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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Post-1992 universities with polytechnic roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1992_universities_with_polytechnic_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1992_universities_with_central_institution_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1992_universities_with_central_institution_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Post-1992 universities with central institution roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1992_universities_with_central_institution_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1992_universities_that_are_not_former_polytechnics_or_central_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1992_universities_that_are_not_former_polytechnics_or_central_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-1992 universities that are not former polytechnics or central institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1992_universities_that_are_not_former_polytechnics_or_central_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mergers_of_post-1992_and_pre-1992_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mergers_of_post-1992_and_pre-1992_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mergers of post-1992 and pre-1992 universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mergers_of_post-1992_and_pre-1992_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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university</b>, synonymous with <b>new university</b> or <b>modern university</b>, is a former <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">polytechnic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Central_institution" title="Central institution">central institution</a> that was given <a href="/wiki/University_status" class="mw-redirect" title="University status">university status</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Further_and_Higher_Education_Act_1992" title="Further and Higher Education Act 1992">Further and Higher Education Act 1992</a>, or an institution that has been granted university status since 1992 without receiving a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jobs.ac.uk_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jobs.ac.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is used in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Categorisation_by_age_and_location" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">"pre-1992" universities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "new universities" was historically used to refer to universities that were at the time new. In the mid-19th century, it was used in England to distinguish the recently established universities of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">London</a> from the "old universities" of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, the term was applied to the civic universities that had recently gained university status, such as <a href="/wiki/Bristol_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol University">Bristol</a> and others (now known as <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">red brick universities</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was later used to refer to universities gaining their status in the 1960s, such as the former <a href="/wiki/College_of_advanced_technology_(United_Kingdom)" title="College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)">colleges of advanced technology</a>, which were converted to universities following the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Robbins_Report" title="Robbins Report">Robbins Report</a> on higher education, and the <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">plate glass universities</a>, which were already in the process of being established at the time of the report.<sup id="cite_ref-jobs.ac.uk_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jobs.ac.uk-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robbins_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robbins-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1992 Act, 33 polytechnics in England, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">Derbyshire College of Higher Education</a>, the Polytechnic of Wales and three Scottish central institutions were the first to be granted university status, alongside another trio of central institutions in the years following. Many of these Polytechnics had roots in the middle 19th Century. All the categories of university award their own <a href="/wiki/Academic_degree" title="Academic degree">academic degrees</a>, but universities created in England and Wales since 2004 may only have the power to award taught degrees, because the power to award research degrees has been removed from the criteria for university title. The Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education, which became the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a> in 2001, was the only institute to become a university in England between the polytechnics in 1992 and the relaxation of the criteria in 2004. Two new universities have subsequently been established in Scotland, where the old criteria still apply: <a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a> (2007), another former central institution, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">University of the Highlands and Islands</a> (2011). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1992_universities_with_polytechnic_roots">Post-1992 universities with polytechnic roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Post-1992 universities with polytechnic roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a></b> – formerly Anglia Higher Education College, Anglia Polytechnic then Anglia Polytechnic University.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City University</a></b> – formerly the University of Central England in Birmingham and before that, Birmingham Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth University</a></b> – formerly Bournemouth Municipal College, Bournemouth College of Technology, Dorset Institute of Higher Education then Bournemouth Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a></b> – formerly Brighton Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">University of Central Lancashire</a></b> – formerly Lancashire Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a></b> – formerly Lanchester Polytechnic then Coventry Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort University</a></b> – formerly Leicester School of Art and later City of Leicester Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_London" title="University of East London">University of East London</a></b> – formerly the West Ham College of Technology, before being the North East London Polytechnic, and then finally the Polytechnic of East London.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">University of Greenwich</a></b> – formerly Woolwich Polytechnic, then Thames Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">University of Hertfordshire</a></b> – formerly Hatfield Technical College then Hatfield Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield" title="University of Huddersfield">University of Huddersfield</a></b> – formerly Huddersfield Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingston_University" title="Kingston University">Kingston University</a></b> – formerly the Kingston Technical Institute then Kingston Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett University</a></b> – formerly Leeds Polytechnic, then Leeds Metropolitan.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lincoln" title="University of Lincoln">University of Lincoln</a></b> – formerly <a href="/wiki/University_of_Humberside" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Humberside">University of Humberside</a> and then <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lincolnshire_and_Humberside" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Lincolnshire and Humberside">University of Lincolnshire and Humberside</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores University</a></b> – formerly Liverpool Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Metropolitan University</a></b> – merger of <a href="/wiki/London_Guildhall_University" title="London Guildhall University">London Guildhall University</a>, formerly the City of London Polytechnic, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_London" title="University of North London">University of North London</a>, formerly the Polytechnic of North London.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank University</a></b> – formerly South Bank Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan University</a></b> – formerly Manchester Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex University</a></b> – formerly Middlesex Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a></b> – formerly Newcastle Polytechnic, formed from the merger of Rutherford College of Technology, the College of Art & Industrial Design and the Municipal College of Commerce.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent University</a></b> – formerly Trent Polytechnic then Nottingham Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a></b> – formerly Oxford School of Art then Oxford Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">University of Plymouth</a></b> – formerly Polytechnic South West, formed from Plymouth Polytechnic, <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College_of_Art_and_Design" title="Exeter College of Art and Design">Exeter College of Art and Design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolle_College" title="Rolle College">Rolle College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seale-Hayne_College" title="Seale-Hayne College">Seale-Hayne College</a> and Plymouth School of Maritime Studies.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">University of Portsmouth</a></b> – formerly Portsmouth Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a></b> – formerly Sheffield Polytechnic then Sheffield City Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">University of South Wales</a></b> – formed in April 2013 from the merger of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glamorgan" title="University of Glamorgan">University of Glamorgan</a>, formerly Glamorgan Polytechnic then the Polytechnic of Wales, and the University of Wales, Newport, formerly Gwent College of Higher Education then University of Wales College, Newport.<sup id="cite_ref-southwales.ac.uk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-southwales.ac.uk-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire University">Staffordshire University</a></b> – formerly Staffordshire Polytechnic (originally North Staffordshire Polytechnic) and previously the separate Staffordshire College of Technology, the Stoke-on-Trent College of Art and the North Staffordshire College of Technology.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a></b> – formerly Sunderland Technical College then Sunderland Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Teesside_University" title="Teesside University">Teesside University</a></b> – formerly Teesside Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">University of the West of England</a></b> – formerly Bristol Polytechnic.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_West_London" title="University of West London">University of West London</a></b> – formerly Thames Valley University, previously the Polytechnic of West London.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">University of Westminster</a></b> – formerly the Polytechnic of Central London, founded as the Royal Polytechnic Institution at Regent Street (1838).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton" title="University of Wolverhampton">University of Wolverhampton</a></b> – formerly The Polytechnic, Wolverhampton then Wolverhampton Polytechnic</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1992_universities_with_central_institution_roots">Post-1992 universities with central institution roots</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-1992 universities with central institution roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Abertay_Dundee" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Abertay Dundee">University of Abertay Dundee</a></b> – formerly Dundee Institute of Technology</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier University</a></b> – formerly Napier Technical College, Napier College of Commerce and Technology then Napier Polytechnic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian University</a></b> – formed from the merger of Glasgow Polytechnic and The Queen's College, Glasgow</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Robert_Gordon_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Robert Gordon University">The Robert Gordon University</a></b> – based in Aberdeen, formerly Robert Gordon's Technical College then The Robert Gordon Institute of Technology</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">University of the West of Scotland</a></b> – formerly <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paisley" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Paisley">University of Paisley</a> (itself formerly Paisley College of Technology)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-1992_universities_that_are_not_former_polytechnics_or_central_institutions">Post-1992 universities that are not former polytechnics or central institutions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-1992 universities that are not former polytechnics or central institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arden_University" title="Arden University">Arden University</a></b> - formerly RDI</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a></b> – formerly London Institute</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_University_Bournemouth" class="mw-redirect" title="The Arts University Bournemouth">The Arts University Bournemouth</a></b> – formerly The Arts University College at Bournemouth and before that The Arts Institute at Bournemouth</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_University" title="Bath Spa University">Bath Spa University</a></b> – formerly Bath Spa University College and before that Bath College of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshire" title="University of Bedfordshire">University of Bedfordshire</a></b> – formerly <a href="/wiki/University_of_Luton" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Luton">University of Luton</a>, created by the merger of the University of Luton and De Montfort University's Bedford campus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_College_Birmingham" title="University College Birmingham">University College Birmingham</a></b> - kept its name on gaining university status</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Grosseteste_University" title="Bishop Grosseteste University">Bishop Grosseteste University</a></b> – formerly Bishop Grosseteste College, and Bishop Grosseteste University College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bolton" title="University of Bolton">University of Bolton</a></b> – formerly Bolton Institute of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/BPP_University" title="BPP University">BPP University</a></b> – formerly BPP University College, and before that BPP College, and earlier <a href="/wiki/BPP_Law_School" title="BPP Law School">BPP Law School</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University" title="Buckinghamshire New University">Buckinghamshire New University</a></b> – formerly Buckinghamshire Chilterns University College, and before that Buckinghamshire College of Higher Education, and earlier the High Wycombe College of Art and Technology</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University" title="Canterbury Christ Church University">Canterbury Christ Church University</a></b> – formerly Christ Church College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Metropolitan_University" title="Cardiff Metropolitan University">Cardiff Metropolitan University</a></b> – formerly University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), and before that Cardiff Institute of Higher Education,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earlier the South Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a></b> – formerly Chester College of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">University of Chichester</a></b> – formerly West Sussex Institute of Higher Education, then Chichester Institute of Higher Education, then University College Chichester</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="University for the Creative Arts">University for the Creative Arts</a></b> – formerly <a href="/wiki/Kent_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design" title="Kent Institute of Art & Design">Kent Institute of Art & Design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Institute_of_Art_%26_Design,_University_College" title="Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College">Surrey Institute of Art & Design, University College</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cumbria" title="University of Cumbria">University of Cumbria</a></b> – formed in January 2007 from the merger of St Martin's College, the Cumbria Institute of the Arts (CIA) and the Cumbrian campuses of the University of Central Lancashire</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">University of Derby</a></b> – formerly the Derbyshire College of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_University" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill University</a></b> – formerly Edge Hill College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_University" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth University</a></b> – formerly Falmouth College of Arts</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">University of Gloucestershire</a></b> – formerly Cheltenham & Gloucester College of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Harper_Adams_University" title="Harper Adams University">Harper Adams University</a></b> – formerly Harper Adams University College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">University of the Highlands and Islands</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">University of Law</a></b> - formerly the College of Law</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Trinity_University" title="Leeds Trinity University">Leeds Trinity University</a></b> – formerly Trinity and All Saints College, when merged with Trinity College and All Saints College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University" title="Liverpool Hope University">Liverpool Hope University</a></b> – formerly a fully accredited institution of the University of Liverpool, then Liverpool Hope University College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman University</a></b> – formerly Newman College of Higher Education, then Newman University College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northampton" title="University of Northampton">University of Northampton</a></b> – formerly Northampton Technical College, Nene College then University College Northampton</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a></b> – formerly Norwich University College of the Arts</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a></b> – formerly Queen Margaret College then Queen Margaret University College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Roehampton" title="University of Roehampton">University of Roehampton</a></b> – formerly Roehampton Institute, then University of Surrey Roehampton (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Surrey" title="Federal University of Surrey">federal University of Surrey</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_University_London" title="Regent's University London">Regent's University London</a></b> - formerly Regent's College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural University</a></b> – formerly the Royal Agricultural College</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Solent_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent University">Solent University</a></b> – formerly Southampton Institute of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Mark_%26_St_John" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Mark & St John">University of St Mark & St John</a></b> - formerly University College Plymouth St Mark & St John</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's University, Twickenham</a></b> – formerly St Mary's University College, Twickenham</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">University of Suffolk</a></b> - formerly University Campus Suffolk</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">University of Winchester</a></b> – formerly Winchester Diocesan Training School, renamed King Alfred's College then University College Winchester</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Worcester" title="University of Worcester">University of Worcester</a></b> – formerly part of the University of Birmingham Department of Education then Worcester College of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Glynd%C5%B5r_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrexham Glyndŵr University">Wrexham Glyndŵr University</a></b> – formerly the North East Wales Institute of Higher Education</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St John University</a></b> – formerly the College of Ripon and York St John then York St John College</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mergers_of_post-1992_and_pre-1992_universities">Mergers of post-1992 and pre-1992 universities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mergers of post-1992 and pre-1992 universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These may not meet a strict definition of new universities as being universities under the 1992 act, but have elements of common heritage with new universities. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David" title="University of Wales Trinity Saint David">University of Wales Trinity Saint David</a></b> – formed by the merger of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales,_Lampeter" title="University of Wales, Lampeter">University of Wales, Lampeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_University_College" title="Trinity University College">Trinity University College</a>, Carmarthen and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Metropolitan_University" title="Swansea Metropolitan University">Swansea Metropolitan University</a> (formerly West Glamorgan Institute of Higher Education). University by royal charter rather than under the 1992 act.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_issues">Secondary issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Secondary issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most former polytechnics welcomed the new nomenclature of "university" as evidence of the abolition of the hierarchical binary system of universities and polytechnics. The new title also assisted recruitment of foreign students (a lucrative market sector which was not always sure what a "polytechnic" was). However, since most former polytechnics were established from locally funded technical colleges, polytechnics were, like their predecessors, controlled by and answerable to local government. The adoption of university status severed that link with the community, creating universities as semi-autonomous bodies answerable only to central government. As a result of their roots under local government, most employees of those polytechnic post-1992 universities are members of the <a href="/wiki/Teachers%27_Pension_Scheme" title="Teachers' Pension Scheme">Teachers' Pension Scheme</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Universities_Superannuation_Scheme" title="Universities Superannuation Scheme">Universities Superannuation Scheme</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient universities">Ancient universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">Ancient universities of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate glass university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Red brick university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_UK_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Armorial of UK universities">Armorial of UK universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in the UK">List of universities in the UK</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Post-1992_university&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jobs.ac.uk-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jobs.ac.uk_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jobs.ac.uk_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCatherine_Armstrong2008" class="citation web cs1">Catherine Armstrong (10 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513000141/http://www.jobs.ac.uk/careers/articles/1135/what-is-a-university-in-the-uk/">"What is a University in the UK"</a>. <i>Jobs.ac.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jobs.ac.uk/careers/articles/1135/what-is-a-university-in-the-uk/">the original</a> on 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jobs.ac.uk&rft.atitle=What+is+a+University+in+the+UK&rft.date=2008-06-10&rft.au=Catherine+Armstrong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jobs.ac.uk%2Fcareers%2Farticles%2F1135%2Fwhat-is-a-university-in-the-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnesa_Hosein,_Namrata_Rao,_Chloe_Shu-Hua_Yeh,_Ian_M._Kinchin2018" class="citation book cs1">Anesa Hosein, Namrata Rao, Chloe Shu-Hua Yeh, Ian M. Kinchin (14 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jHJZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT76"><i>Academics' International Teaching Journeys</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474289795" title="Special:BookSources/9781474289795"><bdi>9781474289795</bdi></a>. <q>In the UK, these institutions are referred to as a 'post-1992 university', 'modern university', or 'new university' (Read, Archer and Leathwood 2003: 263) established under the Further and Higher Education Act of 1992, expanding university provision in the UK. … While the Act of 1992 immediate awarded former polytechnics in the UK university status, post-1992 universities also include institutions that were not polytechnics, often colleges (in the UK sense) of HE</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Academics%27+International+Teaching+Journeys&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018-06-14&rft.isbn=9781474289795&rft.au=Anesa+Hosein%2C+Namrata+Rao%2C+Chloe+Shu-Hua+Yeh%2C+Ian+M.+Kinchin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjHJZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pBhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA64"><i>The Anomalous Position of the University of London</i></a>. Vol. 2. 19 July 1851. p. 64. <q>We are now only seeking to contrast the general powers conferred on the old and on the new Universities</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anomalous+Position+of+the+University+of+London&rft.pages=64&rft.date=1851-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpBhAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZJMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA193"><i>The Charitable Trusts Bill</i></a>. Vol. 2. 27 August 1853. p. 193. <q>the Solicitor General, by a piece of flimsy special pleading, endeavoured to establish a distinction between the cases of the old and the new Universities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Charitable+Trusts+Bill&rft.pages=193&rft.date=1853-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ZJMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herklots, H, 1928, The New Universities – an external examination, Ernest Benn, London</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robbins-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robbins_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter IV: Institutions of higher education in Great Britain". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030011903/http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/robbins/robbins1963.html"><i>Higher Education – Report of the Committee appointed by the Prime Minister under the Chairmanship of Lord Robbins</i></a>. 1963. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.educationengland.org.uk/documents/robbins/robbins1963.html">the original</a> on 30 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV%3A+Institutions+of+higher+education+in+Great+Britain&rft.btitle=Higher+Education+%E2%80%93+Report+of+the+Committee+appointed+by+the+Prime+Minister+under+the+Chairmanship+of+Lord+Robbins&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.educationengland.org.uk%2Fdocuments%2Frobbins%2Frobbins1963.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-southwales.ac.uk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-southwales.ac.uk_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southwales.ac.uk/about/our-history/">"Our History"</a>. <i>University of South Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+South+Wales&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwales.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uwl.ac.uk/about-us/how-university-works/history">"Our History"</a>. <i>University of West London</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+West+London&rft.atitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uwl.ac.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fhow-university-works%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardiffmet.ac.uk/alumni/Pages/Our-History.aspx">"Our History"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardiffmet.ac.uk%2Falumni%2FPages%2FOur-History.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APost-1992+university" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_associations_and_groupings_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">University associations and groupings in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Formal associations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedrals_Group" title="Cathedrals Group">Cathedrals Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_ARC" title="Eastern ARC">Eastern ARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GuildHE" title="GuildHE">GuildHE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW4" title="GW4">GW4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick_Institute" title="Francis Crick Institute">Francis Crick Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MedCity_(London)" title="MedCity (London)">MedCity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midlands_Innovation" title="Midlands Innovation">Midlands Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="Million+">Million+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N8_Research_Partnership" title="N8 Research Partnership">N8 Research Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NCUK" title="NCUK">NCUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_Engineering_South" title="Science and Engineering South">SES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SETsquared" title="SETsquared">SETsquared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_Centre" title="Thomas Young Centre">Thomas Young Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Alliance" title="University Alliance">University Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Scotland" title="Universities Scotland">Universities Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Group" title="Wallace Group">Wallace Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_University_Consortium" title="White Rose University Consortium">White Rose University Consortium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Group" title="1994 Group">1994 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Medical_Excellence_Cluster" title="Global Medical Excellence Cluster">Global Medical Excellence Cluster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Universities_Association" title="North West Universities Association">North West Universities Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">By age</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient</a> (pre-1600) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">Scotland</a> (pre-1600)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Red brick</a> (1900–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate glass</a> (1960–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_university" class="mw-redirect" title="New university">New</a> (since 1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Informal groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_university" title="Campus university">Campus university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_triangle_(universities)" title="Golden triangle (universities)">Golden triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxbridge" title="Doxbridge">Doxbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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