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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_Cathedrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Earlier Cathedrals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_Cathedrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_and_reconstruction_(1194–1260)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_and_reconstruction_(1194–1260)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Fire and reconstruction (1194–1260)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_and_reconstruction_(1194–1260)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_modifications_(13th–18th_centuries)_and_the_coronation_of_Henri_IV_of_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_modifications_(13th–18th_centuries)_and_the_coronation_of_Henri_IV_of_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later modifications (13th–18th centuries) and the coronation of Henri IV of France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_modifications_(13th–18th_centuries)_and_the_coronation_of_Henri_IV_of_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Revolution_and_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Revolution_and_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>French Revolution and 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Revolution_and_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2009 restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plan_and_elevation_–_flying_buttresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plan_and_elevation_–_flying_buttresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Plan and elevation – flying buttresses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plan_and_elevation_–_flying_buttresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_towers_and_clock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_towers_and_clock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The towers and clock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_towers_and_clock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_portals_and_their_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_portals_and_their_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The portals and their sculpture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_portals_and_their_sculpture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The portals and their sculpture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_portals_and_their_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-West,_or_Royal_Portal_(12th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West,_or_Royal_Portal_(12th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>West, or Royal Portal (12th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West,_or_Royal_Portal_(12th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_transept_portals_(13th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_transept_portals_(13th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>North transept portals (13th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_transept_portals_(13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_portal_(13th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_portal_(13th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>South portal (13th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_portal_(13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Angels_and_monsters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angels_and_monsters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Angels and monsters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angels_and_monsters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nave_and_ambulatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nave_and_ambulatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nave and ambulatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nave_and_ambulatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stained_glass_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stained_glass_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Stained glass windows</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stained_glass_windows-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Stained glass windows subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stained_glass_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-12th_century_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>12th century windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rose_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rose_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Rose windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rose_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_in_aisles_and_the_choir_ambulatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_in_aisles_and_the_choir_ambulatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Windows in aisles and the choir ambulatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_in_aisles_and_the_choir_ambulatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clerestory_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clerestory_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Clerestory windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clerestory_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Later_windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4.1</span> <span>Later windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_crypt_(9th–11th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_crypt_(9th–11th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>The crypt (9th–11th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_crypt_(9th–11th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_altar_(18th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_altar_(18th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>High altar (18th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_altar_(18th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choir_wall_(16th–18th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choir_wall_(16th–18th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Choir wall (16th–18th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choir_wall_(16th–18th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grand_Organ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grand_Organ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Grand Organ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grand_Organ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labyrinth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labyrinth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Labyrinth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labyrinth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapel_of_Piatus_of_Tournai,_bishop's_palace_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel_of_Piatus_of_Tournai,_bishop's_palace_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Chapel of Piatus of Tournai, bishop's palace and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel_of_Piatus_of_Tournai,_bishop's_palace_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_School_of_Chartres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_School_of_Chartres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>The School of Chartres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_School_of_Chartres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Social and economic context</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilgrimages_and_the_legend_of_the_Sancta_Camisa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilgrimages_and_the_legend_of_the_Sancta_Camisa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>Pilgrimages and the legend of the <i>Sancta Camisa</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilgrimages_and_the_legend_of_the_Sancta_Camisa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chartres_Light_Celebration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chartres_Light_Celebration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>Chartres Light Celebration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chartres_Light_Celebration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">22</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">23</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">24</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">25</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chartres Cathedral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="كاتدرائية شارتر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية شارتر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eartr_kafedral%C4%B1" title="Şartr kafedralı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şartr kafedralı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шартрскі сабор – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шартрскі сабор" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шартраўская катэдра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шартраўская катэдра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Нотр Дам дьо Шартър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нотр Дам дьо Шартър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_Notre-Dame_(Chartres)" title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Chartres) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Chartres)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_Gadeiriol_Chartres" title="Eglwys Gadeiriol Chartres – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys Gadeiriol Chartres" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domkirken_i_Chartres" title="Domkirken i Chartres – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Domkirken i Chartres" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedrale_von_Chartres" title="Kathedrale von Chartres – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathedrale von Chartres" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%84%CF%81" title="Καθεδρικός Ναός της Σαρτρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθεδρικός Ναός της Σαρτρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo_de_Chartres" title="Katedralo de Chartres – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartresko_katedrala" title="Chartresko katedrala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Chartresko katedrala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="کلیسای جامع شارتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع شارتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres" title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal_fan_Chartres" title="Katedraal fan Chartres – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katedraal fan Chartres" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais_Chartres" title="Ardeaglais Chartres – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais Chartres" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%B4_%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="샤르트르 대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤르트르 대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Շարտրի տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարտրի տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_Notre-Dame_u_Chartresu" title="Katedrala Notre-Dame u Chartresu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katedrala Notre-Dame u Chartresu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Chartres" title="Katedral Chartres – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral Chartres" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_di_Chartres" title="Cattedrale di Chartres – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale di Chartres" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A8" title="קתדרלת שארטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלת שארטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შარტრის საკათედრო ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შარტრის საკათედრო ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Cathedralis_Carnotensis" title="Ecclesia Cathedralis Carnotensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Cathedralis Carnotensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0artras_Dievm%C4%81tes_katedr%C4%81le" title="Šartras Dievmātes katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šartras Dievmātes katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedral_Notre-Dame_vu_Chartres" title="Kathedral Notre-Dame vu Chartres – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kathedral Notre-Dame vu Chartres" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0artro_katedra" title="Šartro katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šartro katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame-sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z_(Chartres)" title="Notre-Dame-székesegyház (Chartres) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Notre-Dame-székesegyház (Chartres)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katidral_ta%27_Chartres" title="Katidral ta' Chartres – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Katidral ta' Chartres" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="كاتدرائيه شارتر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائيه شارتر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral_Chartres" title="Katedral Chartres – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katedral Chartres" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ရှာ့တာ ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှာ့တာ ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal_van_Chartres" title="Kathedraal van Chartres – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathedraal van Chartres" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="シャルトル大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャルトル大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartreskatedralen" title="Chartreskatedralen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Chartreskatedralen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Chartres" title="Notre-Dame de Chartres – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Notre-Dame de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_de_N%C3%B2stra_D%C3%B2na_de_Chartres" title="Catedrala de Nòstra Dòna de Chartres – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catedrala de Nòstra Dòna de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="شارٹرے گرجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شارٹرے گرجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9drale_Nou-Danme_ed_Chartres" title="Catédrale Nou-Danme ed Chartres – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Catédrale Nou-Danme ed Chartres" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra_w_Chartres" title="Katedra w Chartres – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra w Chartres" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral_de_Chartres" title="Catedral de Chartres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala_Notre-Dame_din_Chartres" title="Catedrala Notre-Dame din Chartres – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catedrala Notre-Dame din Chartres" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Шартрский собор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шартрский собор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chartres Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la_Notre-Dame_(Chartres)" title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Chartres) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katedrála Notre-Dame (Chartres)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolnica_bla%C5%BEene_Device_Marije,_Chartres" title="Stolnica blažene Device Marije, Chartres – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stolnica blažene Device Marije, Chartres" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_u_%C5%A0artru" title="Katedrala u Šartru – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Katedrala u Šartru" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala_u_Chartresu" title="Katedrala u Chartresu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katedrala u Chartresu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartresin_katedraali" title="Chartresin katedraali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Chartresin katedraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Chartres" title="Notre-Dame de Chartres – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Notre-Dame de Chartres" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อาสนวิหารชาทร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหารชาทร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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location">48.44778°N 1.48778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.44778; 1.48778</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval cathedral in France</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Chartres Cathedral</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres</i></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #AAAAAA;width:200px;display:table;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:1px 0 0 1px"><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/99px-Facade_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/149px-Facade_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Facade_cathedral.jpg/198px-Facade_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_(2012.01)_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/99px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/149px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg/198px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/99px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/149px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG/198px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4608" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/99px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/149px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg/198px-Cenral_tympanum_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="2210" /></a></span></div></div></div><div style="display:table;background-color:#F9F9F9;border-collapse:collapse"><div style="display:table-row"><div style="display:table-cell;border-top:0;padding:0 1px 1px 0"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/200px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/300px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg/400px-Notre_Dame_de_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Chartres Cathedral</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_province" title="Ecclesiastical province">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Ecclesiastical or organizational status</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">Cathedral</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">16 Cloître Notre Dame, 28000 <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chartres Cathedral is located in France"><img alt="Chartres Cathedral is located in France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/240px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/360px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg/480px-France_location_map-Regions_and_departements-2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1922" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.069%;left:46.125%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within France</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chartres_Cathedral&params=48_26_52_N_1_29_16_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°26′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">1°29′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.44778°N 1.48778°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.44778; 1.48778</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Groundbreaking</th><td class="infobox-data note">1126 (Romanesque)<br />1194 (Gothic)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data note">1252</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFCC99">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cathedrale-chartres.org/">cathedrale-chartres<wbr />.org</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartres-cathedrale.fr/en/">Towers</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:88%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81">81</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1979 (3rd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0055A4; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">Monument historique</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">cathédrale Notre-Dame, Chartres</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1862<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/memoire/HTML/IVR24/IA28000005/index.htm">IA28000005</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chartres Cathedral</b>, (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres</i>, lit., <b>Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral">cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>, France, about 80 km (50 miles) southwest of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_bishops_of_Chartres" title="List of bishops of Chartres">Bishop of Chartres</a>. Dedicated in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> ('Our Lady'), it was mostly constructed between 1194 and 1220, it stands on the site of at least five cathedrals that have occupied the site since the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a> was formed as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> in the 4th century. It is one of the best-known and most influential examples of <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Classic_Gothic" title="Classic Gothic">Classic Gothic</a> architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was built above earlier <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> basements, while its north spire is more recent (1507–1513) and is built in the more ornate <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant" title="Flamboyant">Flamboyant</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[O]ne of the most beautiful and historically significant cathedrals in all of Europe,"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by UNESCO in 1979, which called it "the high point of <a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic art</a>" and a "masterpiece".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cathedral has been well-preserved and restored: the majority of the original stained glass windows survive intact, while the architecture has seen only minor changes since the early 13th century. The building's exterior is dominated by heavy <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttresses</a> which allowed the architects to increase the window size significantly, while the west end is dominated by two contrasting spires – a 105-metre (349 ft) plain pyramid completed around 1160 and the 113-metre (377 ft) Flamboyant (late Gothic) spire on top of an older tower. Its three great façades are adorned with hundreds of sculpted figures illustrating key theological themes and narratives. </p><p>Since at least the 12th century the cathedral has been an important destination for travellers. It attracts large numbers of Christian pilgrims, many of whom come to venerate its famous relic, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sancta_Camisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancta Camisa">Sancta Camisa</a></i>, said to be the tunic worn by the Virgin Mary at Christ's birth, as well as large numbers of secular tourists who come to admire the cathedral's architecture and art. A venerated <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> statue enshrined within was crowned by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a> on 31 May 1855. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres-00001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres-00001.jpg/220px-Chartres-00001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres-00001.jpg/330px-Chartres-00001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres-00001.jpg/440px-Chartres-00001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Chartres Cathedral by night</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_Cathedrals">Earlier Cathedrals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earlier Cathedrals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least five cathedrals have stood on this site, each replacing an earlier building damaged by war or fire. The first church dated from no later than the 4th century and was located at the base of a <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> wall; this was put to the torch in 743 on the orders of the Duke of Aquitaine. The second church on the site was set on fire by <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish pirates</a> in 858. This was then reconstructed and enlarged by Bishop Gislebert, but was itself destroyed by fire in 1020. A vestige of this church, now known as Saint Lubin Chapel, remains, underneath the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> of the present cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took its name from <a href="/wiki/Leobinus" title="Leobinus">Lubinus</a>, the mid-6th-century Bishop of Chartres. It is lower than the rest of the crypt and may have been the shrine of a local saint, prior to the church's rededication to the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 962, the church was damaged by another fire and was reconstructed yet again. A more serious fire broke out on 7 September 1020, after which <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Bishop Fulbert</a> (bishop from 1006 to 1028) decided to build a new cathedral. He appealed to the royal houses of Europe, and received generous donations for the rebuilding, including a gift from <a href="/wiki/Cnut_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnut the Great">Cnut the Great</a>, King of Norway, Denmark and much of England. The new cathedral was constructed atop and around the remains of the 9th-century church. It consisted of an ambulatory around the earlier chapel, surrounded by three large chapels with <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vault" title="Barrel vault">barrel vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groin_vault" title="Groin vault">groin vault</a> ceilings, which still exist. On top of this structure he built the upper church, 108 meters long and 34 meters wide.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebuilding proceeded in phases over the next century, culminating in 1145 in a display of public enthusiasm dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Carts" title="Cult of Carts">Cult of Carts</a>" – one of several such incidents recorded during the period. It was claimed that during this religious outburst, a crowd of more than a thousand <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penitents</a> dragged carts filled with building supplies and provisions including stones, wood, grain, etc. to the site.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1134, another fire in the town damaged the façade and the bell tower of the cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction had already begun on the north tower in the mid-1120s,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was capped with a wooden spire around 1142. The site for the south tower was occupied by the Hotel Dieu that was damaged in the fire. Excavations for that tower were begun straight away. As it rose the sculpture for the Royal Portal (most of which had been carved beforehand) was integrated with the walls of the south tower. The square of the tower was changed to an octagon for the spire just after the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>. It was finished about 1165 and reached a height of 105 metres or 345 feet, one of the highest in Europe. There was a narthex between the towers and a chapel devoted to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Michael" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Michael">Saint Michael</a>. Traces of the vaults and the shafts which supported them are still visible in the western two bays.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stained glass in the three lancet windows over the portals dates from some time before 1145. The Royal Portal on the west façade, between the towers, the primary entrance to the cathedral, was probably finished a year or so after 1140.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_and_reconstruction_(1194–1260)"><span id="Fire_and_reconstruction_.281194.E2.80.931260.29"></span>Fire and reconstruction (1194–1260)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fire and reconstruction (1194–1260)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of 10 June 1194, another major fire devastated the cathedral. Only the crypt, the towers, and the new façade survived. The cathedral was already known throughout Europe as a pilgrimage destination, due to the reputed relics of the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> that it contained. A legate of the Pope happened to be in Chartres at the time of the fire, and spread the word. Funds were collected from royal and noble patrons across Europe, as well as small donations from ordinary people. Reconstruction began almost immediately. Some portions of the building had survived, including the two towers and the Royal Portal on the west end, and these were incorporated into the new cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nave, aisles, and lower levels of the transepts of the new cathedral were probably completed first, then the choir and chapels of the apse; then the upper parts of the transept. By 1220, the roof was in place. The major portions of the new cathedral, with its stained glass and sculpture, were largely finished within just twenty-five years, extraordinarily rapid for the time. The cathedral was formally re-consecrated in October 1260, in the presence of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX of France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose coat of arms can be seen painted on a <a href="/wiki/Boss_(architecture)" title="Boss (architecture)">boss</a> at the entrance to the apse, although this was added in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_modifications_(13th–18th_centuries)_and_the_coronation_of_Henri_IV_of_France"><span id="Later_modifications_.2813th.E2.80.9318th_centuries.29_and_the_coronation_of_Henri_IV_of_France"></span>Later modifications (13th–18th centuries) and the coronation of Henri IV of France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later modifications (13th–18th centuries) and the coronation of Henri IV of France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg/200px-Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg/300px-Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg/400px-Sacre_Henri4_France_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>The coronation of <a href="/wiki/Henri_IV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri IV of France">Henri IV of France</a> in the cathedral on 27 February 1594</figcaption></figure> <p>Relatively few changes were made after this time. An additional seven spires were proposed in the original plans, but these were never built.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1326, a new two-storey chapel, dedicated to Saint <a href="/wiki/Piatus_of_Tournai" title="Piatus of Tournai">Piatus of Tournai</a>, displaying his relics, was added to the apse. The upper floor of this chapel was accessed by a staircase opening onto the ambulatory. (The chapel is normally closed to visitors, although it occasionally houses temporary exhibitions.) Another chapel was opened in 1417 by <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis, Count of Vendôme">Louis, Count of Vendôme</a>, who had been captured by the English at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt" title="Battle of Agincourt">Battle of Agincourt</a> and fought alongside <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Arc" title="Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> at the siege of <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>. It is located in the fifth bay of the south aisle and is dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Its highly ornate <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamboyant Gothic">Flamboyant Gothic</a> style contrasts with the earlier chapels.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_(France).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg/220px-Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg/330px-Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg/440px-Chartres_incendie_cath%C3%A9drale_Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Pernot_1836_Eure-et-Loir_%28France%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>The 1836 fire of Chartres Cathedral by François-Alexandre Pernot (1837)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1506, lightning destroyed the north spire, which was rebuilt in the '<a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamboyant Gothic">Flamboyant</a>' style from 1507 to 1513 by architect Jean Texier. When he finished this, he began constructing a new jubé or <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">Rood screen</a> that separated the ceremonial choir space from the nave, where the worshippers sat.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 February 1594, King <a href="/wiki/Henri_IV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri IV of France">Henri IV of France</a> was crowned in Chartres Cathedral, rather than the traditional <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>, since both Paris and Reims were occupied at the time by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>. The ceremony took place in the choir of the church, after which the King and the Bishop mounted the rood screen to be seen by the crowd in the nave. After the ceremony and a mass, they moved to the residence of the bishop next to the cathedral for a banquet.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg/220px-Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg/330px-Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg/440px-Chartres_roof_space_the_Charpente_de_Fer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption>Inside the roof-space, the <i>charpente de fer</i>, built c. 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1753, further modifications were made to the interior to adapt it to new theological practices. The stone pillars were covered with stucco, and the tapestries which hung behind the stalls were replaced by marble reliefs. The <a href="/wiki/Rood_screen" title="Rood screen">rood screen</a> that separated the liturgical choir from the nave was torn down and the present stalls were built. At the same time, some of the stained glass in the clerestory was removed and replaced with <a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a> windows, greatly increasing the light on the high altar in the center of the church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Revolution_and_19th_century">French Revolution and 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Revolution and 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> a mob attacked and began to destroy the sculpture on the north porch, but was stopped by a larger crowd of townspeople. The local Revolutionary Committee decided to destroy the cathedral via explosives and asked a local architect to find the best place to set the explosions. He saved the building by pointing out that the vast amount of rubble from the demolished building would so clog the streets it would take years to clear away. The cathedral, like Notre Dame de Paris and other major cathedrals, became the property of the French State and worship was halted until the time of Napoleon, but it was not further damaged. </p><p>In 1836, due to the negligence of workmen, a fire began which destroyed the lead-covered wooden roof and the two belfries, but the building structure and the stained glass were untouched. The old roof was replaced by a copper-covered roof on an iron frame. At the time, the framework over the crossing had the largest span of any iron-framed construction in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-H12_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H12-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second World War, in France, was fought between the Allies and Axis powers of Germany and Italy. In July 1944, the British and Canadians found themselves restrained just south of Caen. The Americans and their five divisions planned an alternative route to the Germans. While some Americans headed west and south, others found themselves in a sweep east of Caen that led them behind the frontline of the German forces. Hitler ordered the German commissioner, Kluge, to head west to cut off the Americans. This ultimately led the Allies to Chartres in mid-August 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August 1944, the cathedral was saved from destruction thanks to the American colonel <a href="/wiki/Welborn_Griffith" title="Welborn Griffith">Welborn Barton Griffith Jr.</a> (1901–1944), who questioned the order he was given to target the cathedral. The Americans believed that the steeples and towers were being used as an observation post for German artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Griffith, accompanied by a volunteer soldier, instead decided to go and verify whether or not the Germans were using the cathedral. Griffith could see that the cathedral was empty, so he had the cathedral bells ring as a signal for the Americans not to shoot. Upon hearing the bells, the American command rescinded the order to fire. Colonel Griffith died in combat action that same day, in the town of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A8ves" title="Lèves">Lèves</a>, near Chartres. He was posthumously decorated with the <i>Croix de Guerre avec Palme</i> (<a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Croix de Guerre 1939–1945">War Cross 1939–1945</a>), the <i>Légion d'Honneur</i> (<a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>) and the <i>Ordre National du Mérite</i> (<a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">National Order of Merit</a>) of the French government and the <a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Service Cross (United States)">Distinguished Service Cross</a> of the American government.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009_restoration">2009 restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2009 restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the Monuments Historiques division of the French Ministry of Culture began an $18.5-million program of works at the cathedral, cleaning the inside and outside, protecting the stained glass with a coating, and cleaning and painting the inside masonry creamy-white with <i><a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a></i> marbling and gilded detailing, as it may have looked in the 13th century. This has been a subject of controversy (see <a href="#Restoration">below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral is the seat of the Bishop of Chartres of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Chartres" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Chartres">Diocese of Chartres</a>. The diocese is part of the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Tours">ecclesiastical province of Tours</a>. </p><p>Every evening since the events of <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001">11 September 2001</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vespers" title="Vespers">Vespers</a> are sung by the <a href="/wiki/Chemin_Neuf_Community" title="Chemin Neuf Community">Chemin Neuf Community</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>743</b> – First mention of a cathedral in Chartres in a text<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>c. 876</b> – <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a> gives the cathedral an important sacred relic, the veil of the Virgin, making it an important pilgrimage destination.<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1020</b> – Fire damages cathedral. Bishop Fulbert begins reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1030</b> – New cathedral dedicated by Bishop Thierry, successor to Fulbert<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1134</b> – Construction of the Royal Portal<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1170</b> – Completion of south bell tower<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1194</b> – Fire destroys much of city and a large part of the cathedral, but spares the crypt and the new façade. Fund-raising and rebuilding begins immediately.</li> <li><b>1221</b> – New vaults are completed. The chapter takes possession of the new choir.</li> <li><b>1210–1250</b> – Major installation of stained glass windows in choir and nave installed<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1260</b> – Consecration of the new cathedral in presence of <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> (Saint Louis). Roof built over chevet, transept and nave</li> <li><b>1270–1280</b> – Sacristy completed</li> <li><b>1324–1353</b> – Construction of the chapel of Saint Piat</li> <li><b>1417</b> – Chapel of the Annunciation completed</li> <li><b>1507–1513</b> – North tower, damaged by a fire, is rebuilt in Flamboyant Gothic style</li> <li><b>1513</b> – Work begins on the choir tower by Jehan de Beuce<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1520</b>- Pavillon de l'Horloge clock tower loge begun on the north side</li> <li><b>1594</b> – Since <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a> is occupied by the Catholic League, coronation of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a> held in Chartres<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1789</b> – Following French Revolution, church property seized and Catholic worship forbidden</li> <li><b>1792</b> – Cathedral treasury confiscated by revolutionary government<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1802</b> – Church restored to the Catholic Church for its exclusive use</li> <li><b>1805</b> – Restoration of church begins</li> <li><b>1836</b> – Fire destroys the roof beams and roof. They are replaced with a metal structure and copper roof<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1840</b> – Cathedral classified a national historical monument<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1857</b> – Completion of Notre-Dame-du-Pilier<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1908</b> – Cathedral granted status of basilica<sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1979</b> – Cathedral is declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1992</b> – New main altar by the Georgian-French sculptor <a href="/wiki/Goudji" title="Goudji">Goudji</a> installed in choir<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1994</b> – Cathedral celebrates 800th anniversary of first reconstruction</li> <li><b>2009</b> – New restoration campaign, including cleaning and repainting walls to recreate original light colors and atmosphere<sup id="cite_ref-Lichfield_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichfield-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Length: 130 metres (430 ft)</li> <li>Width: 32 metres (105 ft) / 46 metres (151 ft)</li> <li>Nave: height 37 metres (121 ft); width 16.4 metres (54 ft)</li> <li>Ground area: 10,875 square metres (117,060 sq ft)</li> <li>Height of south-west tower: 105 metres (344 ft)</li> <li>Height of north-west tower: 113 metres (371 ft)</li> <li>176 stained-glass windows</li> <li>Choir enclosure: 200 statues in 41 scenes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plan_and_elevation_–_flying_buttresses"><span id="Plan_and_elevation_.E2.80.93_flying_buttresses"></span>Plan and elevation – flying buttresses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plan and elevation – flying buttresses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chartres floorplan (1856) by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879)"><img alt="Chartres floorplan (1856) by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc (1814–1879)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png/179px-Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png/268px-Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png/358px-Plan.cathedrale.Chartres.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chartres floorplan (1856) by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Viollet-le-Duc" title="Eugène Viollet-le-Duc">Eugène Viollet-le-Duc</a> (1814–1879)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Triforium_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The elevation of the nave, showing the gallery on the ground level; the narrow triforium; and, on top, the windows of the clerestory"><img alt="The elevation of the nave, showing the gallery on the ground level; the narrow triforium; and, on top, the windows of the clerestory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/400px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/600px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Triforium_Chartres.jpg/800px-Triforium_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The elevation of the nave, showing the gallery on the ground level; the narrow triforium; and, on top, the windows of the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strebewerk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying buttress supporting the upper walls and counterbalancing the outward thrust of the vaulted ceiling, allowing thin walls and greater space for windows"><img alt="Flying buttress supporting the upper walls and counterbalancing the outward thrust of the vaulted ceiling, allowing thin walls and greater space for windows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strebewerk.jpg/400px-Strebewerk.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strebewerk.jpg/600px-Strebewerk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Strebewerk.jpg/800px-Strebewerk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">Flying buttress</a> supporting the upper walls and counterbalancing the outward thrust of the vaulted ceiling, allowing thin walls and greater space for windows</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying buttresses seen from above"><img alt="Flying buttresses seen from above" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg/225px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg/337px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg/450px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_tour057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flying buttresses seen from above</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 200px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 198px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_(2012.01)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The vaults of the roof, connected by stone ribs to the pillars below, combined with the flying buttresses outside make possible thinner walls, and the great height and large windows of the cathedral"><img alt="The vaults of the roof, connected by stone ribs to the pillars below, combined with the flying buttresses outside make possible thinner walls, and the great height and large windows of the cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg/297px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg/446px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg/595px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_%282012.01%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2752" data-file-height="2776" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">vaults</a> of the roof, connected by stone ribs to the pillars below, combined with the flying buttresses outside make possible thinner walls, and the great height and large windows of the cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <p>The plan, like other <a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic cathedrals">Gothic cathedrals</a>, is in the form of a cross and was determined by the shape and size of the 11th-century Romanesque cathedral, whose crypt and vestiges are underneath it. A two-bay <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> at the western end opens into a seven bay <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> leading to the crossing, from which wide <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> extend three bays each to north and south. East of the crossing are four rectangular bays terminating in a semicircular apse. The nave and transepts are flanked by single aisles, broadening to a double-aisled <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> around the choir and apse. From the ambulatory three deep semi-circular chapels radiate (overlying the deep chapels of <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Fulbert</a>'s 11th-century crypt).<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the floor plan was traditional, the elevation was bolder and more original, thanks to the use of the <a href="/wiki/Flying_buttress" title="Flying buttress">flying buttress</a> to support the upper walls. This was the first known use in a Gothic cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These heavy columns of stone were joined to the walls by double stone arches, and reinforced by columns, like the spokes of a wheel. Each of these columns is made from a single piece of stone. The arches press against the walls, counterbalancing the outward thrust from the <a href="/wiki/Rib_vault" title="Rib vault">rib vaults</a> over the cathedral interior. These vaults were also innovative, having just four compartments, unlike the six-part vaults of earlier Gothic churches. They were lighter and could cross a greater distance. Since the flying buttresses were experimental, the architect prudently added additional buttresses concealed under roofs of the aisles.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elevations of earlier Gothic cathedrals usually had four levels to give them solidity; an arcade of massive columns on the ground floor, supporting a wide arched tribune gallery or tribune, below a narrower arcade <a href="/wiki/Triforium" title="Triforium">triforium</a>; then, under the roof, the higher and thinner walls, or <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a>, where the windows were. Thanks to the buttresses, the architects of Chartres could eliminate the gallery entirely, make the triforium very narrow, and have much more room for windows above. Chartres was not the first cathedral to use this innovation, but it used it much more consistently and effectively throughout. This buttressing plan was adopted by the other major 13th-century cathedrals, notably <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims Cathedral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another architectural innovation at Chartres was the design of the massive <a href="/wiki/Pier_(architecture)" title="Pier (architecture)">piers</a> or pillars on the ground floor which receive the weight of the roof through the thin stone ribs of vaults above. The weight of the roof is carried by the thin stone ribs of the vaults outwards to the walls, where it is counterbalanced by the flying buttresses, and downwards, first through columns made of ribs joined together, then by alternating round and octagonal solid cored piers, each of which bundles together four half-columns. This pier design, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Pilier_cantonn%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilier cantonné">pilier cantonné</a></i>, was strong, simple, and elegant, and permitted the large stained glass windows of the clerestory, or upper level.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the sculpture on the portals at Chartres is generally of a high standard, the various carved elements inside, such as the capitals and string courses, are relatively poorly finished (when compared for example with those at <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Reims</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soissons_Cathedral" title="Soissons Cathedral">Soissons</a>) – the reason is simply that the portals were carved from the finest Parisian limestone, or ' 'calcaire' ', while the internal capitals were carved from the local "<i><a href="/wiki/Berch%C3%A8res-les-Pierres" title="Berchères-les-Pierres">Berchères</a> stone</i>", that is hard to work and can be brittle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_towers_and_clock">The towers and clock</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The towers and clock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20050921CathChartresB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Flamboyant Gothic north tower (finished 1513) (left) and older south tower (1144–1150) (right)"><img alt="The Flamboyant Gothic north tower (finished 1513) (left) and older south tower (1144–1150) (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20050921CathChartresB.jpg/225px-20050921CathChartresB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20050921CathChartresB.jpg/337px-20050921CathChartresB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/20050921CathChartresB.jpg/450px-20050921CathChartresB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamboyant Gothic">Flamboyant Gothic</a> north tower (finished 1513) (left) and older south tower (1144–1150) (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the south tower"><img alt="Detail of the south tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/400px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/600px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg/800px-%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the south tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_(29).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Flamboyant Gothic north tower"><img alt="Detail of the Flamboyant Gothic north tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/225px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/337px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg/450px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F_-_panoramio_%2829%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the Flamboyant Gothic north tower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres,_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The clock pavilion, with a 24-hour astronomical clock"><img alt="The clock pavilion, with a 24-hour astronomical clock" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg/225px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg/337px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg/450px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres%2C_pavillon_de_l%27horloge_aile_nord.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The clock pavilion, with a 24-hour astronomical clock</div> </li> </ul> <p>The two towers were built at different times, during the Gothic period, and have different heights and decoration. The north tower was begun in 1134, to replace a Romanesque tower that was damaged by fire. It was completed in 1150 and originally was just two stories high, with a lead-covered roof. The south tower was begun in about 1144 and was finished in 1150. It was more ambitious, and has an octagonal masonry spire on a square tower, and reaches a height of 105 meters. It was built without an interior wooden framework; the flat stone sides narrow progressively to the pinnacle, and heavy stone pyramids around the base give it additional support.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two towers survived the devastating fire of 1194, which destroyed most of the cathedral except the west façade and crypt. As the cathedral was rebuilt, the famous west rose window was installed between the two towers (13th century),<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_p._12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1507, the architect Jean Texier (also sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Jehan_de_Beauce" title="Jehan de Beauce">Jehan de Beauce</a>) designed a spire for the north tower, to give it a height and appearance closer to that of the south tower. This work was completed in 1513. The north tower is in a more decorative <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamboyant Gothic">Flamboyant Gothic</a> style, with pinnacles and buttresses. It reaches a height of 113 meters, just above the south tower. Plans were made for the addition of seven more spires around the cathedral, but these were abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_p._12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the base of the north tower is a small structure which contains a Renaissance-era twenty-four-hour clock with a polychrome face, constructed in 1520 by Jean Texier. The face of the clock is eighteen feet in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fire in 1836 destroyed the roof and belfries of the cathedral, and melted the bells, but did not damage the structure below or the stained glass. The timber beams under the roof were replaced with an iron framework covered with copper plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_p._12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_portals_and_their_sculpture">The portals and their sculpture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The portals and their sculpture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral has three great <a href="/wiki/Portal_(architecture)" title="Portal (architecture)">portals</a> or entrances, opening into the nave from the west and into the transepts from north and south. The portals are richly decorated with sculptures, which rendered biblical stories and theological ideas visible for both the educated clergy and layfolk who may not have had access to textual learning. Each of the three portals on the west façade (made 1145–1155) focuses on a different aspect of Christ's role in the world; on the right, his earthly Incarnation, on the left, his Ascension or his existence before his Incarnation (the era "ante legem"), and, in the center, his Second Coming, initiating the End of Time.<sup id="cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katzenellenbogen1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statuary of the Chartres portals is considered among the finest existing Gothic sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West,_or_Royal_Portal_(12th_century)"><span id="West.2C_or_Royal_Portal_.2812th_century.29"></span>West, or Royal Portal (12th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: West, or Royal Portal (12th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 332.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 330.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_portail_royal,_tympan_central.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central tympanum of the Royal Portal. Christ seated on a throne, surrounded by the symbols of the Evangelists; a winged man for St. Matthew, a lion for St. Mark; a bull for St. Luke; and an eagle for St. John."><img alt="Central tympanum of the Royal Portal. Christ seated on a throne, surrounded by the symbols of the Evangelists; a winged man for St. Matthew, a lion for St. Mark; a bull for St. Luke; and an eagle for St. John." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg/496px-Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg" decoding="async" width="331" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg/744px-Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg/991px-Chartres_-_portail_royal%2C_tympan_central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2906" data-file-height="2200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of the Royal Portal. Christ seated on a throne, surrounded by the symbols of the Evangelists; a winged man for St. Matthew, a lion for St. Mark; a bull for St. Luke; and an eagle for St. John.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jambs of the center doorway of the Royal Portal, with statues of the men and women of the Old Testament"><img alt="Jambs of the center doorway of the Royal Portal, with statues of the men and women of the Old Testament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg/250px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg/375px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg/500px-Chartres_Cathedral_Royal_Portal_Statues_2_2007_08_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jambs of the center doorway of the Royal Portal, with statues of the men and women of the Old Testament</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 288px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 286px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="West portal, tympanum of left door. It depicts Christ on a cloud, supported by two angels, above a row of figures representing the labours of the months and signs of the Zodiac[33]"><img alt="West portal, tympanum of left door. It depicts Christ on a cloud, supported by two angels, above a row of figures representing the labours of the months and signs of the Zodiac[33]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg/429px-Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg" decoding="async" width="286" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg/643px-Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg/857px-Chartres_-_Westportal_Monatsbilder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">West portal, tympanum of left door. It depicts Christ on a cloud, supported by two angels, above a row of figures representing the labours of the months and signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <p>One of the few parts of the cathedral to survive the 1194 fire, the <i>Portail royal</i> was integrated into the new cathedral. Opening on to the <i>parvis</i> (the large square in front of the cathedral where markets were held), the two lateral doors would have been the first entry point for most visitors to Chartres, as they remain today. The central door is only opened for the entry of processions on major festivals, of which the most important is the <i>Adventus</i> or installation of a new bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harmonious appearance of the façade results in part from the relative proportions of the central and lateral portals, whose widths are in the ratio 10:7 – one of the common medieval approximations of the <a href="/wiki/Square_root_of_2" title="Square root of 2">square root of 2</a>. </p><p>As well as their basic functions of providing access to the interior, portals are the main locations for sculpted images on the Gothic cathedral and it is on the west façade at Chartres that this practice began to develop into a visual <i><a href="/wiki/Summa" title="Summa">summa</a></i> or encyclopedia of theological knowledge. Each of the three portals focuses on a different aspect of Christ's role in salvation history; his earthly incarnation on the right, his Ascension or existence before the Incarnation on the left, and his Second Coming (the Theophanic Vision) in the center.<sup id="cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katzenellenbogen1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Above the right portal, the lintel is carved in two registers with (lower) the Annunciation, Visitation, Nativity, Annunciation to the Shepherds and (upper) the Presentation in the Temple. Above this the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> shows the Virgin and Child enthroned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom">Sedes sapientiae</a></i> pose. Surrounding the tympanum, as a reminder of the glory days of the School of Chartres, the <a href="/wiki/Archivolt" title="Archivolt">archivolts</a> are carved with some very distinctive personifications of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">Seven Liberal Arts</a> as well as the classical authors and philosophers most closely associated with them. </p><p>The left portal is more enigmatic and art historians still argue over the correct identification. The tympanum shows Christ standing on a cloud, apparently supported by two angels. Some see this as a depiction of the Ascension of Christ (in which case the figures on the lower lintel would represent the disciples witnessing the event) while others see it as representing the <i>Parousia</i>, or Second Coming of Christ (in which case the lintel figures could be either the prophets who foresaw that event or else the 'Men of Galilee' mentioned in Acts 1:9–11). The presence of angels in the upper lintel, descending from a cloud and apparently shouting to those below, would seem to support the latter interpretation. The archivolts contain the signs of the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_months" class="mw-redirect" title="Labours of the months">labours of the months</a> – standard references to the cyclical nature of time which appear in many Gothic portals. </p><p>The central portal is a more conventional representation of the End of Time as described in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>. In the center of the tympanum is Christ within a <a href="/wiki/Mandorla" title="Mandorla">mandorla</a>, surrounded by the four symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Four_evangelists" class="mw-redirect" title="Four evangelists">evangelists</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Tetramorph" title="Tetramorph">Tetramorph</a></i>). The lintel shows the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> while the archivolts show the 24 Elders of the Apocalypse. </p><p>Although the upper parts of the three portals are treated separately, two sculptural elements run horizontally across the façade, uniting its different parts. Most obvious are the <a href="/wiki/Jamb_statue" title="Jamb statue">jamb statues</a> affixed to the columns flanking the doorways – tall, slender standing figures of kings and queens from whom the <i>Portail royal</i> derived its name. Although in the 18th and 19th century these figures were mistakenly identified as the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> monarchs of France (thus attracting the opprobrium of Revolutionary iconoclasts) they almost certainly represent the kings and queens of the Old Testament – another standard iconographical feature of Gothic portals. </p><p>Less obvious than the jamb statues but far more intricately carved is the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> that stretches all across the façade in the sculpted capitals on top of the jamb columns. Carved into these capitals is a very lengthy narrative depicting the life of the Virgin and the life and Passion of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_transept_portals_(13th_century)"><span id="North_transept_portals_.2813th_century.29"></span>North transept portals (13th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: North transept portals (13th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Anne holding the infant Virgin Mary on the trumeau of the central portal of the north transept"><img alt="Saint Anne holding the infant Virgin Mary on the trumeau of the central portal of the north transept" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg/281px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg/422px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg/562px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Saint Anne holding the infant Virgin Mary on the trumeau of the central portal of the north transept</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The tympanum over the center portal of the north transept. On the lintel are the Dormition (Death) and Assumption of the Virgin. Above is the Coronation of the Virgin: Mary, in her living body, will rule the heavens alongside her Son Christ."><img alt="The tympanum over the center portal of the north transept. On the lintel are the Dormition (Death) and Assumption of the Virgin. Above is the Coronation of the Virgin: Mary, in her living body, will rule the heavens alongside her Son Christ." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg/500px-Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg/751px-Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg/1000px-Portail_de_la_Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tympanum over the center portal of the north transept. On the lintel are the Dormition (Death) and Assumption of the Virgin. Above is the Coronation of the Virgin: Mary, in her living body, will rule the heavens alongside her Son Christ.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="New Testament figures Simeon, John the Baptist, and Saint Peter, with his keys"><img alt="New Testament figures Simeon, John the Baptist, and Saint Peter, with his keys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg/281px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg/422px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg/562px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_nord049.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">New Testament figures Simeon, John the Baptist, and Saint Peter, with his keys</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unidentified characters from the Old Testament"><img alt="Unidentified characters from the Old Testament" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg/211px-Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg/316px-Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg/422px-Chartres_-_north_portal_-_right_bay_-_right_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unidentified characters from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>The statuary of the north transept portals is devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and the events leading up to the birth of Christ, with particular emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glorification of Mary in the center, the incarnation of her son on the left and Old Testament prefigurations and prophecies on the right. One major exception to this scheme is the presence of large statues of St Modesta (a local martyr) and St Potentian on the north west corner of the porch, close to a small doorway where pilgrims visiting the crypt (where their relics were stored) would once have emerged.<sup id="cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-katzenellenbogen1959-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Iconography of the various elements of the north transept portals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Left (east) portal</th> <th>Central portal</th> <th>Right (west) portal </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Jamb figures:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation to Mary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a></td> <td>Old Testament Patriarchs, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="St Peter">St Peter</a></td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba">Queen of Sheba</a>, various prophets </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">Lintel</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_Shepherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Annunciation to the Shepherds">Annunciation to the Shepherds</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dormition of the Theotokos">Dormition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> of the Virgin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Judgement_of_Solomon" title="Judgement of Solomon">Judgement of Solomon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_magi" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical magi">Dream of the Magi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Job_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (Biblical figure)">Job on the Dunghill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Archivolt" title="Archivolt">Archivolts</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">Personifications</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Virtues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice#Roman_Catholicism" title="Vice">Vices</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse" title="Tree of Jesse">Tree of Jesse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a></td> <td>Old Testament Narratives (Esther, Judith, Samson, Gideon and Tobit) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As well as the main sculptural areas around the portals themselves, the deep porches are filled with other carvings depicting a range of subjects including local saints, Old Testament narratives, naturalistic foliage, fantastical beasts, Labours of the Months and personifications of the 'active and contemplative lives' (the <i>vita activa</i> and <i>vita contemplativa</i>). The personifications of the <i>vita activa</i> (directly overhead, just inside the inside of the left hand porch) are of particular interest for their meticulous depictions of the various stages in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> – an important cash crop in the area during the Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_portal_(13th_century)"><span id="South_portal_.2813th_century.29"></span>South portal (13th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: South portal (13th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian Martyrs framing the south portal (13th century); including the "Perfect Knight" Roland, (far left) and Saint George (second from right)"><img alt="Christian Martyrs framing the south portal (13th century); including the "Perfect Knight" Roland, (far left) and Saint George (second from right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/281px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/422px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG/562px-Chartres_cathedral_023_martyrs_S_TTaylor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Christian Martyrs framing the south portal (13th century); including the "Perfect Knight" <a href="/wiki/Roland" title="Roland">Roland</a>, (far left) and <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> (second from right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Central doorway of the south portal, with column statue of Christ. His feet rest on a lion and a dragon."><img alt="Central doorway of the south portal, with column statue of Christ. His feet rest on a lion and a dragon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg/211px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg/316px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg/422px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-_Christ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Central doorway of the south portal, with column statue of Christ. His feet rest on a lion and a dragon.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 189.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 187.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres2006_076.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Apostles"><img alt="The Apostles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/281px-Chartres2006_076.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/422px-Chartres2006_076.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres2006_076.jpg/562px-Chartres2006_076.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Apostles</div> </li> </ul> <p>The south portal, which was added later than the others, in the 13th century, is devoted to events after the Crucifixion of Christ, and particularly to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Christian martyrs</a>. The decoration of the central bay concentrates on the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> and the Apostles; the left bay on the lives of martyrs; and the right bay is devoted to confessor saints. This arrangement is repeated in the stained glass windows of the apse. The arches and columns of the porch are lavishly decorated with sculpture representing the labours of the months, the signs of the zodiac, and statues representing the virtues and vices. On top of the porch, between the gables, are pinnacles in the arcades with statues of eighteen Kings, beginning with <a href="/wiki/King_David" class="mw-redirect" title="King David">King David</a>, representing the lineage of Christ, and linking the Old Testament and the New.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Iconography of the various elements of the south transept portals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Left (west) portal</th> <th>Central portal</th> <th>Right (east) portal </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Jamb_Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamb Statues">Jamb figures</a>:</b></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyrs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian martyrs">Martyr</a> saints</td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Confessor#Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor">Confessor</a> saints </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">Lintel</a>:</b></td> <td>The martyrdom (by stoning) of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Saint Stephen</a></td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Weighing_of_souls" title="Weighing of souls">weighing of souls</a> and separation of the blessed and the damned</td> <td>Scenes from the lives of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> of Bari and <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Saint Martin</a> of Tours </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">Tympanum</a>:</b></td> <td>Stephen's beatific vision of Christ</td> <td>Christ showing his wounds with the Virgin and <a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="St John the Evangelist">St John</a> and angels bearing the <i><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></i></td> <td>Further scenes from the lives of Saint Nicholas and Saint Martin </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Archivolt" title="Archivolt">Archivolts</a>:</b></td> <td>Assorted martyr saints</td> <td>Choirs of angels and the dead rising from their tombs / <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">Prophets</a></td> <td>Life of <a href="/wiki/St_Giles" class="mw-redirect" title="St Giles">St Giles</a> in lower register, other Confessors in the remaining <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Angels_and_monsters">Angels and monsters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Angels and monsters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 102px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 100px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angel with a sundial on south facade"><img alt="Angel with a sundial on south facade" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg/150px-Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg/225px-Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg/300px-Chartres_Cadran_solaire_210209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angel with a sundial on south facade</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gargoyle on the north tower, serving as a rain spout"><img alt="Gargoyle on the north tower, serving as a rain spout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/169px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/253px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg/337px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a> on the north tower, serving as a rain spout</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the south tower, with statuary of Chimeras"><img alt="Detail of the south tower, with statuary of Chimeras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/300px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/451px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/600px-%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8E%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B8_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the south tower, with statuary of <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimeras</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_south_portal.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail on the south portal depicting angels looking down upon hell"><img alt="Detail on the south portal depicting angels looking down upon hell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chartres_south_portal.JPG/301px-Chartres_south_portal.JPG" decoding="async" width="201" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chartres_south_portal.JPG/453px-Chartres_south_portal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Chartres_south_portal.JPG/602px-Chartres_south_portal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1206" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail on the south portal depicting angels looking down upon hell</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monsters and devils tempting Christians on the south portal"><img alt="Monsters and devils tempting Christians on the south portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/400px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/601px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg/800px-Chartres_-_south_portal_-_central_bay_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monsters and devils tempting Christians on the south portal</div> </li> </ul> <p>While most of the sculpture of the cathedral portrayed saints, apostles and other Biblical figures, such as the angel holding a sundial on the south façade, other sculpture at Chartres was designed to warn the faithful. These works include statues of assorted monsters and demons. Some of these figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Gargoyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gargoyles">gargoyles</a>, also had a practical function; these served as rain spouts to project water far away from the walls. Others, like the <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strix_(mythology)" title="Strix (mythology)">strix</a>, were designed to show the consequences of disregarding Biblical teachings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nave_and_ambulatory">Nave and ambulatory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nave and ambulatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre Dame de Piliers statue and chapel off the nave"><img alt="Notre Dame de Piliers statue and chapel off the nave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG/304px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG" decoding="async" width="203" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG/457px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG/608px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4146" data-file-height="3070" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Notre Dame de Piliers statue and chapel off the nave</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fragment of a reputed veil of Virgin Mary, displayed in the Chapel of the Martyrs"><img alt="Fragment of a reputed veil of Virgin Mary, displayed in the Chapel of the Martyrs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg/300px-Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg/451px-Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg/600px-Chartres_cathedral_2850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4416" data-file-height="3312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fragment of a reputed veil of <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a>, displayed in the Chapel of the Martyrs</div> </li> </ul> <p>The nave, or main space for the congregation, was designed especially to receive pilgrims, who would often sleep in the church. The floor is slightly tilted so that it could be washed out with water each morning. The rooms on either side of Royal Portal still have traces of construction of the earlier Romanesque building. The nave itself was built after the fire, beginning in 1194. The floor of the nave also has a <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> in the pavement (see labyrinth section below). The two rows of alternating octagonal and round pillars on either side of the nave receive part of the weight of the roof through the thin stone ribs descending from the vaults above. The rest of the weight is distributed by the vaults outwards to the walls, supported by flying buttresses.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The statue of Mary and the infant Christ, called Our Lady of the Pillar, replaces a 16th-century statue which was burned by the Revolutionaries in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stained_glass_windows">Stained glass windows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Stained glass windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_windows_of_Chartres_Cathedral" title="Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral">Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral</a></div> <p>One of the most distinctive features of Chartres Cathedral is the stained glass, both for its quantity and quality. There are 167 windows, including rose windows, round oculi, and tall, pointed lancet windows. The architecture of the cathedral, with its innovative combination of rib vaults and flying buttresses, permitted the construction of much higher and thinner walls, particularly at the top clerestory level, allowing more and larger windows. Also, Chartres contains fewer plain or <a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a> windows than later cathedrals, and more windows with densely stained glass panels, making the interior of Chartres darker but the colour of the light deeper and richer.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_pg._67-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century_windows">12th century windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 12th century windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 452px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 450px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lancet windows under the west rose window; the Jesse Window or genealogy of Christ (right); Life of Christ (center), and the Passion of Christ (left)"><img alt="Lancet windows under the west rose window; the Jesse Window or genealogy of Christ (right); Life of Christ (center), and the Passion of Christ (left)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg/675px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg/1013px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg/1351px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_lancettes_de_la_rosace_ouest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2154" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lancet windows under the west rose window; the Jesse Window or genealogy of Christ (right); Life of Christ (center), and the Passion of Christ (left)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière » or the Blue Virgin (c. 1180 and 1225)"><img alt="Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière » or the Blue Virgin (c. 1180 and 1225)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG/181px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG" decoding="async" width="121" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG/272px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG/363px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_ND_de_la_belle_verri%C3%A8re.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="3416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i> Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière </i>» or the <i>Blue Virgin</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1180</span> and 1225)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of the Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière"><img alt="Detail of the Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/280px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/420px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg/560px-Vitrail_Chartres_Notre-Dame_210209_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2241" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of the <i> Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière </i></div> </li> </ul> <p>These are the oldest windows in the cathedral. The right window, the Jesse Window, depicts the genealogy of Christ. The middle window depicts the life of Christ, and the left window depicts the Passion of Christ, from the Transfiguration and Last Supper to the Resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All three of these windows were originally made around 1145 but were restored in the early 13th century and again in the 19th.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_pg._67-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other 12th-century window, perhaps the most famous at Chartres, is the "Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière", or "The Blue Virgin". It is found in the first bay of the choir after the south transept. Most windows are made up of around 25 to 30 individual panels showing distinct episodes within the narrative; only Notre-Dame de la Belle-Verrière includes a larger image made up of multiple panels. This window is actually a composite; the upper part, showing the Virgin and Child surrounded by adoring angels, dates from around 1180 and was probably positioned at the center of the apse in the earlier building. The Virgin is depicted wearing a blue robe and sitting in a frontal pose on a throne, with the Christ Child seated on her lap raising his hand in blessing. This composition, known as the <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_Wisdom" title="Seat of Wisdom"><i>Sedes sapientiae</i></a> ("Throne of Wisdom"), which also appears on the <i>Portail royal</i>, is based on the famous cult figure kept in the crypt. The lower part of the window, showing scenes from the infancy of Christ, dates from the main glazing campaign around 1225.<sup id="cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houvet_2019,_pg._67-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rose_windows">Rose windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Rose windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The west rose window c. 1215"><img alt="The west rose window c. 1215" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg/563px-Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg/845px-Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg/1125px-Vitrail_Chartres-rosace_143.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The west rose window <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="North transept rose window, c. 1230"><img alt="North transept rose window, c. 1230" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/224px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/336px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg/447px-Chartres_RosetteNord_121_DSC08241.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2665" data-file-height="4466" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">North transept rose window, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="South transept rose window, c. 1221–1230"><img alt="South transept rose window, c. 1221–1230" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/236px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/354px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg/471px-Chartres_RosetteSued_122_DSC08269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="4402" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">South transept rose window, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1221–1230</span></div> </li> </ul> <p>The cathedral has three large <a href="/wiki/Rose_windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose windows">rose windows</a>. The western rose (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span>, 12 m in diameter) shows the Last Judgment – a traditional theme for west façades. A central <a href="/wiki/Oculus_(architecture)" title="Oculus (architecture)">oculus</a> showing Christ as the Judge is surrounded by an inner ring of twelve paired roundels containing angels and the Elders of the Apocalypse and an outer ring of 12 roundels showing the dead emerging from their tombs and the angels blowing trumpets to summon them to judgment. </p><p>The north transept rose (10.5 m diameter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1230</span>), like much of the sculpture in the north porch beneath it, is dedicated to the Virgin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The central oculus shows the Virgin and Child and is surrounded by twelve small petal-shaped windows, four with doves (the 'Four Gifts of the Spirit'), the rest with adoring angels carrying candlesticks. Beyond this is a ring of twelve diamond-shaped openings containing the Old Testament <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Kings of Judah</a>, another ring of smaller lozenges containing the arms of France and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castille</a>, and finally a ring of semicircles containing Old Testament Prophets holding scrolls. The presence of the arms of the French king (yellow <a href="/wiki/Fleur-de-lis" title="Fleur-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a> on a blue background) and of his mother, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a> (yellow castles on a red background) are taken as a sign of royal patronage for this window. Beneath the rose itself are five tall lancet windows (7.5 m high) showing, in the center, the Virgin as an infant held by her mother, St Anne – the same subject as the trumeau in the portal beneath it. Flanking this lancet are four more containing Old Testament figures. Each of these standing figures is shown symbolically triumphing over an enemy depicted in the base of the lancet beneath them – David over Saul, Aaron over Pharaoh, St Anne over <i>Synagoga</i>, etc. </p><p>The south transept rose (10.5 m diameter, made <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1225–30</span>) is dedicated to Christ, who is shown in the central oculus, right hand raised in <a href="/wiki/Benediction" title="Benediction">benediction</a>, surrounded by adoring angels. Two outer rings of twelve circles each contain the 24 Elders of the <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a>, crowned and carrying phials and musical instruments. The central lancet beneath the rose shows the Virgin carrying the infant Christ. Either side of this are four lancets showing the four evangelists sitting on the shoulders of four prophets – a rare literal illustration of the theological principle that the New Testament builds upon the Old Testament. This window was a donation of the Mauclerc family, the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Dreux" title="Counts of Dreux">Counts of Dreux-Bretagne</a>, who are depicted with their arms in the bases of the lancets.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Windows_in_aisles_and_the_choir_ambulatory">Windows in aisles and the choir ambulatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Windows in aisles and the choir ambulatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Samaritan_Window,_Chartres_Cathedral" title="The Good Samaritan Window, Chartres Cathedral">The Good Samaritan Window, Chartres Cathedral</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 342px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 340px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene from the Good Samaritan window; Christ tells the Good Samaritan parable to the Pharisees"><img alt="Scene from the Good Samaritan window; Christ tells the Good Samaritan parable to the Pharisees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg/510px-Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg/765px-Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg/1019px-Christ_telling_the_Good_Samaritan_parable_to_a_couple_Pharisees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1087" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene from the Good Samaritan window; Christ tells the Good Samaritan parable to the Pharisees</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 74px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 72px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Good Samaritan window"><img alt="The Good Samaritan window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg/108px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg/162px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg/216px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="231" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Good Samaritan window</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 420.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 418.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shoemakers at work in the Good Samaritan window"><img alt="Shoemakers at work in the Good Samaritan window" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg/628px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="419" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg/942px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg/1255px-Chartres_Bay_44_Good_Samaritan_Panel_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shoemakers at work in the Good Samaritan window</div> </li> </ul> <p>Each bay of the aisles and the choir ambulatory contains one large lancet window, most of them roughly 8.1m high by 2.2m wide.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subjects depicted in these windows, made between 1205 and 1235, include stories from the Old and New Testament and the Lives of the Saints as well as typological cycles and symbolic images such as the signs of the zodiac and labours of the months. One of the most famous examples is <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Samaritan_Window,_Cathedral_of_Notre-Dame:_Chartres,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good Samaritan Window, Cathedral of Notre-Dame: Chartres, France">the Good Samaritan parable</a>. </p><p>Several of the windows at Chartres include images of local tradesmen or labourers in the lowest two or three panels, often with details of their equipment and working methods. Traditionally it was claimed that these images represented the guilds of the donors who paid for the windows. In recent years however this view has largely been discounted, not least because each window would have cost around as much as a large mansion house to make – while most of the labourers depicted would have been subsistence workers with little or no disposable income. Furthermore, although they became powerful and wealthy organisations in the later medieval period, none of these trade guilds had actually been founded when the glass was being made in the early 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible explanation is that the cathedral clergy wanted to emphasise the universal reach of the Church, particularly at a time when their relationship with the local community was often a troubled one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerestory_windows">Clerestory windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Clerestory windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of their greater distance from the viewer, the windows in the <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> generally adopt simpler, bolder designs. Most feature the standing figure of a saint or Apostle in the upper two-thirds, often with one or two simplified narrative scenes in the lower part, either to help identify the figure or else to remind the viewer of some key event in their life. Whereas the lower windows in the nave arcades and the ambulatory consist of one simple lancet per bay, the clerestory windows are each made up of a pair of lancets with a <a href="/wiki/Plate_tracery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate tracery">plate-traceried</a> rose window above. The nave and transept clerestory windows mainly depict saints and Old Testament prophets. Those in the choir depict the kings of France and Castile and members of the local nobility in the straight bays, while the windows in the <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a> hemicycle show those Old Testament prophets who foresaw the virgin birth, flanking scenes of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)" title="Visitation (Christianity)">Visitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a> in the axial window. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_windows">Later windows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Later windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG/150px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG/225px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG/300px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartres_-_Chapelle_de_Vend%C3%B4me.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="4008" /></a><figcaption>Window of the Vendôme Chapel, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1415</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On the whole, Chartres' windows have been remarkably fortunate. The medieval glass largely escaped harm during the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">religious wars</a> of the 16th century although the west rose sustained damage from artillery fire in 1591. The relative darkness of the interior seems to have been a problem for some. A few windows were replaced with much lighter grisaille glass in the 14th century to improve illumination, particularly on the north side<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several more were replaced with clear glass in 1753 as part of the reforms to liturgical practice that also led to the removal of the <i>jubé</i> (rood screen). The installation of the Vendôme Chapel between two buttresses of the nave in the early 15th century resulted in the loss of one more lancet window, though it did allow for the insertion of a fine late-Gothic window with <a href="/wiki/Donor_portrait" title="Donor portrait">donor portraits</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis, Count of Vendôme">Louis de Bourbon</a> and his family witnessing the <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_Virgin" title="Coronation of the Virgin">Coronation of the Virgin</a> with assorted saints. </p><p>Although estimates vary (depending on how one counts compound or grouped windows) approximately 152 of the original 176 stained glass windows survive – far more than any other medieval cathedral anywhere in the world. </p><p>Like most medieval buildings, the windows at Chartres suffered badly from the corrosive effects of atmospheric acids during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> and thereafter. The majority of windows were cleaned and restored by the famous local workshop <i>Atelier Lorin</i> at the end of the 19th century, but they continued to deteriorate. During World War II most of the stained glass was removed from the cathedral and stored in the surrounding countryside to protect it from damage. At the close of the war the windows were taken out of storage and reinstalled. Since then, an ongoing programme of conservation has been underway and <a href="/wiki/Isothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Isothermal">isothermal</a> secondary glazing was gradually installed on the exterior to protect the windows from further damage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_crypt_(9th–11th_century)"><span id="The_crypt_.289th.E2.80.9311th_century.29"></span>The crypt (9th–11th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The crypt (9th–11th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Well of the Saints Forts, in the Saint Fulbert Crypt"><img alt="The Well of the Saints Forts, in the Saint Fulbert Crypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG/206px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG" decoding="async" width="138" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG/310px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG/413px-Chartres_-_cath%C3%A9drale_-_puits.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2615" data-file-height="3799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Well of the Saints Forts, in the Saint Fulbert Crypt</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="12th century fresco in the Saint Lubin Crypt, showing the Virgin Mary on her throne of wisdom, with the Three Kings to her right and Savinien and Potenien to her left"><img alt="12th century fresco in the Saint Lubin Crypt, showing the Virgin Mary on her throne of wisdom, with the Three Kings to her right and Savinien and Potenien to her left" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg/400px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg/600px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg/800px-Cathedrale_nd_chartres_eglise_basse037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">12th century fresco in the Saint Lubin Crypt, showing the Virgin Mary on her throne of wisdom, with the Three Kings to her right and Savinien and Potenien to her left</div> </li> </ul> <p>The small Saint Lubin Crypt, under the choir of the cathedral, was constructed in the 9th century and is the oldest part of the building. It is surrounded by a much larger crypt, the Saint Fulbert Crypt, which was completed in 1025, five years after the fire that destroyed most of the older cathedral. It is U-shaped and 230 meters long, next to the crypts of <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in Rome and <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. It is the largest crypt in Europe and serves as the foundation of the cathedral above.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The corridors and chapels of the crypt are covered with Romanesque <a href="/wiki/Barrel_vaults" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrel vaults">barrel vaults</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groin_vaults" class="mw-redirect" title="Groin vaults">groin vaults</a> where two barrel vaults meet at right angles, and a few more modern Gothic rib-vaults.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One notable feature of the crypt is the Well of the Saints-Forts. The well is thirty-three metres deep and is probably of Celtic origin. According to legend, Quirinus, the Roman magistrate of the Gallo-Roman town, had the early Christian martyrs thrown down the well. A statue of one of the martyrs, Modeste, is featured among the sculpture on the North Portico.<sup id="cite_ref-Visitor_information_sheet_2019_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visitor_information_sheet_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another notable feature is the Our Lady of the Crypt Chapel. A reliquary here contains a fragment of the reputed veil of the Virgin Mary, which was donated to the cathedral in 876 by Charles the Bald, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. The silk veil was divided into pieces during the French Revolution. The largest piece is shown in one of the ambulatory chapels above. and the small Shrine of Our Lady of the Crypt. The altar of the chapel is carved from a single block of limestone from the Berchères quarry, the source of most of the stone of the cathedral. The fresco on the wall dates from about 1200 and depicts the Virgin Mary on her throne. The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Three Kings</a> are to her left, and the Apostles Savinien and Potentien to her right. The chapel also has a modern stained glass window, the <i>Mary, Door to Heaven Window</i>, made by Henri Guérin, made by cementing together thick slabs of stained glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Visitor_information_sheet_2019_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Visitor_information_sheet_2019-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_altar_(18th_century)"><span id="High_altar_.2818th_century.29"></span>High altar (18th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: High altar (18th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 378.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 376.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The altar (18th century) by Charles-Antoine Bridan"><img alt="The altar (18th century) by Charles-Antoine Bridan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg/565px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg" decoding="async" width="377" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg/848px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg/1129px-Cath%C3%A9drale_de_Chartre_-_Choeur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The altar (18th century) by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Antoine_Bridan" title="Charles-Antoine Bridan">Charles-Antoine Bridan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choir_wall_(16th–18th_centuries)"><span id="Choir_wall_.2816th.E2.80.9318th_centuries.29"></span>Choir wall (16th–18th centuries)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Choir wall (16th–18th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sculpture on the choir screen (16th–18th century)"><img alt="Sculpture on the choir screen (16th–18th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG/563px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG/845px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG/1125px-Chartres_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sculpture on the choir screen (16th–18th century)</div> </li> </ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Choir_wall_of_Chartres_Cathedral" title="Choir wall of Chartres Cathedral">Choir wall of Chartres Cathedral</a></div> <p>The high ornamental stone screen that separates the choir from the ambulatory was put in place between the 16th and 18th century, to adapt the church to a change in liturgy. It was built in the late <a href="/wiki/Flamboyant_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamboyant Gothic">Flamboyant Gothic</a> and then the Renaissance style. The screen has forty niches along the ambulatory filled with statues by prominent sculptors telling the life of Christ. The last statues were put in place in 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grand_Organ">Grand Organ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Grand Organ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The grand organ"><img alt="The grand organ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG/563px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG" decoding="async" width="376" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG/845px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG/1125px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The grand organ</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 325.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 323.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The grand organ. The tribune, or case, dates from the 14th century."><img alt="The grand organ. The tribune, or case, dates from the 14th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg/485px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="324" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg/728px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg/969px-Chartres_Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres_Innen_Langhaus_Orgel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4350" data-file-height="3367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The grand organ. The tribune, or case, dates from the 14th century. </div> </li> </ul> <p>The buffet, or wooden case of the grand organ of the cathedral is among the oldest in France. It was first built in the 14th century, rebuilt in 1475, and enlarged in 1542. Both the organ and the tribune have been classified as separate historic monuments since 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The organ is placed in the nave at the crossing of the south transept, sixteen meters above the floor of the nave, in close proximity to the choir, to assure the best sound quality throughout the cathedral. The whole case is fifteen meters high, with the top of its central tower thirty meters above the floor of the nave. The case was rebuilt during the Renaissance, and largely took its present form. Closer study of the case by the Ministry of Culture showed that the early case was covered with polychrome painting; yellow ochre under a varnish of reddish brown in earlier layer, and later by a brighter yellow on white. This study also showed that the mechanism was in very poor condition, and urgently needed reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major rebuilding and enlargement of the organ instrument took place in 1969–71, both to restore the ageing mechanism, and to add new keys and functions. The case was also restored, with the cost paid entirely by the French State, as was part of the cost of restoring the organ itself. As a result of this, and after further work on the organ in 1996, the instrument has 70 stops, totaling of over 4000 pipes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Labyrinth">Labyrinth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Labyrinth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 252px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinthus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plan of the labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="Plan of the labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/375px-Labyrinthus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/563px-Labyrinthus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Labyrinthus.svg/750px-Labyrinthus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plan of the labyrinth of Chartres Cathedral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 335.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 333.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral"><img alt="Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/500px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG" decoding="async" width="334" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/751px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG/1000px-Labyrinth_at_Chartres_Cathedral.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Walking the labyrinth at Chartres Cathedral</div> </li> </ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Labyrinth" title="Labyrinth">labyrinth</a> (early 1200s) is a famous feature of the cathedral, located on the floor in the center of the nave. Labyrinths were found in almost all Gothic cathedrals, though most were later removed since they distracted from the religious services in the nave. They symbolized the long winding path towards salvation. Unlike mazes, there was only a single path that could be followed. On certain days the chairs of the nave are removed so that visiting pilgrims can follow the labyrinth. Copies of the Chartres labyrinth are found at other churches and cathedrals, including <a href="/wiki/Grace_Cathedral,_San_Francisco" title="Grace Cathedral, San Francisco">Grace Cathedral, San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artist <a href="/wiki/Kent_Bellows" title="Kent Bellows">Kent Bellows</a> depicts a direct reference to the labyrinth, which he renders in the background of at least one of his artworks; <i>Mandala</i>, 1990, Pencil on paper, 18 x 19 1/2 in. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chapel_of_Piatus_of_Tournai,_bishop's_palace_and_gardens"><span id="Chapel_of_Piatus_of_Tournai.2C_bishop.27s_palace_and_gardens"></span>Chapel of Piatus of Tournai, bishop's palace and gardens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chapel of Piatus of Tournai, bishop's palace and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of Saint Piatus of Tournai, added in 1326 to the east of the apse"><img alt="Chapel of Saint Piatus of Tournai, added in 1326 to the east of the apse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg/211px-Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg/317px-Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg/423px-Chartres_Cathedral_St_Piat_Chapel_SW_2007_08_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="3091" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel of Saint Piatus of Tournai, added in 1326 to the east of the apse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labyrinth in the gardens of the bishop"><img alt="Labyrinth in the gardens of the bishop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg/400px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg/600px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg/800px-Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_-_labyrinthe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Labyrinth in the gardens of the bishop</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 377.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 375.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of Saint Piatus of Tournai (left), apse of the cathedral and the old bishop's residence"><img alt="Chapel of Saint Piatus of Tournai (left), apse of the cathedral and the old bishop's residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg/563px-Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg" decoding="async" width="376" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg/844px-Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg/1126px-Chartres_Chorapsiden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="2995" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel of Saint <a href="/wiki/Piatus_of_Tournai" title="Piatus of Tournai">Piatus of Tournai</a> (left), apse of the cathedral and the old bishop's residence</div> </li> </ul> <p>The Chapel of Saint <a href="/wiki/Piatus_of_Tournai" title="Piatus of Tournai">Piatus of Tournai</a> was a later addition to the cathedral, built in 1326, close to the apse at the east end of the cathedral. It contained a collection of reputed relics from the saint, who was bishop of <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a> in modern-day Belgium in the third century. Martyred by the Romans, who cut off the top of his skull, he is depicted in stained glass and sculpture holding the fragment of his skull in his hands. The chapel has a flat <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a> and two circular towers. Inside are four bays, in a harmonious style, since it was built all at the same time. It also contains a notable collection of 14th-century stained glass. The lower floor was used as a <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a>, or meeting place for official functions, and the top floor was connected to the cathedral by an open stairway.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacristy" title="Sacristy">sacristy</a>, across from the north portal of the cathedral, was built in the second half of the 13th century. The bishop's palace, also to the north, is built of brick and stone, and dates to the 17th century. A gateway from the period of Louis XV leads to the palace and also gives access to the terraced gardens, which offer of good view of the cathedral, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Chevet" class="mw-redirect" title="Chevet">chevet</a> of the cathedral at the east end, with its radiating chapels built over the earlier Romanesque vaults. The lower garden also has a labyrinth of hedges.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work was begun on the Royal Portal with the south lintel around 1136 and with all its sculpture installed up to 1141. Opinions are uncertain as the sizes and styles of the figures vary and some elements, such as the lintel over the right-hand portal, have clearly been cut down to fit the available spaces. The sculpture was originally designed for these portals, but the layouts were changed by successive masters, see careful lithic analysis by John James.<sup id="cite_ref-John_James_1986_pp._101_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_James_1986_pp._101-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Either way, most of the carving follows the exceptionally high standard typical of this period and exercised a strong influence on the subsequent development of Gothic portal design.<sup id="cite_ref-C._Edson_Armi_1994_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Edson_Armi_1994-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the masters have been identified by John James, and drafts of these studies have been published on the web site of the International Center of Medieval Art, New York.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 10 June 1194, another fire caused extensive damage to Fulbert's cathedral. The true extent of the damage is unknown, though the fact that the lead <a href="/wiki/Came" title="Came">cames</a> holding the west windows together survived the conflagration intact suggests contemporary accounts of the terrible devastation may have been exaggerated. Either way, the opportunity was taken to begin a complete rebuilding of the choir and nave in the latest style. The undamaged western towers and façade were incorporated into the new works, as was the earlier crypt, effectively limiting the designers of the new building to the same general plan as its predecessor. In fact, the present building is only marginally longer than Fulbert's cathedral. </p><p>One of the features of Chartres cathedral is the speed with which it was built – a factor which helped contribute to the consistency of its design. Even though there were innumerable changes to the details, the plan remains consistent. The major change occurred six years after work began when the seven deep chapels around the choir opening off a single ambulatory were turned into shallow recesses opening off a double-aisled ambulatory.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian architectural historian John James, who made a detailed study of the cathedral, has estimated that there were about 300 men working on the site at any one time, although it has to be acknowledged that current knowledge of working practices at this time is somewhat limited. Normally medieval churches were built from east to west so that the choir could be completed first and put into use (with a temporary wall sealing off the west end) while the crossing and nave were completed. Canon Delaporte argued that building work started at the crossing and proceeded outwards from there,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the evidence in the stonework itself is unequivocal, especially within the level of the triforium: the nave was at all times more advanced than ambulatory bays of the choir, and this has been confirmed by dendrochronology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The builders were not working on a clean site; they would have had to clear back the rubble and surviving parts of the old church as they built the new. Work nevertheless progressed rapidly: the south porch with most of its sculpture was installed by 1210, and by 1215 the north porch and the west rose window were completed.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nave high vaults were erected in the 1220s, the canons moved into their new stalls in 1221 under a temporary roof at the level of the clerestory, and the transept roses were erected over the next two decades. The high vaults over the choir were not built until the last years of the 1250s, as was rediscovered in the first decade of the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1997 until 2018, the exterior of the cathedral underwent an extensive cleaning, that also included many of the interior walls and the sculpture. The statement of purpose declared, "the restoration aims not only to clean and maintains the structure but also to offer an insight into what the cathedral would have looked like in the 13th century." The walls and sculpture, blackened by soot and age, again became white. The celebrated <a href="/wiki/Black_Madonna" title="Black Madonna">Black Madonna</a> statue was cleaned, and her face was found to be white under the soot. The project went further; the walls in the nave were painted white and shades of yellow and beige, to recreate an idea of the earlier medieval decoration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the restoration also brought sharp criticism. The architectural critic of the <i>New York Times</i>, Martin Filler, called it "a scandalous desecration of a cultural holy place."<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also noted that the bright white walls made it more difficult to appreciate the colours of the stained glass windows, and declared that the work violated international conservation protocols, in particular, the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Venice_Charter" title="Venice Charter">Charter of Venice</a> of which France is a signatory.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president of the Friends of Chartres Cathedral Isabelle Paillot defended the restoration work as necessary to prevent the building from crumbling.<sup id="cite_ref-Lichfield_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichfield-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_School_of_Chartres">The School of Chartres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: The School of Chartres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_of_Chartres" title="School of Chartres">School of Chartres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pythagore-chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/170px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/255px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Pythagore-chartres.jpg/340px-Pythagore-chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="925" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> on one of the <a href="/wiki/Archivolts" class="mw-redirect" title="Archivolts">archivolts</a> over the right door of the west portal at Chartres</figcaption></figure> <p>At the beginning of the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Fulbert_of_Chartres" title="Fulbert of Chartres">Bishop Fulbert</a> besides rebuilding the cathedral, established Chartres as a <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral school</a>, an important center of religious scholarship and theology. He attracted important theologians, including <a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry of Chartres</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Conches" title="William of Conches">William of Conches</a> and the Englishman <a href="/wiki/John_of_Salisbury" title="John of Salisbury">John of Salisbury</a>. These men were at the forefront of the intense intellectual rethinking that culminated in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">twelfth-century renaissance</a>, pioneering the <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> philosophy that came to dominate medieval thinking throughout Europe. By the mid-12th century, the role of Chartres had waned, as it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> as the leading school of theology. The primary activity of Chartres became pilgrimages.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_and_economic_context">Social and economic context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Social and economic context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with any medieval <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">bishopric</a>, Chartres Cathedral was the most important building in the town – the center of its <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economy</a>, its most famous landmark and the focal point of many activities that in modern towns are provided for by specialised <a href="/wiki/Civic_engagement" title="Civic engagement">civic</a> buildings. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the cathedral functioned as a kind of marketplace, with different commercial activities centred on the different portals, particularly during the regular fairs. Textiles were sold around the north transept, while meat, vegetable and fuel sellers congregated around the south porch. Money-changers (an essential service at a time when each town or region had its own currency) had their benches, or <i>banques</i>, near the west portals and also in the nave itself.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="money-changers not mentioned in Simson (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wine sellers plied their trade in the nave to avoid taxes until, sometime in the 13th century, an ordinance forbade this. The ordinance assigned to the wine-sellers part of the crypt, where they could avoid the count's taxes without disturbing worshippers. Workers of various professions gathered in particular locations around the cathedral awaiting offers of work.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the town of Chartres was under the judicial and tax authority of the <a href="/wiki/Counts_of_Blois" title="Counts of Blois">Counts of Blois</a>, the area immediately surrounding the cathedral, known as the <i>cloître</i>, was in effect a free-trade zone governed by the church authorities, who were entitled to the taxes from all commercial activity taking place there.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as greatly increasing the cathedral's income, throughout the 12th and 13th centuries this led to regular disputes, often violent, between the bishops, the chapter and the civic authorities – particularly when serfs belonging to the counts transferred their trade (and taxes) to the cathedral. In 1258, after a series of bloody riots instigated by the count's officials, the chapter finally gained permission from the King to seal off the area of the <i>cloître</i> and lock the gates each night.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilgrimages_and_the_legend_of_the_Sancta_Camisa">Pilgrimages and the legend of the <i>Sancta Camisa</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Pilgrimages and the legend of the Sancta Camisa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Virgin%27s_veil" title="Virgin's veil">Virgin's veil</a></div> <p>Even before the Gothic cathedral was built, Chartres was a place of pilgrimage, albeit on a much smaller scale. During the Merovingian and early Carolingian eras, the main focus of devotion for pilgrims was a well (now located in the north side of Fulbert's crypt), known as the <i>Puits des Saints-Forts</i>, or the 'Well of the Strong Saints', into which it was believed the bodies of various local Early-Christian martyrs (including saints Piat, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Ch%C3%A9ron" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Chéron">Chéron</a>, Modesta and Potentianus) had been tossed. </p><p>Chartres became a site for the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary">Blessed Virgin Mary</a>. In 876 the cathedral acquired the <i>Sancta Camisa</i>, believed to be the tunic worn by Mary at the time of Christ's birth. According to legend, the <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> was given to the cathedral by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> who received it as a gift from Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a> during a <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusade</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. However, as Charlemagne's crusade is fiction, the legend lacks historical merit and was probably invented in the 11th century to authenticate relics at the Abbey of St Denis.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the <i>Sancta Camisa</i> was a gift to the cathedral from <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there is no evidence for its being an important object of pilgrimage prior to the 12th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1194, when the cathedral was struck by lightning, and the east spire was lost, the Sancta Camisa was thought lost, too. However, it was found three days later, protected by priests, who fled behind iron trapdoors when the fire broke out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some research suggests that depictions in the cathedral, e.g. Mary's infertile parents <a href="/wiki/Joachim" title="Joachim">Joachim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Anne" title="Saint Anne">Anne</a>, harken back to the pre-Christian cult of a fertility goddess, and women would come to the well at this location in order to pray for their children and that some refer to that past.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chartres historian and expert Malcolm Miller rejected the claims of pre-cathedral, Celtic, ceremonies and buildings on the site in a documentary.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the widespread belief<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that the cathedral was also the site of a pre-Christian druidical sect who worshipped a "Virgin who will give birth" is purely a late-medieval invention.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the end of the 12th century, the church had become one of the most important popular pilgrimage destinations in Europe. There were four great fairs which coincided with the main <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">feast days</a> of the Virgin Mary: the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Presentation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a>. The fairs were held in the area administered by the cathedral and were attended by many of the pilgrims in town to see the cloak of the Virgin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Specific pilgrimages were also held in response to outbreaks of disease. When <a href="/wiki/Ergotism" title="Ergotism">ergotism</a> (more popularly known in the Middle Ages as "St. Anthony's fire") afflicted many victims, the <a href="/wiki/Crypt" title="Crypt">crypt</a> of the original church became a hospital to care for the sick.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Chartres continues to attract large numbers of pilgrims, many of whom come to walk slowly around the labyrinth, their heads bowed in prayer – a devotional practice that the cathedral authorities accommodate by removing the chairs from the nave on Fridays from Lent to All Saints' Day (except for Good Friday).<sup id="cite_ref-cathedral_labyrinth_page_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathedral_labyrinth_page-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Special:EditPage/Chartres Cathedral">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> famously used Chartres as a visual backdrop and inspiration for a montage sequence in his film <i><a href="/wiki/F_For_Fake" class="mw-redirect" title="F For Fake">F For Fake</a></i>. Welles' semi-autobiographical narration spoke to the power of art in culture and how the work itself may be more important than the identity of its creators. Feeling that the beauty of Chartres and its unknown artisans and architects epitomized this sentiment, Welles, standing outside the cathedral and looking at it, eulogizes: </p> <blockquote><p>Now this has been standing here for centuries. The premier work of man perhaps in the whole western world and it's without a signature: Chartres. </p><p>A celebration to God's glory and to the dignity of man. All that's left most artists seem to feel these days, is man. Naked, poor, forked radish. There aren't any celebrations. Ours, the scientists keep telling us, is a universe, which is disposable. You know it might be just this one anonymous glory of all things, this rich stone forest, this epic chant, this gaiety, this grand choiring shout of affirmation, which we choose when all our cities are dust, to stand intact, to mark where we have been, to testify to what we had it in us, to accomplish. </p><p>Our works in stone, in paint, in print are spared, some of them for a few decades, or a millennium or two, but everything must finally fall in war or wear away into the ultimate and universal ash. The triumphs and the frauds, the treasures and the fakes. A fact of life. We're going to die. "Be of good heart," cry the dead artists out of the living past. Our songs will all be silenced – but what of it? Go on singing. Maybe a man's name doesn't matter all that much. </p><p> (Church bells peal...)</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> took the stained glass at Chartres as the inspiration for his poem "Chartres Windows". <sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a> references his spiritual experience in <i>The Power of Myth</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>I'm back in the Middle Ages. I'm back in the world that I was brought up in as a child, the Roman Catholic spiritual-image world, and it is magnificent ... That cathedral talks to me about the spiritual information of the world. It's a place for meditation, just walking around, just sitting, just looking at those beautiful things.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Joris-Karl_Huysmans" title="Joris-Karl Huysmans">Joris-Karl Huysmans</a> includes detailed interpretation of the symbolism underlying the art of Chartres Cathedral in his 1898 semi-autobiographical novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cathedral_(Huysmans_novel)" title="The Cathedral (Huysmans novel)">La cathédrale</a></i>. </p><p>Chartres was the primary basis for the fictional cathedral in <a href="/wiki/David_Macaulay" title="David Macaulay">David Macaulay</a>'s <i>Cathedral: The Story of Its Construction</i> and the animated special based on this book. </p><p>Chartres was an important setting in the religious thriller <i>Gospel Truths</i> by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Sandom" title="J. G. Sandom">J. G. Sandom</a>. The book used the cathedral's architecture and history as clues in the search for a lost Gospel. </p><p>The cathedral is featured in the television travel series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Naked_Pilgrim" title="The Naked Pilgrim">The Naked Pilgrim</a></i>; presenter <a href="/wiki/Brian_Sewell" title="Brian Sewell">Brian Sewell</a> explores the cathedral and discusses its famous relic – the nativity cloak said to have been worn by the Virgin Mary. </p><p>Popular action-adventure video game <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i> features a climbable cathedral modelled heavily on the Chartres Cathedral. </p><p>Chartres Cathedral and, especially, its labyrinth are featured in the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Labyrinth_(novel)" title="Labyrinth (novel)">Labyrinth</a></i> and <i>The City of Tears</i> by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Mosse" title="Kate Mosse">Kate Mosse</a>, who was educated in and is a resident of Chartres' twin city <a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chartres_Light_Celebration">Chartres Light Celebration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Chartres Light Celebration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the attractions at the Chartres Cathedral is the Chartres Light Celebration, when not only is the cathedral lit, but so are many buildings throughout the town, as a celebration of electrification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass_windows_of_Chartres_Cathedral" title="Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral">Stained glass windows of Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Samaritan_Window,_Cathedral_of_Notre-Dame:_Chartres,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="The Good Samaritan Window, Cathedral of Notre-Dame: Chartres, France">The Good Samaritan Window, Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Becket_window_in_Chartres_Cathedral" title="Saint Thomas Becket window in Chartres Cathedral">Saint Thomas Becket window in Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_stained_glass_windows" title="French Gothic stained glass windows">French Gothic stained glass windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Cathedrals_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe">List of Gothic Cathedrals in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Marian_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Marian churches">Roman Catholic Marian churches</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture.gouv.fr/documentation/memoire/HTML/IVR24/IA28000005/index.htm">"Mérimée database"</a>. French government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e+database&rft.pub=French+government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture.gouv.fr%2Fdocumentation%2Fmemoire%2FHTML%2FIVR24%2FIA28000005%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The High Gothic years (c. 1250–1300), "Encyclopaedia Britannica" on-line edition, retrieved 12 May,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhistoire.fr/carte/lart-gothique-%C3%A0-la-conqu%C3%AAte-de-leurope">"L'art gothique à la conquête de l'Europe"</a>. <i>www.lhistoire.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620222944/https://www.lhistoire.fr/carte/lart-gothique-%C3%A0-la-conqu%C3%AAte-de-leurope">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lhistoire.fr&rft.atitle=L%27art+gothique+%C3%A0+la+conqu%C3%AAte+de+l%27Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhistoire.fr%2Fcarte%2Flart-gothique-%25C3%25A0-la-conqu%25C3%25AAte-de-leurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilfried Koch, <i>Baustilkunde</i>, 33rd edition 2016, p. 170: <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Chartres, 2. H. 12. Jh. bis 1260, <u>am Ende der Frühgotik</u>. Sein 3-zoniger Wandaufbau (Arkade – Triforium – Obergaden) setzt sich ich der Hochgotik allgemein durch. Erhöhung der Arkade und (geringer:) der Fenster.</i></li> <li><i>4-teiliges Rippengewölbe …</i></li></ul></dd> <dd>(Transalation:) <ul><li><i>Chartres, 2nd half of C XII until 1260, <u>in the end of <a href="/wiki/Early_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Gothic">Early Gothic</a></u>. Its elevation of three levels (arcades – triforium – clerestory) became generally accepted/applied in <a href="/wiki/High_Gothic" title="High Gothic">High Gothic</a>. Enhancement of the arcades and (less) of the windows.</i></li> <li><i>4 area rib vaults …</i></li></ul></dd></dl> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chartres-Cathedral">"Chartres Cathedral | History, Interior, Stained Glass, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 25 September 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925140813/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chartres-Cathedral">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Chartres+Cathedral+%26%23124%3B+History%2C+Interior%2C+Stained+Glass%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChartres-Cathedral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Encyclopaedia Britannica" "Chartres Cathedral"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassner2016" class="citation book cs1">Hassner, Ron E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeNKDAAAQBAJ"><i>Religion on the Battlefield</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1501703683" title="Special:BookSources/978-1501703683"><bdi>978-1501703683</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+on+the+Battlefield&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1501703683&rft.aulast=Hassner&rft.aufirst=Ron+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeNKDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81">"Chartres Cathedral"</a>. <i>UNESCO World Heritage Center</i>. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226034659/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Center&rft.atitle=Chartres+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet, Étienne. <i>Chartres- Guide of the Cathedral</i> (2019), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jan van der Meulen, <i>Notre-Dame de Chartres: Die vorromanische Ostanlage</i>, Berlin 1975.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H12-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H12_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet, Étienne. <i>Chartres- Guide of the Cathedral</i> (2019), pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Honour, H. and Fleming, J. <i>The Visual Arts: A History,</i> 7th ed., Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Pearson Prentice Hall</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippe Debaud, ' 'Les Maitres Tailleurs de Pierre de la Cathédrale de Chartres, leurs marques identitaires dans les chantiers du XIIème siècle' ', unpublished, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John James, "La construction du narthex de la cathédrale de Chartres", ' 'Bulletin de la Société Archéologique d’Eure-et-Loir' ', lxxxvii 2006, 3–20. Also in English in ' 'In Search of the unknown in medieval architecture' ', 2007, Pindar Press, London.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favier, Jean. <i>The World of Chartres</i>. New York: Henry N. Abrams, 1990. p. 160. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1796-5">978-0-8109-1796-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamburger2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hamburger, Jeffrey F. (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=10475141&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA635666027&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs">"Restoration and Desecration"</a>. <i>First Things: A Monthly Journal of Religion and Public Life</i> (306): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=First+Things%3A+A+Monthly+Journal+of+Religion+and+Public+Life&rft.atitle=Restoration+and+Desecration.&rft.issue=306&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.aulast=Hamburger&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fp%3DAONE%26sw%3Dw%26issn%3D10475141%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CA635666027%26sid%3DgoogleScholar%26linkaccess%3Dabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jouanneaux_2000_p._94_17-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prache and Jouanneaux (2000), p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Footitt, Hilary. (1988). France : 1943–1945. Homes & Meier. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0841911754" title="Special:BookSources/0841911754">0841911754</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/230958953">230958953</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Short History of the Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres, France". francetravelplanner.com. Retrieved 6 November 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229010438/https://www.friendsofchartres.org/aboutchartres/colonelwelborngriffin/">"Colonel Welborn Griffith"</a>. <i>American Friends of Chartres</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofchartres.org/aboutchartres/colonelwelborngriffin/">the original</a> on 29 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Friends+of+Chartres&rft.atitle=Colonel+Welborn+Griffith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofchartres.org%2Faboutchartres%2Fcolonelwelborngriffin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027203938/https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/6100%7Ctitle=Militarytimes">"Welborn Barton Griffith"</a>. <i>militarytimes/the Hall of Valor</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/6100%7Ctitle=Militarytimes">the original</a> on 27 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militarytimes%2Fthe+Hall+of+Valor.&rft.atitle=Welborn+Barton+Griffith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalor.militarytimes.com%2Fhero%2F6100%257Ctitle%3DMilitarytimes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Events and dates below are mainly from Prache and Jouanneaux, "Chartres – la Cathédrale Notre Dame, (2000), Centre des Monuments Nationaux, Éditions du Patrimoine, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lours, "Dictionnaire des Cathédrales" (2018), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81/">https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210619105548/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/81">Archived</a> 19 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> UNESCO World Heritage Site page – Chartres Cathedral</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prache and Jouanneaux, "Chartres – la Cathédrale Notre Dame, (2000) p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lichfield-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lichfield_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lichfield_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichfield2015" class="citation news cs1">Lichfield, John (23 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/chartres-cathedral-clean-up-row-experts-divided-over-whether-dirt-should-be-left-in-place-to-keep-a6706627.html">"Let there be light? Chartres Cathedral caught in clean-up row"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221101837/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/architecture/chartres-cathedral-clean-up-row-experts-divided-over-whether-dirt-should-be-left-in-place-to-keep-a6706627.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Let+there+be+light%3F+Chartres+Cathedral+caught+in+clean-up+row&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft.aulast=Lichfield&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Farchitecture%2Fchartres-cathedral-clean-up-row-experts-divided-over-whether-dirt-should-be-left-in-place-to-keep-a6706627.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houvet_2019_p._20-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019_p._20_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houvet_2019,_p._12-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_p._12_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-katzenellenbogen1959-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-katzenellenbogen1959_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Katzenellenbogen, <i>The Sculptural Programs of Chartres Cathedral</i>, Baltimore, 1959</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) pp. 32–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margot Fassler, <i>Adventus at Chartres: Ritual Models for Major Processions</i> in <i>Ceremonial Culture in Pre-Modern Europe</i>, ed. Nicholas Howe, University of Indiana Press, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adelheid Heimann, <i>The Capital Frieze and Pilasters of the Portail royal, Chartres</i> in <i>Journal of the Warburg and Courtland Institutes</i>, Vol. 31, 1968, pp. 73–102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), pp. 55–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) pp. 22–23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houvet_2019,_pg._67-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houvet_2019,_pg._67_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), pp. 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a detailed analysis see; Paul Frankl, <i>The Chronology of the Stained Glass in Chartres Cathedral</i>, in <i>The Art Bulletin</i> 45:4 Dec 1963, pp. 301–322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For details see Delaporte & Houvet, 1926, pp. 496ff</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM28000460">"Verrière de la maison de France (baie 121)"</a>. <i>pop.culture.gouv.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pop.culture.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Verri%C3%A8re+de+la+maison+de+France+%28baie+121%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpop.culture.gouv.fr%2Fnotice%2Fpalissy%2FIM28000460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudine Lautier, <i>Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres. Reliques et images</i>, Bulletin Monumentale, 161:1, 2003, pp. 3–96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most complete survey is Yves Delaporte, <i>Les Vitraux De La Cathedrale De Chartres</i>, Paris, 1926</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jane Welch Williams, <i>Bread, Wine and Money: the Windows of the Trades at Chartres Cathedral</i>, Chicago, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meredith Parsons Lillich, <i>A Redating of the Thirteenth Century Grisaille Windows of Chartres Cathedral</i>, in <i>Gesta</i>, xi, 1972, pp. 11–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Information sheet on the Crypt, published by the Welcome and Visitor Service, Dioceses of Chartres (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Visitor_information_sheet_2019-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Visitor_information_sheet_2019_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Visitor_information_sheet_2019_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Visitor information sheet (2019)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), pp. 17–191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) pp. 60–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM28000084">Orgue de tribune : buffet d'orgue; tribune d'orgue</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/906340">906340</a>, "Church and Organ Music – the Organs of Chartres Cathedral", <i>The Musical Times</i>, 1 July 1913</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM28000084">Orgue de tribune : buffet d'orgue; tribune d'orgue</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/PM28000968">Orgue de tribune</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Base_Palissy" title="Base Palissy">Base Palissy</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/palissy/IM28000173">Grand orgue</a>, Ministère français de la Culture. <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cathedrale-chartres.org/en/the-great-organ-of-chartres-cathedral/">"The great organ of Chartres Cathedral"</a>. <i>Cathédrale de Chartres</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173345/https://www.cathedrale-chartres.org/en/the-great-organ-of-chartres-cathedral/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cath%C3%A9drale+de+Chartres&rft.atitle=The+great+organ+of+Chartres+Cathedral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cathedrale-chartres.org%2Fen%2Fthe-great-organ-of-chartres-cathedral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019), p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) pp. 13, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houvet (2019) p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_James_1986_pp._101-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_James_1986_pp._101_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John James, "An Examination of Some Anomalies in the Ascension and Incarnation Portals of Chartres Cathedral", <i>Gesta</i>, 25:1 (1986) pp. 101–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Edson_Armi_1994-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Edson_Armi_1994_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edson Armi, <i>The "Headmaster" of Chartres and the Origins of "Gothic" Sculpture</i>, Penn. State, 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medievalart.org/?page_id=214">"John James | International Center of Medieval ArtInternational Center of Medieval Art"</a>. Medievalart.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121175136/http://medievalart.org/?page_id=214">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+James+%26%23124%3B+International+Center+of+Medieval+ArtInternational+Center+of+Medieval+Art&rft.pub=Medievalart.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedievalart.org%2F%3Fpage_id%3D214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John James, ' 'The contractors of Chartres' ', Wyong, ii vols. 1979–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yves Delaporte, <i>Notre-Dame de Chartres: Introduction historique et archéologique</i>, Paris, 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1990" class="citation book cs1">James, John (1990). <i>The Master Masons of Chartres</i>. London; New York; Chartres; Sydney: West Grinstead Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-00805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-00805-9"><bdi>978-0-646-00805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Master+Masons+of+Chartres&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%3B+Chartres%3B+Sydney&rft.pub=West+Grinstead+Pub.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-646-00805-9&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLautier2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lautier, Claudine (2011). "Restaurations récentes à la cathédrale de Chartres et nouvelles recherches". <i>Bulletin Monumental</i>. <b>169</b>: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbulmo.2011.7891">10.3406/bulmo.2011.7891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+Monumental&rft.atitle=Restaurations+r%C3%A9centes+%C3%A0+la+cath%C3%A9drale+de+Chartres+et+nouvelles+recherches&rft.volume=169&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fbulmo.2011.7891&rft.aulast=Lautier&rft.aufirst=Claudine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past", <i>The New York Times</i>, 1 September 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Filler, "A Scandalous Makeover at Chartres", <i>New York Review of Books</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/14/scandalous-makeover-chartres/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150203145405/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/14/scandalous-makeover-chartres/">Archived</a> 3 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loren C. MacKinney, <i>Bishop Fulbert and Education at the School of Chartres</i>, Univ. of Notre Dame Indiana, 1956</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto von Simson, <i>The Gothic Cathedral</i>, 2nd Ed. New York, 1962, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a definitive study of the social and economic life of medieval Chartres based on archive documents, see; André Chédeville, <i>Chartres et ses campagnes au Moyen Âge : XIe au XIIIe siècles</i>, Paris, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Jane Welch Williams, <i>Bread, wine & money: the windows of the trades at Chartres Cathedral</i>, Chicago, 1993, especially pp. 21ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Mâle, <i>Religious Art in France: The Thirteenth Century</i>, Princeton 1984 [1898], p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pastan, E. (2008). "Charlemagne as Saint? Relics and the Choice of Window Subjects at Chartres Cathedral". In M. Gabriele & J. Stuckey (Eds.), <i>The Legend of Charlemagne in the Middle Ages</i> (p. 117). essay, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpitzer1994" class="citation journal cs1">Spitzer, Laura (1994). "The Cult of the Virgin and Gothic Sculpture: Evaluating Opposition in the Chartres West Facade Capital Frieze". <i>Gesta</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F767164">10.2307/767164</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/767164">767164</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192682440">192682440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+the+Virgin+and+Gothic+Sculpture%3A+Evaluating+Opposition+in+the+Chartres+West+Facade+Capital+Frieze&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A192682440%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F767164%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F767164&rft.aulast=Spitzer&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tEhLAXYkd4g">"The Cathedral of Our Lady of Chartres (part 1 of 2)"</a>. Unknown. 28 May 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/tEhLAXYkd4g">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+of+Our+Lady+of+Chartres+%28part+1+of+2%29&rft.pub=Unknown&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DtEhLAXYkd4g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Favier, Jean. <i>The World of Chartres</i>. New York: Henry N. Abrams, 1990. p. 31. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1796-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1796-5">978-0-8109-1796-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathedral_labyrinth_page-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cathedral_labyrinth_page_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathedrale-chartres.org/fr/,121.html">"Le labyrinthe de la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160909144223/http://www.cathedrale-chartres.org/fr/,121.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Retrieved 10 September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/poem/poems_chartres.htm">https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/poem/poems_chartres.htm</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.katemosse.co.uk/">"Kate Mosse"</a>. <i>Kate Mosse</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315235543/http://www.katemosse.co.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kate+Mosse&rft.atitle=Kate+Mosse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.katemosse.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1866570/">"Labyrinth"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805104228/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1866570/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Labyrinth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1866570%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/kate-mosse/the-city-of-tears/9781509806874">"The City of Tears by Kate Mosse"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226173811/https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/kate-mosse/the-city-of-tears/9781509806874">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Tears+by+Kate+Mosse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panmacmillan.com%2Fauthors%2Fkate-mosse%2Fthe-city-of-tears%2F9781509806874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burckhardt, Titus. <i>Chartres and the birth of the cathedral</i>. Bloomington: World Wisdom Books, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-21-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941532-21-1">978-0-941532-21-1</a></li> <li>Adams, Henry. <i>Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres</i>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>, 1913 and many later editions.</li> <li>Ball, Philip. <i>Universe of Stone</i>. New York: Harper, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-115429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-115429-4">978-0-06-115429-4</a>.</li> <li>Delaporte, Y. <i>Les vitraux de la cathédrale de Chartres: histoire et description par l'abbé Y. Delaporte ... reproductions par É. Houvet.</i> Chartres : É. Houvet, 1926. 3 volumes (consists chiefly of photographs of the windows of the cathedral)</li> <li>Fassler, Margot E. <i>The Virgin of Chartres: Making History Through Liturgy and the Arts</i> (Yale University Press; 2010) 612 pages; Discusses Mary's gown and other relics held by the Chartres Cathedral in a study of history making and the cult of the Virgin of Chartres in the 11th and 12th centuries.</li> <li>Grant, Lindy. "Representing Dynasty: The Transept Windows at Chartres Cathedral," in Robert A. Maxwell (ed) <i>Representing History, 900–1300: Art, Music, History</i> (University Park (PA), Pennsylvania State University press, 2010),</li> <li>Houvet, E. <i>Cathédrale de Chartres.</i> Chelles (S.-et-M.) : Hélio. A. Faucheux, 1919. 5 volumes in 7. (consists entirely of photogravures of the architecture and sculpture, but not windows)</li> <li>Houvet, E. <i>An Illustrated Monograph of Chartres Cathedral: (Being an Extract of a Work Crowned by Académie des Beaux-Arts).</i> s.l.: s.n., 1930.</li> <li>Houvet, E. <i>Chartres – Guide of the Cathedral</i>, revised by Miller, Malcolm B., Éditions Houvet, 2019, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-909575-65-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-909575-65-9">2-909575-65-9</a></li> <li>James, John, <i>The Master Masons of Chartres</i>, West Grinstead, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-00805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-00805-9">978-0-646-00805-9</a>.</li> <li>James, John, <i>The contractors of Chartres</i>, Wyong, ii vols. 1979–81, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9596005-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9596005-2-0">978-0-9596005-2-0</a> and 4 x</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLours2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lours, Mathieu (2018). <i>Dictionnaire des Cathédrales</i> (in French). Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-27558-0765-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-27558-0765-3"><bdi>978-27558-0765-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+des+Cath%C3%A9drales&rft.pub=Editions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-27558-0765-3&rft.aulast=Lours&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mâle, Emile. <i>Notre-Dame de Chartres.</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Row">Harper & Row</a>, 1983.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMignon2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mignon, Olivier (2015). <i>Architecture des Cathédrales Gothiques</i> (in French). Éditions Ouest-France. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7373-6535-5"><bdi>978-2-7373-6535-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+des+Cath%C3%A9drales+Gothiques&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ouest-France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-7373-6535-5&rft.aulast=Mignon&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChartres+Cathedral" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Miller, Malcolm. <i>Chartres Cathedral.</i> New York: Riverside Book Co., 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878351-54-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878351-54-8">978-1-878351-54-8</a></li> <li>Prache, Anne and Jouanneaux, Françoise, <i>Chartres- La cathédrale Notre-Dame</i>. Paris, Centre des Monuments Nationaux, Editions du Patrimoine, 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8582-2153-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8582-2153-0">978-2-8582-2153-0</a></li> <li>Terrier-Aliferis, L. "Mobilités et innovations : l'exemple de la cathédrale de Chartres", in L. Terrier-Aliferis, Questions de mobilités au début de la période gothique. Circulation des artistes ou carnets de modèles?, Turnhout, 2020, pp. 63–104 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-59141-4">978-2-503-59141-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chartres_Cathedral&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cath%C3%A9drale_Notre-Dame_de_Chartres" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres">Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Chartres</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartrescathedral.net/">Chartres Cathedral history and information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/story/8AXB4pZjx-G76g">Chartres Cathedral</a> UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://images.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/i/image/image-idx?c=chartres&page=index">University of Pittsburgh photograph collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sacred-destinations.com/france/chartres-cathedral">Chartres Cathedral at Sacred Destinations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chartres-cathedrale.fr/en/">Towers of Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mymaze.de/chartres_technisch_e.htm">About the labyrinth</a> <span class="languageicon">(in English)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114220803/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/France/Chartres/Zodiac_Window/Chartres_Zodiacs.htm">Details of the Zodiac and other Chartres windows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medievalart.org.uk/Chartres/Chartres_default.htm">Chartres Cathedral on the Corpus of Medieval Narrative Art</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209230225/http://www.medievalart.org.uk/Chartres/Chartres_default.htm">Archived</a> 9 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Panel-by-panel photographs of many of the windows</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bluffton.edu/~sullivanm/chartreswest/centralportal.html">Description of the outer portals</a> <i>Retrieved 3 August 2008</i></li> <li>High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/mapping-gothic/chartres-cathedrale-notre-dame">Chartres Cathedral | Art Atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/ancient-tombs-and-a-sarcophagus-has-been-unearthed-at-the-notre-dame-cathedral">Human-Shaped Sarcophagus Found in Newly Revealed Tombs Beneath The Notre-Dame</a>, Agence France-Presse, Science Alert, 2022 03 16 photographs from limited access during restoration</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basilicas_in_France270" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basilicas_in_France" title="Template:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basilicas_in_France" title="Template talk:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basilicas_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basilicas in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basilicas_in_France270" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Basilicas_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Basilicas in the Catholic Church">Basilicas</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basilicas_in_France" title="List of basilicas in France">List of basilicas in France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aiguebelle_Abbey" title="Aiguebelle Abbey">Our Lady, Aiguebelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aix_Cathedral" title="Aix Cathedral">Holy Saviour, Aix (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albi_Cathedral" title="Albi Cathedral">St Cecilia, Albi (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Alençon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Our Lady, Amiens (cathedral)</a></li> <li>St Mary Magdalene, Angers</li> <li>Visitation, Annecy</li> <li>St Joseph, Annecy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apt_Cathedral" title="Apt Cathedral">St Anne, Apt (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Arcachon</li> <li>St Dionysius, Argenteuil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Trophime,_Arles" title="Church of St. Trophime, Arles">St Trophimus, Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arras_Cathedral" title="Arras Cathedral">Our Lady and St Vedast, Arles (cathedral)</a></li> <li>St Sixtus, Ars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auch_Cathedral" title="Auch Cathedral">St Mary, Auch (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autun_Cathedral" title="Autun Cathedral">St Lazarus, Autun (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avignon_Cathedral" title="Avignon Cathedral">Our Lady of the Doms, Avignon (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Avioth</li> <li>SS Gervasius and Protasius, Avranches</li> <li>Our Lady, Beaune</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfort_Cathedral" title="Belfort Cathedral">St Christopher, Belfort (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Sewing, Bernay</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Ferjeux" title="Basilica of Saint-Ferjeux">SS Ferreolus and Ferrutio, Besançon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besan%C3%A7on_Cathedral" title="Besançon Cathedral">St John the Evangelist, Besançon (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_la_Trinit%C3%A9" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame de la Trinité">Our Lady of the Trinity, Blois</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Bon-Encontre</li> <li>St Anne, Bonlieu-sur-Roubion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Bonsecours" title="Basilique Notre-Dame de Bonsecours">Our Lady, Bonsecours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Michael,_Bordeaux" title="Basilica of St. Michael, Bordeaux">St Michael, Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Severinus_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Saint Severinus of Bordeaux">St Severinus, Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne">Our Lady, Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Brebi%C3%A8res" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Brebières">Our Lady, Brebières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Julian,_Brioude" title="Basilica of Saint-Julian, Brioude">St Julian, Brioude</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Buglose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrai_Cathedral" title="Cambrai Cathedral">Our Lady of Grace and the Holy Sepulchre, Cambrai (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saints_Nazarius_and_Celsus" title="Basilica of Saints Nazarius and Celsus">SS Nazarius and Celsus, Carcassonne</a></li> <li>St Maxellende, Caudry</li> <li>Our Lady, Ceignac</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry_Cathedral" title="Chambéry Cathedral">St Francis de Sales, Chambéry (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Hope, Charleville-Mézières</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Our Lady, Chartres (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of the Children, Châteauneuf-sur-Cher</li> <li>St John the Baptist, Chaumont</li> <li>Holy Trinity, Cherbourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_du_Port" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame du Port">Our Lady of the Port, Clermont Ferrand</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Cléry</li> <li>Holy Saviour, Dinan</li> <li>Our Lady, Dole</li> <li>St Joan of Arc, Domrémy-la-Pucelle</li> <li>Our Lady of Deliverance, Douvres</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Maurice_(%C3%89pinal)" title="Basilica of Saint Maurice (Épinal)">St Maurice, Épinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_l%27%C3%89pine" title="Notre-Dame de l'Épine">Our Lady, Épine</a></li> <li>St Joseph of Good Hope, Espaly-Saint-Marcel</li> <li>Our Lady of the Thorn, Évron</li> <li>Our Lady the White, Faverney</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Abbey" title="Fleury Abbey">St Benedict, Fleury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigolet_Abbey" title="Frigolet Abbey">Immaculate Conception, Frigolet</a></li> <li>Sacred Heart, Grenoble</li> <li>St Joseph, Grenoble</li> <li>Our Lady of Good Help, Guingamp</li> <li>Our Lady of Paradise, Hennebont</li> <li>Sacred Heart, Issoudun</li> <li>Our Lady of the Bramble, Josselin</li> <li>Our Lady of Good Help, Lablachère</li> <li>Our Lady of Pity, La Chapelle-Saint-Laurent</li> <li>St John Francis Regis, Lalouvesc</li> <li>Our Lady, La Salette</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Couture" class="mw-redirect" title="Notre-Dame de la Couture">Our Lady of Sewing, Le Mans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Puy_Cathedral" title="Le Puy Cathedral">Our Lady, Le Puy (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Les Avénières</li> <li>Our Lady, Liesse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lille_Cathedral" title="Lille Cathedral">Our Lady, Lille (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Marceille, Limoux</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se,_Lisieux" title="Basilica of Sainte-Thérèse, Lisieux">St Thérèse, Lisieux</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Good Guard, Longpont-sur-Orge</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception">Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosary_Basilica" title="Rosary Basilica">Rosary, Lourdes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Pius_X" title="Basilica of St. Pius X">St Pius X, Lourdes</a></li> <li>St Martin of the Sacred Heart, Lutterbach</li> <li>St Peter, Luxeuil-les-Bains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Notre-Dame_de_Fourvi%C3%A8re" title="Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière">Our Lady of Fourvière, Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Martin_d%27Ainay" title="Basilica of Saint-Martin d'Ainay">St Martin of Ainay, Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Notre-Dame_de_Marienthal" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilique Notre-Dame de Marienthal">Our Lady, Marienthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Garde" title="Notre-Dame de la Garde">Our Lady of the Guard, Marseille</a></li> <li>Sacred Heart, Marseille</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_Cathedral" title="Marseille Cathedral">St Mary Major, Marseille (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_St_Victor,_Marseille" title="Abbey of St Victor, Marseille">St Victor, Marseille</a></li> <li>St Peter Fourier, Mattaincourt</li> <li>Our Lady of Miracles, Mauriac</li> <li>Our Lady of Miracles, Mayenne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaux_Cathedral" title="Meaux Cathedral">St Stephen, Meaux (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Cathedral" title="Mende Cathedral">Our Lady and St Privatus, Mende (cathedral)</a></li> <li>St Michael the Archangel, Menton</li> <li>St Vincent, Metz</li> <li>Our Lady, Montligeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_des_Tables_de_Montpellier" title="Notre-Dame des Tables de Montpellier">Our Lady of the Tables, Montpellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpellier_Cathedral" title="Montpellier Cathedral">SS Peter and Paul, Montpellier (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulins_Cathedral" title="Moulins Cathedral">Our Lady, Moulins (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont_Sainte-Odile_Abbey" title="Mont Sainte-Odile Abbey">Our Lady, Mont Sainte-Odile</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Lourdes, Nancy</li> <li>Sacred Heart, Nancy</li> <li>St Aprus, Nancy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Donatian_and_St._Rogatian" title="Basilica of St. Donatian and St. Rogatian">SS Donatian and Rogatian, Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Nicolas,_Nantes" title="Basilica of St. Nicolas, Nantes">St Nicholas, Nantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonne_Cathedral" title="Narbonne Cathedral">SS Justus and Pastor, Narbonne (cathedral)</a></li> <li>St Paul, Narbonne</li> <li>St James, Neuvy-Saint-Sépulchre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevers_Cathedral" title="Nevers Cathedral">SS Cyricus and Julitta, Nevers (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Nice" title="Notre-Dame de Nice">Our Lady of the Assumption, Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Cathedral" title="Nice Cathedral">SS Mary and Reparata, Nice (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AEmes_Cathedral" title="Nîmes Cathedral">Our Lady and St Castor, Nîmes (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of the Irons, Orcival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans_Cathedral" title="Orléans Cathedral">Holy Cross, Orléans (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Paray-le-Monial" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart of Paray-le-Monial">Sacred Heart, Paray-le-Monial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Notre-Dame de Paris">Our Lady, Paris (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur,_Paris" title="Sacré-Cœur, Paris">Sacred Heart, Paris</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Paris</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame-des-Victoires,_Paris" title="Notre-Dame-des-Victoires, Paris">Our Lady of Victories, Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Clotilde,_Paris" title="Sainte-Clotilde, Paris">SS Clotilde and Valerius, Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rigueux_Cathedral" title="Périgueux Cathedral">St Front, Périgueux (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpignan_Cathedral" title="Perpignan Cathedral">St John the Baptist, Perpignan (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poitiers_Cathedral" title="Poitiers Cathedral">St Peter, Poitiers (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Joy, Pontivy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimper_Cathedral" title="Quimper Cathedral">St Corentinus, Quimper (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Deliverance, Quintin</li> <li>St Clotilde, Reims</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi" title="Musée Saint-Remi">St Remigius, Reims</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Miracles and Virtues, Rennes</li> <li>St Albinus and Our Lady of Good News, Rennes</li> <li>St Amabilis, Ricomage</li> <li>Our Lady, Rocamadour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodez_Cathedral" title="Rodez Cathedral">Our Lady, Rodez (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Sacred Heart, Rouen</li> <li>St Anne, Sainte-Anne-d'Auray</li> <li>Our Lady of Good Help, Saint-Avold</li> <li>Our Lady of Hope, Saint-Brieuc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Brieuc_Cathedral" title="Saint-Brieuc Cathedral">St Stephen, Saint-Brieuc (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Claude_Cathedral" title="Saint-Claude Cathedral">St Peter, Saint-Claude (cathedral)</a></li> <li>St Eutropius, Saintes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintes_Cathedral" title="Saintes Cathedral">St Peter, Saintes (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Laus, Saint-Étienne-le-Laus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._Louis_de_Montfort" title="Basilica of St. Louis de Montfort">St Louis de Montfort, Saint-Laurent-sur-Sèvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nicolas,_Saint-Nicolas-de-Port" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Nicolas, Saint-Nicolas-de-Port">St Nicholas, Saint-Nicolas-de-Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Omer_Cathedral" title="Saint-Omer Cathedral">Our Lady of Miracles, Saint-Omer (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Pol-de-L%C3%A9on_Cathedral" title="Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral">St Paul Aurelian, Saint-Pol-de-Léon (former cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Quentin" title="Basilica of Saint-Quentin">St Quentin, Saint-Quentin</a></li> <li>Our Lady of Victory, Saint-Raphaël</li> <li>St Andochius, Saulieu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9es_Cathedral" title="Sées Cathedral">Our Lady, Sées (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Sées</li> <li>Our Lady, Sion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soissons_Cathedral" title="Soissons Cathedral">SS Gervasius and Protasius, Soissons</a></li> <li>Our Lady of the Oak, Solesmes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Thierenbach" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Thierenbach">Our Lady, Thierenbach</a></li> <li>St Francis de Sales, Thonon-les-Bains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre-Dame_de_la_Daurade" title="Notre-Dame de la Daurade">Our Lady of the Daurade, Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint-Sernin,_Toulouse" title="Basilica of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse">St Saturninus, Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Martin,_Tours" title="Basilica of Saint Martin, Tours">St Martin, Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier_Cathedral" title="Tréguier Cathedral">St Tudwal, Tréguier (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilique_Saint-Urbain_de_Troyes" title="Basilique Saint-Urbain de Troyes">St Urban, Troyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_Cathedral" title="Valence Cathedral">St Apollinaris, Valence (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady of the Holy Girdle, Valenciennes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vannes_Cathedral" title="Vannes Cathedral">St Peter, Vannes (cathedral)</a></li> <li>Our Lady, Verdelais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdun_Cathedral" title="Verdun Cathedral">Our Lady, Verdun (cathedral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">St Mary Magdalene, Vézelay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_basilicas" title="List of Catholic basilicas">List of Catholic basilicas</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eure-et-Loir,_department_of_France372" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eure-et-Loir" title="Template:Eure-et-Loir"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eure-et-Loir" title="Template talk:Eure-et-Loir"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eure-et-Loir" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eure-et-Loir"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eure-et-Loir,_department_of_France372" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eure-et-Loir" title="Eure-et-Loir">Eure-et-Loir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_buildings_and_structures_in_Eure-et-Loir" title="Category:Religious buildings and structures in Eure-et-Loir">Religious buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_royale_de_Dreux" title="Chapelle royale de Dreux">Chapelle royale de Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneval_Abbey_(Eure-et-Loir)" title="Bonneval Abbey (Eure-et-Loir)">Bonneval Abbey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres-Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chartres-Cathedral.jpg/125px-Chartres-Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chartres-Cathedral.jpg/188px-Chartres-Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chartres-Cathedral.jpg/250px-Chartres-Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2606" data-file-height="1966" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ch%C3%A2teaux_in_Eure-et-Loir" title="List of châteaux in Eure-et-Loir">Châteaux</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Abondant" title="Château d'Abondant">Château d'Abondant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Anet" title="Château d'Anet">Château d'Anet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Baronville" title="Château de Baronville">Château de Baronville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Charbonni%C3%A8res_(Eure-et-Loir)" title="Château de Charbonnières (Eure-et-Loir)">Château de Charbonnières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2teaudun" title="Château de Châteaudun">Château de Châteaudun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ch%C3%A2teauneuf_(Eure-et-Loir)" title="Château de Châteauneuf (Eure-et-Loir)">Château de Châteauneuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Esclimont" title="Château d'Esclimont">Château d'Esclimont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_du_Jonchet" title="Château du Jonchet">Château du Jonchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Levesville" title="Château de Levesville">Château de Levesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Maintenon" title="Château de Maintenon">Château de Maintenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Saint-Jean" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Saint-Jean">Château Saint-Jean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Senonches" title="Château de Senonches">Château de Senonches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sorel" title="Château de Sorel">Château de Sorel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Eure-et-Loir" title="Category:Politicians from Eure-et-Loir">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bourg%C3%A8s-Maunoury" title="Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury">Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deschanel" title="Paul Deschanel">Paul Deschanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmin_Didot" title="Firmin Didot">Firmin Didot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Isambert" title="François-André Isambert">François-André Isambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Toussaint_Lesage" title="Denis Toussaint Lesage">Denis Toussaint Lesage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Viollette" title="Maurice Viollette">Maurice Viollette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_senators_of_Eure-et-Loir" title="List of senators of Eure-et-Loir">List of senators of Eure-et-Loir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Eure-et-Loir" title="Category:Sportspeople from Eure-et-Loir">Sportspeople</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Bouhraoua" title="Terry Bouhraoua">Terry Bouhraoua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo%C3%AFc_Duval" title="Loïc Duval">Loïc Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Escud%C3%A9" title="Nicolas Escudé">Nicolas Escudé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brice_Feillu" title="Brice Feillu">Brice Feillu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christophe_Lavainne" title="Christophe Lavainne">Christophe Lavainne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Madubost" title="Jacques Madubost">Jacques Madubost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell%C3%A9_Nice" title="Hellé Nice">Hellé Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Paoli" title="Raoul Paoli">Raoul Paoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">François-André Danican Philidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Pineau" title="Allison Pineau">Allison Pineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Quintais" title="Philippe Quintais">Philippe Quintais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Vieira" title="Patrick Vieira">Patrick Vieira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Waddington" title="William Waddington">William Waddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerschon_Yabusele" title="Guerschon Yabusele">Guerschon Yabusele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Eure-et-Loir" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Eure-et-Loir">Structures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_%E2%80%93_Champhol_Aerodrome" title="Chartres – Champhol Aerodrome">Chartres Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaudun_Air_Base" title="Châteaudun Air Base">Châteaudun Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartres_station" title="Chartres station">Chartres station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreux_station" title="Dreux station">Dreux station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_France1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_France1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Île-de-France">Île-de-France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace and Park of Versailles</a></li> <li>Fontainebleau <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau" title="Palace of Fontainebleau">Palace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau#Fontainebleau_forest" title="Fontainebleau">Park</a></li> <li>Paris: Banks of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provins" title="Provins">Provins</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of France"><img alt="Flag of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/50px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/75px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/100px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Parisian basin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">Belfries of Belgium and France</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourges_Cathedral" title="Bourges Cathedral">Bourges Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_hillsides,_houses_and_cellars" title="Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars">Champagne hillsides, houses and cellars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chartres Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climats,_terroirs_of_Burgundy" title="Climats, terroirs of Burgundy"><i>Climats</i> and <i>terroirs</i> of Burgundy</a></li> <li>Reims: <a href="/wiki/Reims_Cathedral" title="Reims Cathedral">Cathedral of Notre-Dame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Remi" title="Musée Saint-Remi">Former Abbey of Saint-Rémi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Tau" title="Palace of Tau">Palace of Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Fontenay" title="Abbey of Fontenay">Abbey of Fontenay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel_Bay" title="Mont-Saint-Michel Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9zelay_Abbey" title="Vézelay Abbey">Vézelay Church and hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas-de-Calais" title="Nord-Pas-de-Calais">Nord-Pas-de-Calais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">Belfries of Belgium and France</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord-Pas_de_Calais_Mining_Basin" title="Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin">Nord-Pas de Calais Mining Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Great Saltworks of <a href="/wiki/Salins-les-Bains" title="Salins-les-Bains">Salins-les-Bains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saltworks_at_Arc-et-Senans" title="Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans">Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy,_France" title="Nancy, France">Nancy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Place_Stanislas" title="Place Stanislas">Place Stanislas</a>, Place de la Carrière and Place d'Alliance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grande_%C3%8Ele_(Strasbourg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grande Île (Strasbourg)">Grande Île</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neustadt,_Strasbourg" title="Neustadt, Strasbourg">Neustadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbey_Church_of_Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe" title="Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe">Abbey Church of Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">South West</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Episcopal city, Albi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Port of the Moon, Bordeaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Prehistoric sites and decorated caves of the Vézère valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es_%E2%80%93_Mont_Perdu_World_Heritage_Site" title="Pyrénées – Mont Perdu World Heritage Site">Pyrénées – Mont Perdu</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-%C3%89milion" title="Saint-Émilion">Saint-Émilion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Centre East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys" title="Chaîne des Puys">Chaîne des Puys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvet_Cave" title="Chauvet Cave">Chauvet Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union#France" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arles,_Roman_and_Romanesque_Monuments" title="Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments">Roman and Romanesque monuments, Arles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_de_Carcassonne" title="Cité de Carcassonne">Carcassonne citadel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Porto" title="Gulf of Porto">Gulf of Porto</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calanques_de_Piana" title="Calanques de Piana">Calanches de Piana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica#Ecology" title="Corsica">Gulf of Girolata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandola_Nature_Reserve" title="Scandola Nature Reserve">Scandola Reserve</a></li> <li>Avignon: <a href="/wiki/Palais_des_Papes" title="Palais des Papes">Papal Palace</a>, Episcopal Ensemble, <a href="/wiki/Pont_Saint-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9zet" title="Pont Saint-Bénézet">Avignon Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pont_du_Gard" title="Pont du Gard">Pont du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange,_Vaucluse" title="Orange, Vaucluse">Orange</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_of_Orange" title="Roman Theatre of Orange">Roman Theatre and environs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_Arch_of_Orange" title="Triumphal Arch of Orange">Triumphal Arch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiple regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Architectural_Work_of_Le_Corbusier" title="The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier">The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal_du_Midi" title="Canal du Midi">Canal du Midi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortifications_of_Vauban" title="Fortifications of Vauban">Fortifications of Vauban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funerary_and_memory_sites_of_the_First_World_War_(Western_Front)" title="Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)">Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loire_Valley" title="Loire Valley">Loire Valley</a> between <a href="/wiki/Sully-sur-Loire" title="Sully-sur-Loire">Sully-sur-Loire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalonnes-sur-Loire" title="Chalonnes-sur-Loire">Chalonnes-sur-Loire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routes_of_Santiago_de_Compostela_in_France" title="Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France">Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_and_Primeval_Beech_Forests_of_the_Carpathians_and_Other_Regions_of_Europe" title="Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe">Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_territories_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas departments and territories of France">Overseas 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href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><sup>3</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Shared with <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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href="https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00096993">Mérimée</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20000270">Structurae</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/3ec94eb3-67db-4bfe-be96-ef8dfe314afc">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/144085852">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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