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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p>The <b>Cahuapanan languages</b> are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, <a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a>, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct. </p><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Cahuapanan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Kawapanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br>distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Peru</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Jibaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro-Jibaro">Macro-Jibaro</a> ?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Cahuapanan</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cahu1265">cahu1265</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Language_contact"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Language contact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Varieties"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Varieties</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Proto-language"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Proto-language</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Rojas-Berscia_(2019)"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Rojas-Berscia (2019)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Valenzuela_(2011)"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Valenzuela (2011)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Vocabulary"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Vocabulary</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Loukotka_(1968)"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Loukotka (1968)</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Language_contact">Language contact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language contact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Kechua_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kechua languages">Kechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arawak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak languages">Arawak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandoshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandoshi language">Kandoshi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pukina_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pukina language">Pukina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karib_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Karib languages">Karib</a> language families due to contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a></b> or <b>Chawi</b> (also known or rendered as Balsapuertino, Cahuapa, Chayabita, Chayawita, Chayhuita, Tshaahui, Paranapura, Shayabit) <ul><li>Chayahuita dialect</li> <li>Cahuapana dialect</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a></b> (also known or rendered as Chebero, Xebero, Xihuila)</li></ul> <p>The extinct language <a href="/wiki/Jesuit-Maynas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit-Maynas language">Maynas</a> can be identified as close to Chawi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968):<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Yamorai</b> - spoken on the Sillai River in <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Loreto" title="Department of Loreto">Loreto Department</a></li> <li><b>Ataguate</b> - extinct language of the same region, once spoken on the Aipena River and around Lake Atagua (unattested)</li> <li><b>Pamdabegue</b> - once spoken on the Aipena River and Paranapura River in Loreto Department (unattested)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mikira_language" title="Mikira language">Miguira</a></b> (<b>Shuensampi</b>, <b>Miquira</b>, <b>Mikirá</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) - extinct language once spoken in the single village of Maucallacta on the Paranapura River</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Proto-language">Proto-language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Proto-language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Cahuapanan</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #c0dde6;">Proto-Kawapanan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reconstruction of</th><td class="infobox-data">Cahuapanan languages</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rojas-Berscia_(2019)"><span id="Rojas-Berscia_.282019.29"></span>Rojas-Berscia (2019)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rojas-Berscia (2019)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective <a href="/wiki/Shawi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shawi language">Shawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shiwilu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiwilu language">Shiwilu</a> reflexes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Proto-Kawapanan</th> <th>Shawi</th> <th>Shiwilu </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agouti" title="Agouti">agouti</a></td> <td>*îtɘʔ</td> <td>ihtɘʔ</td> <td>ɘttʃɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aipena_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aipena River (page does not exist)">Aipena River</a></td> <td>*aîpina ~ *îpina</td> <td>aipina</td> <td>ɘrpina </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Annona_squamosa" title="Annona squamosa">anona</a></td> <td>*aɘ ~ *ɘ</td> <td>ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ</td> <td>ɘk-pi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_crab" title="Freshwater crab">apangora crab</a></td> <td>*sîwa</td> <td>ʃiwa</td> <td>sɘrwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>armadillo</td> <td>*tiʔlɘ(ʔ)</td> <td>tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ</td> <td>tʃiʔlɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>bat</td> <td>*isɘʔ</td> <td>isɘʔ</td> <td>iʃɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>belly</td> <td>*yuʔ</td> <td>yoʔ</td> <td>ð̞u ʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>*iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔ</td> <td>inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra</td> <td>ilansɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bite</td> <td>*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>kɘ-tɘ-</td> <td>ki-tɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>*wɘLa-yɘʔ</td> <td>wɘna-iʔ</td> <td>wɘkla-ð̞ek </td></tr> <tr> <td>boa</td> <td>*kupi-wan</td> <td>kopi-wan</td> <td>kupiwan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boquichico" class="mw-redirect" title="Boquichico">boquichico</a></td> <td>*wankî</td> <td>wanki</td> <td>wankɘr-tʃɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a></td> <td>*pîtu</td> <td>pito</td> <td>pɘttʃu </td></tr> <tr> <td>brother (of a woman)</td> <td>*yuʔyuʔ</td> <td>yoʔyoʔ</td> <td>yuyuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>burn (vt.)</td> <td>*yiʔsîʔ-</td> <td>iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’</td> <td>ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>carry</td> <td>*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>pɘʔpɘ-</td> <td>piʔpɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>chest</td> <td>*tiʔ-tɘʔ</td> <td>tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’</td> <td>tʃiʔ-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_woolly_monkey" title="Yellow-tailed woolly monkey">choro monkey</a></td> <td>*suluʔ</td> <td>soroʔ</td> <td>suluʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cicada</td> <td>*kaʼyula</td> <td>kaʔyora</td> <td>kað̞ula </td></tr> <tr> <td>condor</td> <td>*tamɘ</td> <td>tamɘ</td> <td>tamɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombian_red_howler" title="Colombian red howler">coto monkey</a></td> <td>*luʔluʔ</td> <td>noʔnoʔ</td> <td>luʔluʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cover:CL</td> <td>*-tɘʔ</td> <td>-tɘʔ</td> <td>-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>cunchi</td> <td>*tuʔwan</td> <td>toʔwan</td> <td>tuʔwan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilded_catfish" title="Gilded catfish">cunchi</a> (fish sp.)</td> <td>*ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-La</td> <td>ikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}a</td> <td>ikɘλa-la </td></tr> <tr> <td>cunchi, tullu uma</td> <td>*tuʔwan</td> <td>toʔwan</td> <td>tuʔwan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curassow" title="Curassow">curassow</a></td> <td>*iʼsa</td> <td>iʔsa</td> <td>iʃa </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>*wɘ</td> <td>wɘ-ra-tɘʔ</td> <td>wɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>earth</td> <td>*luʔpaʔ</td> <td>noʔpaʔ</td> <td>luʔpaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>earth:CL</td> <td>*-luʔ</td> <td>-nuʔ</td> <td>- luʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg</td> <td>*kayuʔ</td> <td>kayoʔ</td> <td>kað̞uʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>evening star</td> <td>*îʔwa-yu</td> <td>iʔwa-yo</td> <td>ɘrʔwa-ð̞u </td></tr> <tr> <td>feather, bodily hair</td> <td>*anpuluʔ</td> <td>anporoʔ</td> <td>anpuluʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td>*pɘn</td> <td>pɘn</td> <td>pɘn </td></tr> <tr> <td>firewood</td> <td>*yiwɘ</td> <td>iwɘ</td> <td>ð̞iwɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>*samî</td> <td>sami</td> <td>samɘr </td></tr> <tr> <td>floodplain</td> <td>*titɘ(ʔ)-pi</td> <td>tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi</td> <td>tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>flower</td> <td>*yanku</td> <td>yanko</td> <td>ð̞anku </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot</td> <td>*lan-tɘʔ</td> <td>nan-tɘʔ</td> <td>lan-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Genipa" title="Genipa">genipa</a></td> <td>*ɘsa</td> <td>isa</td> <td>ɘksa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Giant_armadillo" title="Giant armadillo">giant armadillo</a></td> <td>*ipɘ</td> <td>ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ</td> <td>ipɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>*aîn ~ *în</td> <td>ain</td> <td>ɘrn </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>*mutuʔ</td> <td>motoʔ</td> <td>mutuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>horn</td> <td>*pɘnmun</td> <td>pomon</td> <td>pɘnmun </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>*piyɘʔ</td> <td>pɘiʔ</td> <td>pið̞ɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dictyoloma" title="Dictyoloma">huaman samana</a> tree</td> <td>*anpînian</td> <td>anpinian</td> <td>anpɘnɲan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huangana" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangana">huangana</a></td> <td>*laman</td> <td>naman</td> <td>laman </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Traira" class="mw-redirect" title="Traira">huasaco</a></td> <td>*aʔlanan</td> <td>aʔnanan</td> <td>aʔlanan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Huito" class="mw-redirect" title="Huito">huito</a> tree</td> <td>*ɘsa</td> <td>isa</td> <td>ɘksa </td></tr> <tr> <td>husband</td> <td>*suʔya</td> <td>suʔya, suʔ-in</td> <td>suð̞a, suð̞-in </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lepidocaryum" title="Lepidocaryum">irapai palm</a></td> <td>*panpɘ</td> <td>panpɘ</td> <td>panpɘk-lu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a></td> <td>*niʼniʔ</td> <td>niʔniʔ</td> <td>ɲiɲiʔ(-wa) </td></tr> <tr> <td>knee</td> <td>*tuʔtuʔpi</td> <td>toʔtopi</td> <td>tuʔtuʔpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf for the roof</td> <td>*paLi</td> <td>pani-ra</td> <td>paʎi </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg</td> <td>*tuLa</td> <td>tona</td> <td>tula </td></tr> <tr> <td>liquid:CL</td> <td>*-yɘʔ</td> <td>-iʔ</td> <td>-ð̞ɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lisa_fish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lisa fish (page does not exist)">lisa fish</a></td> <td>*nîka-la</td> <td>nika-ra</td> <td>nɘrka-la </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td>*timɘn</td> <td>tɘmɘn</td> <td>tʃimɘn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghost_knifefish" title="Ghost knifefish">macana</a> fish</td> <td>*sîʼwi(n)</td> <td>ʃiʔwi-roʔ</td> <td>sɘrwin </td></tr> <tr> <td>maize</td> <td>*tiʔtîʔ</td> <td>ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ</td> <td>tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mammal sp.</td> <td>*puʔsî</td> <td>poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’</td> <td>puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manioc" class="mw-redirect" title="Manioc">manioc</a></td> <td>*kîʔ</td> <td>kiʔ</td> <td>kɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_spider_monkey" title="White-bellied spider monkey">maquisapa</a></td> <td>*tuʼya</td> <td>toʔya</td> <td>tuð̞a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moriche" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriche">moriche</a> palm</td> <td>*tipî</td> <td>ʃipi < *tîpî</td> <td>tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mosquito net</td> <td>*tipî-tɘʔ</td> <td>ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ</td> <td>tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth, language</td> <td>*lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔ</td> <td>nanan / nanam-ɘn</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Night_monkey" title="Night monkey">musmuque</a> monkey</td> <td>*kuyɘ</td> <td>kuwi</td> <td>kuð̞ɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>nail</td> <td>*tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-la</td> <td>toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ</td> <td>tuʔtɘk-la </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td>*linlin</td> <td>ninin</td> <td>ʎinʎin </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>*nî-tɘʔ</td> <td>ni-tɘʔ</td> <td>nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossum</a></td> <td>*ana-sî</td> <td>anaʃi</td> <td>anasɘr </td></tr> <tr> <td>otter</td> <td>*yɘnni</td> <td>ini</td> <td>ð̞ɘnɲi </td></tr> <tr> <td>over</td> <td>*ayi-</td> <td>ai-</td> <td>að̞i- </td></tr> <tr> <td>pain in the eye</td> <td>*yaʼpi-</td> <td>yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’</td> <td>ð̞api- </td></tr> <tr> <td>pineapple</td> <td>*sînpa</td> <td>ʃinpa</td> <td>sɘrnpa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/platanillo" class="extiw" title="es:platanillo">platanillo</a></td> <td>*tanku</td> <td>tanko ‘platanillo’</td> <td>tanku ‘banana’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>porcupine</td> <td>*sisɘ(ʔ)</td> <td>sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ</td> <td>sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>pressing with fingernails</td> <td>*yɘʔ-</td> <td>iʔ-</td> <td>ð̞ɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Allomerus" title="Allomerus">pucacuru</a> ant</td> <td>*lipî</td> <td>nipi</td> <td>lipɘr-λa </td></tr> <tr> <td>pus</td> <td>*yuLîʔ</td> <td>yoniʔ</td> <td>ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>*uʔlan</td> <td>oʔnan</td> <td>uʔlan </td></tr> <tr> <td>recently/late, afternoon</td> <td>*îʔwa</td> <td>iʔwa</td> <td>ɘrʔwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>reed</td> <td>*siwî(n)</td> <td>ʃiwi</td> <td>siwɘn-ɲan </td></tr> <tr> <td>river mouth</td> <td>*tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam-</td> <td>tʃinpinam-ɘn</td> <td>tʃinpɘnɲan </td></tr> <tr> <td>root</td> <td>*i-tɘʔ</td> <td>i-tɘʔ</td> <td>i-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>rope</td> <td>*iLa-lin</td> <td>ina-rin</td> <td>ila-ʎin </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sachavaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sachavaca">sachavaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a></td> <td>*panwala</td> <td>pawara</td> <td>panwala </td></tr> <tr> <td>sand</td> <td>*yî-luʔ-tɘʔ</td> <td>i-nu-tɘʔ</td> <td>ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>scare</td> <td>*ayi(ʔ)wan</td> <td>aiwan</td> <td>að̞iwan- </td></tr> <tr> <td>shrimp</td> <td>*wan</td> <td>wan-ʃa</td> <td>wan-ʃɘn </td></tr> <tr> <td>sister (of a man)</td> <td>*utî</td> <td>oʃi, uʃi</td> <td>utɘr </td></tr> <tr> <td>sister (of a woman)</td> <td>*kayɘ</td> <td>kai, 3 kai-n</td> <td>kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n </td></tr> <tr> <td>sour</td> <td>*aî- ~ *î-</td> <td>ai-</td> <td>ɘr- </td></tr> <tr> <td>sweet</td> <td>*kasî-</td> <td>kaʃi</td> <td>kasɘr </td></tr> <tr> <td>termite</td> <td>*îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l...</td> <td>iʔtɘrɘʔ</td> <td>ɘttʃɘkla </td></tr> <tr> <td>thief (> to steal)</td> <td>*apî(ʔ)</td> <td>apiʔ</td> <td>apɘr- </td></tr> <tr> <td>thin</td> <td>*simɘn</td> <td>ʃimɘn-</td> <td>simɘn </td></tr> <tr> <td>thorn</td> <td>*lawan</td> <td>nawan</td> <td>lawan </td></tr> <tr> <td>tick</td> <td>*tɘpa</td> <td>tɘpa</td> <td>tɘkpa </td></tr> <tr> <td>to believe</td> <td>*latɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>natɘ-</td> <td>latɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bite</td> <td>*ki-tɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>kɘtɘ-</td> <td>kitɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>to burn</td> <td>*aʼpɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>aʔpɘ-</td> <td>apɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to burn (vt.)</td> <td>*yiʔsîʔ-</td> <td>iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî-</td> <td>ð̞iʔsɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to bury</td> <td>*paʼpîʔ-</td> <td>paʔpi-</td> <td>papɘrʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to carry</td> <td>*piʔpɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>pɘʔpɘ-</td> <td>piʔpɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to climb</td> <td>*nanpɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>nanpɘ-</td> <td>nanpɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to come</td> <td>*wɘʔ-</td> <td>wɘʔ-</td> <td>wɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to crawl</td> <td>*patɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>patɘ-</td> <td>patɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to cut</td> <td>*pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>pɘʔtɘ-</td> <td>pɘktɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to die</td> <td>*timin-</td> <td>tʃimin-</td> <td>tʃimin- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to die out</td> <td>*takîʔ-</td> <td>taki-</td> <td>takɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to eat, to have sex</td> <td>*kaʔ-</td> <td>kaʔ-</td> <td>kaʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to end</td> <td>*nanîʔ-</td> <td>nani- ‘to end’</td> <td>nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to fly</td> <td>*pɘn-</td> <td>pɘn-</td> <td>pɘn- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to fry, to singe</td> <td>*kɘ-, *kɘ-t-</td> <td>kɘ-t-</td> <td>kɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to gnaw</td> <td>*wɘLu-</td> <td>wɘno-</td> <td>wɘklu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to jump</td> <td>*inyɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>nii-</td> <td>inð̞ɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>to kneel</td> <td>*iyɘnsun-</td> <td>ison-</td> <td>yɘnsun- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to know</td> <td>*luwî-</td> <td>nowi-</td> <td>luwɘr- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to meet (to find?)</td> <td>*kapîʔ-</td> <td>na-kapi-</td> <td>kapɘrʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to plant</td> <td>*tîaʔ-</td> <td>ʃaʔ-</td> <td>tɘra- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to pour</td> <td>*pasîʔ-</td> <td>paʃi- ‘to perfume’</td> <td>pasɘrʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to see</td> <td>*liʔ-</td> <td>niʔ-</td> <td>ʎiʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sting</td> <td>*wî-</td> <td>wi-</td> <td>wɘr- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to suck, to lick</td> <td>*iluʔ-</td> <td>iro-</td> <td>iluʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to sweep</td> <td>*witɘ(ʔ)-</td> <td>wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’</td> <td>witɘk- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to tie</td> <td>*tɘnpuʔ-</td> <td>tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo-</td> <td>tɘnpuʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>to untie</td> <td>*ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî-</td> <td>iʔki-ri-</td> <td>ɘkkɘr </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Callicebus" title="Callicebus">tocon monkey</a></td> <td>*tukun</td> <td>tokon</td> <td>tukun </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td>*ninɘ(ʔ)-la</td> <td>nɘnɘ-ra</td> <td>ɲinɘk-la </td></tr> <tr> <td>toucan</td> <td>*yuʼwin</td> <td>yoʔwin</td> <td>ð̞uwin </td></tr> <tr> <td>trace</td> <td>*îʔla</td> <td>iʔna-</td> <td>ɘrʔʎa </td></tr> <tr> <td>vein, sinew, tendon</td> <td>*îpa-tɘʔ</td> <td>ipa-tɘʔ</td> <td>ɘrpa-tɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>vine:CL</td> <td>*-lin</td> <td>-rin</td> <td>-lin </td></tr> <tr> <td>vulture</td> <td>*supuʔ</td> <td>sopoʔ</td> <td>supuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>*yɘʔ</td> <td>iʔ</td> <td>ð̞ɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>who</td> <td>*yɘn</td> <td>in</td> <td>ð̞ɘn </td></tr> <tr> <td>wound (> to get spoilt, ugly)</td> <td>*apîʔ</td> <td>apiʔ</td> <td>apɘrʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">yanguaturi</a> (armadillo sp.)</td> <td>*ipɘ</td> <td>ɘpɘ/ipɘ</td> <td>ipɘk </td></tr> <tr> <td>you</td> <td>*kɘnma</td> <td>kɘma</td> <td>kɘnma </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valenzuela_(2011)"><span id="Valenzuela_.282011.29"></span>Valenzuela (2011)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Valenzuela (2011)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Valenzuela (2011) gives the following <a href="/wiki/Swadesh_list" title="Swadesh list">Swadesh list</a> table for the Proto-Cahuapana, <a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>no.</th> <th>Spanish gloss</th> <th>English gloss</th> <th>Proto-Cahuapana</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Jebero_language" title="Jebero language">Jebero</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chayahuita_language" title="Chayahuita language">Chayahuita</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>yo, me, a mí</td> <td>I</td> <td>*kʷa</td> <td>kʷa, -ku</td> <td>ka, ku </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>tú</td> <td>you</td> <td>*kɨma</td> <td>kənma</td> <td>kɨma </td></tr> <tr> <td>3a</td> <td>nosotros (exclusivo)</td> <td>we (exclusive)</td> <td>*k[u/i]ja</td> <td>kuða</td> <td>kija </td></tr> <tr> <td>3b</td> <td>nosotros (inclusivo)</td> <td>we (inclusive)</td> <td>*k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ)</td> <td>kənmuʔwa</td> <td>kanpuwa, kamuwa </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>este</td> <td>this</td> <td>*[a/i]suʔ</td> <td>asuʔ</td> <td>isuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>él, ella</td> <td>he, she</td> <td>*[na/i]na</td> <td>nana</td> <td>iná </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>¿quién?</td> <td>who?</td> <td></td> <td>ðən</td> <td>intaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>¿qué?</td> <td>what?</td> <td>*ma(ʔ)</td> <td>maʔnən</td> <td>maʔtaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>no</td> <td>no</td> <td>*kuʔ</td> <td>kuʔlaʔ</td> <td>kuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>9a</td> <td>todos</td> <td>all (pl.)</td> <td></td> <td>iɲəɾðapəɾ</td> <td>kaʔipinan </td></tr> <tr> <td>9b</td> <td>todo</td> <td>all (sg.)</td> <td></td> <td>iɲə</td> <td>jaʔipiɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>mucho</td> <td>many</td> <td>*na(ʔ)ku(n)</td> <td>nakusuʔ</td> <td>naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>uno</td> <td>one</td> <td>*a(ʔ)ɾaʔ</td> <td>alaʔsaʔ</td> <td>aʔnaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>dos</td> <td>two</td> <td>*katuʔ</td> <td>katuʔtaʔ</td> <td>katuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>grande</td> <td>big</td> <td></td> <td>aʔʎupi</td> <td>panka </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>largo</td> <td>long</td> <td></td> <td>ʃin</td> <td>napuɾupi </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>pequeño</td> <td>small</td> <td></td> <td>aʔməɾ</td> <td>waʔwiʃin </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>mujer</td> <td>woman</td> <td></td> <td>kuʔapəɾ</td> <td>sanapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>hombre, varón</td> <td>man, male</td> <td></td> <td>ənmupinən</td> <td>kɨmapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>persona</td> <td>person</td> <td></td> <td>muðaʔ</td> <td>pijapi </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>pájaro</td> <td>bird</td> <td></td> <td>ʃunpula</td> <td>inaiɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>20a</td> <td>jaguar</td> <td>jaguar</td> <td>*ni[ʔ]niʔ</td> <td>ɲiɲiʔ</td> <td>niʔniʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>20b</td> <td>perro</td> <td>dog</td> <td></td> <td>ɲiɲiʔwa</td> <td>niʔniɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>piojo</td> <td>louse</td> <td>*timɨn</td> <td>tʃimən</td> <td>tɨmɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>árbol</td> <td>tree</td> <td>*naɾa</td> <td>nala</td> <td>naɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>semilla, ojo</td> <td>seed, eye</td> <td>*ɾaja</td> <td>laða</td> <td>-ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>hoja</td> <td>sheet</td> <td></td> <td>lalumək</td> <td>wɨɾun- </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>raíz</td> <td>root</td> <td>*itɨk</td> <td>iɾək</td> <td>itɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>corteza</td> <td>bark</td> <td></td> <td>tʃipiɾək</td> <td>ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>piel</td> <td>skin</td> <td></td> <td>tʃipitək</td> <td>ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>carne</td> <td>meat</td> <td></td> <td>tʃutʃu</td> <td>nuʃa </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>sangre</td> <td>blood</td> <td></td> <td>uklaðək</td> <td>wɨnaiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>hueso</td> <td>bone</td> <td>*ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔ</td> <td>lansiʔ</td> <td>nansɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>grasa</td> <td>fat, grease</td> <td>*ija</td> <td>ija-</td> <td>ija- 'freír' </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>fuego</td> <td>fire</td> <td>*pɨn</td> <td>pən</td> <td>pɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>huevo</td> <td>egg</td> <td>*kajuʔ</td> <td>kaðuʔ</td> <td>kajuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>sangre</td> <td>blood</td> <td></td> <td>wiʔwək</td> <td>pumun </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>hueso</td> <td>bone</td> <td></td> <td>ʎintək</td> <td>winan </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>pluma</td> <td>feather</td> <td>*anpuɾuʔ</td> <td>anpuluʔ</td> <td>anpuɾuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>pez</td> <td>fish</td> <td>*sami</td> <td>saməɾ</td> <td>sami </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>pelo</td> <td>hair</td> <td>*ain(tɨk)</td> <td>əntʃək</td> <td>ain </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>cabeza</td> <td>head</td> <td>*mutuʔ</td> <td>mutuʔ</td> <td>mutuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>oreja</td> <td>ear</td> <td>*w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨk</td> <td>wiʔwək</td> <td>wɨɾatɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>ojo</td> <td>eye</td> <td>*ja(ʔ)pi</td> <td>ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts")</td> <td>jaʔpiɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>41b</td> <td>ojo, cara</td> <td>eye, face</td> <td></td> <td>laða</td> <td>-ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>uña</td> <td>nail</td> <td>*tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa</td> <td>tuʔtəkla</td> <td>tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>respirar</td> <td>breathe</td> <td>*n[i/ɨ]tɨk</td> <td>nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək)</td> <td>nitɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>boca</td> <td>mouth</td> <td>*ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n]</td> <td>laʔlaʔ</td> <td>nanan </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>diente</td> <td>tooth</td> <td>*ɾatɨk</td> <td>latək</td> <td>natiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>lengua</td> <td>tongue</td> <td>*ninɨkɾa</td> <td>ɲinəkla</td> <td>nɨnɨɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>pie</td> <td>foot</td> <td>*ɾantɨk</td> <td>lantək</td> <td>nantɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>rodilla</td> <td>knee</td> <td>*tutuʔtu[ʔ]pi</td> <td>tuʔtuʔpi</td> <td>tuʔtupitɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>mano</td> <td>hand</td> <td></td> <td>itəkla</td> <td>imiɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>barriga</td> <td>belly</td> <td>*juʔ</td> <td>məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts")</td> <td>juʔnau </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>cuello</td> <td>neck</td> <td>*kuɾupi</td> <td>kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple")</td> <td>kunupi </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>seno</td> <td>breast</td> <td></td> <td>muðin</td> <td>ʃuʔʃu </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>corazón</td> <td>heart</td> <td>*jinɾupi</td> <td>ðinlupi</td> <td>ninupi </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>hígado</td> <td>liver</td> <td>*kankan</td> <td>kankan</td> <td>kankan </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>beber</td> <td>drink</td> <td>*uʔu-</td> <td>u-</td> <td>uʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>comer</td> <td>eat</td> <td>*kaʔ</td> <td>kaʔ-</td> <td>kaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>morder</td> <td>bite</td> <td>*kitɨ(k)</td> <td>kitək-</td> <td>kɨtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>ver</td> <td>see</td> <td>*ɾiʔ</td> <td>ʎiʔ-</td> <td>niʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>oír</td> <td>hear</td> <td></td> <td>lawək-</td> <td>natan- </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>saber</td> <td>know</td> <td></td> <td>ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch")</td> <td>nitotɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>dormir</td> <td>sleep</td> <td>*w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ)</td> <td>witʃiʔ-</td> <td>wɨʔɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td>morir</td> <td>die</td> <td>*timin</td> <td>tʃimin-</td> <td>tʃimin- </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td>matar</td> <td>kill</td> <td></td> <td>ðiʔ-</td> <td>tɨpa- </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td>nadar</td> <td>swim</td> <td>*(i)jun</td> <td>iðun-</td> <td>jun- </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td>volar</td> <td>fly</td> <td>*pɨn</td> <td>pənnuʔ-</td> <td>pɨn- </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td>ir</td> <td>go</td> <td>*paʔ</td> <td>paʔ-</td> <td>paʔ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td>venir</td> <td>come</td> <td>*wɨ(k)</td> <td>wək-</td> <td>wɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td>estar echado, echarse</td> <td>lying down</td> <td></td> <td>pəkkwaʔ-</td> <td>kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td>estar sentado, sentarse</td> <td>seated</td> <td></td> <td>ðuʔ-</td> <td>wɨnsɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td>estar parado</td> <td>standing up</td> <td>*wani</td> <td>wanəɾ-</td> <td>wani- </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td>dar</td> <td>give</td> <td></td> <td>ənkaʔ-</td> <td>kɨtɨ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td>decir</td> <td>say</td> <td>*it(ɨ/u)</td> <td>(i)ɾ-</td> <td>itɨ- 'dice' ("say") </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>sol</td> <td>sun</td> <td></td> <td>kəkki</td> <td>piʔi </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td>luna</td> <td>moon</td> <td>*juki</td> <td>ðukəɾ</td> <td>juki </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td>estrella</td> <td>star</td> <td>*ta(n)juɾa</td> <td>tanðula</td> <td>tajuɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td>agua</td> <td>water</td> <td></td> <td>ðək</td> <td>iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td>lluvia</td> <td>rain</td> <td>*uʔɾan</td> <td>uʔlan</td> <td>uʔnan </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td>piedra</td> <td>stone</td> <td>*ɾaʔpi</td> <td>laʔpi</td> <td>naʔpi </td></tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td>arena</td> <td>sand</td> <td></td> <td>ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ</td> <td>inutɨʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td>tierra</td> <td>earth</td> <td>*ɾu(ʔ)paʔ</td> <td>lupaʔ</td> <td>nuʔpaʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td>nube</td> <td>cloud</td> <td></td> <td>ðinpanluʔtək</td> <td>wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>humo</td> <td>smoke</td> <td></td> <td>kəʎu</td> <td>kunaiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td>ceniza</td> <td>ashes</td> <td>*jaɾuʔ</td> <td>pənðaluʔ</td> <td>januʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td>quemar(se)</td> <td>burn</td> <td>*w[i/ɨ](ʔ)ki</td> <td>wəʔkəɾ-</td> <td>wiki- </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td>camino</td> <td>road</td> <td></td> <td>intʃilala</td> <td>iɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>86a</td> <td>cerro</td> <td>mountain</td> <td>*mutupi</td> <td>mutupi</td> <td>mutupi </td></tr> <tr> <td>86b</td> <td>selva</td> <td>jungle</td> <td>*tanan</td> <td>tanan</td> <td>tanan </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td>rojo</td> <td>red</td> <td></td> <td>pipəɾ</td> <td>kɨwan </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td>verde</td> <td>green</td> <td></td> <td>wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque")</td> <td>kanuɾa </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td>amarillo</td> <td>yellow</td> <td>*ʃaʔpi(ʔ)</td> <td>ʃaʔpiʔ</td> <td>ʃaʔpitun </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td>blanco</td> <td>white</td> <td></td> <td>ðaða</td> <td>wiɾitun </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td>negro</td> <td>black</td> <td></td> <td>kəɾ</td> <td>jaɾatun </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td>noche</td> <td>night</td> <td></td> <td>kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark")</td> <td>taʃiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td>gusano</td> <td>worm</td> <td>*kuwi(ʔ)</td> <td>kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm")</td> <td>kuwiʔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td>frío</td> <td>cold</td> <td></td> <td>sanək</td> <td>sɨwɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td>lleno</td> <td>full</td> <td></td> <td>muɾ</td> <td>mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td>nuevo</td> <td>new</td> <td>*na</td> <td>nalu</td> <td>naʃa </td></tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td>bueno</td> <td>good</td> <td></td> <td>mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful")</td> <td>nuja </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td>redondo</td> <td>round</td> <td></td> <td>munkun</td> <td>putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td>seco</td> <td>dry</td> <td></td> <td>ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry")</td> <td>jakɨn </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>nombre</td> <td>name</td> <td>*ɾiɾin</td> <td>ʎi(n)ʎin</td> <td>ninin </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vocabulary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loukotka_(1968)"><span id="Loukotka_.281968.29"></span>Loukotka (1968)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Loukotka (1968)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka</a> (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Loukotka_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>gloss</th> <th>Cahuapana</th> <th>Chayavita</th> <th>Jebero</th> <th>Miquirá </th></tr> <tr> <th>one </th> <td>ara</td> <td>haná</td> <td>aláʔatsa</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>two </th> <td>katu</td> <td>kató</td> <td>katáta</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>three </th> <td>kara</td> <td>kará</td> <td>kála</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>head </th> <td>mutu</td> <td>mostó</td> <td>móto</td> <td>hu-mato </td></tr> <tr> <th>ear </th> <td>buek</td> <td>wuiraté</td> <td>wuíoga</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>tooth </th> <td>nate</td> <td>naté</td> <td>látek</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>fire </th> <td>puín</td> <td>puíng</td> <td>pön</td> <td>punga </td></tr> <tr> <th>stone </th> <td>napí</td> <td>napí</td> <td>láʔapi</td> <td>napi </td></tr> <tr> <th>sun </th> <td>kéki</td> <td>pií</td> <td>köki</td> <td>kogua </td></tr> <tr> <th>moon </th> <td>matáshi</td> <td>yuxkí</td> <td>rúkör</td> <td>rúki </td></tr> <tr> <th>maize </th> <td>tötrla</td> <td>shiʔishí</td> <td>chíter</td> <td>chichi </td></tr> <tr> <th>dog </th> <td>nini</td> <td>niʔíni</td> <td>niní</td> <td>nini </td></tr> <tr> <th>boat </th> <td>nũng</td> <td>ñong</td> <td>ñung</td> <td>nunga </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li>Hart, H. L. (1988). <i>Diccionario chayahuita-castellano</i> (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 29). Yarinacocha: Ministerio de Educación and Summer Institute of Linguistics.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> has a list of reconstructed forms at <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan_reconstructions" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions">Appendix:Proto-Cahuapanan reconstructions</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jolkesky-2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jolkesky-2016_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJolkesky2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica"><i>Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas</i></a> (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Estudo+arqueo-ecolingu%C3%ADstico+das+terras+tropicais+sul-americanas&rft.inst=University+of+Bras%C3%ADlia&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Jolkesky&rft.aufirst=Marcelo+Pinho+de+Valhery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etnolinguistica.org%2Ftese%3Ajolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACahuapanan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas-Berscia2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rojas-Berscia, Louis Miguel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.mpg.de/rest/items/item_2237461_5/component/file_2237460/content">"Mayna, the lost Kawapanan language"</a>. <i>IAMES</i>. <b>15</b>: 393–407<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IAMES&rft.atitle=Mayna%2C+the+lost+Kawapanan+language&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=393-407&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rojas-Berscia&rft.aufirst=Louis+Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.mpg.de%2Frest%2Fitems%2Fitem_2237461_5%2Fcomponent%2Ffile_2237460%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACahuapanan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loukotka-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loukotka_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoukotka1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr_Loukotka" title="Čestmír Loukotka">Loukotka, Čestmír</a> (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk"><i>Classification of South American Indian languages</i></a></span>. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classification+of+South+American+Indian+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=UCLA+Latin+American+Center&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Loukotka&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Cestm%C3%ADr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0007louk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACahuapanan+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loukotka, Čestmír. 1949. Sur Quelques Langues Inconnues de l'Amerique du Sud. <i>Lingua Posnaniensis</i> I: 53-82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel. 2019. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/21.11116/0000-0003-21A5-D">From Kawapanan to Shawi: Topics in language variation and change</a></i>. Doctoral dissertation, Radboud University Nijmegen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar. 2011. Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: comparación léxica y gramatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In Willem F. H. Adelaar and Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck and Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), <i>Aru, Simi, Taqu, Lengua: Estudios en homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino</i>, 271-304. Lima: Fondo Editorial, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Alain Fabre, 2005, <i>Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: KAWAPANA</i><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Kawapana.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li>Valenzuela Bismarck, Pilar, 2011, Contribuciones para la reconstrucción del proto-cahuapana: Comparación léxica y grammatical de las lenguas jebero y chayahuita. In W.F.H. Adelaar, P. Valenzuela Bismarck & R. Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), <i>Estudios en lenguas andinas y amazónicas. Homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino</i>, pp. 271–304. Lima: Fondo Editorial Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&oldid=1243664419">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&oldid=1243664419</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Cahuapanan_languages&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="DmitryJemerov" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1725304825"> <span>Last edited on 2 September 2024, at 19:20</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_cahuapanas" title="Llingües cahuapanas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües cahuapanas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yezho%C3%B9_kahouapanek" title="Yezhoù kahouapanek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yezhoù kahouapanek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_cahuapanes" title="Llengües cahuapanes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües cahuapanes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuapana-Sprachen" title="Cahuapana-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cahuapana-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_cahuapanas" title="Lenguas cahuapanas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas cahuapanas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_cahuapananes" title="Langues cahuapananes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues cahuapananes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuapana_(jezi%C4%8Dna_porodica)" title="Cahuapana (jezična porodica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cahuapana (jezična porodica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahuapan%C5%B3_kalbos" title="Kahuapanų kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kahuapanų kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_cauapanan" title="Linguas cauapanan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas cauapanan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кахуапанански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кахуапанански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_cahuapanan" title="Lenghe cahuapanan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe cahuapanan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_cahuapanas" title="Línguas cahuapanas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas cahuapanas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawapana_rimaykuna" title="Kawapana rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawapana rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Кауапанские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кауапанские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahuapanan" title="Cahuapanan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cahuapanan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 September 2024, at 19:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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