshall served as chairman of the American Battle Monuments Commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_American_Battle_Monuments-125">[119]</a> He oversaw the construction of fourteen cemeteries in eight countries following World War II to memorialize those killed or missing in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission-126">[120]</a> In the early 1950s, Marshall argued for the speedy construction and funding of cemeteries despite budget and staff cuts for the Korean War. Marshall wrote to General <a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._McNarney" title="Joseph T. McNarney">Joseph McNarney</a> in March 1951 saying, "I am naturally hesitant to become personally involved in individual personnel problems, but in this case, am deeply concerned about the overall moral factor if our foreign national cemeteries are not adequately maintained...."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission-126">[120]</a> Marshall's efforts to secure building and maintenance staff for the cemeteries were successful, doubling the number of military officers assigned to the work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission-126">[120]</a> On 13 September 1952, Marshall attended the dedication ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Suresnes_American_Cemetery_and_Memorial" title="Suresnes American Cemetery and Memorial">Suresnes American Cemetery</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission-126">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedication_of_Cemetery-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coronation_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II">Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II">edit</a>]</div> After retiring, Marshall largely withdrew from public life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall-128">[122]</a> A notable exception was in June 1953, when he accepted President Eisenhower's appointment to head the American delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation of Elizabeth II">coronation of Queen Elizabeth II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation2017-129">[123]</a> The delegation included <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> and Omar Bradley, and according to Bradley, as Marshall walked up the aisle of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> to take his seat before the ceremony, the congregation rose to its feet as a gesture of respect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall-128">[122]</a> Marshall looked behind him to see who the arriving dignitary was, then realized the congregation had stood for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall-128">[122]</a> Marshall was also invited to the post-ceremony banquet at <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a>, and was the only non-royal seated at Queen Elizabeth's table.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall-128">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_life">Family life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cover_of_Together,_Annals_of_an_Army_Wife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Cover_of_Together%2C_Annals_of_an_Army_Wife.jpg/220px-Cover_of_Together%2C_Annals_of_an_Army_Wife.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/Cover_of_Together%2C_Annals_of_an_Army_Wife.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Cover of Together: Annals of an Army Wife, by Katherine Tupper Marshall. Published 1946</figcaption></figure> George Marshall was the youngest of three siblings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12-130">[124]</a> His older brother Stuart Bradford Marshall (1875–1956) was a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> and became a manager and executive in several metal production corporations, including the American Manganese Manufacturing Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12-130">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmelee1918214-131">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014568-132">[126]</a> He later worked as a metallurgist and consulting engineer specializing in the production and operation of blast furnaces, coke ovens, and foundries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmelee1918214-131">[125]</a> George and Stuart Marshall were long estranged because George married Lily Coles, who a few years before had rejected Stuart's proposal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12-130">[124]</a> When Stuart found out George was engaged to Lily, Stuart made unkind remarks about her, and George "cut him off my list."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12-130">[124]</a> Marshall's sister, Marie Louise (1876–1962) was the wife of Dr. John Johnson Singer, an Army physician who died in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall's196222-133">[127]</a> On 11 February 1902, Marshall married Elizabeth Carter "Lily" Coles at her mother's home in Lexington, Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevensWilliams2009123-27">[24]</a> Marshall met Lily after listening to her play the piano across the street from VMI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015a-134">[128]</a> Marshall, being immediately smitten, would "run the block", or leave barracks after hours, to be with her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015a-134">[128]</a> After traveling abroad to Japan, Korea, and China with Marshall, Lily returned to the U.S. to have a <a href="/wiki/Goitre" title="Goitre">goiter</a> removed. She died on 15 September 1927, after thyroid surgery that strained her weak heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullins201779-135">[129]</a> They did not have children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2015117-136">[130]</a> On 15 October 1930, Marshall married Katherine Boyce Tupper (8 October 1882 – 18 December 1978);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife-137">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobelSicilia2003-138">[132]</a> They had no children, but she was the mother of three children with Baltimore lawyer Clifton Stevenson Brown.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Lewis2020-139">[133]</a> He had been murdered by a disgruntled client in 1928.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1978-140">[134]</a> The second Mrs. Marshall was a graduate of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Dramatic_Arts" title="American Academy of Dramatic Arts">American Academy of Dramatic Arts</a>; she later studied at the <a href="/wiki/Com%C3%A9die-Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Comédie-Française">Comédie-Française</a> and toured with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Benson_(actor)" title="Frank Benson (actor)">Frank Benson</a>'s English Shakespearean Company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1978-140">[134]</a> She authored a memoir in 1946, Together: Annals of an Army Wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1946-141">[135]</a> One of Marshall's stepsons, Allen Tupper Brown, was an Army lieutenant who was killed in Italy on 29 May 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015b-142">[136]</a> Another stepson was Major Clifton Stevenson Brown Jr. (1914–1952).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton_S._Brown19523-143">[137]</a> Stepdaughter Molly Brown Winn, the mother of actress <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Winn" title="Kitty Winn">Kitty Winn</a>, was married to Colonel James Julius Winn, who had been an aide to Marshall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell19971-144">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Lewis2020-139">[133]</a> Molly Winn was active in preserving Marshall's legacy, including preserving Dodona Manor and publishing Marshall's World War I memoirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell19971-144">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death and burial">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg/170px-George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg/255px-George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg/340px-George_Marshall_Gravesite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Grave site of George Marshall at Arlington National Cemetery</figcaption></figure> After a series of strokes, Marshall died at <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed_Army_Medical_Center" title="Walter Reed Army Medical Center">Walter Reed Hospital</a> in Washington, D.C., on 16 October 1959, two months shy of his 79th birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies19591-145">[139]</a> Although he was entitled to official proceedings, Marshall preferred simplicity, so he received a special military funeral that dispensed with many of the usual activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> The ceremonies included lying in state at <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">Washington National Cathedral</a> for 24 hours, guarded by representatives from each U.S. armed service and a VMI cadet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> President Eisenhower ordered flags flown at half-staff and was among the 200 guests invited for the funeral service held at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myer" title="Fort Myer">Fort Myer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> Other dignitaries included former President Truman, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Christian A. Herter</a>, former Secretary of State Dean Acheson, former Governor W. Averell Harriman and Generals Omar N. Bradley, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Gruenther" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred M. Gruenther">Alfred M. Gruenther</a>, and Matthew B. Ridgway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> His parish priest, Franklin Moss Jr., from St. James Episcopal Church in Leesburg conducted the chapel and graveside services, assisted by former chief chaplain and National Cathedral Canon the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Luther_D._Miller" title="Luther D. Miller">Luther Miller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> In accordance with Marshall's wishes, there was no eulogy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> Following the burial service, an artillery battery fired a 19-gun salute and a bugler played taps. The flag that draped Marshall's casket was folded and given to Mrs. Marshall by a VMI cadet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">[140]</a> Marshall was buried at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, Section 7, Grave 8198, beside his first wife and her mother, Elizabeth Pendleton Coles (1849–1929).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies19591-145">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrs._Walter_Coles19296-147">[141]</a> His second wife was also buried with him after she died on 18 December 1978.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrs._Marshall197812-148">[142]</a> On its reverse side, the marble headstone lists General Marshall's positions held: "Chief of Staff U.S. Army, Secretary of State, President of American Red Cross, Secretary of Defense." The five-star rank adorns both sides of the stone. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation_and_legacy">Reputation and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reputation and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Thomas_Edgar_Stephens_-_George_C._Marshall_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6829" data-file-height="8602" /></a><figcaption>George Marshall portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Stephens_(artist)" title="Thomas E. Stephens (artist)">Thomas E. Stephens</a>, (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1949)</figcaption></figure> As William Taylor and other historians have recently emphasized, George Marshall was the best-known and most active – and most selfless – American leader in the early Cold War. His leadership had a distinct, signature style <a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a> which contained "Disdain for false speaking and dissembling", "Aura of Authority" and "Immensity of Integrity".<a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> He viewed his world in definitive black and white with no vagueness in arguments or gray areas in decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-151">[145]</a> Marshall is best known for giving his name and prestige to the Marshall Plan to rebuild the European economy. However, he suffered several defeats – he failed in the year-long effort to resolve the Chinese Civil War; he was defeated in his proposal to impose universal military service on all American men; and he was overruled by President Truman when he opposed the recognition of Israel. Historians agree that Truman depended heavily upon Marshall's prestige at a time of intensely bitter partisanship. Wilson Miscamble points to Marshall's delayed recognition of the threat posed by the Soviet Union – not until April 1947 did he realize the dangers. Miscamble concludes that recent studies show that Marshall was:<blockquote>An important contributor but hardly a dominant figure in the making of postwar American foreign policy. He had a special gift for delegation and he drew forth impressive contributions from various capable subordinates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiscamble-152">[146]</a></blockquote> Marshall's reputation for excellence as a military organizer and planner was recognized early in his career and became known throughout the Army. In a performance appraisal prepared while Marshall was a lieutenant in the Philippines, his superior, Captain E. J. Williams responded to the routine question of whether he would want the evaluated officer to serve under his command again by writing of Marshall "Should the exigencies of active service place him in exalted command I would be glad to serve under him." (Emphasis added)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEditorial_Note-153">[147]</a> In 1916, Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Hagood_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnson Hagood (general)">Johnson Hagood</a> completed a written evaluation of Marshall's performance in which he called Marshall a military genius. Responding to the question of whether he would want his subordinate Marshall to serve under him again, Hagood wrote "Yes, but I would prefer to serve under his command." (Emphasis added)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuryear2000191-154">[148]</a> Hagood went on to recommend Marshall's immediate promotion to brigadier general, despite the fact that there were more than 1,800 officers, including Hagood, who were senior to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambro1953-155">[149]</a> After the surrender of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">Nazi German government</a> in May 1945, Henry L. Stimson, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, paid tribute to Marshall in front of a gathering of members of the Army staff, concluding with: "I have seen a great many soldiers in my lifetime and you, Sir, are the finest soldier I have ever known."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambro1953-155">[149]</a> Historians credit the high regard others had for Marshall's personal integrity as another reason for his positive legacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> In addition to his willingness to confront Pershing over Pershing's berating of the 1st Division chief of staff during World War I, Marshall cited other instances where he provided persistent advice that kept Pershing from creating needless controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> In one, Marshall recalled a time when Pershing and <a href="/wiki/James_Harbord" title="James Harbord">James Harbord</a> intended to change a War Department policy implemented by <a href="/wiki/Peyton_March" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyton March">Peyton March</a>, the chief of staff of the Army and Pershing's nominal superior, with whom Pershing had a long-running feud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> Marshall counseled against it several times, and Pershing angrily indicated that his chief of staff Harbord and he intended to submit their proposal despite Marshall's advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> Rather than concede, Marshall replied that Pershing was letting his personal feud with March cloud his judgment and that Harbord, who also disliked March, was doing the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> Instead of continuing to "pull rank", Pershing yielded to Marshall's judgment and said "Well, have it your own way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">[150]</a> In another incident that highlighted Marshall's reputation for integrity, when President Franklin Roosevelt, a former <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a>, favored the Navy during World War II planning, Marshall suggested that Roosevelt stop referring to the Navy as "us" and the Army as "them."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Herald197310-157">[151]</a> Roosevelt laughed, but Marshall's humorous protest had made its point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Herald197310-157">[151]</a> In addition to his military success, Marshall is primarily remembered as the driving force behind the Marshall Plan, which provided billions of dollars in aid to post war Europe to restart the economies of the destroyed countries. In recent years, the cooperation required between former European adversaries as part of the Marshall Plan has been recognized as one of the earliest factors that led to <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> beginning with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and eventually the formation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Marshall_Plan-158">[152]</a> In a television interview after leaving office, Truman was asked which American he thought had made the greatest contribution of the preceding thirty years. Without hesitation, Truman picked Marshall, adding "I don't think in this age in which I have lived, that there has been a man who has been a greater administrator; a man with a knowledge of military affairs equal to General Marshall."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarinacci2010253-159">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> said in a 1970 interview with <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cavett" title="Dick Cavett">Dick Cavett</a> that "Marshall is the greatest man I ever met ... I think he was the greatest human being who was also a great man ... He was a tremendous gentleman: an old fashioned institution which isn't with us anymore."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDick_Cavett_Show1970-160">[154]</a> The story Welles related to Cavett to illustrate his point was about a time he saw Marshall take the time to speak with a young American soldier who had accidentally entered the same room. The young man was starstruck to have accidentally stumbled upon Marshall, yet Marshall still patiently and politely engaged the soldier in conversation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDick_Cavett_Show1970-160">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tributes_and_memorials">Tributes and memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tributes and memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg/220px-Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg/330px-Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg/440px-Marshall_Statue_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1742" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>A statue of General Marshall is unveiled at the George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies on 30 April 1998.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_C._Marshall" title="List of memorials to George C. Marshall">List of memorials to George C. Marshall</a>.</div> Two non-profit organizations, the <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Foundation" title="George C. Marshall Foundation">George C. Marshall Foundation</a> and the George C. Marshall International Center, actively propagate General Marshall's legacy. The Marshall Foundation oversees Marshall's official papers and over two million other documents relating to the 20th century. The International Center preserves Marshall's home, Dodona Manor, as a museum and hosts educational programs focusing on Marshall's life, leadership, and role in American history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHome-60">[56]</a> Numerous streets are named for General Marshall, including George-Marshall-Straße in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden, Germany">Wiesbaden, Germany</a> and George-C.-Marshall-Ring in <a href="/wiki/Oberursel_(Taunus)" title="Oberursel (Taunus)">Oberursel</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany-161">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany-162">[156]</a> On 30 April 1998, the <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_European_Center_for_Security_Studies" title="George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies">George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies</a> unveiled the first public statue of General Marshall in Europe in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue-163">[157]</a> The slightly larger-than-life statue was sponsored by the Marshall Center, the Friends of the Marshall Center and the City of Garmisch-Partenkirchen. It shows Marshall in uniform walking across a bronze bridge, facing east, to greet new friends and allies and was designed by artist Christiane Horn of <a href="/wiki/Wartenberg,_Bavaria" title="Wartenberg, Bavaria">Wartenberg, Bavaria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vernon_A._Walters" title="Vernon A. Walters">Vernon A. Walters</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">U.S. ambassador</a> to Germany, was a keynote speaker during the dedication ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue-163">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fictional_portrayals">Fictional portrayals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fictional portrayals">edit</a>]</div> Marshall has been played in film and television by: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Andes" title="Keith Andes">Keith Andes</a> in the 1970 film <a href="/wiki/Tora!_Tora!_Tora!" title="Tora! Tora! Tora!">Tora! Tora! Tora!</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)-164">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Costello" title="Ward Costello">Ward Costello</a> in the 1977 film <a href="/wiki/MacArthur_(1977_film)" title="MacArthur (1977 film)">MacArthur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent1977-165">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Andrews" title="Dana Andrews">Dana Andrews</a> in the 1979 film <a href="/wiki/Ike_(miniseries)" title="Ike (miniseries)">Ike, The War Years</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIke:_War_Years_(TV)-166">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Morey" title="Bill Morey">Bill Morey</a> in the 1980 television film <a href="/wiki/Enola_Gay:_The_Men,_the_Mission,_the_Atomic_Bomb" title="Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb">Enola Gay: The Men, the Mission, the Atomic Bomb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnola_Gay:_Men,_Mission-167">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Burton" title="Norman Burton">Norman Burton</a> in the 1988 miniseries <a href="/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_(miniseries)" title="War and Remembrance (miniseries)">War and Remembrance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series-168">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Holbrook" title="Hal Holbrook">Hal Holbrook</a> in the 1989 television film <a href="/wiki/Day_One_(1989_film)" title="Day One (1989 film)">Day One</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent1989-169">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Yulin" title="Harris Yulin">Harris Yulin</a> in the 1995 television movie <a href="/wiki/Truman_(1995_film)" title="Truman (1995 film)">Truman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson1995-170">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harve_Presnell" title="Harve Presnell">Harve Presnell</a> in the 1998 film <a href="/wiki/Saving_Private_Ryan" title="Saving Private Ryan">Saving Private Ryan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaving_Private_Ryan_(1998)-171">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Wilson_(actor)" title="Scott Wilson (actor)">Scott Wilson</a> in the 2001 film <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_(film)" title="Pearl Harbor (film)">Pearl Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_(2001)_IMDb-172">[166]</a></li> <li>Donald Eugene McCoy in the 2009 Chinese movie <a href="/wiki/The_Founding_of_a_Republic" title="The Founding of a Republic">The Founding of a Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEProfile_Founding_of_Republic2009-173">[167]</a></li> <li>Will Roberts in the 2023 film <a href="/wiki/Oppenheimer_(film)" title="Oppenheimer (film)">Oppenheimer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Dates of rank">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Nomination_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_of_George_Catlett_Marshall_to_be_Major_General_and_Frank_Maxwell_Andrews_to_be..._-_NARA_-_306448.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="3900" /></a><figcaption>President Roosevelt's nomination of General Marshall to be Major General. 30 June 1939.</figcaption></figure> Marshall's dates of rank were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Adjutant_General's_Office1947709-175">[169]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia </th> <th>Rank </th> <th>Component </th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">No pin insignia in 1902 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second lieutenant (United States)">Second lieutenant</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> </td> <td>2 February 1901 (Appointment accepted February 2, 1902) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First lieutenant (United States)">First lieutenant</a> </td> <td>United States Army </td> <td>7 March 1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-3)" title="Captain (United States O-3)">Captain</a> </td> <td>United States Army </td> <td>1 July 1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/40px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/60px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/80px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Army" title="History of the United States Army">National Army</a> </td> <td>5 August 1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/40px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/80px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant colonel (United States)">Lieutenant colonel</a> </td> <td>National Army </td> <td>5 January 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a> </td> <td>National Army </td> <td>27 August 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td> <td>Captain </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Regular_Army_(United_States)" title="Regular Army (United States)">Regular Army</a> </td> <td>30 June 1920 (Reverted to permanent rank) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/40px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/60px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/80px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td>Major </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>1 July 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/40px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/60px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/80px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a> </td> <td>Lieutenant colonel </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>21 August 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a> </td> <td>Colonel </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>1 September 1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a> </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>1 October 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/66px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/99px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/132px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a> </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>1 September 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/133px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="133" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/200px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/266px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a> </td> <td>1 September 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O11_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/95px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/143px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/190px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1541" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Army_(United_States)" title="General of the Army (United States)">General of the Army</a> </td> <td>Army of the United States </td> <td>16 December 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O11_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/95px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/143px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/US-O11_insignia.svg/190px-US-O11_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>General of the Army </td> <td>Regular Army </td> <td>11 April 1946 </td></tr></tbody></table> Note – Marshall served as Secretary of State from 21 January 1947 to 20 January 1949. He retired from the Army on 28 February 1947 and returned to active duty on 1 March 1949.<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg/220px-General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg/330px-General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg/440px-General_George_C._Marshall_receives_the_Distinguished_Service_Medal_from_President_Harry_S._Truman_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> awarding General Marshall an <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">Oak Leaf Cluster</a> to his <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Distinguished Service Medal</a> on 26 November 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png/220px-George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png/330px-George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png/440px-George_Marshall%27s_Legion_of_Honour.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>General Marshall's Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">U.S. Military Decorations </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Distinguished Service Medal">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> with one <a href="/wiki/Oak_Leaf_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak Leaf Cluster">Oak Leaf Cluster</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozak2016-178">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Silver_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_Star" title="Silver Star">Silver Star</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Former U.S. Army Marksmanship Badge for rifle."><img alt="Former U.S. Army Marksmanship Badge for rifle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png/60px-Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png/90px-Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png/120px-Army_Marksmanship_Badge.png 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Former U.S. Army Marksmanship Badge for rifle.</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Expert <a href="/wiki/Marksmanship_badges_(United_States)" title="Marksmanship badges (United States)">Rifleman Badge</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Hardest_Work"-179">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">U.S. Service Medals </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Philippine_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="38" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Campaign_Medal" title="Philippine Campaign Medal">Philippine Campaign Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican Border Service Medal"><img alt="Mexican Border Service Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a><figcaption>Mexican Border Service Medal</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Mexican Border Service Medal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/11px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/17px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/22px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> with five <a href="/wiki/Battle_clasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle clasp">campaign clasps</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_at_attention-181">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_Medal" title="Army of Occupation of Germany Medal">Army of Occupation of Germany Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a> with <a href="/wiki/Medal_bar" title="Medal bar">Foreign Service Clasp</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> (First recipient)<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal"><img alt="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic%E2%80%93Pacific_Campaign_Medal" title="Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 36px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><a href="/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/60px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/90px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/120px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European%E2%80%93African%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" title="European–African–Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a> with two bronze service stars<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overseas Service Chevrons"><img alt="Overseas Service Chevrons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg/35px-World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg/53px-World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg/70px-World_War_I_four_overseas_service_chevrons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption>Overseas Service Chevrons</figcaption></figure> </td> <td>Four <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Service_Bar" title="Overseas Service Bar">Overseas Chevrons</a> (for service in World War I)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens-183">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ArmyOSB.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Army Overseas Service Bar"><img alt="Army Overseas Service Bar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ArmyOSB.svg/60px-ArmyOSB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ArmyOSB.svg/90px-ArmyOSB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ArmyOSB.svg/120px-ArmyOSB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a><figcaption>Army <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Service_Bar" title="Overseas Service Bar">Overseas Service Bar</a></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>One <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Service_Bar" title="Overseas Service Bar">Overseas Service Bar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens-183">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Foreign Orders </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_Bath_UK_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Order of the Bath</a> (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_GC_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France)<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png/60px-Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png/90px-Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png/120px-Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun_with_Grand_Cordon_ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun" title="Order of Blue Sky and White Sun">Order of Blue Sky and White Sun</a> (Republic of China)<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png/60px-BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png/90px-BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png/120px-BRA_Ordem_do_Merito_Militar_Gra-cruz.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Brazil)" title="Order of Military Merit (Brazil)">Order of Military Merit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939-186">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/90px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/120px-CHL_Order_of_Merit_of_Chile_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Chile)" title="Order of Merit (Chile)">Order of Merit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/60px-COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/90px-COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg/120px-COL_Order_of_Boyaca_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Boyaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Boyaca">Order of Boyacá Cherifien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/60px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/90px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg/120px-PRT_Order_of_Christ_-_Commander_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Member 1st Class of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medalnet.net/Cuba_Merito_%20Militar.htm">Order of Military Merit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg/60px-Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg/90px-Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg/120px-Order_of_Abdon_Calderon_First_Class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="34" /></a> </td> <td>Member 1st Class of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Abdon_Calderon" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Abdon Calderon">Order of Abdon Calderon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-GRE_Order_of_George_I_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Knight Grand Cross with swords of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_George_I" title="Order of George I">Order of George I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg/60px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg/90px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg/120px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_Regno_SSML_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (Italy)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg/60px-Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg/90px-Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg/120px-Gran_croce_OCI_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Knight Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_of_Italy" title="Order of the Crown of Italy">Order of the Crown of Italy</a> (Italy)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_(Maroc).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/60px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/90px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg/120px-Ordre_de_l%27Ouissam_Alaouite_GC_ribbon_%28Maroc%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ouissam_Alaouite" title="Order of Ouissam Alaouite">Order of Ouissam Alaouite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/60px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/90px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg/120px-Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Knight_Grand_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a> </td> <td>Knight Grand Cross with swords of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau" title="Order of Orange-Nassau">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (Netherlands)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png/60px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png/90px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png/120px-PER_Order_of_the_Sun_of_Peru_-_Grand_Officer_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td>Grand Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Sun_(Peru)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Sun (Peru)">Order of the Sun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png/60px-Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png/90px-Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Order_of_Suvorov_106x30.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Suvorov" title="Order of Suvorov">Order of Suvorov First Class</a> (<a href="/wiki/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>)<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Foreign Decorations and Medals </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png/60px-CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png/90px-CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png/120px-CroixdeGuerreFR-BronzePalm.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1914%E2%80%931918_(France)" title="Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)">Croix de Guerre 1914–1918</a> with bronze palm (France)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png/60px-Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png/90px-Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Medal_for_the_Centennial_of_the_Republic_of_Liberia.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td>Medal for the Centennial of the Republic of Liberia (<a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png/60px-DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png/90px-DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/DK_Forsvarets_Medalje_for_Faldne_i_Tjeneste_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td>Silver Medal for Bravery (<a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png/60px-PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png/90px-PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/PAN_Medalla_de_la_Solidaridad.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a> </td> <td>Medal of Solidarity, 2nd Class (<a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbon – QE II Coronation Medal"><img alt="Ribbon – QE II Coronation Medal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-UK_Queen_EII_Coronation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal</a> (United Kingdom)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png/60px-Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png/90px-Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png/120px-Fourrag%C3%A8re_CG.png 2x" data-file-width="983" data-file-height="2892" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fourrag%C3%A8re" title="Fourragère">Fourragère</a> in the colors of the Croix de Guerre (France)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki-188">[182]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian_honors">Civilian honors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Civilian honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg/220px-SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg/330px-SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg/440px-SAAM-1966.110.41_Marshall_Medal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>General Marshall's Congressional Gold Medal. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_de_Francisci" title="Anthony de Francisci">Anthony de Francisci</a> in 1946.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date </th> <th>Awarding Organization </th> <th>Award </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1939 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a> </td> <td>Honorary Membership <a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Legion" title="American Legion">American Legion</a> </td> <td>Distinguished Service Medal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Service_Medal-190">[184]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006-10">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Society" title="The Pennsylvania Society">Pennsylvania Society</a> </td> <td>Gold Medal for Distinguished Achievement<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold_Medalists-191">[185]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_World_Wars" title="Military Order of the World Wars">Military Order of the World Wars</a> </td> <td>Honorary Commander-in-Chief<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Officers_Association" title="Reserve Officers Association">Reserve Officers Association</a> </td> <td>Permanent Membership </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1945 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Association" title="Theodore Roosevelt Association">Theodore Roosevelt Association</a> </td> <td>Distinguished Service Medal of Honor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_Clerk_U.S.-193">[187]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> </td> <td>Resident Member<a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1947 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> </td> <td>Freedom Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td>Time magazine </td> <td>Man of the Year<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006-10">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_New_York" title="Grand Lodge of New York">Grand Lodge of New York</a> </td> <td>Distinguished Achievement Award </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Order" title="Kappa Alpha Order">Kappa Alpha Order</a> </td> <td>Award for Distinguished Achievement<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Achievement_Award_George-195">[189]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1948 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Variety,_the_Children%27s_Charity" title="Variety, the Children's Charity">Variety Clubs International</a> </td> <td>International Humanitarian Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian-196">[190]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Planning_Association" title="American Planning Association">American Planning Association</a> </td> <td>Gold Medal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Key to the City</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_New_Orleans-197">[191]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a> </td> <td>Key to the City<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_San_Juan-198">[192]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles" title="Fraternal Order of Eagles">Fraternal Order of Eagles</a> </td> <td>National Civic Service Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;">1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_Board_of_Trade" title="New York Board of Trade">New York Board of Trade</a> </td> <td>Award for distinguished service and contribution to the American way<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Mayors" title="United States Conference of Mayors">U.S. Conference of Mayors</a> </td> <td>Award for Distinguished Public Service<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Institute" title="Franklin Institute">Franklin Institute</a> </td> <td>Honorary Membership </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Youngstown,_Ohio" title="Youngstown, Ohio">Youngstown, Ohio</a> </td> <td>Key to the City<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1950-199">[193]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Disabled_American_Veterans" title="Disabled American Veterans">Disabled American Veterans</a>, New York Chapter </td> <td>Citizenship Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> </td> <td>Virginia Distinguished Service Medal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE938-_Def._Sec._George-200">[194]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a> Fund </td> <td>Four Freedoms Fund Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENobel_Peace_Prize_1953-201">[195]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AMVETS" title="AMVETS">American Veterans</a> </td> <td>10th Anniversary Award<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_Foundation" title="Woodrow Wilson Foundation">Woodrow Wilson Foundation</a> </td> <td>Award for Distinguished Service<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for European Economic Cooperation</a> </td> <td>Silver Medal </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Commonwealth of Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>Meritorious Medal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen, Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiography-202">[196]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a> </td> <td>New Market Medal </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honorary_degrees">Honorary degrees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Honorary degrees">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"> <caption>Honorary degrees<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegbahn1954101-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Location </th> <th style="width:20%;">Date </th> <th style="width:40%;">School </th> <th style="width:20%;">Degree </th> <th>Gave Commencement Address </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /> Kansas</td> <td>1934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Command_and_General_Staff_College" title="United States Army Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> (Ph.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Hardest_Work"-179">[173]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> Pennsylvania</td> <td>1939</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_%26_Jefferson_College" title="Washington & Jefferson College">Washington and Jefferson College</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (Sd.D)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> Pennsylvania</td> <td>1940</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Military_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania Military College">Pennsylvania Military College</a></td> <td>Doctor of Military Science (DScMil)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> Virginia</td> <td>1941</td> <td><a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections-204">[198]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /> Connecticut</td> <td>15 June 1941</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_(Connecticut)" title="Trinity College (Connecticut)">Trinity College</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE2-484_Speech_at_Trinity-205">[199]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> Vermont</td> <td>1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University" title="Norwich University">Norwich University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Military Science (DScMil)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> New York</td> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> New Jersey</td> <td>22 February 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEToday_in_Princeton_history2013-206">[200]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> Massachusetts</td> <td>6 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE70_years_ago_Harvard2017-207">[201]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /> Massachusetts</td> <td>16 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers-208">[202]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /> Rhode Island</td> <td>16 June 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE1947_Brown_University_Graduation-209">[203]</a> </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/23px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/35px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Quebec.svg/45px-Flag_of_Quebec.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> Quebec</td> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /> Pennsylvania</td> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_College" title="Lafayette College">Lafayette College</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> California</td> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td>1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></td> <td>Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">[171]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> United Kingdom</td> <td>11 November 1947</td> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> (DCL)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013270–271-210">[204]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (August 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/17px-Fifties_jukebox.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/25px-Fifties_jukebox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fifties_jukebox.png/34px-Fifties_jukebox.png 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="493" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:1950s" title="Portal:1950s">1950s portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Marshall_Fund" title="German Marshall Fund">German Marshall Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_European_Center_for_Security_Studies" title="George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies">George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_Foundation" title="George C. Marshall Foundation">George C. Marshall Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_George_C._Marshall_(SSBN-654)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654)">USS George C. Marshall (SSBN-654)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Scholarship" title="Marshall Scholarship">Marshall Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall%27s_Dodona_Manor" title="George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor">George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall_High_School" title="George C. Marshall High School">George C. Marshall High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Space_Flight_Center" title="Marshall Space Flight Center">George C. Marshall Space Flight Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-upper-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Letter to Charles J. Graham, September 23, 1941 [Washington, D.C.]: "...as to my political faith—I have never voted, my father was a democrat, my mother a republican, and I am an Episcopalian." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> U.S. officers holding five-star rank never retire; they draw full active duty pay for life. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> In an interview late in his life, when asked whether he regarded himself a Virginian, he answered: 'My family are Kentucky. I myself was the only member of the family born up north... I married two Virginians, very ardent Virginians, and I went to school in a very ardent, historical Virginia section school. I might say also that I pay taxes in Virginia" (<a href="#CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014">Unger, Unger & Hirshson 2014</a>, p. 5n) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Marshall's Silver Star citation reads: "he was Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations at the First Division Headquarters from June 8, 1917, to July 6, 1918. By his superior professional attainments, his tactical skill, his sound judgment, and his courageous conduct in obtaining information through personal visits to the most exposed lines, he contributed in a determining manner to the training, morale, and operations of the Division in the Toul Sector, the Cantigny Sector, and the movement for the offensive at Soissons."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall's_Silver_Star-45">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Marshall even went to great lengths to prevent himself from falling prey to the allures of power. He had always refused to vote because he subscribed to the belief that a professional soldier should remain above politics, but he took other steps to insulate himself from the corrupting influence of power once he became chief of staff (<a href="#CITEREFUldrich2005">Uldrich 2005</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> "General Marshall could see the President anytime, but being a general he never took advantage of this. In fact, on one occasion, I think it was over Palestine actually, he told the President – I was told by somebody at the meeting – "Mr. President, if you take this action I wouldn't vote for you, but of course I don't vote." He as an Army officer never voted apparently in his life" (<a href="#CITEREFMcKinzie1972">McKinzie 1972</a>). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981">Bland, Stevens & Wunderlin Jr. 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker20111685-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker20111685_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTucker2011">Tucker 2011</a>, p. 1685. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Office-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Office_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorical_Office_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistorical_Office">Historical Office</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECNN:_George_C._Marshall-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECNN:_George_C._Marshall_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCNN:_George_C._Marshall">CNN: George C. Marshall</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline_7-24">y</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline">George Catlett Marshall Timeline</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith1984" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Truman (1984). Hessen, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fw6ZlJtxz2QC&pg=PA21">Berlin Alert: The Memoirs and Reports of Truman Smith</a>. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-7891-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-7891-4"><bdi>978-0-8179-7891-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin+Alert%3A+The+Memoirs+and+Reports+of+Truman+Smith&rft.place=Stanford%2C+CA&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-7891-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Truman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfw6ZlJtxz2QC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderwood1991" class="citation book cs1">Underwood, Jeffery S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7BOe6NR-9BsC&pg=PA192">The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1941</a>. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press. pp. 191–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8909-6388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8909-6388-3"><bdi>978-0-8909-6388-3</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wings+of+Democracy%3A+The+Influence+of+Air+Power+on+the+Roosevelt+Administration%2C+1933-1941&rft.place=College+Station%2C+TX&rft.pages=191-192&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8909-6388-3&rft.aulast=Underwood&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7BOe6NR-9BsC%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerson_of_Year_Photo2006_10-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerson_of_Year_Photo2006">Person of Year Photo 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWedemeyer_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWedemeyer">Wedemeyer</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001120-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001120_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001">Del Testa, Lemoine & Strickland 2001</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Is_Named_Head19496-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Is_Named_Head19496_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall_Is_Named_Head1949">Marshall Is Named Head 1949</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathy2022" class="citation web cs1">Cathy (11 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/articles-and-features/nation-mourns-top-soldier/,%20https://www.marshallfoundation.org/articles-and-features/nation-mourns-top-soldier/">""Nation Mourns Top Soldier" - The George C. Marshall Foundation"</a>. www.marshallfoundation.org. Retrieved 2 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=%22Nation+Mourns+Top+Soldier%22+-+The+George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.date=2022-10-11&rft.au=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Farticles-and-features%2Fnation-mourns-top-soldier%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Farticles-and-features%2Fnation-mourns-top-soldier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZajac2003-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZajac2003_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZajac2003_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZajac2003_15-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZajac2003">Zajac 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson20142-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson20142_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014">Unger, Unger & Hirshson 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham1985106-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham1985106_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHigginbotham1985">Higginbotham 1985</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homepages.rootsweb.com/~marshall/esmd1.htm#id7808">"Marshall Genealogy"</a>. homepages.rootsweb.com. 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Marshall's Early Career</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021751/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/Meet-General-Marshall/Early-Career">Archived</a> September 24, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. georgecmarshall.org </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeneral_of_the_Army_George-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeneral_of_the_Army_George_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeneral_of_the_Army_George">General of the Army George</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200832,_33-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200832,_33_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2008">Roberts 2008</a>, pp. 32, 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2011-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2011_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2011_66-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStewart2011">Stewart 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2009">Roberts (2009)</a>, p. 32-34 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBland202027–51-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBland202027–51_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBland2020">Bland 2020</a>, pp. 27–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOssad2003-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOssad2003_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOssad2003_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOssad2003">Ossad 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997271–84-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997271–84_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997271–84_70-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1997">Ambrose 1997</a>, pp. 271–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeast1945-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast1945_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast1945_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast1945_71-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast1945_71-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeast1945_71-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeast1945">Keast 1945</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge198113–21-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge198113–21_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge1981">George 1981</a>, pp. 13–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanford2008viii-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanford2008viii_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanford2008">Hanford 2008</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandergriff2003-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandergriff2003_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandergriff2003_74-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVandergriff2003">Vandergriff 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277–84-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277–84_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277–84_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1997">Ambrose 1997</a>, pp. 277–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenry200112–14_76-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenry2001">Henry 2001</a>, pp. 12–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmbrose1997277_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAmbrose1997">Ambrose 1997</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200966-81-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200966-81_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2009">Roberts 2009</a>, p. 66-81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTED-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTED-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFD-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019">D-Day Year Too Late? 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2009">Roberts (2009)</a>, p. 70-84 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPogue-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPogue_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPogue">Pogue</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuellJohn_H._Bradley258-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuellJohn_H._Bradley258_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuellJohn_H._Bradley">Buell & John H. Bradley</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrequently_Asked_Questions_Five-Star-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrequently_Asked_Questions_Five-Star_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrequently_Asked_Questions_Five-Star">Frequently Asked Questions Five-Star</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilwell2021" class="citation web cs1">Stilwell, Blake (11 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/why-theres-no-field-marshal-rank/">"This is why there's no Field Marshal rank in the US military"</a>. We Are The Mighty. Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Are+The+Mighty&rft.atitle=This+is+why+there%27s+no+Field+Marshal+rank+in+the+US+military&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft.aulast=Stilwell&rft.aufirst=Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearethemighty.com%2Fmighty-history%2Fwhy-theres-no-field-marshal-rank%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee">U.S. Senate Joint Committee</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts200951-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts200951_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts2009">Roberts 2009</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fSQ7kKogRGIC&pg=PA144">Hearings before the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack, Part 39</a>. Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress. 1946. pp. 144–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearings+before+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack%2C+Part+39&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=144-45&rft.pub=Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+Seventy-Ninth+Congress&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfSQ7kKogRGIC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/Vol40.pdf">"Conclusions and Recommendations of the Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack"</a> (PDF). Washington, D.C.: Congress of the United States, Seventy-Ninth Congress. pp. 252, 265. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/congress/Vol40.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conclusions+and+Recommendations+of+the+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=252%2C+265&rft.pub=Congress+of+the+United+States%2C+Seventy-Ninth+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fpha%2Fcongress%2FVol40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClausen200123–24-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausen200123–24_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClausen200123–24_89-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFClausen2001">Clausen 2001</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler1989145–51-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoler1989145–51_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoler1989">Stoler 1989</a>, pp. 145–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsou1963-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsou1963_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsou1963">Tsou 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014393-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014393_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014">Unger, Unger & Hirshson 2014</a>, pp. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014389–90,_448-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014389–90,_448_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014">Unger, Unger & Hirshson 2014</a>, pp. 389–90, 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Plan-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Plan_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall_Plan">Marshall Plan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992a717-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992a717_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992a">McCullough 1992a</a>, p. 717. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrman200774-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrman200774_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBehrman2007">Behrman 2007</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19480105,00.html">"George C. Marshall, Man of the Year Jan. 5, 1948"</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecher2012227-247.-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecher2012227-247._98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecher2012">Brecher 2012</a>, pp. 227-247.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJCPA:_President_Truman's_Decision-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJCPA:_President_Truman's_Decision_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJCPA:_President_Truman's_Decision">JCPA: President Truman's Decision</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETruman_Adviser_Recalls_May199117-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETruman_Adviser_Recalls_May199117_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTruman_Adviser_Recalls_May1991">Truman Adviser Recalls May 1991</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecognition_of_Israel-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecognition_of_Israel_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRecognition_of_Israel">Recognition of Israel</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUldrich2005-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUldrich2005_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUldrich2005">Uldrich 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie1972-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinzie1972_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinzie1972">McKinzie 1972</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGouda2002-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGouda2002_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGouda2002">Gouda 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoler1989173-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoler1989173_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoler1989">Stoler 1989</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014455-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUngerUngerHirshson2014455_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014">Unger, Unger & Hirshson 2014</a>, p. 455. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/nobel-peace-prize/#:~:text=On%20December%2010%2C%201953%2C%20General,which%20had%20concluded%20in%201952">George C Marshall Foundation, "The Nobel Peace Prize" (2017)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200926170230/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/nobel-peace-prize/#:~:text=On%20December%2010%2C%201953%2C%20General,which%20had%20concluded%20in%201952">Archived</a> September 26, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016">Five-Star Generals in U.S. 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Mattis2017-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Mattis2017_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall_Mattis2017">Marshall Mattis 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._Lewis2012104-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._Lewis2012104_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA._Lewis2012">A. Lewis 2012</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForeign_Relations_of_United-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForeign_Relations_of_United_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForeign_Relations_of_United">Foreign Relations of United</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCullough1992b_114-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcCullough1992b">McCullough 1992b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeisner2009429-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeisner2009429_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeisner2009">Beisner 2009</a>, p. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaver2019179-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECleaver2019179_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCleaver2019">Cleaver 2019</a>, pp. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiary_entries_6_7-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiary_entries_6_7_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiary_entries_6_7">Diary entries 6 7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearlman2008214-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearlman2008214_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearlman2008">Pearlman 2008</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201399-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillbanks201399_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillbanks2013">Willbanks 2013</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheeler2015-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2015_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheeler2015_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWheeler2015">Wheeler 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona">George C. Marshall's Dodona</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStories_of_Service_Richard-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStories_of_Service_Richard_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStories_of_Service_Richard">Stories of Service Richard</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE3-147_To_David_Burpee-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE3-147_To_David_Burpee_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF3-147_To_David_Burpee">3-147 To David Burpee</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhy_is_a_rose-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhy_is_a_rose_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhy_is_a_rose_124-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWhy_is_a_rose">Why is a rose</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommission_American_Battle_Monuments-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommission_American_Battle_Monuments_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommission_American_Battle_Monuments">Commission American Battle Monuments</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBuilding_on_Mission_126-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuilding_on_Mission">Building on Mission</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedication_of_Cemetery-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDedication_of_Cemetery_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDedication_of_Cemetery">Dedication of Cemetery</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall_128-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall_128-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall">The Leadership of George C. Marshall</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQueen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation2017-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQueen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation2017_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQueen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation2017">Queen Elizabeth II Coronation 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeffersAxelrod20106–8,_10,_12_130-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeffersAxelrod2010">Jeffers & Axelrod 2010</a>, pp. 6–8, 10, 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParmelee1918214-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmelee1918214_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParmelee1918214_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParmelee1918">Parmelee 1918</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014568-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlenn2014568_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlenn2014">Glenn 2014</a>, p. 568. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall's196222-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall's196222_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall's1962">Greenburg Resident General Marshall's 1962</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015a-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015a_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015a_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFcsonnier2015a">csonnier 2015a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullins201779-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullins201779_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMullins2017">Mullins 2017</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks2015117-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks2015117_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooks2015">Brooks 2015</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife">Katherine Boyce Tupper Wife</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESobelSicilia2003-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESobelSicilia2003_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSobelSicilia2003">Sobel & Sicilia 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEM._Lewis2020-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Lewis2020_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEM._Lewis2020_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFM._Lewis2020">M. Lewis 2020</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson1978-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1978_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearson1978_140-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearson1978">Pearson 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall1946-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall1946_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall1946">Marshall 1946</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015b-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEcsonnier2015b_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFcsonnier2015b">csonnier 2015b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClifton_S._Brown19523-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClifton_S._Brown19523_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClifton_S._Brown1952">Clifton S. Brown 1952</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaddell19971-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell19971_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaddell19971_144-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaddell1997">Waddell 1997</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies19591-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies19591_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies19591_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies1959">Associated Press: Marshall Dies 1959</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMossmanStark1991159–167_146-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFMossmanStark1991">Mossman & Stark 1991</a>, pp. 159–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrs._Walter_Coles19296-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrs._Walter_Coles19296_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMrs._Walter_Coles1929">Mrs. Walter Coles 1929</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMrs._Marshall197812-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMrs._Marshall197812_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMrs._Marshall1978">Mrs. Marshall 1978</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2014" class="citation book cs1">Hill, MJR (2014). Comparative Analysis Of The Military Leadership Styles Of George C. Marshall And Dwight D. Eisenhower. United States: Lucknow Books. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782895251" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782895251"><bdi>978-1782895251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Analysis+Of+The+Military+Leadership+Styles+Of+George+C.+Marshall+And+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Lucknow+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1782895251&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=MJR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPops2010" class="citation book cs1">Pops, GM (2010). Ethical Leadership in Turbulent Times: Modeling the Public Career of George C. Marshall. United States: Lexington Books. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739124772" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739124772"><bdi>978-0739124772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Leadership+in+Turbulent+Times%3A+Modeling+the+Public+Career+of+George+C.+Marshall&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0739124772&rft.aulast=Pops&rft.aufirst=GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPogue1963" class="citation book cs1">Pogue, FC (1963). George C. Marshall. United States: Viking Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+C.+Marshall&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Pogue&rft.aufirst=FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiscamble-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiscamble_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiscamble">Miscamble</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEditorial_Note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEditorial_Note_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEditorial_Note">Editorial Note</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuryear2000191-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuryear2000191_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuryear2000">Puryear 2000</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHambro1953-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambro1953_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHambro1953_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHambro1953">Hambro 1953</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERunkle201927–28_156-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFRunkle2019">Runkle 2019</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristian_Herald197310-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian_Herald197310_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristian_Herald197310_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristian_Herald1973">Christian Herald 1973</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Marshall_Plan-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistory_of_Marshall_Plan_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHistory_of_Marshall_Plan">History of Marshall Plan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarinacci2010253-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarinacci2010253_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarinacci2010">Farinacci 2010</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDick_Cavett_Show1970-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDick_Cavett_Show1970_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDick_Cavett_Show1970_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDick_Cavett_Show1970">Dick Cavett Show 1970</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany">George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden Germany</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany">George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel Germany</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue">Marshall Center's Bronze Statue</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)">Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent1977-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargent1977_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSargent1977">Sargent 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIke:_War_Years_(TV)-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIke:_War_Years_(TV)_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIke:_War_Years_(TV)">Ike: War Years (TV)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEnola_Gay:_Men,_Mission-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEnola_Gay:_Men,_Mission_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEnola_Gay:_Men,_Mission">Enola Gay: Men, Mission</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series">War Remembrance (TV Mini-Series</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESargent1989-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESargent1989_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSargent1989">Sargent 1989</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPierson1995-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPierson1995_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPierson1995">Pierson 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaving_Private_Ryan_(1998)-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaving_Private_Ryan_(1998)_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaving_Private_Ryan_(1998)">Saving Private Ryan (1998)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_(2001)_IMDb-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearl_Harbor_(2001)_IMDb_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPearl_Harbor_(2001)_IMDb">Pearl Harbor (2001) IMDb</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEProfile_Founding_of_Republic2009-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEProfile_Founding_of_Republic2009_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProfile_Founding_of_Republic2009">Profile Founding of Republic 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15398776/fullcredits">Oppenheimer (2023)</a>, retrieved 9 May 2023 – via IMDb</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oppenheimer+%282023%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt15398776%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Adjutant_General's_Office1947709-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Adjutant_General's_Office1947709_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Adjutant_General's_Office1947">The Adjutant General's Office 1947</a>, p. 709. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> US Army Register. 1950. pg. 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology20145–6_177-44">as</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology2014">George Catlett Marshall Chronology 2014</a>, pp. 5–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozak2016-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozak2016_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKozak2016">Kozak 2016</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Hardest_Work"-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Hardest_Work"_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Hardest_Work"_179-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREF"Hardest_Work"">"Hardest Work"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke">National Portrait Gallery: Warnecke</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall_at_attention-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall_at_attention_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall_at_attention">Marshall at attention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021841/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15297&CategoryId=4&grp=4&menu=Decorations%20and%20Medals&ps=24&p=0">"American Campaign Medal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/Heraldry.aspx?HeraldryId=15297&CategoryId=4&grp=4&menu=Decorations%20and%20Medals&ps=24&p=0">the original</a> on 29 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Campaign+Medal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil%2FCatalog%2FHeraldry.aspx%3FHeraldryId%3D15297%26CategoryId%3D4%26grp%3D4%26menu%3DDecorations%2520and%2520Medals%26ps%3D24%26p%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens_183-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens">National Portrait Gallery: Stephens</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-medals/">"Marshall and Medals"</a>. 24 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821142712/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-medals/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2019. Retrieved 21 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshall+and+Medals&rft.date=2018-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshall-medals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ahonline.drnh.gov.tw/index.php?act=Archive">Academia Historica</a> 001-035100-00103-016 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939">Homenagem á Missão Militar 1939</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpric2024" class="citation cs2">Empric, Bruce E. (2024), Uncommon Allies: U.S. Army Recipients of Soviet Military Decorations in World War II, Teufelsberg Press, p. 43, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3444-6807-5" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3444-6807-5"><bdi>979-8-3444-6807-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncommon+Allies%3A+U.S.+Army+Recipients+of+Soviet+Military+Decorations+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Teufelsberg+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-8-3444-6807-5&rft.aulast=Empric&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZabecki">Zabecki</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Roster of the Society of the Cincinnati as of May 11, 1944. 1945. pg. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Service_Medal-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Service_Medal_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDistinguished_Service_Medal">Distinguished Service Medal</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold_Medalists-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGold_Medalists_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGold_Medalists">Gold Medalists</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Email to editor from Justin Hiller, Membership Manager, <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_World_Wars" title="Military Order of the World Wars">MOWW</a>. 28 May 2024. "GA Marshall was added to the Order in 1944 as just the 3rd Honorary Commander-in-Chief in MOWW History.  According to our organization’s documents, we have one Honorary Commander in Chief at a time." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_Clerk_U.S.-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOffice_of_Clerk_U.S._193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOffice_of_Clerk_U.S.">Office of Clerk U.S</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=George+C.+Marshall&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorge%2BC.%2BMarshall%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Achievement_Award_George-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDistinguished_Achievement_Award_George_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDistinguished_Achievement_Award_George">Distinguished Achievement Award George</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian">Letter to Chairman Humanitarian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_New_Orleans-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_New_Orleans_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKey_to_New_Orleans">Key to New Orleans</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKey_to_San_Juan-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKey_to_San_Juan_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKey_to_San_Juan">Key to San Juan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamilton1950-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamilton1950_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1950">Hamilton 1950</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE938-_Def._Sec._George-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE938-_Def._Sec._George_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF938-_Def._Sec._George">938- Def. Sec. George</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENobel_Peace_Prize_1953-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENobel_Peace_Prize_1953_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNobel_Peace_Prize_1953">Nobel Peace Prize 1953</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBiography-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBiography_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBiography">Biography</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESiegbahn1954101-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiegbahn1954101_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiegbahn1954">Siegbahn 1954</a>, pp. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections">Commencement Speakers Special Collections</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE2-484_Speech_at_Trinity-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE2-484_Speech_at_Trinity_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF2-484_Speech_at_Trinity">2-484 Speech at Trinity</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEToday_in_Princeton_history2013-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEToday_in_Princeton_history2013_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToday_in_Princeton_history2013">Today in Princeton history 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE70_years_ago_Harvard2017-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE70_years_ago_Harvard2017_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF70_years_ago_Harvard2017">70 years ago Harvard 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowers-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowers_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowers">Bowers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE1947_Brown_University_Graduation-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE1947_Brown_University_Graduation_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF1947_Brown_University_Graduation">1947 Brown University Graduation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013270–271-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2013270–271_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshall2013">Marshall 2013</a>, pp. 270–271. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 26em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrose1997" class="citation book cs1">Ambrose, Stephen E. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citizensoldiers000ambr">Citizen Soldiers: The U.S. Army From the Normandy Beaches to the Bulge to the Surrender of Germany</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-81525-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-81525-7"><bdi>0-684-81525-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Soldiers%3A+The+U.S.+Army+From+the+Normandy+Beaches+to+the+Bulge+to+the+Surrender+of+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-684-81525-7&rft.aulast=Ambrose&rft.aufirst=Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitizensoldiers000ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBehrman2007" class="citation book cs1">Behrman, Greg (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsxHT9M5eIC&pg=PA10">The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe</a>. New York: Free Press: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-8263-5"><bdi>978-0-7432-8263-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125001/https://books.google.com/books?id=TtsxHT9M5eIC&pg=PA10">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Noble+Adventure%3A+The+Marshall+Plan+and+the+Time+When+America+Helped+Save+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press%3A+Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-8263-5&rft.aulast=Behrman&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtsxHT9M5eIC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeisner2009" class="citation book cs1">Beisner, Robert L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1035517800">Dean Acheson : a Life in the Cold War</a>. Oxford University Press, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-970012-7"><bdi>978-0-19-970012-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035517800">1035517800</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125002/https://www.worldcat.org/title/dean-acheson-a-life-in-the-cold-war/oclc/1035517800">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dean+Acheson+%3A+a+Life+in+the+Cold+War.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035517800&rft.isbn=978-0-19-970012-7&rft.aulast=Beisner&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1035517800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981" class="citation cs2">Bland, Larry I.; Stevens, Sharon Ritenour; Wunderlin Jr., Clarence E., eds. (1981), "Letter to Charles J. Graham, September 23, 1941 [Washington, D.C.]", The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, Lexington, Va.: The George C. Marshall Foundation</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Charles+J.+Graham%2C+September+23%2C+1941+%5BWashington%2C+D.C.%5D&rft.btitle=The+Papers+of+George+Catlett+Marshall&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Va.&rft.pub=The+George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.date=1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-charles-j-graham/">Electronic version</a> based on The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, vol. 2, "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941 (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 616 [Pentagon Office, Selected Correspondence, Box 69, Folder 18. Holding ID: 2-553].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2015" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roadtocharacter00broo">The Road to Character</a>. New York, NY: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-9325-7"><bdi>978-0-8129-9325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Character&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-9325-7&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froadtocharacter00broo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuellJohn_H._Bradley" class="citation book cs1">Buell, Thomas B.; John H. Bradley. The Second World War: Europe and the Mediterranean.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+War%3A+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.aulast=Buell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft.au=John+H.+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2008" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, James (2008). The Ghost Mountain Boys: Their Epic March and the Terrifying Battle for New Guinea – The Forgotten War of the South Pacific. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-33597-5"><bdi>978-0-307-33597-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+Mountain+Boys%3A+Their+Epic+March+and+the+Terrifying+Battle+for+New+Guinea+%E2%80%93+The+Forgotten+War+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-33597-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausen2001" class="citation book cs1">Clausen, Henry (2001). Pearl Harbor: Final Judgement. <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306810352" title="Special:BookSources/0306810352"><bdi>0306810352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pearl+Harbor%3A+Final+Judgement&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0306810352&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaver2019" class="citation book cs1">Cleaver, Thomas (2019). Holding the Line: The Naval Air Campaign In Korea. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472831699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472831699"><bdi>978-1472831699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holding+the+Line%3A+The+Naval+Air+Campaign+In+Korea&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1472831699&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCray1990" class="citation book cs1">Cray, Ed (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwq6WvWxe6oC&pg=PA23">General of the Army: George C. Marshall, Soldier and Statesman</a>. New York: Cooper Square Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6099-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-6099-6"><bdi>978-1-4616-6099-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607151553/https://books.google.com/books?id=Gwq6WvWxe6oC&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+of+the+Army%3A+George+C.+Marshall%2C+Soldier+and+Statesman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cooper+Square+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-6099-6&rft.aulast=Cray&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwq6WvWxe6oC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2015" class="citation book cs1">Davenport, Matthew J. (2015). First Over There. New York: St. Martins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-5644-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-5644-3"><bdi>978-1-2500-5644-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Over+There.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-2500-5644-3&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Matthew+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001" class="citation book cs1">Del Testa, David W.; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2001). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Government+Leaders%2C+Military+Rulers%2C+and+Political+Activists&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Del+Testa&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft.au=Lemoine%2C+Florence&rft.au=Strickland%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarinacci2010" class="citation book cs1">Farinacci, Donald J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7OzfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">Truman and MacArthur: Adversaries for a Common Cause</a>. Bennington, VT: Merriam Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-40902-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-40902-0"><bdi>978-0-557-40902-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227092143/https://books.google.com/books?id=7OzfAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA253">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+and+MacArthur%3A+Adversaries+for+a+Common+Cause&rft.place=Bennington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Merriam+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-557-40902-0&rft.aulast=Farinacci&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7OzfAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge1981" class="citation book cs1">George, John B. (Lt. Col) (1981). Shots Fired In Anger: A Rifleman's View of the War in the Pacific, 1942–1945, Including the Campaign on Guadalcanal and Fighting with Merrill's Marauders in the Jungles of Burma. National Rifle Association Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935998-42-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-935998-42-X"><bdi>0-935998-42-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shots+Fired+In+Anger%3A+A+Rifleman%27s+View+of+the+War+in+the+Pacific%2C+1942%E2%80%931945%2C+Including+the+Campaign+on+Guadalcanal+and+Fighting+with+Merrill%27s+Marauders+in+the+Jungles+of+Burma&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-935998-42-X&rft.aulast=George&rft.aufirst=John+B.+%28Lt.+Col%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenn2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Glenn, Justin (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQNtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA568">The Washingtons: A Family History</a>. Vol. 5 (Part One). El Dorado, CA: Savas Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-940669-30-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-940669-30-4"><bdi>978-1-940669-30-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424013855/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQNtBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA568">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Washingtons%3A+A+Family+History&rft.place=El+Dorado%2C+CA&rft.pub=Savas+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-940669-30-4&rft.aulast=Glenn&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQNtBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouda2002" class="citation book cs1">Gouda, Frances (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55842798">American visions of the Netherlands East Indies/Indonesia : US foreign policy and Indonesian nationalism, 1920-1949</a>. Thijs Brocades Zaalberg. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4175-2156-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4175-2156-2"><bdi>1-4175-2156-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55842798">55842798</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://www.worldcat.org/title/american-visions-of-the-netherlands-east-indiesindonesia-us-foreign-policy-and-indonesian-nationalism-1920-1949/oclc/55842798">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+visions+of+the+Netherlands+East+Indies%2FIndonesia+%3A+US+foreign+policy+and+Indonesian+nationalism%2C+1920-1949&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55842798&rft.isbn=1-4175-2156-2&rft.aulast=Gouda&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F55842798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanford2008" class="citation book cs1">Hanford, William B. (2008). A Dangerous Assignment: An Artillery Forward Observer in World War II. Stackpole Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3485-1"><bdi>978-0-8117-3485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dangerous+Assignment%3A+An+Artillery+Forward+Observer+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-3485-1&rft.aulast=Hanford&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2001" class="citation book cs1">Henry, Mark R. (2001). The US Army in World War II: Northwest Europe. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-086-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-086-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-086-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+US+Army+in+World+War+II%3A+Northwest+Europe&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-086-5&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham1985" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, Don (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZD0Wh99HEC&pg=PA106">George Washington and the American Military Tradition</a>. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2400-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-2400-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191227210556/https://books.google.com/books?id=NzZD0Wh99HEC&pg=PA106">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Military+Tradition&rft.place=Athens%2C+GA&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2400-5&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzZD0Wh99HEC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffersAxelrod2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeffers, H. Paul; Axelrod, Alan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YlTgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Marshall: Lessons in Leadership</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11425-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-11425-8"><bdi>978-0-230-11425-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424014111/https://books.google.com/books?id=YlTgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshall%3A+Lessons+in+Leadership&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-11425-8&rft.aulast=Jeffers&rft.aufirst=H.+Paul&rft.au=Axelrod%2C+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYlTgCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeast1945" class="citation book cs1">Keast, William R. (Maj) (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/agf/agf007/index.htm">Provision of Enlisted Replacements (Army Ground Forces Study No. 7)</a>. Washington, D.C.: Historical Section – Headquarters Army Ground Forces. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211074708/https://history.army.mil/books/agf/AGF007/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provision+of+Enlisted+Replacements+%28Army+Ground+Forces+Study+No.+7%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Historical+Section+%E2%80%93+Headquarters+Army+Ground+Forces&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Keast&rft.aufirst=William+R.+%28Maj%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fagf%2Fagf007%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengel2008" class="citation book cs1">Lengel, Edward G. (2008). To Conquer Hell. New York: Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7931-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7931-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-7931-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Conquer+Hell.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7931-9&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Lewis2012" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Adrian (2012). The American Culture of War: The History of US Military Force from World War II to Operation Enduring Freedon. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415890199" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415890199"><bdi>978-0415890199</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Culture+of+War%3A+The+History+of+US+Military+Force+from+World+War+II+to+Operation+Enduring+Freedon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415890199&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2013" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, George C. (George Catlett), 1880-1959 (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/7836073">The papers of George Catlett Marshall</a>. Baltimore, Maryland: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2552-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-2552-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-2552-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7836073">7836073</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://www.worldcat.org/title/papers-of-george-catlett-marshall/oclc/7836073">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+papers+of+George+Catlett+Marshall&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7836073&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-2552-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=George+C.+%28George+Catlett%29%2C+1880-1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F7836073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1976" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, George C. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/memoirs-of-my-services-in-the-world-war-1917-1918/">Memoirs of My Services in the World War, 1917–1918</a>. New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-20725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-20725-3"><bdi>978-0-395-20725-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506153138/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/memoirs-of-my-services-in-the-world-war-1917-1918/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+My+Services+in+the+World+War%2C+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-395-20725-3&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fmarshall%2Fmemoirs-of-my-services-in-the-world-war-1917-1918%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1946" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Katherine Tupper (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/togetherannalsof001707mbp#page/n7/mode/2up">Together: Annals of an Army Wife</a>. New York: Tupper and Love.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Together%3A+Annals+of+an+Army+Wife&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tupper+and+Love&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Tupper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftogetherannalsof001707mbp%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1992a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1992a). <a href="/wiki/Truman_(book)" title="Truman (book)">Truman</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-86920-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-86920-5"><bdi>0-671-86920-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-671-86920-5&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossmanStark1991" class="citation book cs1">Mossman, B. C.; Stark, M. W. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm">The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funerals, 1921-1969</a>. Washington, DC: Center for Military, United States Army. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180917213000/https://history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Salute%3A+Civil+and+Military+Funerals%2C+1921-1969&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+for+Military%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mossman&rft.aufirst=B.+C.&rft.au=Stark%2C+M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fbooks%2FLast_Salute%2FCh19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearlman2008" class="citation book cs1">Pearlman, Michael David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UantAAAAMAAJ&q=joint+chiefs+concur+relief+macarthur">Truman & MacArthur: Policy, Politics, and the Hunger for Honor and Renown</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-5066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2533-5066-4"><bdi>978-0-2533-5066-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125002/https://books.google.com/books?id=UantAAAAMAAJ&q=joint+chiefs+concur+relief+macarthur">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 28 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman+%26+MacArthur%3A+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+Hunger+for+Honor+and+Renown&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-2533-5066-4&rft.aulast=Pearlman&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUantAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djoint%2Bchiefs%2Bconcur%2Brelief%2Bmacarthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPops2009" class="citation book cs1">Pops, Gerald M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeN6ffYFdcC&pg=PA307">Ethical Leadership in Turbulent Times: Modeling the Public Career of George</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739124772" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739124772"><bdi>978-0739124772</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228130200/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyeN6ffYFdcC&pg=PA307">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethical+Leadership+in+Turbulent+Times%3A+Modeling+the+Public+Career+of+George&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0739124772&rft.aulast=Pops&rft.aufirst=Gerald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKyeN6ffYFdcC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuryear2000" class="citation book cs1">Puryear, Edgar F. Jr. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1qIPXNUJFoC&pg=PA191">American Generalship: Character Is Everything: The Art of Command</a>. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-770-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89141-770-5"><bdi>978-0-89141-770-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226035213/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1qIPXNUJFoC&pg=PA191">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Generalship%3A+Character+Is+Everything%3A+The+Art+of+Command&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-89141-770-5&rft.aulast=Puryear&rft.aufirst=Edgar+F.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1qIPXNUJFoC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2008" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Andrew (2008). Masters and Commanders. How Roosevelt, Churchill, Marshall and Alanbrooke won the war in the west. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9969-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9969-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+and+Commanders.+How+Roosevelt%2C+Churchill%2C+Marshall+and+Alanbrooke+won+the+war+in+the+west&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9969-3&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunkle2019" class="citation book cs1">Runkle, Benjamin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vkm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Generals in the Making: How Marshall, Eisenhower, Patton, and Their Peers Became the Commanders Who Won World War II</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-6849-8"><bdi>978-0-8117-6849-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614165025/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vkm9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+the+Making%3A+How+Marshall%2C+Eisenhower%2C+Patton%2C+and+Their+Peers+Became+the+Commanders+Who+Won+World+War+II&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-6849-8&rft.aulast=Runkle&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVkm9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantoro1999" class="citation book cs1">Santoro, Mary Catherine (1999). First Lady of the Army: The Life and Times of Katherine Tupper Marshall. Roanoke, Virginia: <a href="/wiki/Hollins_University" title="Hollins University">Hollins University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+Lady+of+the+Army%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Katherine+Tupper+Marshall&rft.place=Roanoke%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Hollins+University&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Santoro&rft.aufirst=Mary+Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegbahn1954" class="citation book cs1">Siegbahn, K. M. G. (1954). Les Prix Nobel en 1953. Stockholm: Imprimerie Royale P.A. Norstedt & Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Prix+Nobel+en+1953&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Imprimerie+Royale+P.A.+Norstedt+%26+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Siegbahn&rft.aufirst=K.+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkutt1997" class="citation book cs1">Skutt, Mary Sutton (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLFZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22george+c.+marshall%22+%22VMI+%22Diploma%22">Growing Up, by George!: George C. Marshall's Early Years, Uniontown, Pennsylvania-Lexington, Virginia, 1880-1901</a>. Lexington, VA: M. S. Scutt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9661-5820-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9661-5820-5"><bdi>978-0-9661-5820-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520213951/https://books.google.com/books?id=fLFZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22george+c.+marshall%22+%22VMI+%22Diploma%22">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Up%2C+by+George%21%3A+George+C.+Marshall%27s+Early+Years%2C+Uniontown%2C+Pennsylvania-Lexington%2C+Virginia%2C+1880-1901&rft.place=Lexington%2C+VA&rft.pub=M.+S.+Scutt&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9661-5820-5&rft.aulast=Skutt&rft.aufirst=Mary+Sutton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLFZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522george%2Bc.%2Bmarshall%2522%2B%2522VMI%2B%2522Diploma%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobelSicilia2003" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert; Sicilia, David B. (13 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAm9zvOQSsC&q=Katherine+Boyce+Tupper+Brown+1882">The United States Executive Branch: M–Z</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313325946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313325946"><bdi>978-0313325946</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://books.google.com/books?id=LCAm9zvOQSsC&q=Katherine+Boyce+Tupper+Brown+1882">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Executive+Branch%3A+M%E2%80%93Z&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0313325946&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Sicilia%2C+David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLCAm9zvOQSsC%26q%3DKatherine%2BBoyce%2BTupper%2BBrown%2B1882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevensWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Sharon Ritenour; Williams, Alice Trump (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo2ykvbyQg0C&pg=PA123">Images of America: Lexington</a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-6818-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-6818-8"><bdi>978-0-7385-6818-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424095608/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eo2ykvbyQg0C&pg=PA123">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+America%3A+Lexington&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-6818-8&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Ritenour&rft.au=Williams%2C+Alice+Trump&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEo2ykvbyQg0C%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoler1989" class="citation book cs1">Stoler, Mark (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgecmarshall00mark">George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century</a>. Woodbridge, CT: Twayne Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7768-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-7768-0"><bdi>978-0-8057-7768-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+C.+Marshall%3A+Soldier-Statesman+of+the+American+Century&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+CT&rft.pub=Twayne+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-7768-0&rft.aulast=Stoler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgecmarshall00mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Adjutant_General's_Office1947" class="citation book cs1">The Adjutant General's Office (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/officialarmyregi1947unit/page/708/mode/2up">Official Army Register</a>. Vol. I. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Army+Register&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1947&rft.au=The+Adjutant+General%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fofficialarmyregi1947unit%2Fpage%2F708%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsou1963" class="citation book cs1">Tsou, Tang (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasfailurei00tsou">America's Failure in China, 1941–50</a>. [Chicago] University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Failure+in+China%2C+1941%E2%80%9350&rft.pub=%5BChicago%5D+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Tsou&rft.aufirst=Tang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasfailurei00tsou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-961-0"><bdi>978-1-85109-961-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518141237/https://books.google.com/books?id=qh5lffww-KsC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Vietnam+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-961-0&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqh5lffww-KsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuckerRoberts2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Tucker, Spencer; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA1186">World War I: A Student Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. I, A–D. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-879-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-879-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-879-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224002648/https://books.google.com/books?id=TogXVHTlxG4C&pg=PA1186">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+A+Student+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-879-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Priscilla+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTogXVHTlxG4C%26pg%3DPA1186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtledove2016" class="citation book cs1">Turtledove, Harry (2016). Fallout : the Hot War. Random House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-39073-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-39073-5"><bdi>978-0-553-39073-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945169989">945169989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallout+%3A+the+Hot+War&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945169989&rft.isbn=978-0-553-39073-5&rft.aulast=Turtledove&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtledove2015" class="citation book cs1">Turtledove, Harry (2015). Joe Steele. Recorded Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4906-4254-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4906-4254-3"><bdi>978-1-4906-4254-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/966533957">966533957</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joe+Steele&rft.pub=Recorded+Books&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F966533957&rft.isbn=978-1-4906-4254-3&rft.aulast=Turtledove&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtledove1997" class="citation book cs1">Turtledove, Harry (1997) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/41157084">Worldwar</a>. New English Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-68491-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-68491-7"><bdi>0-340-68491-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41157084">41157084</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://www.worldcat.org/title/worldwar/oclc/41157084">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwar&rft.pub=New+English+Library&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41157084&rft.isbn=0-340-68491-7&rft.aulast=Turtledove&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F41157084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUldrich2005" class="citation book cs1">Uldrich, Jack (2005). Soldier, Statesman, Peacemaker: Leadership Lessons from George C. Marshall. AMACOM Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814415962" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814415962"><bdi>978-0814415962</bdi></a>. <q>Marshall even went to great lengths to prevent himself from falling prey to the allures of power. He had always refused to vote because he subscribed to the belief that a professional soldier should remain above politics, but he took other steps to insulate himself from the corrupting influence of power once he became chief of staff.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier%2C+Statesman%2C+Peacemaker%3A+Leadership+Lessons+from+George+C.+Marshall&rft.pub=AMACOM+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0814415962&rft.aulast=Uldrich&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014" class="citation book cs1">Unger, Debi; Unger, Irwin; Hirshson, Stanley P. (2014). George Marshall : A Biography. New York, NY: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060577193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060577193"><bdi>978-0060577193</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892858663">892858663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Marshall+%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892858663&rft.isbn=978-0060577193&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Debi&rft.au=Unger%2C+Irwin&rft.au=Hirshson%2C+Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGCM_Foundation1996" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/MarshallatVMI.pdf">"Fully the Equal of the Best": George C. Marshall and the Virginia Military Institute</a> (PDF). Lexington, Virginia: George C. Marshall Foundation. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901152729/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/MarshallatVMI.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Fully+the+Equal+of+the+Best%22%3A+George+C.+Marshall+and+the+Virginia+Military+Institute&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fmarshall%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F22%2F2014%2F04%2FMarshallatVMI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillbanks2013" class="citation book cs1">Willbanks, James H., ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4rvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Generals of the Army: Marshall, MacArthur, Eisenhower, Arnold, Bradley</a>. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4212-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-4212-8"><bdi>978-0-8131-4212-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125003/https://books.google.com/books?id=_4rvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+of+the+Army%3A+Marshall%2C+MacArthur%2C+Eisenhower%2C+Arnold%2C+Bradley&rft.place=Lexington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-4212-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4rvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2020" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, William A., ed. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMXZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">George C. Marshall and the Early Cold War: Policy, Politics, and Society</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6765-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-6765-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-6765-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMXZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+C.+Marshall+and+the+Early+Cold+War%3A+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-6765-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMXZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology2014" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/10/MarshallChronology_opt.pdf">George Catlett Marshall: A Chronology</a> (PDF). Lexington, VA: George C. Marshall Foundation. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210901152851/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/wp-content/uploads/sites/16/2014/10/MarshallChronology_opt.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Catlett+Marshall%3A+A+Chronology&rft.place=Lexington%2C+VA&rft.pub=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Flibrary%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F16%2F2014%2F10%2FMarshallChronology_opt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabeckiMastriano2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_T._Zabecki" title="David T. Zabecki">Zabecki, David T.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Doug_Mastriano" title="Doug Mastriano">Mastriano, Douglas V.</a>, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">Pershing's Lieutenants: American Military Leadership in World War I</a>. New York: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3861-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-3861-2"><bdi>978-1-4728-3861-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223514/https://books.google.com/books?id=tGcBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pershing%27s+Lieutenants%3A+American+Military+Leadership+in+World+War+I&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-3861-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGcBEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals">Periodicals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Periodicals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bland, Larry I. (31 July 2020) [1988]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731230406/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/Education_of_Army_Leaders.pdf">"George C. Marshall and the education of Army leaders"</a> (PDF). Military Review. 68. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/Education_of_Army_Leaders.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Review&rft.atitle=George+C.+Marshall+and+the+education+of+Army+leaders&rft.volume=68&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Larry+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fmarshall%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F22%2F2014%2F04%2FEducation_of_Army_Leaders.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecher2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brecher, Frank W. (2012). "US Secretary of State George C. Marshall's Losing Battles against President Harry S. Truman's Palestine Policy, January–June 1948". Middle Eastern Studies. 48 (2): 687. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2012.687252">10.1080/00263206.2012.687252</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220377505">220377505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=US+Secretary+of+State+George+C.+Marshall%27s+Losing+Battles+against+President+Harry+S.+Truman%27s+Palestine+Policy%2C+January%E2%80%93June+1948&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=687&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2012.687252&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220377505%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brecher&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Herald1973" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qy7fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Roosevelt+studied+Marshall+over+his+glasses%22">"Christian Herald"</a>. Christian Herald. Vol. 96. Chappaqua, NY: Christian Herald Association. 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125004/https://books.google.com/books?id=qy7fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Roosevelt+studied+Marshall+over+his+glasses%22">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Herald&rft.atitle=Christian+Herald&rft.volume=96&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqy7fAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Roosevelt%2Bstudied%2BMarshall%2Bover%2Bhis%2Bglasses%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolemore1986" class="citation magazine cs1">Jolemore, Kenneth A. (July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0im6_L6FoVQC&pg=PA6">"The Mentor: More than a Teacher, More Than A Coach"</a>. Military Review. Ft. Leavenworth, KS: U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513223513/https://books.google.com/books?id=0im6_L6FoVQC&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Review&rft.atitle=The+Mentor%3A+More+than+a+Teacher%2C+More+Than+A+Coach&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1986-07&rft.aulast=Jolemore&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0im6_L6FoVQC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebling1940" class="citation magazine cs1">Liebling, A. J. (18 October 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1940/10/26/chief-of-staff">"Profiles: Chief of Staff"</a>. The New Yorker. New York, NY: Condé Nast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210221191658/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1940/10/26/chief-of-staff">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Profiles%3A+Chief+of+Staff&rft.date=1940-10-18&rft.aulast=Liebling&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F1940%2F10%2F26%2Fchief-of-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullins2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Mullins, Richard J. (1 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515(16)31514-9/fulltext">"The General's Goiter: The Outcome of a Subtotal Thyroidectomy Performed on United States Army General George Catlett Marshall"</a>. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. New York, NY: American College of Surgeons. p. 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125006/https://www.journalacs.org/article/S1072-7515%2816%2931514-9/fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.atitle=The+General%27s+Goiter%3A+The+Outcome+of+a+Subtotal+Thyroidectomy+Performed+on+United+States+Army+General+George+Catlett+Marshall&rft.pages=79&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journalacs.org%2Farticle%2FS1072-7515%2816%2931514-9%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOssad2003" class="citation journal cs1">Ossad, Steven L. (March 2003). "Command Failures: Lessons Learned from Lloyd R. Fredendall". Army Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+Magazine&rft.atitle=Command+Failures%3A+Lessons+Learned+from+Lloyd+R.+Fredendall&rft.date=2003-03&rft.aulast=Ossad&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParmelee1918" class="citation magazine cs1">Parmelee, H. C. (15 August 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA214">"Personal: Mr. Stuart B. Marshall"</a>. Chemical & Metallurgical Engineering. Vol. XIX. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. p. 214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424012759/https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA214">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Metallurgical+Engineering&rft.atitle=Personal%3A+Mr.+Stuart+B.+Marshall&rft.volume=XIX&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1918-08-15&rft.aulast=Parmelee&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqj9DAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlampin1963" class="citation magazine cs1">Plampin, William (1 September 1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGBbD6gV8_IC&pg=PR14">"Army Medals and Decorations"</a>. Army Information Digest. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. p. xiv – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Army+Information+Digest&rft.atitle=Army+Medals+and+Decorations&rft.pages=xiv&rft.date=1963-09-01&rft.aulast=Plampin&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGBbD6gV8_IC%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_&_Media">News & Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: News & Media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1947_Brown_University_Graduation" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbq6t9i2kE0">"1947 Brown University Graduation Featuring Secretary of State George C Marshall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lbq6t9i2kE0">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=1947+Brown+University+Graduation+Featuring+Secretary+of+State+George+C+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DLbq6t9i2kE0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF70_years_ago_Harvard2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent/">"70 years ago, a Harvard Commencement speech outlined the Marshall Plan, and calmed a continent"</a>. Harvard Gazette. 22 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203704/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/05/70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Gazette&rft.atitle=70+years+ago%2C+a+Harvard+Commencement+speech+outlined+the+Marshall+Plan%2C+and+calmed+a+continent&rft.date=2017-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.harvard.edu%2Fgazette%2Fstory%2F2017%2F05%2F70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall's1962" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/149093791/">"A Greenburg Resident: General Marshall's Sister Dies at 85"</a>. Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, PA. 12 June 1962. p. 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170424005819/https://www.newspapers.com/image/149093791/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Press&rft.atitle=A+Greenburg+Resident%3A+General+Marshall%27s+Sister+Dies+at+85&rft.pages=22&rft.date=1962-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F149093791%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiography" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates/george-c-marshall-1959/biography">"Biography"</a>. www.karlspreis.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911050305/https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates/george-c-marshall-1959/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.karlspreis.de&rft.atitle=Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.karlspreis.de%2Fen%2Flaureates%2Fgeorge-c-marshall-1959%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowers" class="citation news cs1">Bowers, Tom (15 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/three-scotches-aboard-at-amherst/">"Three Scotches Aboard at Amherst"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211815/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/three-scotches-aboard-at-amherst/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Three+Scotches+Aboard+at+Amherst&rft.date=2021-06-15&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fthree-scotches-aboard-at-amherst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuilding_on_Mission" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojWktUGBQ1s">"Building on a Mission of Remembrance: Marshall and the American Battle Monuments Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183834/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojWktUGBQ1s">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Building+on+a+Mission+of+Remembrance%3A+Marshall+and+the+American+Battle+Monuments+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DojWktUGBQ1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2012" class="citation web cs1">Calhoun, Mark T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1">"General Lesley J. McNair: Little-Known Architect of the U.S. Army"</a> (PDF). kuscholarworks.ku.edu/. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas. p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109202311/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10437/Calhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 January 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kuscholarworks.ku.edu%2F&rft.atitle=General+Lesley+J.+McNair%3A+Little-Known+Architect+of+the+U.S.+Army&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Mark+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F10437%2FCalhoun_ku_0099D_11980_DATA_1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClifton_S._Brown1952" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/winchester-evening-star-may-12-1952-p-3/">"Clifton S. Brown, Stepson of General Marshall, Succumbs"</a>. Winchester Evening Star. Winchester, VA. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 12 May 1952. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911111808/https://newspaperarchive.com/winchester-evening-star-may-12-1952-p-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/NewspaperArchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NewspaperArchive.com">NewspaperArchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winchester+Evening+Star&rft.atitle=Clifton+S.+Brown%2C+Stepson+of+General+Marshall%2C+Succumbs&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1952-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fwinchester-evening-star-may-12-1952-p-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Commencement_Speakers">"Commencement Speakers – Special Collections Research Center Wiki"</a>. scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212404/https://scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu/wiki/index.php/Commencement_Speakers">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scdbwiki.swem.wm.edu&rft.atitle=Commencement+Speakers+%E2%80%93+Special+Collections+Research+Center+Wiki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscdbwiki.swem.wm.edu%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FCommencement_Speakers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_American_Battle_Monuments" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abmc.gov/about-us/commission">"The Commission: American Battle Monuments Commission"</a>. www.abmc.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180205125947/http://www.abmc.gov/about-us/commission">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abmc.gov&rft.atitle=The+Commission%3A+American+Battle+Monuments+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abmc.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fcommission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcsonnier2015a" class="citation web cs1">csonnier (13 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-romance/">"Marshall & Romance"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507204238/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-romance/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Marshall+%26+Romance&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft.au=csonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshall-romance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcsonnier2015b" class="citation web cs1">csonnier (29 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-and-allen-tupper-brown/">"Marshall And Allen Tupper Brown"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. Lexington, VA: Marshall Foundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227214337/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-and-allen-tupper-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Marshall+And+Allen+Tupper+Brown&rft.date=2015-05-29&rft.au=csonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshall-and-allen-tupper-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/d-day-year-too-late">"D-Day, A Year Too Late?"</a>. U.S. Naval Institute. 1 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526192252/https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/june/d-day-year-too-late">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=D-Day%2C+A+Year+Too+Late%3F&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2019%2Fjune%2Fd-day-year-too-late&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedication_of_Cemetery" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/video/dedication-cemetery-suresnes-france/">"Dedication of Cemetery at Suresnes, France – Library"</a>. www.marshallfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519183838/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/video/dedication-cemetery-suresnes-france/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Dedication+of+Cemetery+at+Suresnes%2C+France+%E2%80%93+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Flibrary%2Fvideo%2Fdedication-cemetery-suresnes-france%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF938-_Def._Sec._George" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/938-Def.-Sec.-George-Marshall-receives-Va.-Distinguished-Service-Medal-from-Va.-Gov.-John-S.-Battle-Marshall-Day-at-VMI-May-15-1951-scaled-e1589553458133.jpg">"Def. Sec. George Marshall receives Va. Distinguished Service Medal from Va. Gov. John S. Battle; Marshall Day at VMI, May 15, 1951"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424053230/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/938-Def.-Sec.-George-Marshall-receives-Va.-Distinguished-Service-Medal-from-Va.-Gov.-John-S.-Battle-Marshall-Day-at-VMI-May-15-1951-scaled-e1589553458133.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. 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Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/exhibit_documents/index.php?pagenumber=2&titleid=188&tldate=1951-04-06&collectionid=firem&PageID=1&groupid=3416">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. 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Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Enola+Gay%3A+The+Men%2C+the+Mission%2C+the+Atomic+Bomb+%28TV+Movie+1980%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0080689%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.veteranaid.org/blog/2016/10/19/five-star-generals-u-s-military/">"Five-Star Generals in the U.S. Military"</a>. VeteranAid. 19 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520202740/https://www.veteranaid.org/blog/2016/10/19/five-star-generals-u-s-military/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. 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Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legion.org&rft.atitle=Gen.+George+C.+Marshall%3A+Distinguished+Service+Medal+--+The+American+Legion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legion.org%2Fdistinguishedservicemedal%2F1943%2Fgen-george-c-marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedemeyer" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.general-wedemeyer.com/marshall/">"General George C Marshall"</a>. general-wedemeyer.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327034621/http://www.general-wedemeyer.com/marshall/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=general-wedemeyer.com&rft.atitle=General+George+C+Marshall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.general-wedemeyer.com%2Fmarshall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_at_attention" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/general-george-c-marshall-is-shown-in-this-photo-at-news-photo/515936558">"General George C. Marshall is shown in this photo, at attention and..."</a> Getty Images. 15 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201155/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/general-george-c-marshall-is-shown-in-this-photo-at-news-photo/515936558">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Getty+Images&rft.atitle=General+George+C.+Marshall+is+shown+in+this+photo%2C+at+attention+and...&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gettyimages.com%2Fdetail%2Fnews-photo%2Fgeneral-george-c-marshall-is-shown-in-this-photo-at-news-photo%2F515936558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_of_the_Army_George" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-george-catlett-marshall/">"General of the Army George Catlett Marshall"</a>. National Museum of the United States Army. Fort Belvoir, VA: Army Historical Foundation. 22 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415200527/https://armyhistory.org/general-of-the-army-george-catlett-marshall/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Museum+of+the+United+States+Army&rft.atitle=General+of+the+Army+George+Catlett+Marshall&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmyhistory.org%2Fgeneral-of-the-army-george-catlett-marshall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Marshall_children" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marchild.htm">"George Marshall"</a>. npg.si.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180728114941/http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marchild.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npg.si.edu&rft.atitle=George+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpg.si.edu%2Fexh%2Fmarshall%2Fmarchild.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.66">"George C. Marshall"</a>. npg.si.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210510180125/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.65.66">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npg.si.edu&rft.atitle=George+C.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpg.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpg_NPG.65.66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.95.402">"George C. Marshall"</a>. npg.si.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512201205/https://npg.si.edu/object/npg_NPG.95.402">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=npg.si.edu&rft.atitle=George+C.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpg.si.edu%2Fobject%2Fnpg_NPG.95.402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorical_Office" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571266/george-c-marshall/">"George C. Marshall – Harry S. Truman Administration"</a>. Office of the Secretary of Defense – Historical Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170207202422/http://history.defense.gov/Multimedia/Biographies/Article-View/Article/571266/george-c-marshall/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2017. Retrieved 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+C.+Marshall+%E2%80%93+Harry+S.+Truman+Administration&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense+%E2%80%93+Historical+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.defense.gov%2FMultimedia%2FBiographies%2FArticle-View%2FArticle%2F571266%2Fgeorge-c-marshall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_C._Marshall's_Dodona" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgecmarshall.org/dodona-manor">"George C. Marshall's Dodona Manor"</a>. George C. Marshall.org. Leesburg, VA: George C. Marshall International Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605220207/https://www.georgecmarshall.org/dodona-manor">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall.org&rft.atitle=George+C.+Marshall%27s+Dodona+Manor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgecmarshall.org%2Fdodona-manor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCNN:_George_C._Marshall" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071113061529/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/marshall/">"George Catlett Marshall, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, Secretary of State"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/marshall/">the original</a> on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=George+Catlett+Marshall%2C+U.S.+Army+Chief+of+Staff%2C+Secretary+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FSPECIALS%2Fcold.war%2Fkbank%2Fprofiles%2Fmarshall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/timeline-chronology/">"George Catlett Marshall: Timeline & Chronology"</a>. Biography: George C. Marshall. Lexington, VA: The George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160904150931/http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/timeline-chronology/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography%3A+George+C.+Marshall&rft.atitle=George+Catlett+Marshall%3A+Timeline+%26+Chronology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarshallfoundation.org%2Fmarshall%2Ftimeline-chronology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-C.-Marshall-Ring,+61440+Oberursel+(Taunus),+Germany/data=!4m2!3m1!1s0x47bda86637466495:0xc78d1b146825925?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitqePliNnwAhWvGFkFHToMAF4Q8gEwAHoECAQQAQ">"George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel, Germany"</a>. George-C.-Marshall-Ring 61440 Oberursel, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125321/https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-C.-Marshall-Ring,+61440+Oberursel+%28Taunus%29,+Germany/data=%214m2%213m1%211s0x47bda86637466495:0xc78d1b146825925?sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwitqePliNnwAhWvGFkFHToMAF4Q8gEwAHoECAQQAQ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George-C.-Marshall-Ring+61440+Oberursel%2C+Germany&rft.atitle=George-C.-Marshall-Ring+61440+Oberursel%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring%2C%2B61440%2BOberursel%2B%28Taunus%29%2C%2BGermany%2Fdata%3D%214m2%213m1%211s0x47bda86637466495%3A0xc78d1b146825925%3Fsa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwitqePliNnwAhWvGFkFHToMAF4Q8gEwAHoECAQQAQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe,+65197+Wiesbaden,+Germany/@50.070519,8.2195444,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x47bdbe0e37a96377:0xa47f5d921726d489!8m2!3d50.070519!4d8.2217331">"George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden, Germany"</a>. George-Marshall-Straße 65197 Wiesbaden, Germany. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125322/https://www.google.com/maps/place/George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe,+65197+Wiesbaden,+Germany/@50.070519,8.2195444,17z/data=%213m1%214b1%214m5%213m4%211s0x47bdbe0e37a96377:0xa47f5d921726d489%218m2%213d50.070519%214d8.2217331">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe+65197+Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft.atitle=George-Marshall-Stra%C3%9Fe+65197+Wiesbaden%2C+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fmaps%2Fplace%2FGeorge-Marshall-Stra%25C3%259Fe%2C%2B65197%2BWiesbaden%2C%2BGermany%2F%4050.070519%2C8.2195444%2C17z%2Fdata%3D%213m1%214b1%214m5%213m4%211s0x47bdbe0e37a96377%3A0xa47f5d921726d489%218m2%213d50.070519%214d8.2217331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold_Medalists" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pasociety.com/goldmedal">"Gold Medalists"</a>. Pennsylvania Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424052024/https://www.pasociety.com/goldmedal">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Society&rft.atitle=Gold+Medalists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasociety.com%2Fgoldmedal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambro1953" class="citation web cs1">Hambro, Carl Joachim (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/press.html">"Award Ceremony Speech, Nobel Peace Prize, George Marshall"</a>. Nobelprize.org. Stockholm, Sweden: The Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140648/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1953/press.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=Award+Ceremony+Speech%2C+Nobel+Peace+Prize%2C+George+Marshall&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Hambro&rft.aufirst=Carl+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F1953%2Fpress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1950" class="citation news cs1">Hamilton, Esther (8 March 1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19500308&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">"General Wares to All; Crowds Line Streets"</a>. Youngstown Vindicator. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215926/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=pqgf-8x9CmQC&dat=19500308&printsec=frontpage&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Youngstown+Vindicator&rft.atitle=General+Wares+to+All%3B+Crowds+Line+Streets&rft.date=1950-03-08&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3Dpqgf-8x9CmQC%26dat%3D19500308%26printsec%3Dfrontpage%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"Hardest_Work"" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/the-hardest-work-i-ever-did-in-my-life/">"The hardest work I ever did in my life"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. 11 June 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518133749/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/the-hardest-work-i-ever-did-in-my-life/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+hardest+work+I+ever+did+in+my+life&rft.date=2020-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fthe-hardest-work-i-ever-did-in-my-life%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory_of_Marshall_Plan" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/">"History of the Marshall Plan"</a>. marshallfoundation.org. George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629111434/http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/the-marshall-plan/history-marshall-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Marshall+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarshallfoundation.org%2Fmarshall%2Fthe-marshall-plan%2Fhistory-marshall-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHome" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgecmarshall.org">"Home"</a>. www.georgecmarshall.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716082349/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.georgecmarshall.org&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgecmarshall.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=090972_08#">"Homenagem á Missão Militar Norte Americana"</a>. Correio Paulistano. VASP. 4 June 1939. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170404155409/http://memoria.bn.br/DocReader/Hotpage/HotpageBN.aspx?bib=090972_08">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Homenagem+%C3%A1+Miss%C3%A3o+Militar+Norte+Americana&rft.date=1939-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemoria.bn.br%2FDocReader%2FHotpage%2FHotpageBN.aspx%3Fbib%3D090972_08%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIke:_War_Years_(TV)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078628/">"Ike: The War Years (TV Mini-Series 1979)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 3 May 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509135320/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0078628/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Ike%3A+The+War+Years+%28TV+Mini-Series+1979%29&rft.date=1979-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0078628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.podles.org/dialogue/katherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm">"Katherine Boyce Tupper: Wife of a Murder Victim and Wife of a General | Leon J. Podles :: DIALOGUE"</a>. www.podles.org. 4 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129042858/http://www.podles.org/dialogue/katherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.podles.org&rft.atitle=Katherine+Boyce+Tupper%3A+Wife+of+a+Murder+Victim+and+Wife+of+a+General+%26%23124%3B+Leon+J.+Podles+%3A%3A+DIALOGUE&rft.date=2015-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.podles.org%2Fdialogue%2Fkatherine-boyce-tupper-wife-of-a-murder-victim-and-wife-of-a-general-3074.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey_to_New_Orleans" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/key-new-orleans/">"Key to New Orleans – Marshall Museum"</a>. www.marshallfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134409/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/key-new-orleans/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Key+to+New+Orleans+%E2%80%93+Marshall+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fmuseum%2Fkey-new-orleans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKey_to_San_Juan" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/collections-key-city-san-juan-puerto-rico/">"Key to the City of San Juan, Puerto Rico – Marshall Museum"</a>. www.marshallfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511134623/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/museum/collections-key-city-san-juan-puerto-rico/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=Key+to+the+City+of+San+Juan%2C+Puerto+Rico+%E2%80%93+Marshall+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fmuseum%2Fcollections-key-city-san-juan-puerto-rico%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozak2016" class="citation web cs1">Kozak, Jeffrey (28 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-distinguished-service-medal/">"Marshall and the Distinguished Service Medal"</a>. The George C. Marshall Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200201042815/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-distinguished-service-medal/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2020. Retrieved 1 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Marshall+and+the+Distinguished+Service+Medal&rft.date=2016-10-28&rft.aulast=Kozak&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshall-distinguished-service-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgecmarshall.org/leadership">"The Leadership of George C. Marshall"</a>. George C. Marshall.org. Leesburg, VA: George C. Marshall International Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210911124228/https://www.georgecmarshall.org/leadership">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall.org&rft.atitle=The+Leadership+of+George+C.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgecmarshall.org%2Fleadership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/196/letter-chairman-humanitarian-award-dinner-variety-clubs-international">"Letter to the Chairman, Humanitarian Award Dinner of the Variety Clubs International: Harry S. Truman"</a>. www.trumanlibrary.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424052022/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/196/letter-chairman-humanitarian-award-dinner-variety-clubs-international">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2021. Retrieved 24 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.trumanlibrary.gov&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+Chairman%2C+Humanitarian+Award+Dinner+of+the+Variety+Clubs+International%3A+Harry+S.+Truman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublic-papers%2F196%2Fletter-chairman-humanitarian-award-dinner-variety-clubs-international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Lewis2020" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Mark (16 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ojaihub.com/winns-circle/">"Kitty Winn's Circle"</a>. Ojai Hub. Ojai, CA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117183915/https://www.ojaihub.com/winns-circle/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ojai+Hub&rft.atitle=Kitty+Winn%27s+Circle&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ojaihub.com%2Fwinns-circle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Mattis2017" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-mattis/">"Marshall and Mattis"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. 10 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210526201133/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshall-mattis/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Marshall+and+Mattis&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshall-mattis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Center's_Bronze_Statue" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallcenter.org/en/news-archive/marshall-centers-bronze-statue-its-namesake-turns-21">"Marshall Center's Bronze Statue of its Namesake Turns 21"</a>. www.marshallcenter.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514191933/https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/news-archive/marshall-centers-bronze-statue-its-namesake-turns-21">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallcenter.org&rft.atitle=Marshall+Center%27s+Bronze+Statue+of+its+Namesake+Turns+21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallcenter.org%2Fen%2Fnews-archive%2Fmarshall-centers-bronze-statue-its-namesake-turns-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Is_Named_Head1949" class="citation news cs1">"Marshall Is Named Head Of Battle Monuments". <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 6 February 1949. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Marshall+Is+Named+Head+Of+Battle+Monuments&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1949-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Plan" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090109124504/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/learn/index.asp?L=17">"The Marshall Plan"</a>. georgecmarshall.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgecmarshall.org/learn/index.asp?L=17">the original</a> on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=georgecmarshall.org&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgecmarshall.org%2Flearn%2Findex.asp%3FL%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall's_Silver_Star" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshalls-silver-star/">"Marshall's Silver Star"</a>. Marshall Foundation Blog. Lexington, VA: The George C. Marshall Foundation. 8 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225160649/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/marshalls-silver-star/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marshall+Foundation+Blog&rft.atitle=Marshall%27s+Silver+Star&rft.date=2020-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fmarshalls-silver-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough1992b" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (1992b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/truman-fires-macarthur.htm">"Truman Fires MacArthur"</a>. History Net.com. Leesburg, VA: World History Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519085751/https://www.historynet.com/truman-fires-macarthur.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Net.com&rft.atitle=Truman+Fires+MacArthur&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Ftruman-fires-macarthur.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinzie1972" class="citation web cs1">McKinzie, Richard D. (13 November 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/satterwt">"Joseph C. Satterthwaite Oral History Interview"</a>. Truman Library. Washington, D.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627112857/https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/oral-histories/satterwt">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020. <q>General Marshall could see the President anytime, but being a general he never took advantage of this. In fact, on one occasion, I think it was over Palestine actually, he told the President -- I was told by somebody at the meeting -- "Mr. President, if you take this action I wouldn't vote for you, but of course I don't vote." He as an Army officer never voted apparently in his life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Truman+Library&rft.atitle=Joseph+C.+Satterthwaite+Oral+History+Interview&rft.date=1972-11-13&rft.aulast=McKinzie&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.gov%2Flibrary%2Foral-histories%2Fsatterwt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiscamble" class="citation web cs1">Miscamble, Wilson (1 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56230">"Review of George C. Marshall and the Early Cold War: Policy, Politics, and Society: Taylor, William A.; Stoler, Mark A., eds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/H-Net" title="H-Net">H-Net</a>. East Lansing, MI: Department of History, Michigan State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182901/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56230">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 4 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H-Net&rft.atitle=Review+of+George+C.+Marshall+and+the+Early+Cold+War%3A+Policy%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society%3A+Taylor%2C+William+A.%3B+Stoler%2C+Mark+A.%2C+eds.&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft.aulast=Miscamble&rft.aufirst=Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D56230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs._Marshall1978" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/75258656/obituary-for-marshall-aged-96/">"Mrs. Marshall, Wife of General"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a>. 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Retrieved 7 April 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Marshall%2C+Wife+of+General&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1978-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F75258656%2Fobituary-for-marshall-aged-96%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrs._Walter_Coles1929" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/70156062/obituary-for-walter-coles/">"Mrs. Walter Coles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch" title="Richmond Times-Dispatch">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a>. 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Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Person+of+the+Year%3A+A+Photo+History&rft.date=2006-12-16&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fspecials%2Fpackages%2Farticle%2F0%2C28804%2C2019712_2019711_2019682%2C00.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSaid%2520TIME%2520in%2520naming%2520him%2Cthat%2520General%2520Marshall%2520hates%2520war.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierson1995" class="citation web cs1">Pierson, Frank (9 September 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114738/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2">"Truman"</a> (Biography, Drama). Gary Sinise, Diana Scarwid, Richard Dysart, Colm Feore. 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Washington, DC: International Churchill Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180421031301/https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-168/the-noblest-romans/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2018. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Winston+Churchill.org&rft.atitle=The+Noblest+Romans%3A+Winston+Churchill+and+General+of+the+Army+George+C.+Marshall&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Stoler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwinstonchurchill.org%2Fpublications%2Ffinest-hour%2Ffinest-hour-168%2Fthe-noblest-romans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStories_of_Service_Richard" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGiRh6q-GjU">"Stories of Service: Richard C. Wing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 29 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125327/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGiRh6q-GjU">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Stories+of+Service%3A+Richard+C.+Wing&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwGiRh6q-GjU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDick_Cavett_Show1970" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=We4rXniTo9I">The Dick Cavett Show: Orson Welles on General George Marshall</a>. San Bruno, CA: <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. 7 July 1970. Event occurs at 0:11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/We4rXniTo9I">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dick+Cavett+Show%3A+Orson+Welles+on+General+George+Marshall&rft.place=San+Bruno%2C+CA&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=1970-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWe4rXniTo9I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF3-147_To_David_Burpee" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-david-burpee/">"To David Burpee, March 27, 1942 – Library"</a>. www.marshallfoundation.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607161547/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/digital-archive/to-david-burpee/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marshallfoundation.org&rft.atitle=To+David+Burpee%2C+March+27%2C+1942+%E2%80%93+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigital-archive%2Fto-david-burpee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToday_in_Princeton_history2013" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paw.princeton.edu/article/today-princeton-history-1947-alumni-day-speaker-marshall-cites-need-us-aid-foreshadowing">"Today in Princeton history, 1947: Alumni Day speaker Marshall cites need for U.S. aid, foreshadowing the Marshall Plan"</a>. Princeton Alumni Weekly. 22 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211700/https://paw.princeton.edu/article/today-princeton-history-1947-alumni-day-speaker-marshall-cites-need-us-aid-foreshadowing">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Princeton+Alumni+Weekly&rft.atitle=Today+in+Princeton+history%2C+1947%3A+Alumni+Day+speaker+Marshall+cites+need+for+U.S.+aid%2C+foreshadowing+the+Marshall+Plan&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpaw.princeton.edu%2Farticle%2Ftoday-princeton-history-1947-alumni-day-speaker-marshall-cites-need-us-aid-foreshadowing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066473/fullcredits">"Tora! Tora! Tora! (1970)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208070356/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0066473/fullcredits">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Tora%21+Tora%21+Tora%21+%281970%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0066473%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTruman_Adviser_Recalls_May1991" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm">"Truman Adviser Recalls May 14, 1948 US Decision to Recognize Israel"</a>. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. May–June 1991. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190340/http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/0591/9105017.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Report+on+Middle+East+Affairs&rft.atitle=Truman+Adviser+Recalls+May+14%2C+1948+US+Decision+to+Recognize+Israel&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1991-05%2F1991-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wrmea.com%2Fbackissues%2F0591%2F9105017.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/pearl-harbor.htm#Origins">"U.S. Senate: Joint Committee on the Investigation of the Pearl Harbor Attack"</a>. www.senate.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318031334/https://www.senate.gov/about/powers-procedures/investigations/pearl-harbor.htm#Origins">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.senate.gov&rft.atitle=U.S.+Senate%3A+Joint+Committee+on+the+Investigation+of+the+Pearl+Harbor+Attack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fabout%2Fpowers-procedures%2Finvestigations%2Fpearl-harbor.htm%23Origins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandergriff2003" class="citation web cs1">Vandergriff, Donald E. 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Waddell">Waddell, Charles L.</a> (21 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?971+ful+SJ410+pdf">"Senate Joint Resolution No. 410: On the Death of Molly Brown Winn"</a>. LIS: Virginia's Legislative Information System. Richmond, VA: Senate of Virginia. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912125320/https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?971+ful+SJ410+pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LIS%3A+Virginia%27s+Legislative+Information+System&rft.atitle=Senate+Joint+Resolution+No.+410%3A+On+the+Death+of+Molly+Brown+Winn&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1997-02-21&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flis.virginia.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Flegp604.exe%3F971%2Bful%2BSJ410%2Bpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096725/fullcredits">"War and Remembrance (TV Mini-Series 1988–1989)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416080833/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0096725/fullcredits">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2018. Retrieved 17 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=War+and+Remembrance+%28TV+Mini-Series+1988%E2%80%931989%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0096725%2Ffullcredits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2015" class="citation news cs1">Wheeler, Linda (20 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/02/20/restoration-of-marshall-house-in-leesburg-enters-home-stretch/4d39fb4c-fc9f-4449-9639-41df78c9c669/">"Restoration of Marshall House in Leesburg Enters Home Stretch"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Washington, DC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103408/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2005/02/20/restoration-of-marshall-house-in-leesburg-enters-home-stretch/4d39fb4c-fc9f-4449-9639-41df78c9c669/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2016. Retrieved 11 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Restoration+of+Marshall+House+in+Leesburg+Enters+Home+Stretch&rft.date=2015-02-20&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2005%2F02%2F20%2Frestoration-of-marshall-house-in-leesburg-enters-home-stretch%2F4d39fb4c-fc9f-4449-9639-41df78c9c669%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhy_is_a_rose" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/why-is-there-a-rose-named-for-katherine-marshall/">"Why is there a rose named for Katherine Marshall?"</a>. George C. Marshall Foundation. 6 August 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210604213244/https://www.marshallfoundation.org/blog/why-is-there-a-rose-named-for-katherine-marshall/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2021. Retrieved 4 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+C.+Marshall+Foundation&rft.atitle=Why+is+there+a+rose+named+for+Katherine+Marshall%3F&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marshallfoundation.org%2Fblog%2Fwhy-is-there-a-rose-named-for-katherine-marshall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZabecki" class="citation web cs1">Zabecki, David T. (22 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historynet.com/general-malin-craig-the-man-behind-marshall.htm">"General Malin Craig: The Man Behind Marshall"</a>. HistoryNet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210608140217/https://www.historynet.com/general-malin-craig-the-man-behind-marshall.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoryNet&rft.atitle=General+Malin+Craig%3A+The+Man+Behind+Marshall&rft.date=2021-04-22&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fgeneral-malin-craig-the-man-behind-marshall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZajac2003" class="citation news cs1">Zajac, Frances Borsodi (26 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldstandard.com/online_features/reporter-historian-recalls-interviews-with-general-george-marshall/article_96c96028-6bdb-550c-b287-28b5d7db14ee.html">"Reporter, historian recalls interviews with General George Marshall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald-Standard" title="The Herald-Standard">The Herald-Standard</a>. Uniontown, PA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722151418/https://www.heraldstandard.com/online_features/reporter-historian-recalls-interviews-with-general-george-marshall/article_96c96028-6bdb-550c-b287-28b5d7db14ee.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2021. Retrieved 30 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald-Standard&rft.atitle=Reporter%2C+historian+recalls+interviews+with+General+George+Marshall&rft.date=2003-10-26&rft.aulast=Zajac&rft.aufirst=Frances+Borsodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldstandard.com%2Fonline_features%2Freporter-historian-recalls-interviews-with-general-george-marshall%2Farticle_96c96028-6bdb-550c-b287-28b5d7db14ee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+C.+Marshall" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about George C. Marshall <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+C.+Marshall">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+C.+Marshall&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By George C. Marshall <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=George+C.+Marshall">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=George+C.+Marshall&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li>Aldrich, Edward Farley. "The Partnership: George Marshall, Henry Stimson, and the Extraordinary Collaboration that Won World War II." (Stackpole Books, 2022)</li> <li>Alperovitz, Gar, Robert L. Messer, and Barton J. Bernstein. "Marshall, Truman, and the decision to drop the bomb." International Security 16.3 (1991): 204–221. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2539092">online</a></li> <li>Brower, Charles F. George C. Marshall: Servant of the American Nation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-230-11928-4_1">Excerpt</a>.</li> <li>Bryan, Ferald J. "George C. Marshall at Harvard: A Study of the Origins and Construction of the 'Marshall Plan' Speech." Presidential Studies Quarterly (1991): 489–502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/Early%20Leaders/Clayton_Marshall-Origins.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200203013337/http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/Early%20Leaders/Clayton_Marshall-Origins.pdf">Archived</a> February 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Clarcq, J., DeMartino, R., & Palanski, M. E. "George C. Marshall: An enduring model of leadership effectiveness" Journal of Character and Leadership Integration (2011). 2:17–34.</li> <li>Findling, John E. and Frank W. Thackeray eds. Statesmen Who Changed the World: A Bio-Bibliographical Dictionary of Diplomacy (Greenwood, 1993) pp 337–45.</li> <li>Friedrich, Tamara L., et al. "Collectivistic leadership and George C. Marshall: A historiometric analysis of career events." Leadership Quarterly 25.3 (2014): 449–467. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1051&context=usafresearch">online</a></li> <li>Gullan, Harold I. "Expectations of Infamy: Roosevelt and Marshall Prepare for War, 1938–41." Presidential Studies Quarterly Volume: 28#3 1998. Pages 510+ <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001392305">online edition</a></li> <li>Higginbotham, Don. "George Washington and George Marshall: Some Reflections on the American Military Tradition" (U.S. Air Force Academy, 1984) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uyfMmw66tJAC&q=GEORGE+WASHINGTON+AND+GEORGE+MARSHALL:+SOME+REFLECTIONS+ON+THE+AMERICAN+MILITARY+TRADITION.">online</a>.</li> <li>Hopkins, Michael F. "President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 290–304.</li> <li>Jordan, Jonathan W., American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II (NAL/Caliber 2015).</li> <li>Kurtz-Phelan, Daniel. The China Mission: George Marshall's Unfinished War, 1945-1947 (W.W. Norton & Company, 2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53461">online review</a></li> <li>May, Ernest R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/newsroom/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2016/01/May-2002.pdf">"1947–48: When Marshall Kept the U.S. Out of War in China"</a>. Journal of Military History 2002 66(4): 1001–10. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0899-3718">0899-3718</a></li> <li>Levine, Steven I. "A New Look at American Mediation in the Chinese Civil War: the Marshall Mission and Manchuria." Diplomatic History 1979 3(4): 349–375. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0145-2096">0145-2096</a></li> <li>Marshall, George C. Selected Speeches and Statements. Ed. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_A._DeWeerd" title="Harvey A. DeWeerd">Harvey A. DeWeerd</a> (Infantry Journal, 1945).</li> <li>Munch, P. G. "General George C. Marshall and the Army staff: A study in the effectiveness of staff leadership". Military Review. (1994). 74:14–23</li> <li>Nelsen, J. T. "General George C. Marshall: Strategic leadership and the challenges of reconstituting the Army, 1939–1941" in Professional Readings in Military Strategy (Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, 1993) 7: 1–95.</li> <li>Olsen, Howard A. "George C. Marshall, emergence of a politician, 1 September 1939 to 6 December 1941" (Army Command And General Staff College, 1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA227429.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Parrish, Thomas. Roosevelt and Marshall: Partners in Politics and War .(W. Morrow, 1989). 608</li> <li>Perry, Mark. Partners in Command: George Marshall and Dwight Eisenhower in War and Peace. (Penguin Press, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Pogue" title="Forrest Pogue">Forrest Pogue</a>, Viking, (1963–87) Four-volume authorized biography: complete text is online <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshallfoundation.org/library/collection/pogue-biographies/volume1-education-of-a-general/#!/collection=272">George C. Marshall: Education of a General, 1880–1939</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm">George C Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 1939–1943</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm">George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory 1943–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510235644/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/poguecollection.htm">George C. Marshall: Statesman 1945–1959</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pops, Gerald. "The ethical leadership of George C. Marshall." Public Integrity 8.2 (2006): 165–185. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.udayton.edu/RichardGhere/POL%20318/Pops.pdf">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230232603/https://academic.udayton.edu/RichardGhere/POL%20318/Pops.pdf">Archived</a> 30 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Puryear Jr., Edgar F. 19 Stars: A Study in Military Character and Leadership. (Presidio Press, 2003)</li> <li>Roberts, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/masterscommander00andr">Masters and Commanders: How Four Titans Won the War In the West, 1941-1945</a> (Harper, 2009) (Online free to borrow)</li> <li>Steele, Richard W. The First Offensive, 1942: Roosevelt, Marshall, and the Making of American Strategy. (Indiana University Press, 1973)</li> <li>Stoler, Mark C. George C. Marshall: Soldier-Statesman of the American Century. (Twayne, 1989) 252</li> <li>Taaffe, Stephen R. Marshall and His Generals: U.S. Army Commanders in World War II. (University Press of Kansas, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Marshall-His-Generals-Commanders-Studies/dp/0700618120/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Thompson, Rachel Yarnell. Marshall: A Statesman Shaped in the Crucible of War. (George C. Marshall International Center, 2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615929033" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615929033">978-0615929033</a></li> <li>Unger, Debi and Irwin with Stanley Hirshson. George Marshall: a Biography. (Harper, 2014). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060577193" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060577193">978-0060577193</a></li> <li>Weissman, Alexander D. "Pivotal politics—The Marshall Plan: A turning point in foreign aid and the struggle for democracy." History Teacher 47.1 (2013): 111–129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/THT-NHDWeissman.pdf">online</a>, for middle and high school students</li> <li>Widener, Jeffrey M. "From General to Diplomat: The Success and Failure of George C. Marshall's Mission to China after World War II." Chinese Historical Review 27.1 (2020): 32–49.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Papers of George Catlett Marshall: (Larry I. Bland and Sharon Ritenour Stevens, eds.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/collection/marshall-papers/#!/collection=7">online edition</a> <ul><li>Vol. 1: "The Soldierly Spirit," December 1880 – June 1939. (1981)</li> <li>Vol. 2: "We Cannot Delay," July 1, 1939 – December 6, 1941. (1986)</li> <li>Vol. 3: "The Right Man for the Job," December 7, 1941 – May 31, 1943. (1991)</li> <li>Vol. 4: "Aggressive and Determined Leadership," June 1, 1943 – December 31, 1944. (1996)</li> <li>Vol. 5: "The Finest Soldier," January 1, 1945 – January 7, 1947. (2003)</li> <li>Vol. 6: "The Whole World Hangs in the Balance," January 8, 1947 – September 30, 1949. (2012)</li> <li>Vol. 7: "The Man of the Age," October 1, 1949 – October 16, 1959. (2016)</li></ul></li> <li>Bland, Larry; Jeans, Roger B.; and Wilkinson, Mark, ed. George C. Marshall's Mediation Mission to China, December 1945 – January 1947. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1998. 661</li> <li>Marshall, George C. George C. Marshall: Interviews and Reminiscences for Forrest C. Pogue. Lexington, Va.: George C. Marshall Found., 1991. 698 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130901032122/http://www.marshallfoundation.org/library/pogue.html">online edition</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/514">George C. Marshall</a> on Nobelprize.org <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151414#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallfoundation.org/">The Marshall Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgecmarshall.org">The George C. Marshall International Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallcenter.org/">George C. Marshall Center, Garmisch Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090117201610/http://www.marshallcenter.org/">Archived</a> January 17, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128132654/http://marshallfoundation.org/library/index_av.html">The Marshall Plan Speech MP3</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718154030/http://www.marshallfilms.org/">The Marshall Films Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallscholarship.org/">Marshall Scholarships</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070927213054/http://www.georgecmarshall.org/lt/speeches/marshall_plan.cfm/">The Marshall Plan Speech</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080623142321/http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/marshall/marsh2.htm">"George C. Marshall: Soldier of Peace"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060828141439/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FMarshall%2C+George">Annotated bibliography for George Marshall</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Alsos_Digital_Library_for_Nuclear_Issues" title="Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues">Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm">The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921–1969, Chapter XIX, General of the Army George C. Marshall, Special Military Funeral, 16 – October 20, 1959</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111126062650/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Last_Salute/Ch19.htm">Archived</a> November 26, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>, 1991. CMH Pub 90–1.</li> <li>The George C. Marshall Index at the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box3/folo43.html">Part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box4/folo44.html">Part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090425043331/http://www.jackson.army.mil/IRR/TFM.htm">Task Force Marshall Information Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/congress/part_0.html">Joint Committee on The Investigation of Pearl Harbor, 79th Congress</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.2569675">Big Picture: The General Marshall Story</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0550895/">George C. Marshall</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011959">Newspaper clippings about George C. Marshall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://generals.dk/general/Marshall/George_Catlett/USA.html">Generals of World War II</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unithistories.com/officers/US_Army_officers_M01.html#Marshall_GC">United States Army Officers 1939–1945</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/George_C._Marshall" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/George C. 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Gasser</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Malin Craig</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chief of Staff of the United States Army</a> 1939–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> Served under: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> 1947–1949 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense</a> Served under: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> 1950–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards and achievements </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Konoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Konoye">Prince Konoye</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> July 29, 1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Brooke,_1st_Viscount_Alanbrooke" title="Alan Brooke, 1st Viscount Alanbrooke">Sir Alan F. Brooke</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Ed Flynn</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> October 19, 1942 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Vereker,_6th_Viscount_Gort" title="John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort">John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Sergius_I_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Sergius I of Moscow">Patriarch Sergius I of Moscow</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> January 3, 1944 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> March 25, 1946 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/King_George_II_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="King George II of Greece">King George II of Greece</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> March 10, 1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madonna_and_child" class="mw-redirect" title="Madonna and child">"Madonna and Child"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alesso_Baldovinetti" title="Alesso Baldovinetti">Alesso Baldovinetti</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Cover of Time Magazine</a> January 5, 1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lilli_Palmer" title="Lilli Palmer">Lilli Palmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rex_Harrison" title="Rex Harrison">Rex Harrison</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Cover of Life Magazine</a> December 18, 1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Christmas Children Special</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer / Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_State" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of State"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_state" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">United States secretaries of state</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of secretaries of state of the United States">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> 1781–1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">R. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> 1789–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">J. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">Forsyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_P._Upshur" title="Abel P. Upshur">Upshur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Clayton" title="John M. Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Marcy" title="William L. Marcy">Marcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish" title="Hamilton Fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Foster" title="John W. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Day" title="William R. Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">Bryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lansing" title="Robert Lansing">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bainbridge_Colby" title="Bainbridge Colby">Colby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Stettinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">Byrnes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Acheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">Dulles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Eagleburger" title="Lawrence Eagleburger">Eagleburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Christopher</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Warren_Christopher_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Warren Christopher as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Albright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Madeleine_Albright_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Madeleine Albright as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Colin_Powell_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Colin Powell as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Condoleezza_Rice_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Condoleezza Rice as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Hillary_Clinton_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Hillary Clinton as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_John_Kerry_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by John Kerry as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_Tillerson" title="Rex Tillerson">Tillerson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Rex_Tillerson_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Rex Tillerson as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Pompeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Mike_Pompeo_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Mike Pompeo as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Blinken" title="Antony Blinken">Blinken</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Antony_Blinken_as_United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="List of international trips made by Antony Blinken as United States Secretary of State">trips</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_secretaries_of_state_of_the_United_States" title="List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States">List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecDef" title="Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecDef" title="Template talk:USSecDef"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecDef"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_defense" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">United States secretaries of defense</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">Forrestal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Lovett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Erwin_Wilson" title="Charles Erwin Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_H._McElroy" title="Neil H. McElroy">McElroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">T. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McNamara" title="Robert McNamara">McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_Clifford" title="Clark Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Laird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Brown_(Secretary_of_Defense)" title="Harold Brown (Secretary of Defense)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Weinberger" title="Caspar Weinberger">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Perry" title="William J. Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cohen" title="William Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">R. Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Panetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Hagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">Mattis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Esper" title="Mark Esper">Esper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Secretary_of_Defense.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="648" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1901 Nobel Peace Prize">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Henry Dunant</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a></li> <li>1902: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Ducommun" title="Élie Ducommun">Élie Ducommun</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Gobat" title="Charles Albert Gobat">Charles Gobat</a></li> <li>1903: <a href="/wiki/Randal_Cremer" title="Randal Cremer">Randal Cremer</a></li> <li>1904: <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_Droit_International" title="Institut de Droit International">Institut de Droit International</a></li> <li>1905: <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a></li> <li>1906: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li>1907: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Moneta</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Renault_(jurist)" title="Louis Renault (jurist)">Louis Renault</a></li> <li>1908: <a href="/wiki/Klas_Pontus_Arnoldson" title="Klas Pontus Arnoldson">Klas Arnoldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Bajer" title="Fredrik Bajer">Fredrik Bajer</a></li> <li>1909: <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">A. M. F. Beernaert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Henri_Balluet_d%27Estournelles_de_Constant" title="Paul Henri Balluet d'Estournelles de Constant">Paul Estournelles de Constant</a></li> <li>1910: <a href="/wiki/International_Peace_Bureau" title="International Peace Bureau">International Peace Bureau</a></li> <li>1911: <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Asser" title="Tobias Asser">Tobias Asser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Fried" title="Alfred Hermann Fried">Alfred Fried</a></li> <li>1912: <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a></li> <li>1913: <a href="/wiki/Henri_La_Fontaine" title="Henri La Fontaine">Henri La Fontaine</a></li> <li>1914</li> <li>1915</li> <li>1916</li> <li>1917: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1918</li> <li>1919: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li>1920: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Bourgeois" title="Léon Bourgeois">Léon Bourgeois</a></li> <li>1921: <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_Lous_Lange" title="Christian Lous Lange">Christian Lange</a></li> <li>1922: <a href="/wiki/Fridtjof_Nansen" title="Fridtjof Nansen">Fridtjof Nansen</a></li> <li>1923</li> <li>1924</li> <li>1925: <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles Dawes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1926: <a href="/wiki/Aristide_Briand" title="Aristide Briand">Aristide Briand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Gustav Stresemann</a></li> <li>1927: <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Buisson" title="Ferdinand Buisson">Ferdinand Buisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Quidde" title="Ludwig Quidde">Ludwig Quidde</a></li> <li>1928</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Frank B. Kellogg</a></li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" title="Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</a></li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Nicholas Butler</a></li> <li>1932</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Angell" title="Norman Angell">Norman Angell</a></li> <li>1934: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Henderson" title="Arthur Henderson">Arthur Henderson</a></li> <li>1935: <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" title="Carl von Ossietzky">Carl von Ossietzky</a></li> <li>1936: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Saavedra_Lamas" title="Carlos Saavedra Lamas">Carlos Saavedra Lamas</a></li> <li>1937: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood">Robert Cecil</a></li> <li>1938: <a href="/wiki/Nansen_International_Office_for_Refugees" title="Nansen International Office for Refugees">Nansen International Office for Refugees</a></li> <li>1939</li> <li>1940</li> <li>1941</li> <li>1942</li> <li>1943</li> <li>1944: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a></li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/Emily_Greene_Balch" title="Emily Greene Balch">Emily Balch</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Mott" title="John Mott">John Mott</a></li> <li>1947: <a href="/wiki/Quaker_Peace_and_Social_Witness" title="Quaker Peace and Social Witness">Friends Service Council</a> / <a href="/wiki/American_Friends_Service_Committee" title="American Friends Service Committee">American Friends Service Committee</a></li> <li>1948</li> <li>1949: <a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_Orr" title="John Boyd Orr">John Boyd Orr</a></li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1951: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Jouhaux" title="Léon Jouhaux">Léon Jouhaux</a></li> <li>1952: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer" title="Albert Schweitzer">Albert Schweitzer</a></li> <li>1953: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1954: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956</li> <li>1957: <a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Lester B. Pearson</a></li> <li>1958: <a href="/wiki/Dominique_Pire" title="Dominique Pire">Georges Pire</a></li> <li>1959: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Noel-Baker" title="Philip Noel-Baker">Philip Noel-Baker</a></li> <li>1960: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Luthuli" title="Albert Luthuli">Albert Luthuli</a></li> <li>1961: <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a></li> <li>1962: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a></li> <li>1963: <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> / <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Societies" title="International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies">League of Red Cross Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1964 Nobel Peace Prize">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1965 Nobel Peace Prize">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1966 Nobel Peace Prize">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1967 Nobel Peace Prize">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1968 Nobel Peace Prize">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassin" title="René Cassin">René Cassin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1969 Nobel Peace Prize">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1970 Nobel Peace Prize">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1971 Nobel Peace Prize">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a> (declined award) / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1974: <a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_MacBride" title="Seán MacBride">Seán MacBride</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eisaku_Sat%C5%8D" title="Eisaku Satō">Eisaku Satō</a></li> <li>1975: <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976: <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairead Corrigan</a></li> <li>1977: <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a></li> <li>1978: <a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a></li> <li>1979: <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_P%C3%A9rez_Esquivel" title="Adolfo Pérez Esquivel">Adolfo Pérez Esquivel</a></li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a></li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Garc%C3%ADa_Robles" title="Alfonso García Robles">Alfonso García Robles</a></li> <li>1983: <a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li>1984: <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a></li> <li>1985: <a href="/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War" title="International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War">International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War</a></li> <li>1986: <a href="/wiki/Elie_Wiesel" title="Elie Wiesel">Elie Wiesel</a></li> <li>1987: <a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Arias" title="Óscar Arias">Óscar Arias</a></li> <li>1988: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">UN Peacekeeping Forces</a></li> <li>1989: <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Tenzin Gyatso (14th Dalai Lama)</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li>1992: <a href="/wiki/Rigoberta_Mench%C3%BA" title="Rigoberta Menchú">Rigoberta Menchú</a></li> <li>1993: <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a></li> <li>1994: <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a></li> <li>1995: <a href="/wiki/Pugwash_Conferences_on_Science_and_World_Affairs" title="Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs">Pugwash Conferences</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rotblat" title="Joseph Rotblat">Joseph Rotblat</a></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Filipe_Ximenes_Belo" title="Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo">Carlos Belo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ramos-Horta" title="José Ramos-Horta">José Ramos-Horta</a></li> <li>1997: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a></li> <li>1998: <a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Trimble" title="David Trimble">David Trimble</a></li> <li>1999: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a></li> <li>2000: <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Nobel Peace Prize">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Nobel Peace Prize">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Nobel Peace Prize">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shirin_Ebadi" title="Shirin Ebadi">Shirin Ebadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Nobel Peace Prize">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wangari_Maathai" class="mw-redirect" title="Wangari Maathai">Wangari Maathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2005 Nobel Peace Prize">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_ElBaradei" title="Mohamed ElBaradei">Mohamed ElBaradei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Nobel Peace Prize">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yunus" title="Muhammad Yunus">Muhammad Yunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2007 Nobel Peace Prize">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Nobel Peace Prize">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2011 Nobel Peace Prize">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Johnson_Sirleaf" title="Ellen Johnson Sirleaf">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leymah_Gbowee" title="Leymah Gbowee">Leymah Gbowee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tawakkol_Karman" title="Tawakkol Karman">Tawakkol Karman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2012 Nobel Peace Prize">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2013 Nobel Peace Prize">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_the_Prohibition_of_Chemical_Weapons" title="Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons">Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2014 Nobel Peace Prize">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kailash_Satyarthi" title="Kailash Satyarthi">Kailash Satyarthi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2015 Nobel Peace Prize">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_National_Dialogue_Quartet" title="Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet">Tunisian National Dialogue Quartet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2016 Nobel Peace Prize">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_Santos" title="Juan Manuel Santos">Juan Manuel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2017 Nobel Peace Prize">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Abolish_Nuclear_Weapons" title="International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons">International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2018 Nobel Peace Prize">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Denis_Mukwege" title="Denis Mukwege">Denis Mukwege</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Murad" title="Nadia Murad">Nadia Murad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2019 Nobel Peace Prize">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Abiy Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2021 Nobel Peace Prize">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Muratov" title="Dmitry Muratov">Dmitry Muratov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2022 Nobel Peace Prize">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ales_Bialiatski" title="Ales Bialiatski">Ales Bialiatski</a> / <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Civil_Liberties_(human_rights_organization)" title="Center for Civil Liberties (human rights organization)">Center for Civil Liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2024 Nobel Peace Prize">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Hidankyo" title="Nihon Hidankyo">Nihon Hidankyo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1953_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1953 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1953_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1953 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Hermann Staudinger</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George C. Marshall</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a> (Netherlands)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Albert Lipmann</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1948_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1948 Nobel Prize winners">1948</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1949_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1949 Nobel Prize winners">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1950_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1950 Nobel Prize winners">1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd>1953 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1954_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1954 Nobel Prize winners">1954</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Time Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Marshall</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Marshall</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</li> <li> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica">John Sirica</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</li> <li> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</li> <li> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</li> <li> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</li> <li> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</li> <li> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Truman_cabinet" title="Template talk:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Truman_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Truman cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Harry_S._Truman_(1945–1953)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945–1953)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/100px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/150px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harry_S._Truman.jpg/200px-Harry_S._Truman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="447" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius_Jr." title="Edward Stettinius Jr.">Edward Stettinius Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George C. Marshall</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Henry Morgenthau Jr.</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Fred M. Vinson</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">John Wesley Snyder</a> (1946–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Stimson" title="Henry L. Stimson">Henry L. Stimson</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Patterson" title="Robert P. Patterson">Robert P. Patterson</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Claiborne_Royall" title="Kenneth Claiborne Royall">Kenneth Claiborne Royall</a> (1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_A._Johnson" title="Louis A. Johnson">Louis A. Johnson</a> (1949–1950)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George C. Marshall</a> (1950–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Lovett" title="Robert A. Lovett">Robert A. Lovett</a> (1951–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Francis Biddle</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a> (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">J. Howard McGrath</a> (1949–1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">James P. McGranery</a> (1952–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Frank C. Walker</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Robert E. Hannegan</a> (1945–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Jesse M. Donaldson</a> (1947–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Forrestal" title="James Forrestal">James Forrestal</a> (1945–1947)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Albert_Krug" title="Julius Albert Krug">Julius Albert Krug</a> (1946–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L._Chapman" title="Oscar L. Chapman">Oscar L. Chapman</a> (1949–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claude_R._Wickard" title="Claude R. Wickard">Claude R. Wickard</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Anderson" title="Clinton Anderson">Clinton Anderson</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Brannan" title="Charles F. Brannan">Charles F. Brannan</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1945–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Sawyer" title="Charles W. Sawyer">Charles W. Sawyer</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Schwellenbach" title="Lewis B. Schwellenbach">Lewis B. Schwellenbach</a> (1945–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Maurice J. Tobin</a> (1948–1953)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Template talk:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne_Prize_recipients" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charlemagne Prize recipients"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Recipients_of_the_Charlemagne_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Recipients of the <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize" title="Charlemagne Prize">Charlemagne Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950 <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi" title="Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi">Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi</a></li> <li>1951 <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Brugmans" title="Hendrik Brugmans">Hendrik Brugmans</a></li> <li>1952 <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a></li> <li>1953 <a href="/wiki/Jean_Monnet" title="Jean Monnet">Jean Monnet</a></li> <li>1954 <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></li> <li>1955</li> <li>1956 <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li>1957 <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Spaak" title="Paul-Henri Spaak">Paul-Henri Spaak</a></li> <li>1958 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Schuman" title="Robert Schuman">Robert Schuman</a></li> <li>1959 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George C. Marshall</a></li> <li>1960 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bech" title="Joseph Bech">Joseph Bech</a></li> <li>1961 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hallstein" title="Walter Hallstein">Walter Hallstein</a></li> <li>1962</li> <li>1963 <a href="/wiki/Edward_Heath" title="Edward Heath">Edward Heath</a></li> <li>1964 <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a></li> <li>1965</li> <li>1966 <a href="/wiki/Jens_Otto_Krag" title="Jens Otto Krag">Jens Otto Krag</a></li> <li>1967 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Luns" title="Joseph Luns">Joseph Luns</a></li> <li>1968</li> <li>1969 <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a></li> <li>1970 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Seydoux_de_Clausonne" title="François Seydoux de Clausonne">François Seydoux de Clausonne</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li>1972 <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a></li> <li>1973 <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Madariaga" title="Salvador de Madariaga">Salvador de Madariaga</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li>1975</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1976 <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tindemans" title="Leo Tindemans">Leo Tindemans</a></li> <li>1977 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li>1978 <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Karamanlis" title="Konstantinos Karamanlis">Konstantinos Karamanlis</a></li> <li>1979 <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Colombo" title="Emilio Colombo">Emilio Colombo</a></li> <li>1980</li> <li>1981 <a href="/wiki/Simone_Veil" title="Simone Veil">Simone Veil</a></li> <li>1982 <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_I" title="Juan Carlos I">King Juan Carlos I</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li>1984</li> <li>1985</li> <li>1986 <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">People of Luxembourg</a></li> <li>1987 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a></li> <li>1988 <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Brother_Roger" title="Brother Roger">Brother Roger</a></li> <li>1990 <a href="/wiki/Gyula_Horn" title="Gyula Horn">Gyula Horn</a></li> <li>1991 <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li>1992 <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Delors" title="Jacques Delors">Jacques Delors</a></li> <li>1993 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">Felipe González</a></li> <li>1994 <a href="/wiki/Gro_Harlem_Brundtland" title="Gro Harlem Brundtland">Gro Harlem Brundtland</a></li> <li>1995 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Vranitzky" title="Franz Vranitzky">Franz Vranitzky</a></li> <li>1996 <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands" title="Beatrix of the Netherlands">Queen Beatrix</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li>1998 <a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Geremek" title="Bronisław Geremek">Bronisław Geremek</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a></li> <li>2000 <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001 <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Konr%C3%A1d" title="György Konrád">György Konrád</a></li> <li>2002 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li>2003 <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a></li> <li>2004 <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cox" title="Pat Cox">Pat Cox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>1</li> <li>2005 <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a></li> <li>2006 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Juncker" title="Jean-Claude Juncker">Jean-Claude Juncker</a></li> <li>2007 <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a></li> <li>2008 <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a></li> <li>2009 <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Riccardi" title="Andrea Riccardi">Andrea Riccardi</a></li> <li>2010 <a href="/wiki/Donald_Tusk" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a></li> <li>2011 <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Trichet" title="Jean-Claude Trichet">Jean-Claude Trichet</a></li> <li>2012 <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Sch%C3%A4uble" title="Wolfgang Schäuble">Wolfgang Schäuble</a></li> <li>2013 <a href="/wiki/Dalia_Grybauskait%C4%97" title="Dalia Grybauskaitė">Dalia Grybauskaitė</a></li> <li>2014 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Van_Rompuy" title="Herman Van Rompuy">Herman Van Rompuy</a></li> <li>2015 <a href="/wiki/Martin_Schulz" title="Martin Schulz">Martin Schulz</a></li> <li>2016 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Timothy Garton Ash</a></li> <li>2018 <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Guterres" title="António Guterres">António Guterres</a></li> <li>2020 <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Iohannis" title="Klaus Iohannis">Klaus Iohannis</a></li> <li>2022 <a href="/wiki/Sviatlana_Tsikhanouskaya" title="Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya">Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Kalesnikava" title="Maria Kalesnikava">Maria Kalesnikava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veronika_Tsepkalo" title="Veronika Tsepkalo">Veronika Tsepkalo</a></li> <li>2023 <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelensky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">the Ukrainian people</a></li> <li>2024 <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Goldschmidt" title="Pinchas Goldschmidt">Pinchas Goldschmidt</a> and the Jewish communities in Europe</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Received extraordinary prize.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151414#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122811128">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/66479870">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43128/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmTpKTJ3YhHPgMG6wJbh3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118731211">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79109883">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021217c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12021217c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00524183">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36307042">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701166&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069128359">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=73403">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200510240">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs69frsd17x26f9">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810552126905606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274963505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01959804?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/3b2187ab-0d81-414f-b985-fe03dfeabc42">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1244607">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118731211.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118731211">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027543773">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582295">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vd6wkc">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&oldid=1259079189">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_C._Marshall&oldid=1259079189</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1880_births" title="Category:1880 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Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 7.29% 286.721 2 Template:Reflist"," 4.92% 193.537 381 Template:Main_other"," 2.98% 117.332 2 Template:Plainlist"," 2.91% 114.605 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.203","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19258222,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;Hardest_Work\u0026quot;\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF1947_Brown_University_Graduation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF2-484_Speech_at_Trinity\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF3-147_To_David_Burpee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF70_years_ago_Harvard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF938-_Def._Sec._George\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA._Lewis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmbrose1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociated_Press:_Marshall_Dies1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBehrman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeisner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiography\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBland2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlandStevensWunderlin_Jr.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowers\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrecher2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuellJohn_H._Bradley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuilding_on_Mission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCNN:_George_C._Marshall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristian_Herald1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClausen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleaver2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClifton_S._Brown1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommencement_Speakers_Special_Collections\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCommission_American_Battle_Monuments\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCray1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD-Day_Year_Too_Late?2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavenport2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDedication_of_Cemetery\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_TestaLemoineStrickland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiary_entries_6_7\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDick_Cavett_Show1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDistinguished_Achievement_Award_George\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDistinguished_Service_Medal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarly_Career\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Note\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmpric2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnola_Gay:_Men,_Mission\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarinacci2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFive-Star_Generals_in_U.S.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForeign_Relations_of_United\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrequently_Asked_Questions_Five-Star\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGCM_Foundation1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeneral_of_the_Army_George\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge-C.-Marshall-Ring_61440_Oberursel_Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge-Marshall-Straße_65197_Wiesbaden_Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_C._Marshall\u0026#039;s_Dodona\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Chronology2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Catlett_Marshall_Timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlenn2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGold_Medalists\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouda2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenburg_Resident_General_Marshall\u0026#039;s1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHambro1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanford2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginbotham1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorical_Office\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistory_of_Marshall_Plan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHome\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomenagem_á_Missão_Militar1939\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIke:_War_Years_(TV)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJCPA:_President_Truman\u0026#039;s_Decision\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffersAxelrod2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJolemore1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatherine_Boyce_Tupper_Wife\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeast1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKey_to_New_Orleans\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKey_to_San_Juan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKozak2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLengel2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetter_to_Chairman_Humanitarian\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiebling1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Lewis2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall\u0026#039;s_Silver_Star\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Center\u0026#039;s_Bronze_Statue\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Is_Named_Head1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Mattis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_Plan\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarshall_at_attention\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1992a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough1992b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinzie1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiscamble\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMossmanStark1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrs._Marshall1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrs._Walter_Coles1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMullins2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Marshall_children\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Stephens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Portrait_Gallery:_Warnecke\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobel_Peace_Prize_1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_Clerk_U.S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOssad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParmelee1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearl_Harbor_(2001)_IMDb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearlman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerry2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerson_of_Year_Photo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlampin1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogue\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPogue1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPops2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPops2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProfile_Founding_of_Republic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuryear2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQueen_Elizabeth_II_Coronation2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRecognition_of_Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoll2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunkle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRunkle2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantoro1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaving_Private_Ryan_(1998)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegbahn1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkutt1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobelSicilia2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevensWilliams2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStilwell2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoler1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStories_of_Service_Richard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Adjutant_General\u0026#039;s_Office1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Leadership_of_George_C._Marshall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToday_in_Princeton_history2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTora!_Tora!_Tora!_(1970)\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTruman_Adviser_Recalls_May1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsou1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTuckerRoberts2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtledove1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtledove2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurtledove2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Senate_Joint_Committee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUldrich2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnderwood1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngerUngerHirshson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandergriff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaddell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWar_Remembrance_(TV_Mini-Series\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedemeyer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhy_is_a_rose\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillbanks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabecki\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZabeckiMastriano2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZajac2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcsonnier2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcsonnier2015b\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"1953 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Charlemagne Prize recipients\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 86,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Marshall, George C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn-ua\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagu\"] = 16,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 3,\n [\"IMDb name\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 2,\n [\"Incomplete list\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox college football player\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive short film\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Listen\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1951-1975\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist-ua\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Postnominals\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Ribbon devices\"] = 4,\n [\"S-ach\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 9,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 9,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 328,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Time Persons of the Year\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"Truman cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"U.S. Cabinet official box\"] = 2,\n [\"US Army Chiefs of Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecDef\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecState\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 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