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class="mw-page-title-main">Complex fluid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Complex_fluid" title="Special:EditPage/Complex fluid">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Complex+fluid%22">"Complex fluid"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Complex+fluid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Complex+fluid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Complex+fluid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Complex+fluid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Complex+fluid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Complex fluids</b> are <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixtures</a> that have a coexistence between two <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)"> phases</a>: solid–liquid (<a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspensions</a> or solutions of macromolecules such as polymers), solid–gas (<a href="/wiki/Granular_material" title="Granular material">granular</a>), liquid–gas (<a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foams</a>) or liquid–liquid (<a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsions</a>). They exhibit unusual mechanical responses to applied <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physics)"> stress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)"> strain</a> due to the geometrical constraints that the phase coexistence imposes. The mechanical response includes transitions between solid-like and fluid-like behavior as well as fluctuations. Their mechanical properties can be attributed to characteristics such as high disorder, caging, and clustering on multiple length scales.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shaving_cream" title="Shaving cream">Shaving cream</a> is an example of a complex fluid. Without stress, the foam appears to be a solid: it does not flow and can support (very) light <a href="/wiki/Structural_load" title="Structural load"> loads</a>. However, when adequate stress is applied, shaving cream flows easily like a fluid. On the level of individual bubbles, the flow is due to rearrangements of small collections of bubbles. On this scale, the flow is not smooth, but instead consists of fluctuations due to rearrangements of the bubbles and releases of stress. These fluctuations are similar to the fluctuations that are studied in <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquakes</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynamics">Dynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics"> dynamics</a> of the particles in complex fluids are an area of current research. Energy lost due to friction may be a <a href="/wiki/Nonlinear_system" title="Nonlinear system"> nonlinear</a> function of the velocity and normal forces. The topological inhibition to flow by the crowding of constituent particles is a key element in these systems. Under certain conditions, including high <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density"> densities</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a>, when externally driven to induce flow, complex fluids are characterized by irregular intervals of solid-like behavior followed by stress relaxations due to particle rearrangements. The dynamics of these systems are highly nonlinear in nature. The increase in stress by an infinitesimal amount or a small displacement of a single particle can result in the difference between an arrested state and fluid-like behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many materials found in nature can fit into the class of complex fluids, very little is well understood about them; inconsistent and controversial conclusions concerning their material properties still persist<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The careful study of these systems may lead to "new physics" and new states of matter<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. For example, it has been suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (November 2024)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that these systems can jam and a "jamming phase diagram" can be used to consider how these systems can jam and unjam. It is not known whether further research will demonstrate these findings, or whether such a theoretical framework will prove useful. As yet this large body of theoretical work has been poorly supported with experiments<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/complex-fluid">"Complex-fluid"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complex-fluid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fchemistry%2Fcomplex-fluid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.math.wisc.edu/~spagnolie/Papers/Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf">"Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.math.wisc.edu%2F~spagnolie%2FPapers%2FIntroduction_to_Complex_Fluids.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComplex+fluid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcf.ds.mpg.de">Stephan Herminghaus' Dynamics of Complex Fluids Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126191636/http://www.seas.harvard.edu/weitzlab/">David Weitz's Soft Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~stonelab/">Howard Stone's Complex Fluids Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wur.nl/en/Expertise-Services/Chair-groups/Agrotechnology-and-Food-Sciences/Physical-Chemistry-and-Soft-Matter.htm">Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter Group, Wageningen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phy.duke.edu/~bob/">Bob Behringer's complex fluids page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313170614/http://lisgi1.engr.ccny.cuny.edu/~makse/">Hernán Alejandro Makse's complex fluids page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.emory.edu/~weeks/lab/">Complex Fluids/Nonlinear Dynamics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graner.net/francois/index.php">Francois Graner's complex fluids page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Córdova-Figueroa's Low Reynolds Fluid Mechanics Group at UPRM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chencheng.wpengine.com/">Zhengdong Cheng's Soft Condensed Matter Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://complexfluids.org/necf/index.php">New England Complex Fluids (NECF) Workgroup</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&oldid=1258612520">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Complex_fluid&oldid=1258612520</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fluid_dynamics" title="Category:Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Non-Newtonian_fluids" title="Category:Non-Newtonian fluids">Non-Newtonian fluids</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2023">Articles needing additional references from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2024">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_March_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2023">Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 November 2024, at 17:39<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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