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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexican–American_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mexican–American War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexican–American_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_political_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_political_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early political career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kentucky_House_of_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kentucky_House_of_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Representative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Representative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 U.S. Representative </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Representative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_term_(1851–1853)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_term_(1851–1853)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_term_(1851–1853)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term_(1853–1855)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term_(1853–1855)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term_(1853–1855)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement_from_the_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement_from_the_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Retirement from the House </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement_from_the_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1857–1861)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vice_presidency_(1857–1861)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vice_presidency_(1857–1861)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_campaign_of_1860" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_campaign_of_1860"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_campaign_of_1860-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 U.S. Senator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 American Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle American Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Service_in_the_Western_Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_the_Western_Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Service in the Western Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_the_Western_Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Service_in_the_Eastern_Theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_in_the_Eastern_Theater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_in_the_Eastern_Theater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_Secretary_of_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_Secretary_of_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_Secretary_of_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escape_and_exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escape_and_exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Escape and exile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escape_and_exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_the_U.S._and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_the_U.S._and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Return to the U.S. and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_the_U.S._and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Historical reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments_and_memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Monuments and memorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments_and_memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">John C. Breckinridge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="جون بريكنريدج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون بريكنريدج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Brekinric" title="Con Brekinric – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Con Brekinric" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جان سی. برکینریج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان سی. برکینریج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Джон Кэбел Брэкінрыдж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джон Кэбел Брэкінрыдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Breckinridge" title="John Breckinridge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جان سی. برکینریج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان سی. برکینریج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_C._%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%82%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80" title="존 C. 브레킨리지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 C. 브레킨리지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27_(%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90)" title="ג'ון ברקינרידג' (סגן נשיא) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון ברקינרידג' (סגן נשיא)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ბრეკინრიჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯონ ბრეკინრიჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Breckinridge" title="John Breckinridge – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="John Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Ioannes Cabell Breckinridge – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോൺ സി. ബ്രെക്കിന്റിഡ്ജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോൺ സി. ബ്രെക്കിന്റിഡ്ജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ჯონ ბრეკინრიჯი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯონ ბრეკინრიჯი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC" title="جون بريكنريدج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون بريكنريدج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Breckinridge" title="John Breckinridge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8" title="ジョン・ブレッキンリッジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ブレッキンリッジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AC" title="جان کبېل برېکنرېج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جان کبېل برېکنرېج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Брекинридж, Джон Кабелл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брекинридж, Джон Кабелл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A._%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%9F" title="Џон К. Брекинриџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џон К. Брекинриџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cabell_Breckinridge" title="John Cabell Breckinridge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Cabell Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Джон Кебелл Брекінрідж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Кебелл Брекінрідж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AC" title="جان سی بریکنریج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جان سی بریکنریج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="John C. Breckinridge" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%8A%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%82%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="莊布雷肯里奇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="莊布雷肯里奇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E8%82%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="约翰·C·布雷肯里奇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·C·布雷肯里奇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Vice President of the United States from 1857 to 1861</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For his great-grandson, the actor, see <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Breckinridge" title="Bunny Breckinridge">Bunny Breckinridge</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John C. Breckinridge</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="black and white portrait of Breckinridge, middle-aged, dark hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_C_Breckinridge-04775-restored_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1878" data-file-height="2434" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">1860 portrait</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">5th <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Confederate States Secretary of War</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James Seddon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Davis" title="Garrett Davis">Garrett Davis</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from Kentucky's <a href="/wiki/Kentucky%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Kentucky's 8th congressional district">8th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Morehead" title="Charles S. Morehead">Charles Morehead</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Marshall" title="Alexander Keith Marshall">Alexander Marshall</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">Kentucky House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Kentucky" title="Fayette County, Kentucky">Fayette County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1849–1850</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Cabell Breckinridge</div> (1821-01-16)January 16, 1821 <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 17, 1875(1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Lexington_Cemetery" title="Lexington Cemetery">Lexington Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democratic</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cyrene_Breckinridge" title="Mary Cyrene Breckinridge">Mary Burch</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1843)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6, including <a href="/wiki/Clifton_R._Breckinridge" title="Clifton R. Breckinridge">Clifton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon_Breckinridge" title="John Witherspoon Breckinridge">John</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Cabell Breckinridge">Cabell Breckinridge</a></li><li>Mary Clay Smith</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family" title="Breckinridge family">Breckinridge family</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a> (great-grandfather)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_College" title="Centre College">Centre College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">College of New Jersey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_University" title="Transylvania University">Transylvania University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BreckinridgeSignature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John C. Breckinridge's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BreckinridgeSignature.svg/128px-BreckinridgeSignature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BreckinridgeSignature.svg/192px-BreckinridgeSignature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/BreckinridgeSignature.svg/256px-BreckinridgeSignature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="45" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States">Confederate States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Volunteers" title="United States Volunteers">United States Volunteers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1847–1848 (U.S.)</li><li>1861–1865 (C.S.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">Major</a> (U.S.)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">Major general</a> (C.S.)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1862)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1862)">Battle of Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Battle of Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jackson, Mississippi">Battle of Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga Campaign">Chattanooga Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>  (<a href="/wiki/Wounded_in_action" title="Wounded in action"><abbr title="Wounded in action">WIA</abbr></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piedmont" title="Battle of Piedmont">Battle of Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg" title="Battle of Lynchburg">Battle of Lynchburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy" title="Battle of Monocacy">Battle of Monocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bull%27s_Gap" title="Battle of Bull's Gap">Battle of Bull's Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marion" title="Battle of Marion">Battle of Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cool_Spring" title="Battle of Cool Spring">Battle of Cool Spring</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American lawyer, politician, and soldier. He represented <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> in both houses of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> and became the 14th and youngest-ever <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the United States">vice president of the United States</a>. Serving from 1857 to 1861, he took office at the age of 36. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, and ran for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a> in <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Southern Democrat</a>. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> during the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, but was expelled after joining the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>. He was appointed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Confederate Secretary of War</a> in 1865. Breckinridge was born near <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington, Kentucky</a>, to a <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family" title="Breckinridge family">prominent local family</a>. After serving as a noncombatant during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, he was elected as a Democrat to the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_House_of_Representatives" title="Kentucky House of Representatives">Kentucky House of Representatives</a> in 1849, where he took a <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">pro-slavery</a> stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> in support of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a>. After <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">reapportionment</a> in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ticket_balance" title="Ticket balance">balance a ticket</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>. The Democrats won the <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">election</a>, but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery <a href="/wiki/Lecompton_Constitution" title="Lecompton Constitution">Lecompton Constitution</a> for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">1860 Democratic National Convention</a>, the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>, nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>. These three men split the Southern vote, while antislavery <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War#Neutrality_violated" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Confederate forces moved into Kentucky</a>. Breckinridge fled behind Confederate lines. He was commissioned a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier general (CSA)">brigadier general</a> and then expelled from the Senate. Following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a> in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major general (CSA)">major general</a>, and in October, he was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a> under <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>. After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a>, and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_East_Tennessee_and_West_Virginia" title="Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia">Trans-Allegheny Department</a>, where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Market" title="Battle of New Market">Battle of New Market</a>. After participating in <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley</a>, Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. In February 1865, Confederate President <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> appointed him secretary of war. Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Petersburg" title="Third Battle of Petersburg">fall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a>, Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> extended <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">amnesty</a> to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander. Though well liked in Kentucky and other Southern states, he was reviled by many in the North as a traitor. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973125-1">[1]</a> the fourth of six children and only son of <a href="/wiki/Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Cabell Breckinridge">Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge</a> and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201010-2">[2]</a> His mother was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stanhope_Smith" title="Samuel Stanhope Smith">Samuel Stanhope Smith</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/Hampden%E2%80%93Sydney_College" title="Hampden–Sydney College">Hampden–Sydney College</a> in 1775, and granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">John Witherspoon</a>, a signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973125-1">[1]</a> Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Kentucky" title="Secretary of State of Kentucky">Kentucky's secretary of state</a> just prior to his son's birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992117-3">[3]</a> In February, one month after Breckinridge's birth, the family moved with <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Governor of Kentucky">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Adair" title="John Adair">John Adair</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Governor%27s_Mansion_(Frankfort,_Kentucky)" title="Old Governor's Mansion (Frankfort, Kentucky)">Governor's Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a>, so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19763-4">[4]</a> In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19763-4">[4]</a> On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19764-5">[5]</a> His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19765-6">[6]</a> While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended <a href="/wiki/Pisgah_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisgah Academy">Pisgah Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Woodford_County,_Kentucky" title="Woodford County, Kentucky">Woodford County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-congbio-7">[7]</a> His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a>, who served in the U.S. Senate and as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">attorney general</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter198697-8">[8]</a> As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky Resolutions</a> in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullification</a> in response to the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19761-9">[9]</a> After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Kentucky" title="Danville, Kentucky">Danville, Kentucky</a>, to live with his sister Frances and her husband, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Young_(pastor)" title="John C. Young (pastor)">John C. Young</a>, who was president of <a href="/wiki/Centre_College" title="Centre College">Centre College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19766-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201014-11">[11]</a> Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter198697-8">[8]</a> Among his schoolmates were <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Magoffin" title="Beriah Magoffin">Beriah Magoffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Birney" title="William Birney">William Birney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_O%27Hara" title="Theodore O'Hara">Theodore O'Hara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leonidas_Crittenden" title="Thomas Leonidas Crittenden">Thomas L. Crittenden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Boyle" title="Jeremiah Boyle">Jeremiah Boyle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201014-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19769-12">[12]</a> After earning a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201015-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197610-14">[14]</a> Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he <a href="/wiki/Reading_law" title="Reading law">read law</a> with Judge <a href="/wiki/William_Owsley" title="William Owsley">William Owsley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197610-14">[14]</a> In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at <a href="/wiki/Transylvania_University" title="Transylvania University">Transylvania University</a> in Lexington, where his instructors included <a href="/wiki/George_Robertson_(congressman)" title="George Robertson (congressman)">George Robertson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Marshall" title="Thomas A. Marshall">Thomas A. Marshall</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Court_of_Appeals" title="Kentucky Court of Appeals">Kentucky Court of Appeals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197610–11-15">[15]</a> On February 25, 1841, he received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> and was licensed to practice the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197611-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_legal_career">Early legal career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early legal career">edit</a>]</div> Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter198699-17">[17]</a> Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa Territory</a> on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201021–22-18">[18]</a> They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Illinois" title="Jacksonville, Illinois">Jacksonville, Illinois</a>, but they found the <a href="/wiki/Bar_(law)" title="Bar (law)">bar</a> stocked with able men such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201022-19">[19]</a> They continued on to <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a>, and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197612-20">[20]</a> Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_County,_Iowa" title="Des Moines County, Iowa">Des Moines County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197613–14-21">[21]</a> Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whigs</a>, and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197614-22">[22]</a> Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986102-23">[23]</a> His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986102-23">[23]</a> He met Bullock's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cyrene_Burch_Breckinridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Cyrene Burch Breckinridge">Mary Cyrene Burch</a>, and by September, they were engaged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986102-23">[23]</a> In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201029-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197616-25">[25]</a> He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Kentucky" title="Georgetown, Kentucky">Georgetown, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986102-23">[23]</a> The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), <a href="/wiki/Clifton_R._Breckinridge" title="Clifton R. Breckinridge">Clifton Rodes</a> (b. 1846; later a Congressman from <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), <a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon_Breckinridge" title="John Witherspoon Breckinridge">John Witherspoon</a> (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986102-23">[23]</a> Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">James B. Beck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican–American_War">Mexican–American War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mexican–American War">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white oval portrait of Breckinridge in blue U.S. Army uniform, young man in his 20s, dark hair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg/220px-John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg/330px-John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg/440px-John_C._Breckinridge_from_Waveland_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="947" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge in an undated photo</figcaption></figure> A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">William Orlando Butler</a>, a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197620-27">[27]</a> In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buena_Vista" title="Battle of Buena Vista">Battle of Buena Vista</a>. The oration brought Whig Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> of Kentucky, whose <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Jr." title="Henry Clay Jr.">son</a> was among the dead, to tears, and inspired <a href="/wiki/Theodore_O%27Hara" title="Theodore O'Hara">Theodore O'Hara</a> to write "<a href="/wiki/Bivouac_of_the_Dead" title="Bivouac of the Dead">Bivouac of the Dead</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103-28">[28]</a> Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after <a href="/wiki/William_Owsley" title="William Owsley">William Owsley</a>, the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197621-29">[29]</a> Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201034-30">[30]</a> On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed <a href="/wiki/Manlius_Valerius_Thomson" title="Manlius Valerius Thomson">Manlius V. Thomson</a> as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_States)" title="Major (United States)">major</a> of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197621-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201034-30">[30]</a> The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Vera Cruz</a> by November 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197622-31">[31]</a> After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, broke out at Vera Cruz,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> the regiment hurried to <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197622-31">[31]</a> When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197622-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis198871-33">[33]</a> In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for <a href="/wiki/Gideon_Johnson_Pillow" title="Gideon Johnson Pillow">Gideon Johnson Pillow</a> during a court of inquiry initiated against him by <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201037-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197623-35">[35]</a> Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras" title="Battle of Contreras">Contreras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco" title="Battle of Churubusco">Churubusco</a>. To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer <a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">William C. Davis</a> writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201038-36">[36]</a> His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197623-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201038-36">[36]</a> Returning to <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a> on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201030-37">[37]</a> During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103-28">[28]</a> Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political career">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_John_C._Breckinridge" title="Political career of John C. Breckinridge">Political career of John C. Breckinridge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early political career">edit</a>]</div> Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201030-37">[37]</a> He decided against running for county clerk of <a href="/wiki/Scott_County,_Kentucky" title="Scott County, Kentucky">Scott County</a> after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201031-38">[38]</a> In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Kentucky's 8th congressional district">Eighth District</a>'s congressional seat, but he declined, supporting <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Marshall" title="Alexander Keith Marshall">Alexander Keith Marshall</a>, the party's unsuccessful nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197620-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201031-38">[38]</a> As a private citizen, he opposed the <a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201033-39">[39]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848 presidential election</a>, he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a> and William Butler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197620-27">[27]</a> He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority.<a href="#cite_note-THE_PRESIDENCY.;_Speech_of_Hon._John_C._Breckinridge,_at_Lexingtion,_Ky.-40">[40]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kentucky_House_of_Representatives">Kentucky House of Representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Kentucky House of Representatives">edit</a>]</div> In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional convention</a> in addition to state representatives and <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Senate" title="Kentucky Senate">senators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197626-41">[41]</a> Breckinridge's <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> uncles, William and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge" title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge">Robert</a>, joined with <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Marcellus_Clay_(politician)" title="Cassius Marcellus Clay (politician)">Cassius Marcellus Clay</a> to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197623-35">[35]</a> In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Kentucky" title="Fayette County, Kentucky">Fayette County</a>'s two seats in the House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197624-42">[42]</a> Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197624-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986113-43">[43]</a> Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_Presbyterian_Church,_Lexington" class="mw-redirect" title="First Presbyterian Church, Lexington">First Presbyterian Church in Lexington</a>, both of which officially opposed slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201043-44">[44]</a> He had also previously represented <a href="/wiki/Free_negro" class="mw-redirect" title="Free negro">free blacks</a> in court, expressed support for <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">voluntary emancipation</a>, and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986113-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201043-44">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with thick, dark hair wearing a high-collared white shirt under a black jacket and tie, black and white sketch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg/220px-John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg/330px-John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg/440px-John-C.-Breckinridge-circa-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge, circa 1850</figcaption></figure> Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986104-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201045-46">[46]</a> Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> epidemic earlier in the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197628-47">[47]</a> He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman, a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his cousin, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd</a>, where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197628-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986104-45">[45]</a> Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201046-49">[49]</a> Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197629-50">[50]</a> Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986104-45">[45]</a> He supported bills allocating funding for <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a>, a traditionally Whig stance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201046-49">[49]</a> As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all <a href="/wiki/Table_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Table (parliamentary procedure)">laid on the table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197630-51">[51]</a> On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201048-52">[52]</a> Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197631-53">[53]</a> His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201048-52">[52]</a> The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201049-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Representative">U.S. Representative</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. Representative">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_term_(1851–1853)">First term (1851–1853)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First term (1851–1853)">edit</a>]</div> Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">Lazarus W. Powell</a> for governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197633-55">[55]</a> A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986104-45">[45]</a> Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained <a href="/wiki/Ashland_(Henry_Clay_estate)" title="Ashland (Henry Clay estate)">Ashland</a>, the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197633-55">[55]</a> Breckinridge's opponent, <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Combs_(soldier_and_politician)" title="Leslie Combs (soldier and politician)">Leslie Combs</a>, was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>; he was expected to win the election easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986104-45">[45]</a> In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197633–34-56">[56]</a> Breckinridge reiterated his <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict constructionist</a> view of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a> and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201053-57">[57]</a> His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986105-58">[58]</a> On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in <a href="/wiki/Owen_County,_Kentucky" title="Owen County, Kentucky">Owen County</a>, winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201055–56-59">[59]</a> Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197634-60">[60]</a> Supporters promoted Breckinridge for <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a>, but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian <a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Linn Boyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201058-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986107-62">[62]</a> Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on Foreign Affairs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986105-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201059-63">[63]</a> Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a>, from charges leveled by proponents of the <a href="/wiki/Young_America_movement" title="Young America movement">Young America movement</a> that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201065–68-64">[64]</a> The attacks came from the pages of <a href="/wiki/George_Nicholas_Sanders" title="George Nicholas Sanders">George Nicholas Sanders</a>'s Democratic Review, and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Marshall" title="Edward C. Marshall">Edward C. Marshall</a>, who was Breckinridge's cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201065–68-64">[64]</a> Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201068-65">[65]</a> After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1850">Fugitive Slave Act of 1850</a> against attacks by <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Giddings" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua Giddings">Joshua Giddings</a>, and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed <a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act</a> out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201068-65">[65]</a> Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986107-62">[62]</a> Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201069–70-66">[66]</a> The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986107-62">[62]</a> He also campaigned for the election of Democrat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197637-67">[67]</a> Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197638-68">[68]</a> A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of <a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a>. He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201076-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_term_(1853–1855)">Second term (1853–1855)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Second term (1853–1855)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RPLetcher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A short, balding man in a black suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RPLetcher.jpg/170px-RPLetcher.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RPLetcher.jpg/255px-RPLetcher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RPLetcher.jpg/340px-RPLetcher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption>Former Governor Robert P. Letcher was unable to unseat Breckinridge in 1853.</figcaption></figure> The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Kentucky <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Kentucky" title="Attorney General of Kentucky">Attorney General of Kentucky</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Harlan_(congressman)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Harlan (congressman)">James Harlan</a>, but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201076–77-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Letcher" title="Robert P. Letcher">Robert P. Letcher</a>, a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201077-71">[71]</a> Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973126-72">[72]</a> Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986105–106-73">[73]</a> By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986106-74">[74]</a> Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197634-60">[60]</a> Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986106-74">[74]</a> Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the <a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">previous year's presidential election</a>, Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986106-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197635-75">[75]</a> Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197635-75">[75]</a> Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986106-74">[74]</a> Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the <a href="/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress" title="33rd United States Congress">Thirty-third Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197637-67">[67]</a> Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">Ways and Means Committee</a>, but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986107-62">[62]</a> Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">popular sovereignty</a> as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> During the debate on the House floor, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Cutting" title="Francis B. Cutting">Francis B. Cutting</a>, incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to <a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">duel</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Code_duello" title="Code duello">code duello</a>, the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973126-72">[72]</a> He also specified that the duel should be held at <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a>, the home of his friend <a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair" title="Francis Preston Blair">Francis Preston Blair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973126-72">[72]</a> The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197645-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Retirement_from_the_House">Retirement from the House</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Retirement from the House">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1856DemocraticPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A campaign poster for Buchanan and Breckinridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1856DemocraticPoster.png/170px-1856DemocraticPoster.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1856DemocraticPoster.png/255px-1856DemocraticPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/1856DemocraticPoster.png/340px-1856DemocraticPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="830" /></a><figcaption>A campaign poster for Buchanan and Breckinridge</figcaption></figure> In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a <a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">reapportionment</a> bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with <a href="/wiki/Harrison_County,_Kentucky" title="Harrison County, Kentucky">Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_County,_Kentucky" title="Nicholas County, Kentucky">Nicholas</a> Counties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197646–47-77">[77]</a> This, combined with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing Party">Know Nothing Party</a> in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197647-78">[78]</a> Following the December 1854 resignation of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Soul%C3%A9" title="Pierre Soulé">Pierre Soulé</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">U.S. Minister to Spain</a>, who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> following the controversial <a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a>, Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197647-78">[78]</a> Although the Senate <a href="/wiki/Advise_and_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="Advise and consent">confirmed</a> the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197648-79">[79]</a> Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Territory" title="Minnesota Territory">Minnesota territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197650–52-80">[80]</a> When Governor <a href="/wiki/Willis_A._Gorman" title="Willis A. Gorman">Willis A. Gorman</a> of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a>, with their investments near <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>, they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197651-81">[81]</a> During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986110-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vice_presidency_(1857–1861)">Vice presidency (1857–1861)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Vice presidency (1857–1861)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._John._C._Breckenridge,_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg/220px-Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg/330px-Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg/440px-Gen._John._C._Breckenridge%2C_Ky._C.S.A_-_NARA_-_528274.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2553" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>John C. Breckinridge, photograph by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a></figcaption></figure> As a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati</a>, Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986110-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Richardson" title="William Alexander Richardson">William Alexander Richardson</a>, a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986111-83">[83]</a> A delegate from <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">John A. Quitman</a> had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197659-84">[84]</a> Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton</a> and Cincinnati, Ohio; <a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo,_Michigan" title="Kalamazoo, Michigan">Kalamazoo, Michigan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Covington,_Kentucky" title="Covington, Kentucky">Covington, Kentucky</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197661-85">[85]</a> His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986111-83">[83]</a> Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a>, by 6,000 votes.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973127-86">[86]</a> Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a> and eight for Know Nothing candidates <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197663-87">[87]</a> Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age" title="List of vice presidents of the United States by age">youngest</a> vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis198871-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986112-88">[88]</a> Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Lane" title="Harriet Lane">Harriet Lane</a>, who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197667-89">[89]</a> They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197668-90">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A marble bust of Breckinridge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg/170px-John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg/255px-John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg/340px-John-C.-Breckinridge-bust-by-James-Paxton-Voorhees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="715" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>A marble bust of Breckinridge from the Senate's vice-presidential bust collection</figcaption></figure> Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986112-88">[88]</a> When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197672-91">[91]</a> This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mower_Rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Mower Rice">Henry Mower Rice</a> to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined <a href="/wiki/Row_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Row house">row houses</a> in which to live during their time in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian <a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">James C. Klotter</a>, probably ended his days as a slaveholder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986113-43">[43]</a> When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197675-92">[92]</a> Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a>; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973127-86">[86]</a> During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a> met to choose his successor in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986112-88">[88]</a> Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Kentucky" title="Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky">lieutenant governor</a> in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Fry_Bell" title="Joshua Fry Bell">Joshua Fry Bell</a>, the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197679-94">[94]</a> In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a>'s decision in <a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a>, which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s recent <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">raid on Harpers Ferry</a> was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986112-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010208-95">[95]</a> Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986113-43">[43]</a> He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010209-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_campaign_of_1860">Presidential campaign of 1860</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential campaign of 1860">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with dark hair and large, round eyes wearing a high-collared white shirt, black jacket, and black tie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg/170px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg/255px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg/340px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Jules_%C3%89mile_Saintin_1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="4087" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge in 1860 by <a href="/wiki/Jules-%C3%89mile_Saintin" title="Jules-Émile Saintin">Jules-Émile Saintin</a></figcaption></figure> Early in 1859, Senator <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Hammond" class="mw-redirect" title="James Henry Hammond">James Henry Hammond</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986114-97">[97]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986114-97">[97]</a> Among Breckinridge's supporters at the <a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Democratic National Convention">1860 Democratic National Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">Lazarus W. Powell</a>, former Kentucky Representative <a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">William Preston</a> (a distant relative), law partner <a href="/wiki/James_Brown_Clay" title="James Brown Clay">James Brown Clay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">James B. Beck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986114-97">[97]</a> Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as <a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a> remained a candidate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197682-98">[98]</a> Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197683-99">[99]</a> Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986114-97">[97]</a> Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197683-99">[99]</a> Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197682-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986115-100">[100]</a> The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel Vespasian Johnson</a> for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197683–84-101">[101]</a> The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986115-100">[100]</a> On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator <a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a> of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a> of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197684-102">[102]</a> Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a>, the nominee of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a>, would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986115-100">[100]</a> Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973128-103">[103]</a> While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197690-104">[104]</a> This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992118-105">[105]</a> Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197690-104">[104]</a> To Davis's wife, <a href="/wiki/Varina_Davis" title="Varina Davis">Varina</a>, Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986117-106">[106]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1860.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing which states voted for which candidate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/450px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/ElectoralCollege1860.svg/600px-ElectoralCollege1860.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>States' electoral votes by candidate; Lincoln states are red, Breckinridge states are green, Bell states are orange, and Douglas states are blue</figcaption></figure> In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis198871-33">[33]</a> The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992118-105">[105]</a> Although Breckinridge won the states of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>, his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986117-106">[106]</a> Breckinridge also carried the <a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">border states</a> of Maryland and Delaware. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. Klotter">James C. Klotter</a> points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986118-107">[107]</a> He lost to Douglas in <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and Bell in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> and Tennessee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197691-108">[108]</a> Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992118-105">[105]</a> Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197690-104">[104]</a> As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> and received support comparable to Douglas in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992118-105">[105]</a> On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at <a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard's Hotel</a> in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his cousin, now the <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a>, at the White House.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197697-109">[109]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_session" class="mw-redirect" title="Lame duck session">lame duck session</a> following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197694-110">[110]</a> He endorsed <a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden's proposed compromise</a>, a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197695-111">[111]</a> On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986118-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator">U.S. Senator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator">edit</a>]</div> Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986118-107">[107]</a> Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986119-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197698-113">[113]</a> The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197698–99-114">[114]</a> On April 12, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter</a>, ending plans for the conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976100-115">[115]</a> Breckinridge recommended that Governor <a href="/wiki/Beriah_Magoffin" title="Beriah Magoffin">Beriah Magoffin</a> call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973129-116">[116]</a> On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hawes" title="Richard Hawes">Richard Hawes</a>; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dixon" title="Archibald Dixon">Archibald Dixon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_Nicholas" title="Samuel Smith Nicholas">S.S. Nicholas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973129-116">[116]</a> Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976101-117">[117]</a> Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973129-116">[116]</a> Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> sympathies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973130-118">[118]</a> He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986119-112">[112]</a> He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986120-119">[119]</a> Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973130-118">[118]</a> Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973130-118">[118]</a> Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of <a href="/wiki/Paducah,_Kentucky" title="Paducah, Kentucky">Paducah</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Morehead" title="Charles S. Morehead">Charles S. Morehead</a> for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Courier-Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville Courier-Journal">Louisville Courier</a> because of its pro-Confederate editorials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986120-119">[119]</a> Word reached Breckinridge that <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Bramlette" title="Thomas E. Bramlette">Thomas E. Bramlette</a> intended to arrest him next.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986120-119">[119]</a> To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in <a href="/wiki/Prestonsburg,_Kentucky" title="Prestonsburg, Kentucky">Prestonsburg</a> by Confederate sympathizers <a href="/wiki/George_W._Johnson_(governor)" title="George W. Johnson (governor)">George W. Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Baird_Hodge" title="George Baird Hodge">George Baird Hodge</a>, William Preston, and <a href="/wiki/William_E._Simms" title="William E. Simms">William E. Simms</a>, he continued to <a href="/wiki/Abingdon,_Virginia" title="Abingdon, Virginia">Abingdon, Virginia</a>, and from there by rail to Confederate-held <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky" title="Bowling Green, Kentucky">Bowling Green, Kentucky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976104-121">[121]</a> The state legislature immediately requested his resignation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973130-118">[118]</a> In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973130-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976105-122">[122]</a> He was indicted for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001143-123">[123]</a> A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4.<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: American Civil War">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Breckinridge family in the American Civil War">Breckinridge family in the American Civil War</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_the_Western_Theater">Service in the Western Theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Service in the Western Theater">edit</a>]</div> On the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bolivar_Buckner" title="Simon Bolivar Buckner">Simon Bolivar Buckner</a>, the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (CSA)">brigadier general</a> on November 2, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973131-127">[127]</a> On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976108-128">[128]</a> Nicknamed the <a href="/wiki/Orphan_Brigade" title="Orphan Brigade">Orphan Brigade</a> because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Mississippi" title="Army of Mississippi">Army of Mississippi</a>, commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis198872-129">[129]</a> For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional <a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Confederate government for the state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973131-127">[127]</a> Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973131-127">[127]</a> During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> Johnston decided to attack <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth, Mississippi</a>. Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973131-127">[127]</a> Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a> – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976109-131">[131]</a> The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973131-127">[127]</a> Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866242-132">[132]</a> Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001143-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986121-133">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of middle-aged man with brown, bushy mustache. Wearing Confederate general's uniform." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg/170px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg/255px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg/340px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_E._F._Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>John C. Breckinridge by <a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Frazer_Andrews" title="Eliphalet Frazer Andrews">Eliphalet Frazer Andrews</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg/220px-21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg/330px-21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg/440px-21-32-055-breckinridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bust of Breckinridge by <a href="/wiki/Theo_Alice_Ruggles_Kitson" class="mw-redirect" title="Theo Alice Ruggles Kitson">T.A.R. Kitson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_National_Military_Park" title="Vicksburg National Military Park">Vicksburg National Military Park</a></figcaption></figure> Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to <a href="/wiki/Major_General_(CSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (CSA)">major general</a> on April 14, 1862.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> After his promotion, he joined <a href="/wiki/Earl_Van_Dorn" title="Earl Van Dorn">Earl Van Dorn</a> near <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973132-135">[135]</a> Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge, Louisiana</a>, from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baton_Rouge_(1862)" title="Battle of Baton Rouge (1862)">attacked the Union garrison</a>, capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad <a href="/wiki/CSS_Arkansas" title="CSS Arkansas">CSS Arkansas</a> was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red River</a>, but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973132-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866326–327-136">[136]</a> Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippi Valley">Mississippi Valley</a>, securing Confederate control of the area by taking <a href="/wiki/Port_Hudson,_Louisiana" title="Port Hudson, Louisiana">Port Hudson</a>, which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> Meanwhile, General <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a>, commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Heartland_Offensive" title="Confederate Heartland Offensive">invasion</a> of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Battle of Perryville</a>. Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro, Tennessee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973132-135">[135]</a> With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986123-137">[137]</a> Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly <a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">Joseph E. Johnston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wade_Hampton_III" title="Wade Hampton III">Wade Hampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>, and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986124-138">[138]</a> Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976113-139">[139]</a> In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martial</a> had convicted him of <a href="/wiki/Desertion" title="Desertion">desertion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976113–114-140">[140]</a> Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the <a href="/wiki/6th_Kentucky_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Kentucky Infantry">6th Kentucky Infantry</a> until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976114-141">[141]</a> Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976114-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986125-142">[142]</a> After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986125-142">[142]</a> He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973133-143">[143]</a> Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973134-144">[144]</a> At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/William_J._Hardee" title="William J. Hardee">William J. Hardee</a>'s Corps and was stationed on the east side of the <a href="/wiki/Stones_River" title="Stones River">Stones River</a>. When the Union <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a>, commanded by Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">William Rosecrans</a>, attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973132-135">[135]</a> Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Pegram_(general)" title="John Pegram (general)">John Pegram</a>, who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976114-141">[141]</a> On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_P._Van_Cleve" title="Horatio P. Van Cleve">Horatio P. Van Cleve</a> crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered <a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a>'s corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976115-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866350-146">[146]</a> Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973133-143">[143]</a> Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/James_S._Negley" title="James S. Negley">James S. Negley</a> arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973133-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1866350–351-147">[147]</a> Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986125-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976115-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986125-142">[142]</a> Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973134-144">[144]</a> In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson,_Mississippi" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jackson, Mississippi">Battle of Jackson</a> in an unsuccessful attempt to break the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">siege of Vicksburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a> Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a> in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill" title="Daniel Harvey Hill">D.H. Hill</a>'s corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973134-144">[144]</a> The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line,<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976116-149">[149]</a> In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battles for Chattanooga">Battles for Chattanooga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a> on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Missionary_Ridge" title="Battle of Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976117-150">[150]</a> His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_exchange" title="Prisoner exchange">prisoner exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986123-137">[137]</a> In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian <a href="/wiki/Lowell_H._Harrison" title="Lowell H. Harrison">Lowell H. Harrison</a> noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973134-144">[144]</a> It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010519-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_in_the_Eastern_Theater">Service in the Eastern Theater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Service in the Eastern Theater">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breckenridge,_Lt._Gen._John_C.,_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Breckenridge%2C_Lt._Gen._John_C.%2C_bust-length_-_NARA_-_530491_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge as a Confederate general</figcaption></figure> On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976119-152">[152]</a> Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-153">[153]</a> Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">Confederate President</a> Jefferson Davis assigned him to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">Eastern Theater</a> and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_East_Tennessee_and_West_Virginia" title="Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia">Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> On May 5, General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a>, ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under <a href="/wiki/Franz_Sigel" title="Franz Sigel">Franz Sigel</a> near <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864#Lynchburg_Campaign_(May–June_1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">Lynchburg Campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976121-154">[154]</a> With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Military_Institute" title="Virginia Military Institute">Virginia Military Institute</a>, he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a>. In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> supply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976123-155">[155]</a> Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> virtually impassable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010179–184-156">[156]</a> The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973135-157">[157]</a> Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a>. Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="Second Battle of Kernstown">Second Battle of Kernstown</a>, the scene of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kernstown" title="First Battle of Kernstown">first fight</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackson's Valley Campaign">Jackson's Valley Campaign</a> two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a> attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a>. The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864#Early's_Washington_Raid_and_operations_against_the_B&O_Railroad_(June–August_1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">invasion</a> of the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010428,_430–433,_450–451-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Northern_Virginia" title="Army of Northern Virginia">Army of Northern Virginia</a> and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Battle of Cold Harbor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEicherEicher2001144-160">[160]</a> Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986127-161">[161]</a> He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piedmont" title="Battle of Piedmont">Battle of Piedmont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976125-162">[162]</a> Traveling by rail to <a href="/wiki/Rockfish_Gap" title="Rockfish Gap">Rockfish Gap</a> on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of <a href="/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia" title="Lynchburg, Virginia">Lynchburg, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976125-162">[162]</a> He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under <a href="/wiki/David_Hunter" title="David Hunter">David Hunter</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lynchburg" title="Battle of Lynchburg">Battle of Lynchburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976126-163">[163]</a> After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a>, then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back <a href="/wiki/Valley_Campaigns_of_1864" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Campaigns of 1864">the expedition</a> came at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monocacy" title="Battle of Monocacy">Battle of Monocacy</a> on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976126-163">[163]</a> They were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Battle of Fort Stevens">Battle of Fort Stevens</a> on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976127-164">[164]</a> Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976127–128-165">[165]</a> Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976127-164">[164]</a> Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a> forced their retreat at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Winchester" title="Third Battle of Winchester">Third Battle of Winchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976127–128-165">[165]</a> Responding to General <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown Gordon">John Brown Gordon</a>'s admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> After the death of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>, Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Saltville" title="First Battle of Saltville">First Battle of Saltville</a>, his troops were able to protect critical Confederate <a href="/wiki/Saltern" title="Saltern">salt works</a> from United States forces under <a href="/wiki/Stephen_G._Burbridge" title="Stephen G. Burbridge">Stephen G. Burbridge</a>, despite a lack of resources.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/5th_United_States_Colored_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th United States Colored Cavalry">5th United States Colored Cavalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986127–128-166">[166]</a> Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986128-167">[167]</a> Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Felix_Huston_Robertson" title="Felix Huston Robertson">Felix Huston Robertson</a> was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKnight2006211-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediavirginia.org-169">[169]</a> In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving <a href="/wiki/Alvan_Cullem_Gillem" title="Alvan Cullem Gillem">Alvan Cullem Gillem</a>'s forces back to <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bull%27s_Gap" title="Battle of Bull's Gap">Battle of Bull's Gap</a>. On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General <a href="/wiki/George_Stoneman" title="George Stoneman">George Stoneman</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marion" title="Battle of Marion">Battle of Marion</a> in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia" title="Bristol, Virginia">Bristol</a> and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976129-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_Secretary_of_War">Confederate Secretary of War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Confederate Secretary of War">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/James_A._Seddon" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973137-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976132-172">[172]</a> Initially opposed by several members of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederate_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the Confederate States">Confederate Congress</a> because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986128-167">[167]</a> With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986128-167">[167]</a> His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976132-172">[172]</a> After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_B._Northrop" title="Lucius B. Northrop">Lucius B. Northrop</a>, the Confederate <a href="/wiki/Commissariat" title="Commissariat">commissary general</a>. Northrop's successor, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_M._St._John" title="Isaac M. St. John">Isaac M. St. John</a>, improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976133-173">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue depicting a mustachioed man holding an overcoat in his left hand with his right hand extended" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg/170px-John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg/255px-John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg/340px-John_C._Breckinridge_statue_Lexington_KY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge's statue formerly located at <a href="/wiki/Cheapside_Park" title="Cheapside Park">Cheapside Park</a> in downtown Lexington</figcaption></figure> By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">John Archibald Campbell</a>, he began laying the groundwork for surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973137-171">[171]</a> Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976134-174">[174]</a> Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a>, Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973137-171">[171]</a> However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the <a href="/wiki/James_River" title="James River">James River</a> be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Confederate Navy</a> at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986128-167">[167]</a> After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at <a href="/wiki/Farmville,_Virginia" title="Farmville, Virginia">Farmville, Virginia</a>, on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976134-174">[174]</a> He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House" title="Battle of Appomattox Court House">Lee had surrendered</a> on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to <a href="/wiki/Greensboro,_North_Carolina" title="Greensboro, North Carolina">Greensboro, North Carolina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976135-175">[175]</a> Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976135-175">[175]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Place" title="Bennett Place">Bennett Place</a>, he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESifakis198872-129">[129]</a> Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973138-176">[176]</a> On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a> four days earlier; the President had died in the <a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a>, where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201074,_513–514-177">[177]</a> Breckinridge rode into <a href="/wiki/Abbeville,_South_Carolina" title="Abbeville, South Carolina">Abbeville, South Carolina</a>, on the morning of April 28.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010519-151">[151]</a> While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Basil_W._Duke" title="Basil W. Duke">Basil W. Duke</a> convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976137-178">[178]</a> Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Georgia" title="Washington, Georgia">Washington, Georgia</a>, a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976137-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986129-179">[179]</a> Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976137-178">[178]</a> Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976138-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Escape_and_exile">Escape and exile</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Escape and exile">edit</a>]</div> On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government,<a href="#cite_note-Jefferson_Davis-181">[181]</a> Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston_Breckinridge" title="William Campbell Preston Breckinridge">William Campbell Preston Breckinridge</a>. Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976138-180">[180]</a> Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now <a href="/wiki/Lakeland,_Georgia" title="Lakeland, Georgia">Lakeland</a>) by May 11 and remained there for a few days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976139-182">[182]</a> Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973139-183">[183]</a> On May 15, 1865, in <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Florida" title="Madison, Florida">Madison, Florida</a>, he was joined by fellow fugitive <a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_Wood" title="John Taylor Wood">John Taylor Wood</a>, who had been a captain in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Navy">Confederate Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973139-183">[183]</a> Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976140-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Men in a smaller boat hold two men in a larger boat at gunpoint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg/170px-Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg/255px-Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg/340px-Breckinridge-boat-hijack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="778" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge's party hijacking a larger boat</figcaption></figure> At <a href="/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida" title="Gainesville, Florida">Gainesville, Florida</a>, the group found Confederate Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Jackson_Dickison" class="mw-redirect" title="John Jackson Dickison">John Jackson Dickison</a>, who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976140-184">[184]</a> Traveling down the <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_River" title="St. Johns River">St. Johns River</a>, they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River.<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen-185">[185]</a> They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">sandbars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973139-183">[183]</a> They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south.<a href="#cite_note-Eriksen-185">[185]</a> Transferring the boat to the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jupiter,_Florida" title="Jupiter, Florida">Jupiter Inlet</a>, they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach</a> on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976142-186">[186]</a> On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976142-186">[186]</a> Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976142-186">[186]</a> As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976142-186">[186]</a> With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. Departing from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dallas" title="Fort Dallas">Fort Dallas</a>, they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rdenas,_Cuba" title="Cárdenas, Cuba">Cárdenas</a> on June 11, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973139-183">[183]</a> A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976144-187">[187]</a> The next morning, they traveled by rail to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, where Breckinridge was offered a house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976145-188">[188]</a> He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973139-183">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mustachioed man sitting with his right hand in his waistcoat and his left arm resting on a bookstand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg/170px-John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg/255px-John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg/340px-John-C.-Breckinridge-in-Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge in exile in Paris</figcaption></figure> Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> on September 13, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976147-189">[189]</a> The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010550–551-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010551-191">[191]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake" title="Niagara-on-the-Lake">Niagara</a> in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976146-192">[192]</a> The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versailles_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versailles (city)">Versailles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vevey" title="Vevey">Vevey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>. From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>– including visits to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>. During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, and also visited <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976147-189">[189]</a> Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973140-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976148-194">[194]</a> He steadfastly refused to seek a <a href="/wiki/Clemency" class="mw-redirect" title="Clemency">pardon</a>, although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> on February 10, 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973140-193">[193]</a> On January 8, 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville</a> City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973140-193">[193]</a> James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973141-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_the_U.S._and_death">Return to the U.S. and death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Return to the U.S. and death">edit</a>]</div> Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868.<a href="#cite_note-eoc-130">[130]</a> Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973141-195">[195]</a> Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976148-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973141-195">[195]</a> Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976151-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man with receding brown hair and an extremely long, bushy mustache wearing a white shirt, black tie, and black jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg/170px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg/255px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg/340px-John_C._Breckinridge_by_Nicola_Marschall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge after the war</figcaption></figure> Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel <a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Johnston" title="William Preston Johnston">William Preston Johnston</a>, who was already a faculty member,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010589-197">[197]</a> but Breckinridge declined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976150-198">[198]</a> He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976151-196">[196]</a> He served as general counsel for the proposed <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_New_Orleans_and_Texas_Pacific_Railway" title="Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway">Cincinnati Southern Railway</a>, which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary_of_America_Biography:_John_Cabell_Breckinridge-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986134-199">[199]</a> Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_and_Nashville_Railroad" title="Louisville and Nashville Railroad">Louisville and Nashville Railroad</a> had on southern trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986134-199">[199]</a> On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986134-199">[199]</a> Construction began in 1873.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973142-200">[200]</a> Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around <a href="/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin" title="Superior, Wisconsin">Superior, Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976153-201">[201]</a> As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from <a href="/wiki/Collis_Potter_Huntington" title="Collis Potter Huntington">Collis Potter Huntington</a> for a railroad connecting <a href="/wiki/Elizabethtown,_Kentucky" title="Elizabethtown, Kentucky">Elizabethtown</a> and Lexington to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Ohio_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sandy River (Ohio River)">Big Sandy River</a> as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976154-202">[202]</a> A line from Lexington to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sterling,_Kentucky" title="Mount Sterling, Kentucky">Mount Sterling</a> was all that could be completed before the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1873" title="Panic of 1873">Panic of 1873</a> dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976156-203">[203]</a> Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano."<a href="#cite_note-John_Cabell_Breckinridge,_14th_Vice_President_(1857-1861)-48">[48]</a> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Two-thirds_majority" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-thirds majority">two-thirds</a> vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973141-195">[195]</a> Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>. In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976157-204">[204]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg/220px-John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg/330px-John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg/440px-John_C._Breckinridge_grave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Breckinridge's gravestone</figcaption></figure> By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986135-205">[205]</a> Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973144-206">[206]</a> In May 1875, he consulted surgeons <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sayre" title="Lewis Sayre">Lewis Sayre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Gross" title="Samuel D. Gross">Samuel D. Gross</a>, who concluded that his ill health was caused by <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976159-207">[207]</a> Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976160-208">[208]</a> Basil Duke led the funeral procession to <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Cemetery" title="Lexington Cemetery">Lexington Cemetery</a> where Breckinridge's body was buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck1976161-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_reputation">Historical reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historical reputation">edit</a>]</div> As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010430-210">[210]</a></blockquote> On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2010543-211">[211]</a> He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors."<a href="#cite_note-NYT-153">[153]</a> His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments_and_memorials">Monuments and memorials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monuments and memorials">edit</a>]</div> Despite differences in spelling, the towns of <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Minnesota" title="Breckenridge, Minnesota">Breckenridge, Minnesota</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUpham1920578-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Missouri" title="Breckenridge, Missouri">Breckenridge, Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton1916266-214">[214]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Texas" title="Breckenridge, Texas">Breckenridge, Texas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breckenridge,_Colorado" title="Breckenridge, Colorado">Breckenridge, Colorado</a> were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Breckinridge,_Arizona_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory">Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory</a> (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor <a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Leland Stanford</a>, before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as <a href="/wiki/Lyon_County,_Kansas" title="Lyon County, Kansas">Lyon County</a>, Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Breckinridge was played by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Isaacs" title="Jason Isaacs">Jason Isaacs</a> in the 2014 film <a href="/wiki/Field_of_Lost_Shoes" title="Field of Lost Shoes">Field of Lost Shoes</a>, which depicted the Battle of New Market.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> A <a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge_Memorial" title="John C. Breckinridge Memorial">memorial to Breckinridge</a> was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">John Hunt Morgan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amy_Murrell_Taylor" title="Amy Murrell Taylor">Amy Murrell Taylor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/T._Marshall_Hahn" title="T. Marshall Hahn">T. Marshall Hahn</a> Jr. Professor of History at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky" title="University of Kentucky">University of Kentucky</a>, claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it."<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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generals (Confederate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">List of United States senators expelled or censured</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973125-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973125_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarrison1973125_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarrison1973">Harrison 1973</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201010-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201010_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2010">Davis 2010</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992117-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter1992117_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlotter1992">Klotter 1992</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19763-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19763_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19763_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19764-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19764_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19765-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19765_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-congbio-7"><a href="#cite_ref-congbio_7-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000789">"Breckinridge, John Cabell"</a>. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190903135707/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=b000789">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Breckinridge%2C+John+Cabell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DB000789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter198697-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter198697_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter198697_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlotter1986">Klotter 1986</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19761-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19761_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck19766-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck19766_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201014-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201014_11-0">a</a> <a 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Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209140728/http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=UHIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Reference&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&source=&sortBy=&displayGroups=&search_within_results=&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CBT2310017198&userGroupName=madi17239&jsid=ce54a700ef0b50d8bfbfee57cfea6f45">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved November 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+America+Biography%3A+John+Cabell+Breckinridge&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1936&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fuhic%2FReferenceDetailsPage%2FReferenceDetailsWindow%3FfailOverType%3D%26query%3D%26prodId%3DUHIC%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26contentModules%3D%26mode%3Dview%26displayGroupName%3DReference%26limiter%3D%26currPage%3D%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26source%3D%26sortBy%3D%26displayGroups%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26action%3De%26catId%3D%26activityType%3D%26scanId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CBT2310017198%26userGroupName%3Dmadi17239%26jsid%3Dce54a700ef0b50d8bfbfee57cfea6f45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197620-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197620_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197620_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197620_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlotter1986103_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlotter1986">Klotter 1986</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197621-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197621_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197621_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis201034-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201034_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201034_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2010">Davis 2010</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeck197622-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197622_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197622_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeck197622_31-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeck1976">Heck 1976</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschanz" class="citation web cs1">Tschanz, David W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.montana.edu/historybug/mexwar.html">"Yellow Fever and the Strategy of the Mexican-American War"</a>. Montana State University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170501111646/http://www.montana.edu/historybug/mexwar.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2017. 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Legends of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919050757/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/az-fortbreckinridge.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Breckinridge%3A+Built+Again+and+Again&rft.pub=Legends+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legendsofamerica.com%2Faz-fortbreckinridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_counties/view/county:BK">"Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]"</a>. The Kansas Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814055954/https://www.kshs.org/geog/geog_counties/view/county:BK">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 13, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kansas+Counties%3A+Breckinridge+County%2C+Kansas+%5Bdefunct%5D&rft.pub=The+Kansas+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Fgeog%2Fgeog_counties%2Fview%2Fcounty%3ABK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheck2014" class="citation web cs1">Scheck, Frank (September 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/field-lost-shoes-film-review-735700">"'Field of Lost Shoes': Film Review"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011102147/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/field-lost-shoes-film-review-735700">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Field+of+Lost+Shoes%27%3A+Film+Review&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.aulast=Scheck&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Freview%2Ffield-lost-shoes-film-review-735700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71212392/">"Honoring the Dead"</a>. The Maysville Evening Bulletin. November 15, 1887. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170813104545/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/71212392/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved June 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honoring+the+Dead&rft.pub=The+Maysville+Evening+Bulletin&rft.date=1887-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F71212392%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusgrave2017" class="citation web cs1">Musgrave, Beth (May 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article152916439.html">"New Orleans removed its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?"</a>. Lexington Herald Leader. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170530154155/http://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article152916439.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 30, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Orleans+removed+its+Confederate+monuments.+What+will+Lexington+do%3F&rft.pub=Lexington+Herald+Leader&rft.date=2017-05-26&rft.aulast=Musgrave&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentucky.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcounties%2Ffayette-county%2Farticle152916439.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertram" class="citation web cs1">Bertram, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article215463045.html">"Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery"</a>. kentucky. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617222455/https://www.kentucky.com/news/local/counties/fayette-county/article215463045.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kentucky&rft.atitle=Confederate+statues+quietly+moved+to+Lexington+Cemetery&rft.aulast=Bertram&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kentucky.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcounties%2Ffayette-county%2Farticle215463045.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Davis_(historian)" title="William C. Davis (historian)">Davis, William C.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mbAfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106-IA2">Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol</a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0068-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0068-4"><bdi>978-0-8071-0068-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breckinridge%3A+Statesman%2C+Soldier%2C+Symbol&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-0068-4&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmbAfBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106-IA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton1916" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfAuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA266">How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named</a>. Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-120-29618-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-120-29618-8"><bdi>1-120-29618-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Missouri+Counties%2C+Towns+and+Streams+Were+Named&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=The+State+Historical+Society+of+Missouri&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=1-120-29618-8&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=David+Wolfe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfAuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEicherEicher2001" class="citation book cs1">Eicher, John H.; <a href="/wiki/David_J._Eicher" title="David J. Eicher">Eicher, David J.</a> (2001). Civil War High Commands. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3641-3"><bdi>0-8047-3641-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+High+Commands&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-3641-3&rft.aulast=Eicher&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Eicher%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lowell_H._Harrison" title="Lowell H. Harrison">Harrison, Lowell H.</a> (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly. 47 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Filson+Club+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=John+C.+Breckinridge%3A+Nationalist%2C+Confederate%2C+Kentuckian&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Lowell+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeck1976" class="citation book cs1">Heck, Frank H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TpcfBgAAQBAJ&q=John+C.+Breckinridge+bachelor+of+arts+in&pg=PA6">Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875</a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0217-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-0217-0"><bdi>0-8131-0217-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proud+Kentuckian%3A+John+C.+Breckinridge%2C+1821%E2%80%931875&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8131-0217-0&rft.aulast=Heck&rft.aufirst=Frank+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTpcfBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJohn%2BC.%2BBreckinridge%2Bbachelor%2Bof%2Barts%2Bin%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlotter1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_C._Klotter" title="James C. 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Kleber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190717120956/http://www.kyenc.org/entry/b/BRECK04.html">The Kentucky Encyclopedia</a>. Associate editors: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._Clark" title="Thomas D. Clark">Thomas D. Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lowell_H._Harrison" title="Lowell H. Harrison">Lowell H. Harrison</a>, and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0"><bdi>0-8131-1772-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyenc.org/entry/b/BRECK04.html">the original</a> on July 17, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Breckinridge%2C+John+Cabell&rft.btitle=The+Kentucky+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8131-1772-0&rft.aulast=Klotter&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyenc.org%2Fentry%2Fb%2FBRECK04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2006" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2389-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2389-5"><bdi>0-8131-2389-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Borderland%3A+Civil+War+in+Appalachian+Kentucky+and+Virginia&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8131-2389-5&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1866" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Pollard" title="Edward A. Pollard">Pollard, Edward A.</a> (1866). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TEOAAAAIAAJ">The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History</a>. New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10131-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-10131-5"><bdi>978-0-517-10131-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Cause%3A+A+New+Southern+History+of+the+War+of+the+Confederates%3A+Comprising+a+Full+and+Authentic+Account+of+the+Rise+and+Progress+of+the+Late+Southern+Confederacy--the+Campaigns%2C+Battles%2C+Incidents%2C+and+Adventures+of+the+Most+Gigantic+Struggle+of+the+World%27s+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=E.B.+Treat+%26+Co.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1866&rft.isbn=978-0-517-10131-5&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Edward+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TEOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSifakis1988" class="citation book cs1">Sifakis, Stewart (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whowaswhoincivil00sifa">Who was Who in the Civil War</a>. New York: Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1772-0"><bdi>0-8131-1772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+was+Who+in+the+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8131-1772-0&rft.aulast=Sifakis&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhowaswhoincivil00sifa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpham1920" class="citation book cs1">Upham, Warren (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ShcLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA578">Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance</a>. Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-115-33741-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-115-33741-6"><bdi>1-115-33741-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minnesota+Geographic+Names%3A+Their+Origin+and+Historic+Significance&rft.place=Saint+Paul%2C+Minnesota&rft.pub=Minnesota+Historical+Society&rft.date=1920&rft.isbn=1-115-33741-6&rft.aulast=Upham&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DShcLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_J._Warner_(historian)" title="Ezra J. Warner (historian)">Warner, Ezra J.</a> (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalsingray0000warn">Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders</a>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0823-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0823-5"><bdi>0-8071-0823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generals+in+Gray%3A+Lives+of+the+Confederate+Commanders&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=0-8071-0823-5&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Ezra+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralsingray0000warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodworth1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_E._Woodworth" title="Steven E. Woodworth">Woodworth, Steven E.</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeffersondavishi00wood">Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0461-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0461-8"><bdi>0-7006-0461-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+Davis+and+His+Generals%3A+The+Failure+of+Confederate+Command+in+the+West&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-7006-0461-8&rft.aulast=Woodworth&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeffersondavishi00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+C.+Breckinridge" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenhistoryblog.com/2009/09/mary-breckinridge.html">Mary Breckinridge</a>, Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Cabell_Breckinridge" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Cabell Breckinridge">John Cabell Breckinridge</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Breckinridge,_John_Cabell" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Breckinridge, John Cabell">John Cabell Breckinridge</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/a_breck.htm">New York Times premature obituary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicalsket00demorich">Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Morehead" title="Charles S. Morehead">Charles Morehead</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kentucky%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="Kentucky's 8th congressional district">Kentucky's 8th congressional district</a> 1851–1855 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Marshall" title="Alexander Keith Marshall">Alexander Marshall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William King</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for Vice President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Fitzpatrick" title="Benjamin Fitzpatrick">Benjamin Fitzpatrick</a>(1) Withdrew</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>(1) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">George McClellan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William King</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> 1857–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James Seddon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Confederate States Secretary of War</a> 1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Position abolished </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John Crittenden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky</a> 1861 Served alongside: <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">Lazarus Powell</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Davis" title="Garrett Davis">Garrett Davis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Notes and references </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;">1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen Douglas</a> was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_vice_presidents" title="Template talk:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_vice_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US vice presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1797–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (1805–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a> (1817–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1825–1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1833–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Richard M. Johnson</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">George M. Dallas</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">William R. King</a> (1853)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a> (1869–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">William A. Wheeler</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Levi P. Morton</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Adlai Stevenson</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Charles W. Fairbanks</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">James S. Sherman</a> (1909–1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Thomas R. Marshall</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Charles G. Dawes</a> (1925–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Charles Curtis</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">John N. Garner</a> (1933–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Alben W. Barkley</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Spiro Agnew</a> (1969–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Mike Pence</a> (2017–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2021–present)</li></ol> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Vice presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="Template:United States senators from Kentucky"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="Template talk:United States senators from Kentucky"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Kentucky"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">United States senators from Kentucky</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_2" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 2</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(Kentucky_politician,_born_1757)" title="John Brown (Kentucky politician, born 1757)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckner_Thruston" title="Buckner Thruston">Thruston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(Kentucky_politician)" title="George Walker (Kentucky politician)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_D._Hardin" title="Martin D. Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Morehead_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James T. Morehead (Kentucky politician)">Morehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Underwood" title="Joseph R. Underwood">J. Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson" title="John Burton Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._McCreery" title="Thomas C. McCreery">McCreery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_(Kentucky_politician)" title="William Lindsay (Kentucky politician)">Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Paynter" title="Thomas H. Paynter">Paynter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ollie_Murray_James" title="Ollie Murray James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Martin" title="George B. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Owsley_Stanley" title="Augustus Owsley Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_M._Sackett" title="Frederic M. Sackett">Sackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Robsion" title="John M. Robsion">Robsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_M._Williamson" title="Ben M. Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._M._Logan" title="M. M. Logan">M. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Chandler" title="Happy Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Stanfill" title="William A. Stanfill">Stanfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Chapman" title="Virgil Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Underwood" title="Thomas R. Underwood">T. Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Humphreys_(politician)" title="Robert Humphreys (politician)">Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Dee_Huddleston" title="Walter Dee Huddleston">Huddleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators#Class_3" title="Classes of United States senators">Class 3</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Edwards_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Edwards (Kentucky politician)">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(politician)" title="Humphrey Marshall (politician)">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">J. Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adair" title="John Adair">Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Pope (Kentucky politician)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bledsoe" title="Jesse Bledsoe">Bledsoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Talbot" title="Isham Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Logan_(politician)" title="William Logan (politician)">W. Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Talbot" title="Isham Talbot">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rowan_(Kentucky_politician)" title="John Rowan (Kentucky politician)">Rowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Metcalfe_(Kentucky_politician)" title="Thomas Metcalfe (Kentucky politician)">Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Meriwether_(Kentucky_politician)" title="David Meriwether (Kentucky politician)">Meriwether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dixon" title="Archibald Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. C. Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Davis" title="Garrett Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_B._Machen" title="Willis B. Machen">Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._McCreery" title="Thomas C. McCreery">McCreery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Williams" title="John Stuart Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Deboe" title="William J. Deboe">Deboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._McCreary" title="James B. McCreary">McCreary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O%27Connell_Bradley" title="William O'Connell Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_N._Camden_Jr." title="Johnson N. Camden Jr.">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._W._Beckham" title="J. C. W. Beckham">Beckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Ernst" title="Richard P. Ernst">Ernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Withers" title="Garrett Withers">Withers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Clements" title="Earle Clements">Clements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlow_Cook" title="Marlow Cook">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Ford" title="Wendell Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bunning" title="Jim Bunning">Bunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Jefferson_Davis_(1861–1865)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CSCabinet" title="Template:CSCabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CSCabinet" title="Template talk:CSCabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CSCabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CSCabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Jefferson_Davis_(1861–1865)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="President of the Confederate States of America">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> (1861–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Vice President of the Confederate States of America">Vice-President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States"><img alt="Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/90px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/135px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg/180px-President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="2220" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_State" title="Confederate States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Toombs" title="Robert Toombs">Robert Toombs</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1862–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="Confederate States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">C. G. Memminger</a> (1861–64)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Trenholm" title="George Trenholm">G. A. Trenholm</a> (1864–65)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_War" title="Confederate States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Pope_Walker" title="LeRoy Pope Walker">Leroy P. Walker</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Randolph" title="George W. Randolph">George W. Randolph</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">James A. Seddon</a> (1862–65)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Breckinridge</a> (1865)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="Confederate States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Stephen R. Mallory</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Confederate_States#Confederate_Post_Office" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States">Postmaster-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reagan" title="John H. Reagan">John H. Reagan</a> (1861–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Attorney_General" title="Confederate States Attorney General">Attorney-General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bragg" title="Thomas Bragg">Thomas Bragg</a> (1861–62)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Watts" title="Thomas H. Watts">Thomas H. Watts</a> (1862–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Davis_(American_politician)" title="George Davis (American politician)">George Davis</a> (1864–65)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1856 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1852)_1856_United_States_presidential_election_(1860_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">← 1852</a>) <a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (incumbent)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Nathaniel P. Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Stockton" title="Robert F. Stockton">Robert F. Stockton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> President: <a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a></li> <li> Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew J. Donelson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Law_(financier)" title="George Law (financier)">George Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1856 elections: <a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_and_1857_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 and 1857 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1860 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1856)_1860_United_States_presidential_election_(1864_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">← 1856</a>) <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hannibal Hamlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">William L. Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Benjamin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #4F990C;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">Democratic Party (Southern)</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions#“Breckinridge_Democrats”_convention" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Breckinridge</a> (incumbent VP)</li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Joseph Lane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #F59100;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_Constitutional_Union_Convention" title="1860 Constitutional Union Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nominees" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">John Bell</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Edward Everett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Graham" title="William Alexander Graham">William A. Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston" title="Sam Houston">Sam Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">William C. Rives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party (Northern)</a> (<a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">Conventions</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Stephen A. Douglas</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Vespasian_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschel Vespasian Johnson">Herschel V. Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_S._Dickinson" title="Daniel S. Dickinson">Daniel S. Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">James Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1860 elections: <a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_and_1861_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 and 1861 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Confederate_States_of_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Confederate_States_of_America" title="Template:Confederate States of America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Confederate_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Confederate States of America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate_States_of_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Confederate States of America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Confederate_States_of_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Judah P. Benjamin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John C. Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Congress" title="Confederate States Congress">Confederate States Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_States_of_America_diplomats" title="Category:Confederate States of America diplomats">Diplomats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Executive_members_of_the_Cabinet_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Category:Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America">Executive Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_States_of_America_state_governors" title="Category:Confederate States of America state governors">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Leonidas Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Slidell" title="John Slidell">John Slidell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Alexander H. Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lowndes_Yancey" title="William Lowndes Yancey">William Lowndes Yancey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Jubal Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Jacob_Ezekiel" title="Moses Jacob Ezekiel">Moses Jacob Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_J._McRae" title="Colin J. McRae">Colin J. McRae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">Edmund Kirby Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member states (in order of secession)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Secession_Ordinance" title="Mississippi Secession Ordinance">Ordinance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alabama_Secession_Delegates_of_1861" title="Category:Alabama Secession Delegates of 1861">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_signers_of_the_Georgia_Ordinance_of_Secession" title="List of signers of the Georgia Ordinance of Secession">Ordinance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Secession_Convention_of_1861" title="Virginia Secession Convention of 1861">Convention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War_museums" title="Category:American Civil War museums">American Civil War museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Columbia, South Carolina, in the American Civil War">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_States_of_America_cemeteries" title="Category:Confederate States of America cemeteries">Confederate cemeteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_(Arlington_National_Cemetery)" title="Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)">Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a> (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky,_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington, Kentucky, in the American Civil War">Lexington, Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Confederate_Relic_Room_%26_Military_Museum" title="South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum">South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester in the American Civil War">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War_museums" title="Category:American Civil War museums">Museums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate Army">Confederate Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Confederate_expatriates" title="Category:Confederate expatriates">Confederate expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Flags of the Confederate States of America">Confederate flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornerstone speech">Cornerstone speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues about the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List of Confederate monuments and memorials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Confederacy">Museum of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullification Crisis">Nullification Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trent affair">Trent affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post- Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_prison_camps" title="American Civil War prison camps">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_Civil_War" title="Category:American Civil War">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;;background:#3333FF; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#B0CEFF;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Democratic Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Party_System" title="Second Party System">Second Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">National conventions</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets">presidential tickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election#Democratic_Party_nomination" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 (None)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1835 Democratic National Convention">1835 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1840 Democratic National Convention">1840 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a>/None</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1844 Democratic National Convention">1844 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1848 Democratic National Convention">1848 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Orlando_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="William Orlando Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1852 Democratic National Convention">1852 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1856 Democratic National Convention">1856 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Democratic_National_Conventions" title="1860 Democratic National Conventions">1860 (Charleston/Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas" title="Stephen A. Douglas">Douglas</a>/<a href="/wiki/Herschel_V._Johnson" title="Herschel V. Johnson">H. Johnson</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breckinridge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lane" title="Joseph Lane">Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrats" title="Southern Democrats">SD</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1864 Democratic National Convention">1864 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1868 Democratic National Convention">1868 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1872 Democratic National Convention">1872 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley</a>/<a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1876 Democratic National Convention">1876 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Tilden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">1880 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Hancock</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1884 Democratic National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1888 Democratic National Convention">1888 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">1892 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1896 Democratic National Convention">1896 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sewall" title="Arthur Sewall">Sewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1900 Democratic National Convention">1900 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_I" title="Adlai Stevenson I">Stevenson I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1904 Democratic National Convention">1904 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_G._Davis" title="Henry G. Davis">H. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1908 Democratic National Convention">1908 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Jennings_Bryan" title="William Jennings Bryan">W. Bryan</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1912 Democratic National Convention">1912 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1916 Democratic National Convention">1916 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">1920 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_M._Cox" title="James M. Cox">Cox</a>/<a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1924 Democratic National Convention">1924 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">J. Davis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Bryan" title="Charles W. Bryan">C. Bryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1928 Democratic National Convention">1928 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Smith</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1936 Democratic National Convention">1936 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1940 Democratic National Convention">1940 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Wallace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1944 Democratic National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1948 Democratic National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1952 Democratic National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Sparkman" title="John Sparkman">Sparkman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Estes_Kefauver" title="Estes Kefauver">Kefauver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 (Atlantic City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">L. Johnson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Muskie" title="Edmund Muskie">Muskie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">McGovern</a>/(<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1976 Democratic National Convention">1976 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Mondale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Ferraro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1988 Democratic National Convention">1988 (Atlanta)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">1992 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">1996 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">B. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">2000 (Los Angeles)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2004 Democratic National Convention">2004 (Boston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">Kerry</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Edwards" title="John Edwards">Edwards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 (Denver)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2012 Democratic National Convention">2012 (Charlotte)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">H. Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2020 Democratic National Convention">2020 (Milwaukee/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2024 Democratic National Convention">2024 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tim_Walz" title="Tim Walz">Walz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a> (1829–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a> (1853–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">Buchanan</a> (1857–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">A. Johnson</a> (1868–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a> (1885–1889; 1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">Wilson</a> (1913–1921)</li> <li>Roosevelt (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_first_and_second_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, first and second terms">1933–1941</a>; <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt,_third_and_fourth_terms" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt, third and fourth terms">1941–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a> (1961–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">L. B. Johnson</a> (1963–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">Carter</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">Biden</a> (2021–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">A. Stevenson</a> (1827–1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)" title="John Bell (Tennessee politician)">Bell</a> (1834–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">Polk</a> (1835–1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winston_Jones" title="John Winston Jones">J. W. Jones</a> (1843–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Davis" title="John Wesley Davis">Davis</a> (1845–1847)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">Boyd</a> (1851–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Jones_(Tennessee_politician)" title="George Washington Jones (Tennessee politician)">G. W. Jones</a> (1855–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawrence_Orr" title="James Lawrence Orr">Orr</a> (1857–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Houston" title="George S. Houston">Houston</a> (1859–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Niblack" title="William E. Niblack">Niblack</a> (1873–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_C._Kerr" title="Michael C. Kerr">Kerr</a> (1875–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a> (1876–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Frederick_Crisp" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Frederick Crisp">Crisp</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Culberson" title="David B. Culberson">D. B. Culberson</a> (1895–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Richardson" title="James D. Richardson">Richardson</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sharp_Williams" title="John Sharp Williams">Williams</a> (1903–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_Clark" title="Champ Clark">Clark</a> (1909–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Kitchin" title="Claude Kitchin">Kitchin</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finis_J._Garrett" title="Finis J. Garrett">Garrett</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nance_Garner" title="John Nance Garner">Garner</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Rainey" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Thomas Rainey">Rainey</a> (1933–1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Byrns" title="Jo Byrns">Byrns</a> (1935–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Bankhead" title="William B. Bankhead">Bankhead</a> (1936–1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Rayburn" title="Sam Rayburn">Rayburn</a> (1940–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._McCormack" title="John W. McCormack">McCormack</a> (1962–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Albert" title="Carl Albert">Albert</a> (1971–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_O%27Neill" title="Tip O'Neill">O'Neill</a> (1977–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Wright" title="Jim Wright">Wright</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Foley" title="Tom Foley">Foley</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">Gephardt</a> (1995–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Pelosi</a> (2003–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakeem_Jeffries" title="Hakeem Jeffries">Jeffries</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">U.S. Senate leaders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Caucus chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. W. Stevenson</a> (1873–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">Pendleton</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Beck" title="James B. Beck">Beck</a> (1885–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1890–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Turpie" title="David Turpie">Turpie</a> (1898–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">J. K. Jones</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_P._Gorman" title="Arthur P. Gorman">Gorman</a> (1903–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._C._S._Blackburn" title="J. C. S. Blackburn">Blackburn</a> (1906–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Culberson" title="Charles A. Culberson">C. A. Culberson</a> (1907–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_Money" title="Hernando Money">Money</a> (1909–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1911–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Kern" title="John W. Kern">Kern</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Martin" title="Thomas S. Martin">Martin</a> (1917–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Hitchcock" title="Gilbert Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Underwood" title="Oscar Underwood">Underwood</a> (1920–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Robinson" title="Joseph T. Robinson">Robinson</a> (1923–1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alben_W._Barkley" title="Alben W. Barkley">Barkley</a> (1937–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_W._Lucas" title="Scott W. Lucas">Lucas</a> (1949–1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_McFarland" title="Ernest McFarland">McFarland</a> (1951–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Mansfield" title="Mike Mansfield">Mansfield</a> (1961–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd</a> (1977–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">Mitchell</a> (1989–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Daschle</a> (1995–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid</a> (2005–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Schumer</a> (2017–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">DNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Hallett" title="Benjamin F. Hallett">Hallett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Allen_Smalley" title="David Allen Smalley">Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Belmont" title="August Belmont">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Schell" title="Augustus Schell">Schell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Hewitt" title="Abram Hewitt">Hewitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_S._Brice" title="Calvin S. Brice">Brice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Harrity" title="William F. Harrity">Harrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Jones" title="James K. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Taggart" title="Thomas Taggart">Taggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Mack" title="Norman E. Mack">Mack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._McCombs" title="William F. McCombs">McCombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_C._McCormick" title="Vance C. McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_White_(Ohio_politician)" title="George White (Ohio politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clem_L._Shaver" title="Clem L. Shaver">Shaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Raskob" title="John J. Raskob">Raskob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._Flynn" title="Edward J. Flynn">Flynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Boyle" title="William M. Boyle">Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._McKinney" title="Frank E. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Mitchell_(politician)" title="Stephen A. Mitchell (politician)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Paul Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moran_Bailey" title="John Moran Bailey">Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_R._Harris" title="Fred R. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Westwood_(politician)" title="Jean Westwood (politician)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._Strauss" title="Robert S. Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Curtis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coyle_White" title="John Coyle White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Manatt" title="Charles Manatt">Manatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_G._Kirk" title="Paul G. Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilhelm" title="David Wilhelm">Wilhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_DeLee" title="Debra DeLee">DeLee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">Dodd</a>/<a href="/wiki/Donald_Fowler" title="Donald Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a>/<a href="/wiki/Steven_Grossman_(politician)" title="Steven Grossman (politician)">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a>/<a href="/wiki/Joe_Andrew" title="Joe Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Wasserman Schultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Perez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Harrison" title="Jaime Harrison">Harrison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Democratic Party (United States)">State and territorial parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Democratic_Party" title="Alabama Democratic Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Democratic_Party" title="Alaska Democratic Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Democratic_Party" title="Arizona Democratic Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Democratic Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Democratic_Party" title="California Democratic Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Democratic_Party" title="Colorado Democratic Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Connecticut" title="Democratic Party of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Democratic_Party" title="Delaware Democratic Party">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Democratic_Party" title="Florida Democratic Party">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Party of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Hawaii" title="Democratic Party of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Democratic_Party" title="Idaho Democratic Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Illinois" title="Democratic Party of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Democratic_Party" title="Indiana Democratic Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Democratic_Party" title="Iowa Democratic Party">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Democratic_Party" title="Kansas Democratic Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_Democratic_Party" title="Kentucky Democratic Party">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Democratic_Party" title="Louisiana Democratic Party">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Democratic_Party" title="Maine Democratic Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Democratic_Party" title="Maryland Democratic Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Democratic_Party" title="Massachusetts Democratic Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Democratic_Party" title="Michigan Democratic Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Democratic%E2%80%93Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Democratic Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Democratic_Party" title="Missouri Democratic Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Democratic_Party" title="Montana Democratic Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Democratic_Party" title="Nebraska Democratic Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Democratic_Party" title="Nevada Democratic Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Democratic_Party" title="New Hampshire Democratic Party">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Democratic_State_Committee" title="New Jersey Democratic State Committee">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Democratic Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Democratic_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Democratic Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="North Carolina Democratic Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Democratic%E2%80%93Nonpartisan_League_Party" title="North Dakota Democratic–Nonpartisan League Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Democratic_Party" title="Ohio Democratic Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Democratic_Party" title="Oklahoma Democratic Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Oregon" title="Democratic Party of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Democratic_Party" title="Pennsylvania Democratic Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Democratic_Party" title="Rhode Island Democratic Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Democratic_Party" title="South Carolina Democratic Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Democratic_Party" title="South Dakota Democratic Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Democratic_Party" title="Tennessee Democratic Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Democratic_Party" title="Texas Democratic Party">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Democratic_Party" title="Utah Democratic Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Democratic_Party" title="Vermont Democratic Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Virginia" title="Democratic Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Democratic_Party" title="Washington State Democratic Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Democratic_Party" title="West Virginia Democratic Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Democratic Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Democratic_Party" title="Wyoming Democratic Party">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa_Democratic_Party" title="American Samoa Democratic Party">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Democratic_State_Committee" title="District of Columbia Democratic State Committee">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Guam" title="Democratic Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Democratic Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Senate Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Steering_and_Outreach_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee">Steering and Outreach Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">House Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Dog_Coalition" title="Blue Dog Coalition">Blue Dog Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Progressive_Caucus" title="Congressional Progressive Caucus">Congressional Progressive Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Democrats" title="Justice Democrats">Justice Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democrat_Coalition" title="New Democrat Coalition">New Democrat Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Fundraising</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Democratic Attorneys General Association">Democratic Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Governors_Association" title="Democratic Governors Association">Democratic Governors Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Legislative_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee">Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Senatorial_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee">Democratic Senatorial Campaign Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conference_of_Democratic_Mayors" title="National Conference of Democratic Mayors">National Conference of Democratic Mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Sectional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Democrats_of_America" title="College Democrats of America">College Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democrats_Abroad" title="Democrats Abroad">Democrats Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Democrats" title="Stonewall Democrats">Stonewall Democrats</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Young_Democrats" title="Stonewall Young Democrats">Stonewall Young Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Democrats_of_America" title="High School Democrats of America">High School Democrats of America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#B0CEFF;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Democratic_Party_presidential_candidates" title="List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates">Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_presidential_debates" title="Democratic Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superdelegate" title="Superdelegate">Superdelegate</a></li> <li>Chairmanship elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2005 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2021 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Democratic_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2025 Democratic National Committee chairmanship election">2025</a></li></ul></li> <li>House caucus leadership elections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2006 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_Democratic_Caucus_leadership_election" title="2018 United States House of Representatives Democratic Caucus leadership election">2018</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekly_Democratic_Address" title="Weekly Democratic Address">Weekly Democratic Address</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Breckinridge_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kentucky_Breckinridges" title="Template:Kentucky Breckinridges"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kentucky_Breckinridges" title="Template talk:Kentucky Breckinridges"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kentucky_Breckinridges" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kentucky Breckinridges"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Breckinridge_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_family" title="Breckinridge family">Breckinridge family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Breckinridge" title="James Breckinridge">James Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabell_Breckinridge" title="Cabell Breckinridge">Cabell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Breckinridge" title="James D. Breckinridge">James Douglas Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge" title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Breckinridge" title="William L. Breckinridge">William Lewis Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Cabell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cabell_Breckinridge_Sr." title="Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.">Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jefferson_Breckinridge_Jr." title="Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.">Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_Preston_Breckinridge" title="William Campbell Preston Breckinridge">William Campbell Preston Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Grayson" title="John B. Grayson">John Breckinridge Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter_(colonel)" title="Peter A. Porter (colonel)">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Breckinridge" title="Charles Henry Breckinridge">Charles Henry Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Breckinridge" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robert Breckinridge">John Robert Breckinridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_R._Breckinridge" title="Clifton R. Breckinridge">Clifton Rodes Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon_Breckinridge" title="John Witherspoon Breckinridge">John Witherspoon Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desha_Breckinridge" title="Desha Breckinridge">Desha Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Skillman_Breckinridge" title="Henry Skillman Breckinridge">Henry Skillman Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeline_McDowell_Breckinridge" title="Madeline McDowell Breckinridge">Madeline McDowell Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Breckinridge" title="Scott Breckinridge">Scott Dudley Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophonisba_Breckinridge" title="Sophonisba Breckinridge">Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Porter" title="Peter A. Porter">Peter A. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_Dudley_Warfield" title="Ethelbert Dudley Warfield">Ethelbert Dudley Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Irving_Handy" title="L. Irving Handy">L. Irving Handy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Carson_Breckinridge" title="James Carson Breckinridge">James Carson Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Breckinridge" title="John B. Breckinridge">John Bayne Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breckinridge_Long" title="Breckinridge Long">Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunny_Breckinridge" title="Bunny Breckinridge">John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Breckinridge_Patterson" title="Marvin Breckinridge Patterson">Marvin Breckinridge Patterson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kentucky&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_32nd–37th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kentucky&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_32nd–37th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>'s delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> (ordered by seniority)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/32nd_United_States_Congress" title="32nd United States Congress">32nd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Underwood" title="Joseph R. Underwood">J. R. Underwood</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">H. Clay</a> (W) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/David_Meriwether_(Kentucky_politician)" title="David Meriwether (Kentucky politician)">D. Meriwether</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dixon" title="Archibald Dixon">A. Dixon</a> (W)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">L. Boyd</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">H. Marshall</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Mason" title="John Calvin Mason">J. Mason</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Stanton" title="Richard H. Stanton">R. Stanton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_W._Stone" title="James W. Stone">J. Stone</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. C. Breckinridge</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Presley_Ewing" title="Presley Ewing">P. Ewing</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_E._Grey" title="Benjamin E. Grey">B. Grey</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Ward" title="William Thomas Ward">W. Ward</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Addison_White" title="Addison White">A. White</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">W. Preston</a> (W)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/33rd_United_States_Congress" title="33rd United States Congress">33rd</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/Archibald_Dixon" title="Archibald Dixon">A. Dixon</a> (W) · ▌<a href="/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson" title="John Burton Thompson">J. Thompson</a> (KN)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Linn_Boyd" title="Linn Boyd">L. Boyd</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Stanton" title="Richard H. Stanton">R. Stanton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. C. Breckinridge</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Presley_Ewing" title="Presley Ewing">P. Ewing</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Benjamin_E._Grey" title="Benjamin E. Grey">B. Grey</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Preston_(Kentucky_soldier)" title="William Preston (Kentucky soldier)">W. Preston</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_Chrisman" title="James Chrisman">J. Chrisman</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leander_Cox" title="Leander Cox">L. Cox</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott" title="John Milton Elliott">J. Elliot</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Clement_S._Hill" title="Clement S. Hill">C. Hill</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Francis_Bristow" title="Francis Bristow">F. Bristow</a> (W)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/34th_United_States_Congress" title="34th United States Congress">34th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson" title="John Burton Thompson">J. Thompson</a> (KN) · ▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">J. Crittenden</a> (W)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">H. Marshall</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Leander_Cox" title="Leander Cox">L. Cox</a> (W)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott" title="John Milton Elliott">J. Elliot</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">H. Burnett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_P._Campbell_Jr." title="John P. Campbell Jr.">J. Campbell</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Jewett" title="Joshua Jewett">J. Jewett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Keith_Marshall" title="Alexander Keith Marshall">A. K. Marshall</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._Swope" title="Samuel F. Swope">S. Swope</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Talbott" title="Albert G. Talbott">A. Talbott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Warner_Underwood" title="Warner Underwood">W. Underwood</a> (KN)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/35th_United_States_Congress" title="35th United States Congress">35th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/John_Burton_Thompson" title="John Burton Thompson">J. Thompson</a> (KN) · ▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">J. Crittenden</a> (KN)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">H. Marshall</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Elliott" title="John Milton Elliott">J. Elliot</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Calvin_Mason" title="John Calvin Mason">J. Mason</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">H. Burnett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Joshua_Jewett" title="Joshua Jewett">J. Jewett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Talbott" title="Albert G. Talbott">A. Talbott</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Warner_Underwood" title="Warner Underwood">W. Underwood</a> (KN)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Peyton" title="Samuel Peyton">S. Peyton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_Brown_Clay" title="James Brown Clay">J. Clay</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. Stevenson</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/36th_United_States_Congress" title="36th United States Congress">36th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: ▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">J. Crittenden</a> (KN) · ▌<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">L. Powell</a> (D)</div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">H. Burnett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Peyton" title="Samuel Peyton">S. Peyton</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Stevenson" title="John W. Stevenson">J. Stevenson</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Green_Adams" title="Green Adams">G. Adams</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Francis_Bristow" title="Francis Bristow">F. Bristow</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_Clayton_Anderson" title="William Clayton Anderson">W. Anderson</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_Y._Brown_(politician,_born_1835)" title="John Y. Brown (politician, born 1835)">J. Y. Brown</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallory" title="Robert Mallory">R. Mallory</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Laban_T._Moore" title="Laban T. Moore">L. Moore</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_E._Simms" title="William E. Simms">W. Simms</a> (D)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/37th_United_States_Congress" title="37th United States Congress">37th</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States senators from Kentucky">Senate</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Lazarus_W._Powell" class="mw-redirect" title="Lazarus W. Powell">L. Powell</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. C. Breckinridge</a> (D) </li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Garrett_Davis" title="Garrett Davis">G. Davis</a> (U)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Kentucky" title="List of United States representatives from Kentucky">House</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li>▌<a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">C. Wickliffe</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cornelius_Burnett" title="Henry Cornelius Burnett">H. Burnett</a> (D)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Henry_Grider" title="Henry Grider">H. Grider</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Robert_Mallory" title="Robert Mallory">R. Mallory</a> (O)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">J. Crittenden</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_W._Dunlap" title="George W. Dunlap">G. Dunlap</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Harding" title="Aaron Harding">A. Harding</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/James_S._Jackson" title="James S. Jackson">J. Jackson</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/John_W._Menzies" title="John W. Menzies">J. Menzies</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/William_H._Wadsworth" title="William H. Wadsworth">W. Wadsworth</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Casey" title="Samuel L. Casey">S. Casey</a> (U)</li> <li>▌<a href="/wiki/George_Helm_Yeaman" class="mw-redirect" title="George Helm Yeaman">G. Yeaman</a> (U)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273212#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273212#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000037259770">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6372752">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/194167/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd6wbmX777fRQ9wQHjYP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1173290214">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85185549">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000789">US Congress</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10568679">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bh3cfm">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k93fs1">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&oldid=1259982441">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_C._Breckinridge&oldid=1259982441</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_C._Breckinridge" title="Category:John C. 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