CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="bg" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Мартин Карплус – Уикипедия</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )bgwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t."," \t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","януари","февруари","март","април","май","юни","юли","август","септември","октомври","ноември","декември"],"wgRequestId":"33f8d577-4d77-439b-ac00-4a050b559255","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Мартин_Карплус","wgTitle":"Мартин Карплус","wgCurRevisionId":12151172,"wgRevisionId":12151172,"wgArticleId":718507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Шаблон Webarchive с препратки към Wayback Machine","Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN","Родени през 1930 година","Родени на 15 март","Носители на Нобелова награда за химия","Австрийски химици", "Американски биофизици","Американски нобелови лауреати","Евреи в САЩ","Чуждестранни членове на Британското кралско научно дружество","Членове на Националната академия на науките на САЩ","Преподаватели в Харвардския университет","Родени във Виена"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"bg","wgPageContentLanguage":"bg","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Мартин_Карплус","wgRelevantArticleId":718507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"bg","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"bg"}, "wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q903471","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.WatchlistTopSectionWidgetFix":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.QRpediaFix","ext.gadget.EditToolbar","ext.gadget.EditToolbar-menu-page_elements","ext.gadget.EditToolbar-menu-thematic_templates","ext.gadget.EditToolbar-menu-article_templates","ext.gadget.EditToolbar-menu-talk_templates","ext.gadget.EditToolbar-menu-other_templates","ext.gadget.OpenStreetMap","ext.gadget.Switcher","ext.gadget.ParsePhabLinks","ext.gadget.Mwbot","ext.gadget.UploadRedirectToCommons","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=bg&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=bg&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=bg&modules=ext.gadget.WatchlistTopSectionWidgetFix&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=bg&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/1200px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/800px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/640px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Мартин Карплус – Уикипедия"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//bg.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Редактиране" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Уикипедия (bg)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//bg.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Емисия на Atom за Уикипедия" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Мартин_Карплус rootpage-Мартин_Карплус skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Направо към съдържанието</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Главно меню" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Главно меню</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Главно меню</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Навигация </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Началната страница [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Начална страница</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Зареждане на случайна страница [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Случайна статия</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Полезно" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Полезно" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Полезно </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Списък на последните промени в уикито [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Последни промени</span></a></li><li id="n-Общи-разговори" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8"><span>Общи разговори</span></a></li><li id="n-Обсъждани-статии" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8"><span>Обсъждани статии</span></a></li><li id="n-Администратори" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5"><span>Администратори</span></a></li><li id="n-Изтривания" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5"><span>Изтривания</span></a></li><li id="n-За-контакти" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8"><span>За контакти</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Включете_се!" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Включете_се" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Включете се! </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Защо?" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Защо?</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Място, където може да се информирате"><span>Помощ</span></a></li><li id="n-Картинки" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:10_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B0,_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F"><span>Картинки</span></a></li><li id="n-Поведение" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5"><span>Поведение</span></a></li><li id="n-Изпробване" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA"><span>Изпробване</span></a></li><li id="n-Нова-статия" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA"><span>Нова статия</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Общувайте" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Общувайте" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Общувайте </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Блог-на-общността" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://blog.wikimedia.bg/" rel="nofollow"><span>Блог на общността</span></a></li><li id="n-Фейсбук-страница" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/WikipediaBG" rel="nofollow"><span>Фейсбук страница</span></a></li><li id="n-Фейсбук-група" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/WikipediaBG" rel="nofollow"><span>Фейсбук група</span></a></li><li id="n-🎮-Дискорд" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4"><span>🎮 Дискорд</span></a></li><li id="n-Телеграм" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC"><span>Телеграм</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:IRC"><span>IRC</span></a></li><li id="n-GitHub" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://github.com/wikimedia-bg" rel="nofollow"><span>GitHub</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Уикипедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-bg.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.3125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Свободната енциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-bg.svg" width="120" height="12" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A2%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Търсене</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Търсене в Уикипедия" aria-label="Търсене в Уикипедия" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Претърсване на Уикипедия [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Специални:Търсене"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Търсене</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Лични инструменти"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Облик" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Облик</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg" class=""><span>Направете дарение</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително." class=""><span>Създаване на сметка</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Влизане</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Допълнителни опции" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Лични инструменти" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Лични инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Потребителско меню" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_bg.wikipedia.org&uselang=bg"><span>Направете дарение</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Насърчаваме Ви да си създадете сметка и да влезете, въпреки че не е задължително."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Създаване на сметка</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&returnto=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Препоръчваме Ви да влезете, въпреки, че не е задължително. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Влизане</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Страници за излезли от системата редактори <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89:%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" aria-label="Научете повече за редактирането"><span>научете повече</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Списък на промените, направени от този IP адрес [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Приноси</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дискусия относно редакциите от този адрес [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Съдържание" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Съдържание</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Начало</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Биография" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Биография"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Биография</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Биография-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Образование_и_кариера" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Образование_и_кариера"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Образование и кариера</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Образование_и_кариера-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Научна_дейност" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Научна_дейност"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Научна дейност</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Научна_дейност-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Превключване на подраздел Научна дейност</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Научна_дейност-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Книги" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Книги"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Книги</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Книги-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Източници" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Източници"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Източници</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Източници-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Съдържание" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Скриване/показване на съдържанието" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Скриване/показване на съдържанието</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Мартин Карплус</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Към статията на друг език. Налична на 52 езика" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 езика</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارتين كاربلوس – арабски" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مارتين كاربلوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – азербайджански" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارتین کارپلوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارتین کارپلوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Марцін Карплюс – беларуски" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Марцін Карплюс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларуски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="মার্টিন কারপ্লাস – бенгалски" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্টিন কারপ্লাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – каталонски" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталонски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – чешки" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – датски" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – немски" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Μάρτιν Κάρπλους – гръцки" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μάρτιν Κάρπλους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="гръцки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – английски" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – испански" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – баски" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارتین کارپلوس – персийски" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارتین کارپلوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – фински" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – френски" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="френски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – шотландски келтски" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландски келтски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – галисийски" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="מרטין קרפלוס – иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרטין קרפלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="मार्टिन कारप्लस – хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्टिन कारप्लस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – унгарски" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="унгарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Մարտին Կարպլուս – арменски" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարտին Կարպլուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="арменски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – индонезийски" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – италиански" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="италиански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9" title="マーティン・カープラス – японски" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーティン・カープラス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%94%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="마르틴 카르플루스 – корейски" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마르틴 카르플루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinus_Karplus" title="Martinus Karplus – латински" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Martinus Karplus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – малайски" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مارتین کارپلوس – мазандерански" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارتین کارپلوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандерански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – долнонемски" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="долнонемски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – нидерландски" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – норвежки (букмол)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежки (букмол)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – окситански" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситански" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – полски" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="полски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B3" title="مارٹن کارپلس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارٹن کارپلس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – португалски" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португалски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – румънски" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румънски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Карплус, Мартин – руски" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карплус, Мартин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="руски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – словашки" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словашки" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – шведски" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="மார்ட்டின் கார்ப்பிளசு – тамилски" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ட்டின் கார்ப்பிளசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамилски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – турски" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Мартин Карплус – татарски" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мартин Карплус" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Мартін Карплус – украински" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мартін Карплус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украински" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B3" title="مارٹن کارپلس – урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارٹن کارپلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – виетнамски" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="виетнамски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus – йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Martin Karplus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="马丁·卡普拉斯 – китайски" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马丁·卡普拉斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайски" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q903471#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Редактиране на междуезиковите препратки" class="wbc-editpage">Редактиране</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Именни пространства"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Преглед на основната страница [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Статия</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" rel="discussion" title="Беседа за страницата [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Беседа</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Промяна на езиковия вариант" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">български</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Прегледи"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=history" title="Предишни версии на страницата [h]" accesskey="h"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Инструменти" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Инструменти</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Инструменти</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">скриване</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Допълнителни опции" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Действия </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81"><span>Преглед</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit" title="Редактиране на страницата [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Редактиране</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit" title="Редактиране на изходния код на страницата [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Редактиране на кода</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=history"><span>История</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Основни </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Списък на всички страници, сочещи насам [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Какво сочи насам</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" rel="nofollow" title="Последните промени на страници, сочени от тази страница [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Свързани промени</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Uploadtext" title="Качи файлове [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Качване на файл</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Списък на всички специални страници [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Специални страници</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&oldid=12151172" title="Постоянна препратка към тази версия на страницата"><span>Постоянна препратка</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=info" title="Повече за тази страница"><span>Информация за страницата</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&page=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&id=12151172&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Информация за начините за цитиране на тази страница"><span>Цитиране на статията</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2581"><span>Кратък URL адрес</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fbg.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D1%2583%25D1%2581"><span>Изтегляне на QR код</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Отпечатване/изнасяне </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81"><span>Създаване на книга</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=show-download-screen"><span>Изтегляне като PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&printable=yes" title="Версия за печат на страницата [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Версия за печат</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> В други проекти </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Karplus" hreflang="en"><span>Общомедия</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q903471" title="Препратка към свързания обект от хранилището за данни [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Обект в Уикиданни</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Облик"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Облик</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">преместване към страничната лента</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">скриване</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">от Уикипедия, свободната енциклопедия</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="bg" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12144718">.mw-parser-output .infobox-lua{width:22em}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data-only,.mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-above{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .infobox-italic-title{display:none}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;margin:-5px 0;border:0;border-spacing:0 5px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox th.onlysubbox,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td.onlysubbox{padding:0!important}</style><table class="infobox infobox-lua infobox_v2 vcard"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above title book" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaa;">Мартин Карплус<div style="font-size: 76%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">Martin Karplus</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/250px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/375px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg/500px-Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="2689" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Роден</th><td class="infobox-data"><div></div> <div><span class="oneline"><a href="/wiki/15_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="15 март">15 март</a> <a href="/wiki/1930" title="1930">1930</a> г.<span class="noprint"> <small>(94 г.)</small></span></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виена">Виена</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия">Австрия</a></div></td></tr><tr class="nomobile" style="height:1px;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-data-only"><hr /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Учил в</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет">Харвардски университет</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Калифорнийски технологичен институт">Калифорнийски технологичен институт</a><br />Харвардски колеж</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" scope="colgroup" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#EEEED1; border:1px solid #aaaaaa;">Научна дейност</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Област</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Квантова химия">квантова химия</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Учил при</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лайнъс Полинг">Лайнъс Полинг</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Работил в</th><td class="infobox-data">Харвардски университет<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Страсбургски университет (страницата не съществува)">Страсбургски университет</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Колумбийски университет">Колумбийски университет</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн">Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Награди</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> (2013)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background-color:#C1CDCD; border:1px solid #aaa;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martin_Karplus?uselang=bg">Мартин Карплус</a></b> в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Общомедия">Общомедия</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/20px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/30px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/40px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></span></span> <b>Мартин Карплус</b> (на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Немски език">немски</a>: <span lang="de" dir="ltr" style="font-style:italic">Martin Karplus</span>) е австро-американски <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Теоретична химия">теоретичен химик</a>, който получава <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> през 2013 г. заедно с <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Майкъл Левит">Майкъл Левит</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ари Варшел">Ари Варшел</a> за „разработването на многомащабни модели за сложни химични системи“.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Той е почетен професор по химия в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Харвардския университет">Харвардския университет</a>, както и директор на лабораторията по биофизична химия, съвместна лаборатория на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Национален център за научни изследвания (страницата не съществува)">Националния център за научни изследвания</a> на Франция и <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Страсбургски университет (страницата не съществува)">Страсбургския университет</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Биография"><span id=".D0.91.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.B3.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Биография</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Редактиране на раздел: Биография" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Биография"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Карплус е роден в <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Евреи">еврейското</a> семейство на Ханс Карплус и Изабела Голдщайн във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Виена">Виена</a> на 15 март 1930 г.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Той е все още дете, когато семейството му избягва от <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="Нацистка Германия">нацистката</a> окупация в <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Австрия">Австрия</a> скоро след <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Аншлус">Аншлуса</a> през март 1938 г. Семейството прекарва няколко месеца в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Цюрих">Цюрих</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Швейцария">Швейцария</a> и в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9B%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB-%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ла Бол-Ескулбак (страницата не съществува)">Ла Бол</a>, Франция, преди да имигрира в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="САЩ">САЩ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Преди да замине за САЩ, семейството е познато като „интелектуално и успешно светско еврейско семейство“ във Виена.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Дядо му, Йохан Паул Карплус, е високо ценен професор по психиатрия във <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Виенския университет">Виенския университет</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Той е племенник на социолога, философ и музиколог <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Теодор Адорно">Теодор Адорно</a>. Брат му, Роберт Карплус, е международно признат физик и преподавател в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82,_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Калифорнийския университет, Бъркли">Калифорнийския университет, Бъркли</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Образование_и_кариера"><span id=".D0.9E.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.B8_.D0.BA.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Образование и кариера</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Редактиране на раздел: Образование и кариера" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Образование и кариера"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>След като изкарва бакалавърска степен от Харвардския колеж през 1950 г., Карплус се отдава на следдипломно обучение в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Калифорнийския технологичен институт">Калифорнийския технологичен институт</a>. През 1953 г. завършва докторантура под менторството на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лайнъс Полинг">Лайнъс Полинг</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-phd_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Според Полинг, Карплус е „най-яркият му студент“.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Той е член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Национална фондация за наука">Националната фондация за наука</a>, докато работи в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Оксфордския университет">Оксфордския университет</a> през 1953 – 1955 г. Карплус преподава в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%B2_%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Университет на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн">Университета на Илинойс в Ърбана-Шампейн</a> (1955 – 1960), а след това в <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="Колумбийския университет">Колумбийския университет</a> (1960 – 1967), преди да се премести в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Харвардски университет">Харвард</a> през 1967 г. Той създава изследователска група в <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Страсбург">Страсбург</a>, Франция, след две почивни посещения между 1992 и 1995 г. на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Университет Луи Пастьор (страницата не съществува)">университета Луи Пастьор</a> в Страсбург.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Научна_дейност"><span id=".D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.83.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B9.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82"></span>Научна дейност</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Редактиране на раздел: Научна дейност" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Научна дейност"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Карплус допринася в много области от физикохимията, включително химичната динамика, квантовата химията и най-вече <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Молекулярна динамика (страницата не съществува)">молекулярната динамика</a> чрез симулации на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Биомолекула">биологични макромолекули</a>. Работи и в сферата на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%AF%D0%9C%D0%A0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ЯМР спектроскопия (страницата не съществува)">ЯМР спектроскопията</a>, особено за разбиране на <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Електронно-спинов резонанс">електронно-спиновия резонанс</a>. В негова чест е кръстено едноименно уравнение, описващо връзката между <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Константа на взаимодействие (страницата не съществува)">константите на взаимодействие</a> и <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%8A%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Двустенен ъгъл">двустенните ъгли</a> в <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Протонен магнитен резонанс (страницата не съществува)">протонния магнитен резонанс</a>. </p><p>Текущата му научна дейност е фокусирана главно върху свойствата на молекулите, които представляват биологичен интерес. Групата му основава и координира разработването на програмата <a href="/w/index.php?title=CHARMM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CHARMM (страницата не съществува)">CHARMM</a> за симулиране на молекулярна динамика. Член е на Международната академия по квантови молекулярни науки. През дългата си кариера (от 1955 г.) той ръководи над 200 студенти и докторанти в университетите, в които е работил. </p><p>От 1967 г. Карплус е член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Националната академия на науките на САЩ">Националната академия на науките на САЩ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> През 1991 г. е избран за чуждестранен член на <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кралска академия на науките и изкуствата на Нидерландия (страницата не съществува)">Кралската академия на науките и изкуствата на Нидерландия</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> а на следващата година е избран и за чуждестранен член на <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Британското кралско научно дружество">Британското кралско научно дружество</a>. През 2004 г. печели награда Лайнъс Полинг, а през 2013 г. е награден с Нобеловата награда за химия.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Книги"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B3.D0.B8"></span>Книги</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Редактиране на раздел: Книги" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Книги"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>CL Brooks III, M Karplus, BM Pettitt. Proteins: A Theoretical Perspective of Dynamics, Structure and Thermodynamics, Volume LXXI, in: Advances in Chemical Physics, John Wiley & Sons, New York 1988.</li> <li>Martin Karplus and Richard N. Porter. Atoms and Molecules: An Introduction for Students of Physical Chemistry. W. A. Benjamin, New York 1970.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Източници"><span id=".D0.98.D0.B7.D1.82.D0.BE.D1.87.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.86.D0.B8"></span>Източници</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Редактиране на раздел: Източници" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>редактиране</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Източници"><span>редактиране на кода</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bio-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-0"><sup><i><b>а</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio_1-1"><sup><i><b>б</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences9_октомври_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2013/press.html">The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013</a> //   Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 9 октомври 2013. Посетен на 9 октомври 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131009-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131009_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChang9_октомври_2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Chang, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/10/science/three-researchers-win-nobel-prize-in-chemistry.html">3 Researchers Win Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> //  New York Times.  9 октомври 2013. Посетен на 9 октомври 2013.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fersht, A. R. Profile of Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt, and Arieh Warshel, 2013 nobel laureates in chemistry //  <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i> 110 (49).  2013. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320569110">10.1073/pnas.1320569110</a>. с. 19656 – 7.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREF2014" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Hodak, Hélène. The Nobel Prize in chemistry 2013 for the development of multiscale models of complex chemical systems: A tribute to Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel //  <i>Journal of Molecular Biology</i> 426 (1).  2014. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.037">10.1016/j.jmb.2013.10.037</a>. с. 1 – 3.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Noorden2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Van Noorden, R. Computer modellers secure chemistry Nobels //  <i>Nature</i>.  2013. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature.2013.13903">10.1038/nature.2013.13903</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Noorden2013" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Van Noorden, Richard. Modellers react to chemistry award: Nobel Prize proves that theorists can measure up to experimenters //  <i>Nature</i> 502 (7471).  2013. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/502280a">10.1038/502280a</a>. с. 280.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hohenemsgenealogie.at/en/genealogy/register.php?personID=I12162&tree=Hohenems&generations=">Hans Karplus: JMH Genealogy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKarplus2006" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Karplus, M. Spinach on the ceiling: a theoretical chemist's return to biology. //  <i>Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure</i> 35.  2006. DOI:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133350">10.1146/annurev.biophys.33.110502.133350</a>. с. 1 – 47.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2002" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Fuller, Robert. A Love of Discovery: Science Education – The Second Career of Robert Karplus.  New York, Kluwer Academic, 2002. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/0306466872" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-306-46687-2</a>. с. 293.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGaugusch2011" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Gaugusch, Georg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishfamilies.at/index.html">Wer einmal war: Das jüdische Großbürgertum Wiens 1800 – 1938 A-K</a>.  Wien, Amalthea Signum, 2011. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/9783850027502" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3850027502</a>. с. 1358 – 1367.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phd-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-phd_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKarplus1954" class="book" style="font-style:normal">Karplus, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://codatest2.library.caltech.edu/44/">A quantum-mechanical discussion of the bifluoride ion</a>.  California Institute of Technology, 1954.</cite> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081923/http://codatest2.library.caltech.edu/44/">Архив на оригинала от</a> 2015-05-18 в <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2013/10/harvard-professor-wins-nobel-in-chemistry/">Harvard professor wins Nobel in chemistry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326155228/http://archives.cnrs.fr/presse/article/3273">Alain Beretz, président de l'université de Strasbourg et Alain Fuchs, président du CNRS félicitent Martin Karplus, prix Nobel de chimie 2013 | CNRS – Archives des communiqués de presse</a> //    Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnrs.fr/presse/article/3273">оригинала</a> на 2019-03-26. Посетен на 2019-03-26.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/53964.html">Martin Karplus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" class="book" style="font-style:normal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326155224/https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/4342">M. Karplus</a> //   Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.  Архивиран от <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knaw.nl/en/members/foreign-members/4342">оригинала</a> на 2019-03-26. Посетен на 19 юли 2015.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccccff;;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Шаблон:Нобел химия"><abbr title="Преглед на шаблона" style=";background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">п</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%3A%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1"><abbr title="Беседа на шаблона (страницата не съществува)" style="color:#ba0000;;background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">б</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit"><abbr title="Редактиране на шаблона" style=";background:#ccccff;;background:none transparent;border:none;">р</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div style="font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелова награда за химия">Нобелова награда за химия</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Носители на Нобелова награда за химия">Лауреати на наградата</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <div> <p><b>1901:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84" title="Якоб Вант Хоф">Вант Хоф</a> 02: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Емил Фишер">Е.Фишер</a> 03: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сванте Август Арениус">Арениус</a> 04: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Уилям Рамзи">Рамзи</a> 05: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Адолф фон Байер">фон Байер</a> 06: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Анри Моасан">Моасан</a> 07: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Едуард Бухнер">Бухнер</a> 08: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Ърнест Ръдърфорд">Ръдърфорд</a> 09: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд">Оствалд</a> <b>10:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ото Валах">Валах</a> 11: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Мария Кюри">Кюри</a> 12: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Виктор Гриняр">Гриняр</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пол Сабатие">Сабатие</a> 13: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Алфред Вернер">Вернер</a> 14: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81" title="Теодор Ричардс">Ричардс</a> 15: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вилщетер">Вилщетер</a> 18: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фриц Хабер">Хабер</a> <b>20:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Валтер Нернст">Нернст</a> 21: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Фредерик Соди">Соди</a> 22: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Франсис Уилям Астън">Астън</a> 23: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Фриц Прегъл">Прегъл</a> 25: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Рихард Зигмонди">Зигмонди</a> 26: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Теодор Сведберг">Сведберг</a> 27: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Хайнрих Виланд">Виланд</a> 28: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Адолф Виндаус">Виндаус</a> 29: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Артър Хардън">Хардън</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ханс фон Ойлер-Келпин">фон Ойлер-Келпин</a> <b>30:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ханс Фишер">Х.Фишер</a> 31: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Карл Бош">Бош</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Фридрих Бергиус">Бергиус</a> 32: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%80" title="Ървинг Лангмюр">Лангмюр</a> 34: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Харолд Юри">Юри</a> 35: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Фредерик Жолио-Кюри">Ф.Жолио-Кюри</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Ирен Жолио-Кюри">И.Жолио-Кюри</a> 36: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Петер Дебай">Дебай</a> 37: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолтър Хауърт">Хауърт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Паул Карер">Карер</a> 38: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Рихард Кун">Кун</a> 39: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%91%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Адолф Бутенант">Бутенант</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лавослав Ружичка">Ружичка</a> 43: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Дьорд де Хевеши">де Хевеши</a> 44: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ото Хан">Хан</a> 45: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Артури Виртанен">Виртанен</a> 46: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джеймс Съмнър">Съмнър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Джон Хауърд Нортроп">Нортроп</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Уендъл Стенли">Стенли</a> 47: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Робърт Робинсън">Робинсън</a> 48: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Арне Тиселиус">Тиселиус</a> 49: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Уилям Джиок">Джиок</a> <b>50:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ото Дилс">Дилс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Курт Алдер">Алдер</a> 51: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Едуин Макмилан">Е. Макмилан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Глен Сиборг">Сиборг</a> 52: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Арчър Мартин">Мартин</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ричард Лорънс Милингтън Синг">Синг</a> 53: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Херман Щаудингер">Щаудингер</a> 54: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Лайнъс Полинг">Полинг</a> 55: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B4%D1%8E_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE" title="Винсент дю Виньо">дю Виньо</a> 56: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Сирил Хиншълуд">Хиншълуд</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Николай Семьонов">Семьонов</a> 57: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Александър Тод">Тод</a> 58: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангър">Сангър</a> 59: <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ярослав Хейровски">Хейровски</a> <b>60:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Уилард Либи">Либи</a> 61: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мелвин Калвин">Калвин</a> 62: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86" title="Макс Перуц">Перуц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E" title="Джон Кендрю">Кендрю</a> 63: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Карл Циглер">Циглер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джулио Ната">Ната</a> 64: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дороти Кроуфут Ходжкин">Ходжкин</a> 65: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Робърт Бърнс Удуърд">Удуърт</a> 66: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Робърт Мъликен">Мъликен</a> 67: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Манфред Айген">Айген</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Роналд Нориш">Нориш</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джордж Портър">Портър</a> 68: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ларс Онсагер">Онсагер</a> 69: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Дерек Бартън">Бартън</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Од Хасъл">Хасъл</a> <b>70:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Луи Лелоар">Лелоар</a> 71: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Герхард Херцберг">Херцберг</a> 72: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Кристиан Анфинсен">Анфинсен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80" title="Станфорд Мур">Мур</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Уилям Стайн">Стайн</a> 73: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ернст Ото Фишер">Е.О.Фишер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джефри Уилкинсън">Уилкинсън</a> 74: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Пол Флори">Флори</a> 75: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Джон Корнфорт">Корнфорт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Владимир Прелог">Прелог</a> 76: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Уилям Липскъм">Липскъм</a> 77: <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Иля Пригожин">Пригожин</a> 78: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Питър Денис Мичъл">Мичъл</a> 79: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Хърбърт Браун">Браун</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Георг Витиг">Витиг</a> <b>80:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Пол Бърг">Бърг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Уолтър Гилбърт">Гилбърт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Фредерик Сангър">Сангър</a> 81: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Кеничи Фукуи">Фукуи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Роалд Хофман">Хофман</a> 82: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Аарон Клуг">Клуг</a> 83: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5" title="Хенри Таубе">Таубе</a> 84: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Робърт Мерифийлд">Мерифийлд</a> 85: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Хърбърт Хауптман">Хауптман</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Джером Карл">Карл</a> 86: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Дъдли Хършбах">Хършбах</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%AE%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8A" title="Ли Юан Цъ">Ли Юан Цъ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Джон Полани">Полани</a> 87: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Доналд Крам">Крам</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан-Мари Лен">Лен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Педерсън">Педерсън</a> 88: <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Йохан Дайзенхофер">Дайзенхофер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Роберт Хубер">Хубер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Хартмут Михел">Михел</a> 89: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сидни Олтман">Олтман</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Томас Чек">Чек</a> <b>90:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Елайъс Кори">Кори</a> 91: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82" title="Рихард Ернст">Ернст</a> 92: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%81" title="Рудолф Маркъс">Маркъс</a> 93: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кари Мълис">Мълис</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Майкъл Смит (химик)">Смит</a> 94: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Джордж Ола">Ола</a> 95: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Паул Крутцен">Крутцен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Марио Молина">Молина</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Шерууд Роуланд">Роуланд</a> 96: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Робърт Кърл">Кърл</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Харолд Крото">Крото</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смоли">Смоли</a> 97: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пол Бойер">Бойер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Джон Уокър">Уокър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Йенс Скоу">Скоу</a> 98: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Валтер Кон">Кон</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Джон Поупъл">Поупъл</a> 99: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D0%97%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Ахмед Зеуаил">Зеуаил</a> <b>2000:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Алан Хийгър">Хийгър</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Алан Макдайърмид">Макдайърмид</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Хидеки Ширакава">Ширакава</a> 01: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Уилям Ноулс">Ноулс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Рьоджи Нойори">Нойори</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Карл Бари Шарплес">Шарплес</a> 02: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Джон Фен">Фен</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Коичи Танака">Танака</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85" title="Курт Вютрих">Вютрих</a> 03: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%90%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Питър Агре">Агре</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Родерик Маккинън">Маккинън</a> 04: <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Аарон Чихановер">Чихановер</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Аврам Хершко">Хершко</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ъруин Роуз">Роуз</a> 05: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B1%D1%81" title="Робърт Гръбс">Гръбс</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Ричард Шрок">Шрок</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2_%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ив Шовен">Шовен</a> 06: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Роджър Корнбърг">Корнбърг</a> 07: <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%95%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BB" title="Герхард Ертъл">Ертъл</a> 08: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Осаму Шимомура">Шимомура</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Мартин Чалфи">Чалфи</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Роджър Циен">Циен</a> 09: <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Венката Раман">Рамакришнан</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A9%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86" title="Томас Щайц">Щайц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ада Йонат">Йонат</a> <b>10:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Ричард Хек">Хек</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Еичи Негиши">Негиши</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Акира Сузуки">Сузуки</a> 11: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дан Шехтман">Шехтман</a> 12: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86" title="Робърт Лефковиц">Лефковиц</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Брайън Кобилка">Кобилка</a> 13: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Карплус</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Майкъл Левит">Левит</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ари Варшел">Варшел</a> 14: <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Ерик Бециг">Бециг</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Щефан Хел">Хел</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%9C%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Уилям Мьорнър">Мьорнър</a> 15: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Томас Линдал">Линдал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Пол Модрич">Модрич</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Азиз Санджар">Санджар</a> 16: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6" title="Жан-Пиер Соваж">Соваж</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B7%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Фрейзър Стодарт">Стодарт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Бен Феринга">Феринга</a> 17: <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%94%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Жак Дюбоше">Дюбоше</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Йоахим Франк">Франк</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Ричард Хендерсън">Хендерсън</a> 18: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Франсис Арнолд">Арнолд</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Джордж Смит (биохимик)">Смит</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Грег Уинтър">Уинтър</a> 19: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Джон Гудинаф">Гудинаф</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Стенли Уитингам">Уитингам</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Акира Йошино">Йошино</a> <b>20:</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Еманюел Шарпантие">Шарпантие</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дженифър Даудна">Даудна</a> 21: <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бенямин Лист">Лист</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Дейвид Макмилан">Д. Макмилан</a> 22: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%91%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Керълин Бъртози">Бъртози</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мортен Мелдал">Мелдал</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81" title="Карл Бари Шарплес">Шарплес</a> 23: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мунги Бауенди">Бауенди</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Луис Брус">Брус</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Алексей Екимов">Екимов</a> 24: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дейвид Бейкър (страницата не съществува)">Бейкър</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Демис Хасабис (страницата не съществува)">Хасабис</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Джон Джъмпър (страницата не съществува)">Джъмпър</a> </p> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="hlist hlist-big plainlinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Нормативен контрол<span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903471#identifiers" title="Редактиране в Уикиданни"><img alt="Редактиране в Уикиданни" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list nowraplinks navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12381732d">BNF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/63/958">DBLP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1958456">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13236736X">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110224970">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007451821405171">NLI J9U</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072375507">Koninklijke</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86129197">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=144879">MGP</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ntk20221145564">NKC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810615161105606">PLWABN</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=15132101700">Scopus</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/232179">LIBRIS</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz2d6d">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032871864">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22222638/">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX6dRwjj3pBxHCmGDDv3">WorldCat</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:karplus.martin">ZBMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Взето от „<a dir="ltr" href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Мартин_Карплус&oldid=12151172">https://bg.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Мартин_Карплус&oldid=12151172</a>“.</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Специални:Категории">Категории</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Категория:Носители на Нобелова награда за химия">Носители на Нобелова награда за химия</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Категория:Австрийски химици">Австрийски химици</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Категория:Американски биофизици">Американски биофизици</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Категория:Американски нобелови лауреати">Американски нобелови лауреати</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Категория:Евреи в САЩ">Евреи в САЩ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Категория:Чуждестранни членове на Британското кралско научно дружество">Чуждестранни членове на Британското кралско научно дружество</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A7%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Категория:Членове на Националната академия на науките на САЩ">Членове на Националната академия на науките на САЩ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Категория:Преподаватели в Харвардския университет">Преподаватели в Харвардския университет</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Категория:Родени във Виена">Родени във Виена</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Скрити категории: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_Webarchive_%D1%81_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%BC_Wayback_Machine" title="Категория:Шаблон Webarchive с препратки към Wayback Machine">Шаблон Webarchive с препратки към Wayback Machine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8,_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8_ISBN" title="Категория:Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN">Страници, използващи вълшебни препратки ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7_1930_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Категория:Родени през 1930 година">Родени през 1930 година</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_15_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Категория:Родени на 15 март">Родени на 15 март</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Последната промяна на страницата е извършена на 28 февруари 2024 г. в 19:25 ч.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Текстът е достъпен под лиценза <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.bg">Creative Commons Признание-Споделяне на споделеното</a>; може да са приложени допълнителни условия. За подробности вижте <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Terms_of_Use/bg">Условия за ползване</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Поверителност</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8">За контакт с Уикипедия</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5">Предупреждение</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Кодекс на поведение</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">За разработчици</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/bg.wikipedia.org">Статистика</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Използване на „бисквитки“</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//bg.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Мобилен изглед</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-chdqs","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.633","walltime":"0.779","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6892,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":78597,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":20908,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":11792,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":19,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 705.861 1 -total"," 50.26% 354.754 2 Шаблон:Infobox"," 49.26% 347.713 1 Шаблон:Личност"," 28.34% 200.047 1 Шаблон:Нормативен_контрол"," 27.23% 192.215 35 Шаблон:Wd"," 11.00% 77.616 12 Шаблон:Cite"," 7.90% 55.736 2 Шаблон:Във"," 7.14% 50.380 12 Шаблон:Източник_БДС_17377"," 4.68% 33.006 6 Шаблон:Data"," 3.65% 25.770 5 Шаблон:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.412","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7078005,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b8f6bd878-vfgrq","timestamp":"20241106130827","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u041c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u043b\u0443\u0441","url":"https:\/\/bg.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q903471","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q903471","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0423\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u044f","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2019-03-26T15:52:20Z","dateModified":"2024-02-28T19:25:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0f\/Martin_Karplus_Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>