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Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purpose_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Purpose and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heating_cable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heating_cable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heating cable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heating_cable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typical specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties_and_comparison_with_other_wiring_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties_and_comparison_with_other_wiring_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Properties and comparison with other wiring systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Properties_and_comparison_with_other_wiring_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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wheat"> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_code" title="Electrical code">Regulation of electrical installations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BS_7671" title="BS 7671">BS 7671 UK wiring regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEC_60364" title="IEC 60364">IEC 60364 IEC international standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Electrical_Code" title="Canadian Electrical Code">Canadian Electrical Code (CE Code)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Code" title="National Electrical Code">U.S. National Electrical Code (NEC)</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> Cabling and accessories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power_plugs_and_sockets" title="AC power plugs and sockets">AC power plugs and sockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_tray" title="Cable tray">Cable tray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_conduit" title="Electrical conduit">Electrical conduit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiway_switching" title="Multiway switching">Multiway switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_cable" title="Armoured cable">Steel wire armoured cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_main_unit" title="Ring main unit">Ring main unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_circuit" title="Ring circuit">Ring circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic-sheathed_cable" title="Thermoplastic-sheathed cable">Thermoplastic-sheathed cable</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: wheat"> Switching and protection devices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">AFCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_leakage_circuit_breaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth leakage circuit breaker">ELCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnector" title="Disconnector">Disconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(electrical)" title="Fuse (electrical)">Fuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_board" title="Distribution board">Distribution board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer unit">Consumer unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">Electrical switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthing_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthing systems">Earthing systems</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electrical_wiring_sidebar" title="Template:Electrical wiring sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electrical_wiring_sidebar" title="Template talk:Electrical wiring sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electrical_wiring_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electrical wiring sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MICCCable.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MICCCable.jpg/220px-MICCCable.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MICCCable.jpg/330px-MICCCable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/MICCCable.jpg/440px-MICCCable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>PVC-sheathed MICC cable. Conductor cross section area is 1.5 <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">mm</a><sup>2</sup>; overall diameter is 7.2 mm.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MI_Cables.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five metal-covered cables enter the left side of an electrical panel through brass fittings, with bare cable running down the concrete wall behind." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MI_Cables.jpg/220px-MI_Cables.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MI_Cables.jpg/330px-MI_Cables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/MI_Cables.jpg/440px-MI_Cables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mineral-insulated cables at a panel board</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable</b> is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Power_cable" title="Power cable">electrical cable</a> made from <a href="/wiki/Copper_wire_and_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire and cable">copper conductors</a> inside a copper sheath, insulated by inorganic <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> powder. The name is often abbreviated to MICC or MI cable, and colloquially known as <b>pyro</b> (because the original manufacturer and vendor for this product in the UK was a company called <a href="/wiki/Pentair" title="Pentair">Pyrotenax</a>). A similar product sheathed with metals other than copper is called <i>mineral-insulated metal-sheathed</i> (MIMS) cable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MI cable is made by placing copper rods inside a circular copper tube and filling the spaces with dry <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> powder. The overall assembly is then pressed between rollers to reduce its diameter (and increase its length). Up to seven conductors are often found in an MI cable, with up to 19 available from some manufacturers. </p><p>Since MI cables use no organic material as insulation (except at the ends), they are more resistant to fires than plastic-insulated cables. MI cables are used in critical <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">fire protection</a> applications such as alarm circuits, fire pumps, and smoke control systems. In process industries handling flammable fluids MI cable is used where small fires would otherwise cause damage to control or power cables. MI cable is also highly resistant to ionizing <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> and so finds applications in instrumentation for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a> and nuclear physics apparatus. </p><p>MI cables may be covered with a plastic sheath, coloured for identification purposes. The plastic sheath also provides additional corrosion protection for the copper sheath. </p><p>The metal tube shields the conductors from <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>. The metal sheath also physically protects the conductors, most importantly from accidental contact with other energised conductors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first patent for MI cable was issued to the Swiss inventor Arnold Francois Borel in 1896. Initially the insulating mineral was described in the patent application as pulverised glass, silicious stones, or <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, in powdered form. Much development ensued by the French company Société Alsacienne de Construction Mécanique.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Commercial production began in 1932 and much mineral-insulated cable was used on ships such as the <a href="/wiki/SS_Normandie" title="SS Normandie">Normandie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>, and in such critical applications as the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> museum. In 1937 a British company <i>Pyrotenax</i>, having purchased patent rights to the product from the French company, began production. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> much of the company's product was used in military equipment. The company <a href="/wiki/Public_float#Public_float_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public float">floated</a> on the stock exchange in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1947, the British Cable Makers' Association investigated the option of manufacturing a mineral-insulated cable that would compete with the Pyrotenax product. The manufacturers of the products "Bicalmin" and "Glomin" eventually merged with the Pyrotenax company. </p><p>The Pyrotenax company introduced an aluminum sheathed version of its product in 1964. MI cable is now manufactured in several countries. Pyrotenax is now a brand name under nVent (formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Pentair" title="Pentair">Pentair</a> Thermal Management). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose_and_use">Purpose and use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Purpose and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MI cables are used for power and control circuits of critical equipment, such as the following examples: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">Nuclear reactors</a></li> <li>Exposure to dangerous gasses</li> <li>Air pressurisation systems for stairwells to enable building egress during a fire</li> <li>Hospital operating rooms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire alarm">Fire alarm</a> systems</li> <li>Emergency power systems</li> <li>Emergency lighting systems</li> <li>Temperature measurement devices; <a href="/wiki/Resistance_thermometer" title="Resistance thermometer">RTDs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermocouple" title="Thermocouple">thermocouples</a>.</li> <li>Critical process valves in the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical_industry" title="Petrochemical industry">petrochemical industry</a></li> <li>Public buildings such as theatres, cinemas, hotels</li> <li>Transport hubs (<a href="/wiki/Railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway station">railway stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airports</a> etc.)</li> <li>Mains supply cables within residential apartment blocks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel" title="Tunnel">Tunnels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_equipment_in_hazardous_areas" title="Electrical equipment in hazardous areas">Electrical equipment in hazardous areas</a> where <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gases</a> may be present e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrol_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol station">petrol stations</a></li> <li>Areas where corrosive <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> may be present e.g. <a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">factories</a></li> <li>Building <a href="/wiki/HVAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HVAC">plant</a> rooms</li> <li>Hot areas e.g. <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">foundries</a>, and close to or even inside industrial <a href="/wiki/Industrial_furnace" title="Industrial furnace">furnaces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oven" title="Oven">ovens</a></li></ul> <p>MI cable fulfills the <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a> called <a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">circuit integrity</a>, which is intended to provide operability of critical electrical circuits during a fire. It is subject to strict <a href="/wiki/Listing_and_approval_use_and_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Listing and approval use and compliance">listing and approval use and compliance</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heating_cable">Heating cable</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Heating cable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A similar-appearing product is mineral-insulated <a href="/wiki/Trace_heating" title="Trace heating">trace heating</a> cable, in which the conductors are made of a high-resistance alloy. A heating cable is used to protect pipes from freezing or to maintain the temperature of process piping and vessels. An MI resistance heating cable may not be repairable if damaged. Most electric stove and oven heating elements are constructed in a similar manner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_specifications">Typical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Typical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table border="1" class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>Maximum voltage</td> <td>500–1000 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volts</a> <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Current rating</td> <td>16 – &gt;1,800 <a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">amperes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Conductor cross-sectional area</td> <td>1.0 – &gt;400&#160;mm<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper sheath cross-sectional area</td> <td>5 – &gt;400&#160;mm<sup>2</sup> effective </td></tr> <tr> <td>Number of cores</td> <td>1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 12, 19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Overall diameter</td> <td>5 – &gt;50&#160;mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minimum bend radius</td> <td>6 × diameter if less than 19&#160;mm od, 12 × diameter if outside diameter is greater than 19&#160;mm </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weight</td> <td>73–3,300 kilograms per kilometre (260–11,710&#160;lb/mi), 73–3,300&#160;g/m, 259–11,708.4&#160;lbs/mi </td></tr> <tr> <td>Finish</td> <td>Bare copper, standard PVC sheath, low smoke and fume (LSF) polymer sheath, various stainless steels, <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, and some superalloys </td></tr> <tr> <td>Colour</td> <td>Natural (bare stainless, bare copper), white, black, red, orange </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Maximum <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a></td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <td>Continuous, exposed to touch</td> <td>70 <a href="/wiki/Degree_Celsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree Celsius">°C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Continuous, not exposed to touch; PVC-sheathed</td> <td>105&#160;°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Continuous, not exposed to touch; not PVC-sheathed</td> <td>670&#160;°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intermittent</td> <td>&gt;1000&#160;°C </td></tr> <tr> <td>(The <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of copper is 1083&#160;°C.) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties_and_comparison_with_other_wiring_systems">Properties and comparison with other wiring systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Properties and comparison with other wiring systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The construction of MI cable makes it mechanically robust and resistant to impact.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Copper_sheathing" title="Copper sheathing">Copper sheathing</a> is waterproof and resistant to ultraviolet light and many corrosive elements. MI cable is approved for use in areas with hazardous concentrations of flammable substances, being unlikely to initiate an explosion even during circuit fault conditions. MI cable is smokeless, non-toxic, and will not support combustion. The cable meets and exceeds BS 5839-1, making it fire-rated surpassing 950°c for over three hours with simultaneous mechanical stress and water spray as well without failure. </p><p>MI cable is primarily used for high-temperature environments or safety-critical signal and power systems; however, it can additionally be used within a tenanted area, carrying electricity supplied and billed to the landlord. For example, for a communal extract system or antenna booster, it provides a supply cable that cannot easily be 'tapped' into to obtain free energy. </p><p>The finished cable assembly can be bent to follow the shapes of buildings or bent around obstacles, allowing for a neat appearance when exposed. </p><p>Since the inorganic insulation does not degrade with (moderate) heating, the finished cable assembly can be allowed to rise to higher temperatures than plastic-insulated cables; the limits to temperature rise may be only due to possible contact of the sheath with people or structures or the physical melting point of copper. This may also allow a smaller cross-section cable to be used in particular applications. </p><p>An additional advantage of Mi cable is the ability to use the copper shield as a neutral or earth in particular situations </p><p>Due to <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, the copper cladding darkens with age. However, where MICC cables with a bare copper sheath are installed in damp locations, particularly where lime mortar has been used, the water and lime combine to create an electrolytic action with the bare copper. Similarly, electrolytic action may also be caused by installing bare-sheath MICC cables on new oak. The reaction causes the copper to be eaten away, making a hole in the sheath of the cable and letting in water, causing a breakdown of the insulation and short circuits. The copper sheath material is typically resistant to most chemicals but can be severely damaged by ammonia-bearing compounds and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. A pinhole in the copper sheathing will allow moisture into the insulation and cause eventual failure of the circuit. A PVC over-jacket or sheaths of other metals may be required where such chemical damage is expected. When MI cable is embedded in concrete, as in floor heating cable, it is susceptible to physical damage by concrete workers working the concrete into the pour. If the coating is damaged, pinholes in the copper jacket may develop, causing premature failure of the system. </p><p>While the length of the MI cable is very tough, at some point, each run of cabling terminates at a splice or within electrical equipment. These terminations are vulnerable to fire, moisture, and mechanical impact. MICC is not suitable for use where it will be subject to <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">vibration</a> or flexing, as in connections to heavy or movable machinery. Vibration can cause cracking in the cladding and cores, leading to failure. </p><p>During installation MI cable must not be bent repeatedly, as this will cause <a href="/wiki/Work_hardening" title="Work hardening">work hardening</a> and cracks in the cladding and cores. A minimum <a href="/wiki/Bend_radius" title="Bend radius">bend radius</a> must be observed, and the cable must be supported at regular intervals. The magnesium oxide insulation is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>, so MICC cable must be protected from moisture until it has been terminated. Termination requires stripping back the copper cladding and attaching a compression gland fitting. Individual conductors are insulated with plastic sleeves. A sealing tape, insulating putty, or an <a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">epoxy resin</a> is then poured into the compression gland fitting to provide a watertight seal. If a termination is faulty due to workmanship or damage, then the magnesium oxide will absorb moisture and lose its insulating properties. Installation of MI cable takes more time than installation of a PVC-sheathed armoured cable of the same conductor size.<sup id="cite_ref-Means99_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Installation of MICC is therefore a costly task. </p><p>MI cable is only manufactured with ratings up to 1000 volts. </p><p>The magnesium oxide insulation has a high affinity for moisture. Moisture introduced into the cable can cause electrical leakage from the internal conductors to the metal sheath. Moisture absorbed at a cut end of the cable may be driven off by heating the cable. If the MI cable jacket has been damaged, the magnesium oxide will wick moisture into the cable, and it will lose its insulating properties, causing shorts to the copper cladding and thence to earth. It is often necessary to remove 0.5 to 2 metres (1.6 to 6.6&#160;ft) of the MI cable and splice in a new section to accomplish the repair. Depending on the size and number of conductors, a single termination can be a large undertaking to repair.<sup id="cite_ref-Means99_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Means99-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">Circuit integrity</a> for conventional plastic-insulated cables requires additional measures to obtain a <a href="/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">fire-resistance rating</a> or to lower the <a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">flammability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> contributions to a minimum degree acceptable for certain types of construction. Sprayed-on coatings or flexible wraps cover the plastic insulation to protect it from flame and reduce its flame-spreading ability. However, since these coatings reduce the heat dissipation of the cables, often they must be rated for less current after application of fire-resistant coatings. This is called current capacity derating. It can be tested through the use of IEEE 848 Standard Procedure for the Determination of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected Cables.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listing_and_approval_use_and_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Listing and approval use and compliance">Listing and approval use and compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">Circuit integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_tray" title="Cable tray">Cable tray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_wire_and_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper wire and cable">Copper wire and cable</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/MI_Cable" class="extiw" title="commons:MI Cable"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Mineral Insulated Copper-Clad Cables</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation book cs1">Black, Robert M. <i>The History of Electric Wires and Cable</i>. Peter Peregrinus Ltd, London. pp.&#160;158–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+History+of+Electric+Wires+and+Cable&amp;rft.pages=158-9&amp;rft.pub=Peter+Peregrinus+Ltd%2C+London&amp;rft.aulast=Black&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86341-001-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-86341-001-4">0-86341-001-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountess_of_Carnarvon" class="citation book cs1">Countess of Carnarvon. <i>Lady Catherine and the Real Downton Abbey</i>. Hodder &amp; Stoughton Ltd, London. pp.&#160;164–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Lady+Catherine+and+the+Real+Downton+Abbey&amp;rft.pages=164-5&amp;rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton+Ltd%2C+London&amp;rft.au=Countess+of+Carnarvon&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-444-76210%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-444-76210+5">978-1-444-76210 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.floorheating.com.au/_files/ugd/9fe009_3bb60c725ddf4c569aff49bcbaa42317.pdf">"Mineral Insulated wiring Cable system"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pentair. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230805120037/https://www.floorheating.com.au/_files/ugd/9fe009_3bb60c725ddf4c569aff49bcbaa42317.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Mineral+Insulated+wiring+Cable+system&amp;rft.pub=Pentair&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.floorheating.com.au%2F_files%2Fugd%2F9fe009_3bb60c725ddf4c569aff49bcbaa42317.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pyrosales.com.au/pdf-viewer/?file=https://www.pyrosales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/TRMGr_825__Fire-Proof_Wiring_Feb2014_datasheet.pdf">"Datasheets for Mineral Insulated Alloy 825 Sheated Fireproof Wiring Cables"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>pyrosales</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315030347/https://www.pyrosales.com.au/pdf-viewer/?file=https://www.pyrosales.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/TRMGr_825__Fire-Proof_Wiring_Feb2014_datasheet.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pyrosales&amp;rft.atitle=Datasheets+for+Mineral+Insulated+Alloy+825+Sheated+Fireproof+Wiring+Cables&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyrosales.com.au%2Fpdf-viewer%2F%3Ffile%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.pyrosales.com.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FTRMGr_825&#95;_Fire-Proof_Wiring_Feb2014_datasheet.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.remora.net/Articles/Category-Two/What-Is-MICC-Cable">"Fire Performance Test for Fire Survivable Cables"</a>. <i>Remora Electrical</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820021510/https://www.remora.net/Articles/Category-Two/What-Is-MICC-Cable">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Remora+Electrical&amp;rft.atitle=Fire+Performance+Test+for+Fire+Survivable+Cables&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.remora.net%2FArticles%2FCategory-Two%2FWhat-Is-MICC-Cable&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Means99-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Means99_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Means99_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">R.S. Means Co, <i>Electrical Cost Data 22nd Annual Edition</i>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87629-504-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87629-504-9">0-87629-504-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7111195"><i>IEEE Standard Procedure for the Determination of the Ampacity Derating Factor for Fire-Protected Cable Systems</i></a>. IEEE. 2015. pp.&#160;1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2015.7111195">10.1109/IEEESTD.2015.7111195</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-9555-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7381-9555-1"><bdi>978-0-7381-9555-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=IEEE+Standard+Procedure+for+the+Determination+of+the+Ampacity+Derating+Factor+for+Fire-Protected+Cable+Systems&amp;rft.pages=1-32&amp;rft.pub=IEEE&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2015.7111195&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7381-9555-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7111195&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMineral-insulated+copper-clad+cable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐849f99967d‐gkkmc Cached time: 20241123195315 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.461 seconds Real time usage: 0.583 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1354/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 33995/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1199/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 15/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 41233/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.317/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 7312130/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 515.229 1 -total 22.12% 113.983 3 Template:Cite_book 20.94% 107.867 1 Template:Electrical_Wiring_Sidebar 20.35% 104.850 1 Template:Sidebar 16.62% 85.650 1 Template:Short_description 15.06% 77.611 1 Template:Refimprove 13.74% 70.790 1 Template:Ambox 9.90% 51.000 2 Template:Pagetype 7.52% 38.728 1 Template:Commons 7.46% 38.412 2 Template:Convert --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2949409-0!canonical and timestamp 20241123195315 and revision id 1259173936. 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