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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse-drawn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse-drawn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Horse-drawn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse-drawn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Steam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable-hauled" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable-hauled"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Cable-hauled</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable-hauled-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossil_fuels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossil_fuels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Fossil fuels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossil_fuels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Battery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compressed_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compressed_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Compressed air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compressed_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Hybrid system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Modern development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground-level_power_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground-level_power_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ground-level power supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground-level_power_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-border_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-border_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Cross-border routes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-border_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Track</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Track-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Track subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Switches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Switches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Track_gauge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Track_gauge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Track gauge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Track_gauge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram_stop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_stop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tram stop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_stop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_tram_and_light_rail_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_tram_and_light_rail_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major tram and light rail systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_tram_and_light_rail_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Existing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Existing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram_modelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_modelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tram modelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_modelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Etymology and terminology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etymology_and_terminology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Etymology and terminology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trolleybus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trolleybus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Trolleybus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trolleybus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tram_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Tram models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trams_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trams_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Trams by region</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trams_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tram_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tram_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Tram lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tram_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Other topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tram</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">108 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem" title="Trem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C7%A3twegst%C3%A6%C3%BEel" title="Strǣtwegstæþel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Strǣtwegstæþel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B8" title="Атрамваи – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Атрамваи" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ترام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ترام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramv%C3%ADa" title="Tramvía – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tramvía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranv%C3%ADa" title="Tranvía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tranvía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvay" title="Tramvay – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tramvay" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تراموا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تراموا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ট্রাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhia-l%C5%8D%CD%98_ti%C4%81n-chhia" title="Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chhia-lō͘ tiān-chhia" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="ट्राम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ट्राम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaj" title="Tramvaj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tramvaj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramgarr" title="Tramgarr – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tramgarr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvia" title="Tramvia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tramvia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaj" title="Tramvaj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tramvaj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramffordd" title="Tramffordd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tramffordd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvogn" title="Sporvogn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sporvogn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="طرام – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طرام" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stra%C3%9Fenbahn" title="Straßenbahn – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Straßenbahn" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramm" title="Tramm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tramm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC" title="Τραμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τραμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranv%C3%ADa" title="Tranvía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tranvía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramo" title="Tramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranbia" title="Tranbia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tranbia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7" title="تراموا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تراموا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway" title="Tramway – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tramway" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranv%C3%ADa" title="Tranvía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tranvía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A9%B4%EC%A0%84%EC%B0%A8" title="노면전차 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노면전차" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Տրամվայ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրամվայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="ट्राम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्राम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaj" title="Tramvaj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tramvaj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramveturo" title="Tramveturo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tramveturo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem" title="Trem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Trem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvagn" title="Sporvagn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sporvagn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="חשמלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חשמלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A8m" title="Trèm – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Trèm" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ტრამვაი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრამვაი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramway" title="Tramway – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tramway" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvay" title="Tramvay – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tramvay" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currus_electricus" title="Currus electricus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Currus electricus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvajs" title="Tramvajs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tramvajs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvajus" title="Tramvajus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tramvajus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villamos" title="Villamos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Villamos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Трамвај – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Трамвај" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE" title="ट्रॅम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्रॅम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%98" title="ტრამვაი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტრამვაი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ترومبا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ترومبا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem" title="Trem – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Trem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E9%9D%A2%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="路面電車 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="路面電車" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trikk" title="Trikk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporvogn" title="Sporvogn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sporvogn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvai" title="Tramvai – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tramvai" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvay" title="Tramvay – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tramvay" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ٹرام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹرام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ټرام – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټرام" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramwaj" title="Tramwaj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tramwaj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A9trico" title="Elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A4kktrische" title="Kaläkktrische – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kaläkktrische" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvai" title="Tramvai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tramvai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaji" title="Tramvaji – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tramvaji" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dka" title="Električka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Električka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaj" title="Tramvaj – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tramvaj" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztrasbana" title="Sztrasbana – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sztrasbana" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%95%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تڕام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تڕام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98" title="Трамвај – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трамвај" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvaj" title="Tramvaj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tramvaj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raitiovaunu" title="Raitiovaunu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raitiovaunu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5rvagn" title="Spårvagn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spårvagn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trambiya" title="Trambiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Trambiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="அமிழ் தண்டூர்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமிழ் தண்டூர்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="ట్రామ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ట్రామ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="รถราง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รถราง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvay" title="Tramvay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tramvay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Трамвай – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трамвай" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ٹرام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹرام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_m%E1%BA%B7t_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t" title="Xe điện mặt đất – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xe điện mặt đất" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8C%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="有軌電車 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="有軌電車" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%BD%A6" title="电车 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电车" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99" title="טראמוויי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טראמוויי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8C%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="有軌電車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="有軌電車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram" title="Tram – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tram" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramvajos" title="Tramvajos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tramvajos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E8%BB%8C%E9%9B%BB%E8%BB%8A" title="有軌電車 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="有軌電車" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembay" title="Rembay – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rembay" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3407658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&oldid=1260548529" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tram&id=1260548529&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this 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version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tram" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Trams" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3407658" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Street-running light railcar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Streetcar" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tram (disambiguation)">Tram (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Streetcar_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Streetcar (disambiguation)">Streetcar (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">trackless train</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tram" title="Special:EditPage/Tram">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tram" title="Talk:Tram">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tram" title="Special:EditPage/Tram">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tram%22">"Tram"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tram%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tram%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tram%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tram%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tram%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Pro_and_con_list plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pro_and_con_lists" title="Wikipedia:Pro and con lists">pro and con list</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit">rewriting it</a> into consolidated sections based on topics.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail transport</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/65px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/98px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg/130px-Aiga_railtransportation_25.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport" title="History of rail transport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_company" title="Rail transport company">Company types</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Infrastructure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_infrastructure_manager" title="Railway infrastructure manager">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_yard" title="Rail yard">Rail yard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Railway station</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations" title="List of railway stations">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railway track</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track#Maintenance" title="Railway track">Maintenance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">Track gauge</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Service and <a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">rolling stock</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogie" title="Bogie">Bogie (truck)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_coupling" title="Railway coupling">Couplings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_rail_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight rail transport">Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">Locomotives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">Multiple units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_train" title="Passenger train">Passenger train</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">Railroad cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_undertaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Railway undertaking">Operating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train" title="Train">Trains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">Urban rail transit</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Rapid transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rapid_transit" title="History of rapid transit">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_guideway_transit" title="Automated guideway transit">Automated</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Miscellanea</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rail_accidents" title="Lists of rail accidents">Accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Railroad_attractions" title="Category:Railroad attractions">Attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_by_country" title="Rail transport by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_companies" title="List of railway companies">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_trains" title="List of high-speed trains">List of high-speed trains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest_train_services" title="Longest train services">Longest train services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_museums" title="List of railway museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_speed_record" title="Railway speed record">Railway speed record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_suicide" title="Rail suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">Terminology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Australian_railway_terms" title="Glossary of Australian railway terms">AU</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_North_American_railway_terms" title="Glossary of North American railway terms">NA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_New_Zealand_railway_terms" title="Glossary of New Zealand railway terms">NZ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_United_Kingdom_railway_terms" title="Glossary of United Kingdom railway terms">UK</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Train_topics" title="Template:Train topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Train_topics" title="Template talk:Train topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Train_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Train topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1,_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg/220px-Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg/330px-Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg/440px-Starom%C4%9Bstsk%C3%A1%2C_Tatra_T3_dc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>With over 14,000 units, <a href="/wiki/Tatra_T3" title="Tatra T3">Tatra T3</a> is the most widely produced type in history.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tram</b> (also known as a <b>streetcar</b> or <b>trolley</b> in the United States) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban rail transit</a> consisting of either individual <a href="/wiki/Railcar" title="Railcar">railcars</a> or self-propelled <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit trains</a> that run on <a href="/wiki/Tramway_track" title="Tramway track">tramway tracks</a> on urban public streets; some include segments on segregated <a href="/wiki/Right-of-way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-of-way (property access)">right-of-way</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tramlines or tram networks operated as <a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> are called tramways or simply trams/streetcars. Because of their close similarities, trams are commonly included in the wider term <i><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also includes systems separated from other traffic. </p><p>Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than <a href="/wiki/Main_line_(railway)" title="Main line (railway)">main line</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a> trains. Most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a> sliding on an <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead line</a>; older systems may use a <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley pole</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">bow collector</a>. In some cases, a <a href="/wiki/Contact_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact shoe">contact shoe</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> is used. If necessary, they may have dual power systems—electricity in city streets and diesel in more rural environments. Occasionally, trams also carry <a href="/wiki/Freight_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight (rail)">freight</a>. Some trams, known as <a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">tram-trains</a>, may have segments that run on mainline railway tracks, similar to <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">interurban</a> systems. The differences between these modes of rail transport are often indistinct, and systems may combine multiple features. </p><p>One of the advantages over earlier forms of transit was the low <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> of metal wheels on <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> rails, allowing the trams to haul a greater load for a given effort. Another factor which contributed to the rise of trams was the high <a href="/wiki/Total_cost_of_ownership" title="Total cost of ownership">total cost of ownership</a> of horses. Electric trams largely replaced animal power in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Improvements in other vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> led to decline of trams in early to mid 20th century. However, trams have seen resurgence since the 1980s. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History of trams</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Duplication plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CFORK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CFORK">duplicates</a> the scope of other articles</b>, specifically <a href="/wiki/History_of_trams" title="History of trams">History of trams</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tram#Article_Division?" title="Talk:Tram">discuss this issue</a> and help introduce a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summary style</a> to the section by replacing the section with a link and a summary or by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPLIT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPLIT">splitting the content</a> into a new article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation">Creation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of passenger trams, streetcars and trolley systems, began in the early nineteenth century. It can be divided into several distinct periods defined by the principal means of power used. Precursors to the tramway included the wooden or stone <a href="/wiki/Wagonway" title="Wagonway">wagonways</a> that were used in central Europe to transport <a href="/wiki/Mine_cart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine cart">mine carts</a> with unflanged wheels since the 1500s, and the paved limestone trackways designed by the Romans for heavy horse and ox-drawn transportation. By the 1700s, paved <a href="/wiki/Plateway" title="Plateway">plateways</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> rails were introduced in England for transporting coal, stone or iron ore from the mines to the urban factories and docks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse-drawn">Horse-drawn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Horse-drawn"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horsetrain_1870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Horsetrain_1870.jpg/220px-Horsetrain_1870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Horsetrain_1870.jpg/330px-Horsetrain_1870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Horsetrain_1870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>A horse-drawn tram operated by <a href="/wiki/Swansea_and_Mumbles_Railway" title="Swansea and Mumbles Railway">Swansea and Mumbles Railway</a>, 1870. Established in 1804, the railway service was the world's first.</figcaption></figure> <p>The world's first passenger train or tram was the <a href="/wiki/Swansea_and_Mumbles_Railway" title="Swansea and Mumbles Railway">Swansea and Mumbles Railway</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, UK. The British Parliament passed the Mumbles Railway Act in 1804, and horse-drawn service started in 1807.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service closed in 1827, but was restarted in 1860, again using horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196715_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196715-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was worked by steam from 1877, and then, from 1929, by very large (106-seat) electric tramcars, until closure in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Swansea and Mumbles Railway was something of a one-off however, and no street tramway appeared in Britain until 1860 when one was built in <a href="/wiki/Birkenhead_Corporation_Tramways" title="Birkenhead Corporation Tramways">Birkenhead</a> by the American <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_Train" title="George Francis Train">George Francis Train</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196723_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196723-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Street railways developed in America before Europe, due to the poor <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">paving</a> of the streets in American cities which made them unsuitable for <a href="/wiki/Horsebus" title="Horsebus">horsebuses</a>, which were then common on the well-paved streets of European cities. Running the horsecars on rails allowed for a much smoother ride. There are records of a street railway running in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> as early as 1828, however the first authenticated streetcar in America, was the <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_Harlem_Railroad" title="New York and Harlem Railroad">New York and Harlem Railroad</a> developed by the Irish coach builder <a href="/wiki/John_Stephenson_(coachbuilder)" title="John Stephenson (coachbuilder)">John Stephenson</a>, in New York City which began service in the year 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196716–17_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196716–17-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New York and Harlem Railroad's <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_Line_(Manhattan_surface)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Avenue Line (Manhattan surface)">Fourth Avenue Line</a> ran along the <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Avenue (Manhattan)">Fourth Avenue</a> in New York City. It was followed in 1835 by the <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_and_Carrollton_Railroad" title="New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad">New Orleans and Carrollton Railroad</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which still operates as the <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Streetcar_Line" title="St. Charles Streetcar Line">St. Charles Streetcar Line</a>. Other American cities did not follow until the 1850s, after which the "animal railway" became an increasingly common feature in the larger towns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first permanent tram line in continental Europe was opened in Paris in 1855 by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Loubat" title="Alphonse Loubat">Alphonse Loubat</a> who had previously worked on American streetcar lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196721_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196721-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tram was developed in numerous cities of Europe (some of the most extensive systems were found in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Corporation_Tramways" title="Birmingham Corporation Tramways">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council_Tramways" title="London County Council Tramways">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Corporation_Tramways" title="Manchester Corporation Tramways">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Paris#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kyiv" title="Trams in Kyiv">Kyiv</a>). The first tram in South America opened in 1858 in <a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Chile" title="List of town tramway systems in Chile">Santiago, Chile</a>. The first trams in Australia opened in 1860 in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sydney" title="Trams in Sydney">Sydney</a>. Africa's first tram service started in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Alexandria" title="Trams in Alexandria">Alexandria</a> on 8 January 1863. The first trams in Asia opened in 1869 in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Asia" title="Trams in Asia">Batavia (Jakarta), Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia)</a>. </p><p>Limitations of horsecars included the fact that any given animal could only work so many hours on a given day, had to be housed, groomed, fed and cared for day in and day out, and produced prodigious amounts of manure, which the streetcar company was charged with storing and then disposing. Since a typical horse pulled a streetcar for about a dozen miles a day and worked for four or five hours, many systems needed ten or more horses in stable for each horsecar. In 1905 the British newspaper <i>Newcastle Daily Chronicle</i> reported that, "A large number of London's discarded horse tramcars have been sent to <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> where they are used as sleeping rooms for <a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">potato pickers</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG/220px-The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG/330px-The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG/440px-The_last_of_the_Horse_Drawn_Carriages.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>Horse-drawn trams continued to be used in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> until 1917.</figcaption></figure> <p>Horses continued to be used for light shunting well into the 20th century, and many large metropolitan lines lasted into the early 20th century. New York City had a regular horsecar service on the <a href="/wiki/Bleecker_Street_Line" title="Bleecker Street Line">Bleecker Street Line</a> until its closure in 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania</a>, had its Sarah Street line drawn by horses until 1923. The last regular mule-drawn cars in the US ran in <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Sulphur Rock, Arkansas">Sulphur Rock, Arkansas</a>, until 1926 and were commemorated by a <a href="/wiki/U.S._postage_stamp" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. postage stamp">U.S. postage stamp</a> issued in 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopediaofarkansas_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopediaofarkansas-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last mule tram service in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> ended in 1932, and a mule tram in <a href="/wiki/Celaya,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Celaya, Mexico">Celaya, Mexico</a>, survived until 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-morrison_celaya_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morrison_celaya-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last horse-drawn tram to be withdrawn from public service in the UK took passengers from <a href="/wiki/Fintona" title="Fintona">Fintona</a> railway station to Fintona Junction one mile away on the main Omagh to Enniskillen railway in Northern Ireland. The tram made its last journey on 30 September 1957 when the Omagh to Enniskillen line closed. The "van" is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Transport_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Transport Museum">Ulster Transport Museum</a>. </p><p>Horse-drawn trams still operate on the 1876-built <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Bay_Horse_Tramway" title="Douglas Bay Horse Tramway">Douglas Bay Horse Tramway</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and at the 1894-built <a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor_Horse_Drawn_Tram" title="Victor Harbor Horse Drawn Tram">horse tram</a> at <a href="/wiki/Victor_Harbor,_South_Australia" title="Victor Harbor, South Australia">Victor Harbor</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. New horse-drawn systems have been established at the <a href="/wiki/Hokkaid%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkaidō">Hokkaidō</a> Museum in Japan and also in <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>. A horse-tram route in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Polish</a> <a href="/wiki/Gmina_Mrozy" title="Gmina Mrozy">gmina Mrozy</a>, first built in 1902, was reopened in 2012. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam">Steam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Steam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tram_engine" title="Tram engine">Tram engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam_dummy" title="Steam dummy">Steam dummy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg/220px-Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg/330px-Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg/440px-Bruehl_Feuriger_Elias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption>A steam <a href="/wiki/Tram_engine" title="Tram engine">tram engine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Stadtbahn" title="Cologne Stadtbahn">Cologne-Bonn Railway</a>, pulling a train through <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Rhineland)" title="Brühl (Rhineland)">Brühl</a> marketplace, c. 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The first mechanical trams were powered by <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, there were two types of steam tram. The first and most common had a small <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotive</a> (called a <a href="/wiki/Tram_engine" title="Tram engine">tram engine</a> in the UK) at the head of a line of one or more carriages, similar to a small train. Systems with such steam trams included <a href="/wiki/Christchurch" title="Christchurch">Christchurch</a>, New Zealand; Sydney, Australia; other city systems in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany (from August 1883 on),<sup id="cite_ref-Muenchen1964_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muenchen1964-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mohamedali_Tramways_Company" title="Mohamedali Tramways Company">British India</a> (from 1885) and the Dublin & Blessington Steam Tramway (from 1888) in Ireland. Steam tramways also were used on the suburban tramway lines around <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>; the last <i>Gamba de Legn</i> ("Peg-Leg") tramway ran on the Milan-<a href="/wiki/Magenta,_Lombardy" title="Magenta, Lombardy">Magenta</a>-Castano Primo route in late 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-Milan1957_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milan1957-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other style of steam tram had the steam engine in the body of the tram, referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Tram_engine" title="Tram engine">tram engine</a> (UK) or <a href="/wiki/Steam_dummy" title="Steam dummy">steam dummy</a> (US). The most notable system to adopt such trams was in Paris. French-designed steam trams also operated in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rockhampton" title="Trams in Rockhampton">Rockhampton</a>, in the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> between 1909 and 1939. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, had a steam tram line at the island of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dermalm" title="Södermalm">Södermalm</a> between 1887 and 1901. </p><p>Tram engines usually had modifications to make them suitable for street running in residential areas. The wheels, and other moving parts of the machinery, were usually enclosed for safety reasons and to make the engines quieter. Measures were often taken to prevent the engines from emitting visible smoke or steam. Usually the engines used <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> rather than coal as fuel to avoid emitting smoke; <a href="/wiki/Condensing_steam_locomotive" title="Condensing steam locomotive">condensers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superheater" title="Superheater">superheating</a> were used to avoid emitting visible steam. A major drawback of this style of tram was the limited space for the engine, so that these trams were usually underpowered. Steam trams faded out around the 1890s to 1900s, being replaced by electric trams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable-hauled">Cable-hauled</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cable-hauled"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car (railway)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minories_stationLBR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Minories_stationLBR.jpg/220px-Minories_stationLBR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Minories_stationLBR.jpg/330px-Minories_stationLBR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Minories_stationLBR.jpg/440px-Minories_stationLBR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Winding drums of the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Blackwall_Railway" title="London and Blackwall Railway">London and Blackwall</a> cable-operated railway</figcaption></figure> <p>Another motive system for trams was the cable car, which was pulled along a <a href="/wiki/Rail_track" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail track">fixed track</a> by a moving steel cable, the cable usually running in a slot below the street level. The power to move the cable was normally provided at a "powerhouse" site a distance away from the actual vehicle. The <a href="/wiki/London_and_Blackwall_Railway" title="London and Blackwall Railway">London and Blackwall Railway</a>, which opened for passengers in east London, England, in 1840 used such a system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first practical cable car line was tested in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system" title="San Francisco cable car system">San Francisco</a>, in 1873. Part of its success is attributed to the development of an effective and reliable <a href="/wiki/Cable_grip" title="Cable grip">cable grip</a> mechanism, to grab and release the moving cable without damage. The second city to operate cable trams was <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_cable_tramway_system" title="Dunedin cable tramway system">Dunedin</a>, from 1881 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most extensive cable system in the US was built in <a href="/wiki/Cable_cars_in_Chicago" title="Cable cars in Chicago">Chicago</a> in stages between 1859 and 1892. New York City developed multiple cable car lines, that operated from 1883 to 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Los Angeles also had several cable car lines, including the Second Street Cable Railroad, which operated from 1885 to 1889, and the Temple Street Cable Railway, which operated from 1886 to 1898.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg/220px-Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg/330px-Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg/440px-Melbourne%E2%80%99s_first_cable_tram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_cable_tramway_system" title="Melbourne cable tramway system">cable car service in Melbourne</a>, 1885. Melbourne operated one of the largest cable car networks in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1885 to 1940, the city of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_cable_tramway_system" title="Melbourne cable tramway system">Melbourne</a>, Victoria, Australia operated one of the largest cable systems in the world, at its peak running 592 trams on 75 kilometres (47 mi) of track. There were also two isolated cable lines in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, New South Wales, Australia; the North Sydney line from 1886 to 1900, and the King Street line from 1892 to 1905.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany, in 1901 an elevated <a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">suspended</a> cable car following the <i>Eugen Langen one-railed floating tram system</i> started operating. Cable cars operated on <a href="/wiki/Highgate_Hill,_Queensland" title="Highgate Hill, Queensland">Highgate Hill</a> in North London and <a href="/wiki/Kennington" title="Kennington">Kennington</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brixton" title="Brixton">Brixton</a> Hill in South London.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> They also worked around "Upper Douglas" in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> from 1897 to 1929 (cable car 72/73 is the sole survivor of the fleet).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Italy, in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Trieste%E2%80%93Opicina_tramway" title="Trieste–Opicina tramway">Trieste–Opicina tramway</a> was opened in 1902, with the steepest section of the route being negotiated with the help of a <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> and its cables.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cable cars suffered from high <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> costs, since an expensive system of <a href="/wiki/Wire_rope" title="Wire rope">cables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stationary_engine" title="Stationary engine">stationary engines</a> and lengthy underground vault structures beneath the rails had to be provided. They also required physical strength and skill to operate, and alert operators to avoid obstructions and other cable cars. The cable had to be disconnected ("dropped") at designated locations to allow the cars to coast by inertia, for example when crossing another cable line. The cable then had to be "picked up" to resume progress, the whole operation requiring precise timing to avoid damage to the cable and the grip mechanism. Breaks and frays in the cable, which occurred frequently, required the complete cessation of services over a cable route while the cable was repaired. Due to overall wear, the entire length of cable (typically several kilometres) had to be replaced on a regular schedule. After the development of reliable electrically powered trams, the costly high-maintenance cable car systems were rapidly replaced in most locations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg/220px-San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg/330px-San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg/440px-San_Francisco_Cable_Car_MC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system" title="San Francisco cable car system">San Francisco cable car</a>'s effectiveness on hills partially explains its continued use.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cable cars remained especially effective in hilly cities, since their nondriven wheels did not <a href="/wiki/Rail_adhesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail adhesion">lose traction</a> as they climbed or descended a steep hill. The moving cable pulled the car up the hill at a steady pace, unlike a low-powered steam or horse-drawn car. Cable cars do have wheel brakes and <a href="/wiki/Track_brake" title="Track brake">track brakes</a>, but the cable also helps restrain the car to going downhill at a constant speed. Performance in steep terrain partially explains the survival of cable cars in San Francisco.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_cable_car_system" title="San Francisco cable car system">San Francisco cable cars</a>, though significantly reduced in number, continue to provide regular transportation service, in addition to being a well-known <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attraction</a>. A single cable line also survives in <a href="/wiki/Wellington" title="Wellington">Wellington</a> (rebuilt in 1979 as a <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular</a> but still called the "<a href="/wiki/Wellington_Cable_Car" title="Wellington Cable Car">Wellington Cable Car</a>"). Another system, with two separate cable lines and a shared power station in the middle, operates from the Welsh town of <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a> up to the top of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Orme" title="Great Orme">Great Orme</a> hill in <a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a>, UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_fuels">Fossil fuels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fossil fuels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19,_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG/220px-Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG/330px-Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG/440px-Bensinmotorvagn._Trafikerade_linjen_19%2C_Karlaplan_-_Frihamnen_1924_-_1929.JPG 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption>The only petrol-driven tram of <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Sp%C3%A5rv%C3%A4gar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholms Spårvägar">Stockholms Spårvägar</a>, on line 19, in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> and some other tramways, for example <a href="/wiki/Stockholms_Sp%C3%A5rv%C3%A4gar" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholms Spårvägar">Stockholms Spårvägar</a> in Sweden and some lines in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, used <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">petrol</a> trams. <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island_Trolley" title="Galveston Island Trolley">Galveston Island Trolley</a> in Texas operated <a href="/wiki/Galveston_Island_Trolley" title="Galveston Island Trolley">diesel trams</a> due to the city's hurricane-prone location, which would have resulted in frequent damage to an electrical supply system. Although <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Victoria" title="Portland, Victoria">Portland, Victoria</a> promotes its <a href="/wiki/Portland_Cable_Tram" title="Portland Cable Tram">tourist tram</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as being a cable car it actually operates using a diesel motor. The tram, which runs on a circular route around the town of Portland, uses dummies and salons formerly used on the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_cable_tramway_system" title="Melbourne cable tramway system">Melbourne cable tramway system</a> and since restored. </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries a number of systems in various parts of the world employed trams powered by gas, <a href="/wiki/Naphtha" title="Naphtha">naphtha</a> gas or <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a> in particular. Gas trams are known to have operated between <a href="/wiki/Alphington,_Victoria" title="Alphington, Victoria">Alphington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hill,_Victoria" title="Clifton Hill, Victoria">Clifton Hill</a> in the northern suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia (1886–1888); in Berlin and <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany; in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> (1921–1951); between <a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra" title="Jelenia Góra">Cieplice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sobiesz%C3%B3w" title="Sobieszów">Sobieszów</a> in Poland (from 1897); and in the UK at <a href="/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Park" title="Trafford Park">Trafford Park</a>, Manchester (1897–1908) and <a href="/wiki/Neath_Corporation_Tramways" title="Neath Corporation Tramways">Neath</a>, Wales (1896–1920). </p><p>Comparatively little has been published about gas trams. However, research on the subject was carried out for an article in the October 2011 edition of "The Times", the historical journal of the Australian Association of Timetable Collectors, later renamed the Australian Timetable Association.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ceti_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ceti-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/220px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/330px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg/440px-First_electric_tram-_Siemens_1881_in_Lichterfelde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_Tramway" title="Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde Tram</a> in 1882. At first trams line lacked <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wire">overhead wires</a>, drawing current from the rails.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric">Electric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a></div> <p>The world's first electric tram line operated in <a href="/wiki/Sestroretsk" title="Sestroretsk">Sestroretsk</a> near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> invented and tested by inventor <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Pirotsky" title="Fyodor Pirotsky">Fyodor Pirotsky</a> in 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, using a similar technology, Pirotsky put into service the first public electric tramway in St. Petersburg, which operated only during September 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second demonstration tramway was presented by Siemens & Halske at the 1879 Berlin Industrial Exposition. The first public electric tramway used for permanent service was the <a href="/wiki/Gross-Lichterfelde_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross-Lichterfelde tramway">Gross-Lichterfelde tramway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lichterfelde_(Berlin)" title="Lichterfelde (Berlin)">Lichterfelde</a> near Berlin in Germany, which opened in 1881. It was built by <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> who contacted Pirotsky. This was the world's first commercially successful electric tram. It drew current from the rails at first, with <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a> being installed in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_(32963118752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg/220px-Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg/330px-Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg/440px-Blackpool_%2B_zoo_1979_to_1980_%2832963118752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="16682" data-file-height="10922" /></a><figcaption>Between 1962 and 1992 <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> had the only urban tramway in the UK.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Volk%27s_Electric_Railway" title="Volk's Electric Railway">Volk's Electric Railway</a> was opened in 1883 in Brighton. This two kilometer line along the seafront, <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge_conversion" title="Track gauge conversion">re-gauged</a> to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="nowrap">2 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">825 mm</span>) in 1884, remains in service as the oldest operating electric tramway in the world. Also in 1883, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6dling_and_Hinterbr%C3%BChl_Tram" title="Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram">Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram</a> was opened near <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in Austria. It was the first tram in the world in regular service that was run with electricity served by an overhead line with <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a> <a href="/wiki/Current_collector" title="Current collector">current collectors</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_Tramway" title="Blackpool Tramway">Blackpool Tramway</a> was opened in Blackpool, UK on 29 September 1885 using conduit collection along Blackpool Promenade. This system is still in operation in modernised form.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest tram system in Canada was built by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Joseph_Wright_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Joseph Wright (engineer) (page does not exist)">John Joseph Wright</a>, brother of the famous mining entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Whitaker_Wright" title="Whitaker Wright">Whitaker Wright</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> in 1883, introducing electric trams in 1892. In the US, multiple experimental <a href="#Electric">electric trams</a> were exhibited at the 1884 <a href="/wiki/World_Cotton_Centennial" title="World Cotton Centennial">World Cotton Centennial</a> World's Fair in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>, but they were not deemed good enough to replace the <a href="/wiki/Emile_Lamm" title="Emile Lamm">Lamm</a> fireless engines then propelling the <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue_Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Charles Avenue Streetcar">St. Charles Avenue Streetcar</a> in that city. The first commercial installation of an electric streetcar in the United States was built in 1884 in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland, Ohio</a>, and operated for a period of one year by the East Cleveland Street Railway Company.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first city-wide electric streetcar system was implemented in 1886 in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery, Alabama</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Capital_City_Street_Railway" title="Capital City Street Railway">Capital City Street Railway</a> Company, and ran for 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg/220px-Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg/330px-Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg/440px-Zuerich-vbz-tram-2-swpsigbbc-880755.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Zürich">Zürich tram</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiple-unit_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple-unit train">multiple-unit train</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Union_Passenger_Railway" title="Richmond Union Passenger Railway">Richmond Union Passenger Railway</a> began to operate trams in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Sprague" title="Frank J. Sprague">Frank J. Sprague</a> had built. Sprague later developed <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit</a> control, first demonstrated in Chicago in 1897, allowing multiple cars to be coupled together and operated by a single motorman. This gave rise to the modern <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">subway</a> train. Following the improvement of an overhead "trolley" system on streetcars for collecting electricity from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wire">overhead wires</a> by Sprague, electric tram systems were rapidly adopted across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Earlier electric trains proved difficult or unreliable and experienced limited success until the second half of the 1880s, when new types of current collectors were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siemens' line, for example, provided power through a live rail and a return rail, like a <a href="/wiki/Model_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Model train">model train</a>, limiting the <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> that could be used, and delivering <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shocks</a> to people and animals crossing the tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Siemens later designed his own version of overhead current collection, called the <a href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">bow collector</a>. One of the first systems to use it was in <a href="/wiki/Thorold,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorold, Ontario">Thorold, Ontario</a>, opened in 1887, and it was considered quite successful. While this line proved quite versatile as one of the earliest fully functional electric streetcar installations, it required horse-drawn support while climbing the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Escarpment" title="Niagara Escarpment">Niagara Escarpment</a> and for two months of the winter when <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> was not available. It continued in service in its original form into the 1950s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Howe_Short" title="Sidney Howe Short">Sidney Howe Short</a> designed and produced the first <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a> that operated a streetcar without gears. The motor had its <a href="/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armature (electrical engineering)">armature</a> direct-connected to the <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Axle" title="Axle">axle</a> for the driving force.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FtWorth1894_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FtWorth1894-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grace_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grace-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Topeka1894_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Topeka1894-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Short pioneered "use of a conduit system of concealed feed" thereby eliminating the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead wire</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley pole</a> for street cars and railways.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalone1928128_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalone1928128-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at the University of Denver he conducted experiments which established that <a href="/wiki/Multiple_unit" title="Multiple unit">multiple unit</a> powered cars were a better way to operate trains and trolleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1924122–123-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond2011142-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/220px-09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/330px-09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg/440px-09870-Budapest-1908-Kettenbr%C3%BCcke_mit_Stra%C3%9Fenbahn-Br%C3%BCck_%26_Sohn_Kunstverlag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1523" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Budapest" title="Trams in Budapest">tram in Budapest</a> in 1908. The city established a network of electric trams in 1894.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric tramways spread to many European cities in the 1890s, such as: </p> <ul><li>Prague, Bohemia (then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), in 1891;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kyiv" title="Trams in Kyiv">Kyiv, Ukraine</a>, in 1892;</li> <li>Dresden, Germany; Lyon, France; and Milan and Genoa, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Manx_Electric_Railway" title="Manx Electric Railway">Douglas, Isle of Man</a> in 1893;</li> <li>Rome, Italy: Plauen, Germany; Bucharest, Romania;<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Lviv" title="Trams in Lviv">Lviv, Ukraine</a>; Belgrade, Serbia in 1894;</li> <li>Bristol, United Kingdom; and Munich, Germany in 1895;</li> <li>Bilbao, Spain, in 1896;</li> <li>Copenhagen, Denmark; and Vienna, Austria, in 1897;</li> <li>Florence and Turin, Italy, in 1898;</li> <li>Helsinki, Finland; and Madrid and Barcelona, Spain, in 1899.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> built a citywide system of electric trams in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Budapesti_K%C3%B6zleked%C3%A9si_Zrt." title="Budapesti Közlekedési Zrt.">Budapest</a> established <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Budapest" title="Trams in Budapest">its tramway system</a> in 1887, and its ring line has grown to be the busiest tram line in Europe, with a tram running once per minute at rush hour. <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ran a regular service from 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljubljana tram system">its tram system</a> in 1901 – it closed in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> had the first tramway in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, starting operation on 2 March 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first electric tramway in Australia was a Sprague system demonstrated at the 1888 <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Centennial_Exhibition" title="Melbourne Centennial Exhibition">Melbourne Centennial Exhibition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne</a>; afterwards, this was installed as a commercial venture operating between the outer Melbourne suburb of <a href="/wiki/Box_Hill,_Victoria" title="Box Hill, Victoria">Box Hill</a> and the then tourist-oriented country town <a href="/wiki/Doncaster,_Victoria" title="Doncaster, Victoria">Doncaster</a> from 1889 to 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electric systems were also built in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Adelaide" title="Trams in Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Ballarat" title="Trams in Ballarat">Ballarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bendigo" title="Trams in Bendigo">Bendigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brisbane" title="Trams in Brisbane">Brisbane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Fremantle" title="Trams in Fremantle">Fremantle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Geelong" title="Trams in Geelong">Geelong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Hobart" title="Trams in Hobart">Hobart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Kalgoorlie" title="Trams in Kalgoorlie">Kalgoorlie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Launceston" title="Trams in Launceston">Launceston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonora,_Western_Australia" title="Leonora, Western Australia">Leonora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Newcastle,_New_South_Wales" title="Trams in Newcastle, New South Wales">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Perth" title="Trams in Perth">Perth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sydney" title="Trams in Sydney">Sydney</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_work_of_Toledo,_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_(page_31)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5583" data-file-height="3011" /></a><figcaption>Streetcar in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1970s, the only full tramway system remaining in Australia was the Melbourne tram system. However, there were also a few single lines remaining elsewhere: the <a href="/wiki/Glenelg_tram_line" title="Glenelg tram line">Glenelg tram line</a>, connecting Adelaide to the beachside suburb of <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia" title="Glenelg, South Australia">Glenelg</a>, and tourist trams in the Victorian <a href="/wiki/Goldfields_region_of_Victoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfields region of Victoria">Goldfields</a> cities of Bendigo and Ballarat. In recent years the Melbourne system, generally recognised as the largest urban tram network in the world, has been considerably modernised and expanded.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Adelaide line has been extended to the Entertainment Centre, and work is progressing on further extensions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Sydney" title="Light rail in Sydney">Sydney</a> re-introduced trams (or light rail) on 31 August 1997. A completely new system, known as <a href="/wiki/G:link" title="G:link">G:link</a>, was introduced on the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast,_Queensland" title="Gold Coast, Queensland">Gold Coast, Queensland</a>, on 20 July 2014. The <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Light_Rail" title="Newcastle Light Rail">Newcastle Light Rail</a> opened in February 2019, while the <a href="/wiki/Light_rail_in_Canberra" title="Light rail in Canberra">Canberra light rail</a> opened on 20 April 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the first time that there have been trams in Canberra, even though <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burley_Griffin" title="Walter Burley Griffin">Walter Burley Griffin</a>'s 1914–1920 plans for the capital then in the planning stage did propose a Canberra tram system.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the Kyoto Electric railroad was the first tram system, starting operation in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1932, the network had grown to 82 railway companies in 65 cities, with a total network length of 1,479 km (919 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1960s the tram had generally died out in Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two rare but significant alternatives were <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a>, which was widely used in London, Washington, D.C., and New York City, and the <a href="/wiki/Stud_contact_system" title="Stud contact system">surface contact collection</a> method, used in <a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a> (the Lorain system), <a href="/wiki/Torquay_Tramways" title="Torquay Tramways">Torquay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> in the UK (the Dolter stud system), and in <a href="/wiki/Tramway_de_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramway de Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (the <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a> system). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The convenience and economy of electricity resulted in its rapid adoption once the technical problems of production and transmission of electricity were solved. Electric trams largely replaced animal power and other forms of motive power including cable and steam, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There was one particular hazard associated with trams powered from a trolley pole off an overhead line on the early electrified systems. Since the tram relies on contact with the rails for the current return path, a problem arises if the tram is derailed or (more usually) if it halts on a section of track that has been heavily sanded by a previous tram, and the tram loses electrical contact with the rails. In this event, the underframe of the tram, by virtue of a circuit path through ancillary loads (such as interior lighting), is live at the full supply voltage, typically 600 volts DC. In British terminology, such a tram was said to be 'grounded'—not to be confused with the US English use of the term, which means the exact opposite. Any person stepping off the tram and completing the earth return circuit with their body could receive a serious electric shock. If "grounded", the driver was required to jump off the tram (avoiding simultaneous contact with the tram and the ground) and pull down the trolley pole, before allowing passengers off the tram. Unless derailed, the tram could usually be recovered by running water down the running rails from a point higher than the tram, the water providing a conducting bridge between the tram and the rails.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With improved technology, this ceased to be an problem. </p><p>In the 2000s, several companies introduced catenary-free designs: Alstom's Citadis line uses a third rail, Bombardier's PRIMOVE LRV is charged by contactless induction plates embedded in the trackway and CAF URBOS tram uses ultracaps technology<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery">Battery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg/220px-Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg/330px-Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg/440px-Recharge_d%27un_tram_%C3%A0_accumulateur_TPDS_%C3%A0_Pont_de_Puteaux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2430" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Recharging battery-powered trams of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compagnie_des_tramways_de_Paris_et_du_d%C3%A9partement_de_la_Seine" class="extiw" title="fr:Compagnie des tramways de Paris et du département de la Seine">Paris and Seine Tramway Company</a>, Pont de Puteaux, Paris, late 1890s</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as 1834, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Thomas Davenport</a>, a Vermont blacksmith, had invented a battery-powered electric motor which he later patented. The following year he used it to operate a small model electric car on a short section of track four feet in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to use <a href="/wiki/Lead-acid_battery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead-acid battery">batteries</a> as a source of electricity were made from the 1880s and 1890s, with unsuccessful trials conducted in among other places <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Bendigo" title="Trams in Bendigo">Bendigo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Adelaide" title="Trams in Adelaide">Adelaide</a> in Australia, and for about 14 years as <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> <i>accutram</i> of <a href="/wiki/HTM_Personenvervoer" title="HTM Personenvervoer">HTM</a> in the Netherlands. The first trams in Bendigo, Australia, in 1892, were battery-powered, but within as little as three months they were replaced with horse-drawn trams. In <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> some minor lines also used storage batteries. Then, more recently during the 1950s, a longer battery-operated tramway line ran from <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bergamo" title="Bergamo">Bergamo</a>. In China there is a <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trams in Nanjing">Nanjing battery Tram line</a> and has been running since 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">West Midlands Metro</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England adopted battery-powered trams on sections through the city centre close to <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">Grade I listed</a> <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Town_Hall" title="Birmingham Town Hall">Birmingham Town Hall</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compressed_air">Compressed air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Compressed air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paris and Berne (Switzerland) operated trams that were powered by <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">compressed air</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Mekarski_system" title="Mekarski system">Mekarski system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trials on street tramways in Britain, including by the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council_Tramways#Acquisition_of_tramways" title="London County Council Tramways">North Metropolitan Tramway Company</a> between Kings Cross and Holloway, London (1883), achieved acceptable results but were found not to be economic because of the combined coal consumption of the stationary compressor and the onboard steam boiler.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_system">Hybrid system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hybrid system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Trieste%E2%80%93Opicina_tramway" title="Trieste–Opicina tramway">Trieste–Opicina tramway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> operates a hybrid funicular tramway system. Conventional electric trams are operated in <a href="/wiki/Street_running" class="mw-redirect" title="Street running">street running</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Reserved_track" title="Reserved track">reserved track</a> for most of their route. However, on one steep segment of track, they are assisted by cable tractors, which push the trams uphill and act as brakes for the downhill run. For safety, the cable tractors are always deployed on the downhill side of the tram vehicle. </p><p>Similar systems were used elsewhere in the past, notably on the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_Counterbalance" title="Queen Anne Counterbalance">Queen Anne Counterbalance</a> in Seattle and the <a href="/wiki/Darling_Street" title="Darling Street">Darling Street</a> wharf line in Sydney. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_development">Modern development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-20th century many tram systems were disbanded, replaced by buses, <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, automobiles or <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">rapid transit</a>. The <a href="/wiki/General_Motors_streetcar_conspiracy" title="General Motors streetcar conspiracy">General Motors streetcar conspiracy</a> was a case study of the decline of trams in the United States. In the 21st century, trams have been re-introduced in cities where they had been closed down for decades (such as <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> in London), or kept in heritage use (such as <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A5rv%C3%A4g_City" title="Spårväg City">Spårväg City</a> in Stockholm). Most trams made since the 1990s (such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Flexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardier Flexity">Bombardier Flexity</a> series and <a href="/wiki/Alstom_Citadis" title="Alstom Citadis">Alstom Citadis</a>) are articulated <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">low-floor trams</a> with features such as <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>. </p><p>In March 2015, <a href="/wiki/CSR_Corporation_Limited" title="CSR Corporation Limited">China South Rail Corporation</a> (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell vehicle</a> tramcar at an assembly facility in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>. The chief engineer of the CSR subsidiary <a href="/wiki/CSR_Sifang_Co_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="CSR Sifang Co Ltd.">CSR Sifang Co Ltd.</a>, Liang Jianying, said that the company is studying how to reduce the running costs of the tram.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg/220px-Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg/330px-Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg/440px-Milano_tram_piazza_Cavour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Witt_streetcar" title="Peter Witt streetcar">Peter Witt trams</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Porta_Nuova,_Gate_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Porta Nuova, Gate of Milan">Porta Nuova medieval gate</a>. This type is also used in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_trams" title="Types of trams">Types of trams</a></div> <p>Trams have been used for two main purposes: for carrying passengers and for carrying cargo. There are several types of passenger tram: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Articulated_vehicle" title="Articulated vehicle">Articulated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_trams#Cargo_Tram" title="Types of trams">Cargo trams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-decker_tram" title="Double-decker tram">Double-Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_trams#Drop-Centre_(lowered_central_section)" title="Types of trams">Drop-centre (or drop-center)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_trams#Single-ended_and_Double-ended_Trams" title="Types of trams">Double ended and Single ended</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">Low-floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_tram" title="Rubber-tyred tram">Rubber-tired</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King,_2016_07_21_(15).JPG_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-New_Flexity_LR_vehicles_approach_Spadina_and_King%2C_2016_07_21_%2815%29.JPG_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>A dedicated right of way lane in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. The tram on the left is about to enter a track operating in mixed traffic.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main types of tramways, the classic tramway built in the early 20th century with the tram system operating in mixed traffic, and the later type which is most often associated with the tram system having its own right of way. Tram systems that have their own right of way are often called <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> but this does not always hold true. Though these two systems differ in their operation, their equipment is much the same. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controls">Controls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trams were traditionally operated with separate levers for applying power and brakes. More modern vehicles use a <a href="/wiki/Locomotive" title="Locomotive">locomotive</a>-style controller which incorporate a <a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_switch" title="Dead man's switch">dead man's switch</a>. The success of the <a href="/wiki/PCC_streetcar" title="PCC streetcar">PCC streetcar</a> had also seen trams use automobile-style <a href="/wiki/Automobile_pedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile pedal">foot controls</a> allowing hands-free operation, particularly when the driver was responsible for fare collection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_supply">Power supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Power supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Railway_electrification" title="Railway electrification">Railway electrification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Current_collector" title="Current collector">Current collector</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tramway_graz03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tramway_graz03.jpg/220px-Tramway_graz03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tramway_graz03.jpg/330px-Tramway_graz03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tramway_graz03.jpg/440px-Tramway_graz03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">Overhead lines</a> are used to provide power for most electric tram and light rail systems.</figcaption></figure> <p>Electric trams use various devices to collect power from <a href="/wiki/Overhead_line" title="Overhead line">overhead lines</a>. The most common device is the <a href="/wiki/Pantograph_(transport)" title="Pantograph (transport)">pantograph</a>, while some older systems use <a href="/wiki/Trolley_pole" title="Trolley pole">trolley poles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bow_collector" title="Bow collector">bow collectors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a> has become a more recent innovation. Another technology uses <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitors</a>; when an <a href="/wiki/Insulator_(electricity)" title="Insulator (electricity)">insulator</a> at a track switch cuts off power from the tram for a short distance along the line, the tram can use energy stored in a large <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> to drive the tram past the gap in the power feed.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old tram systems in London, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> (New York City), and Washington, D.C., used live rails, like those on third-rail electrified railways, but in a conduit underneath the road, from which they drew power through a <a href="/wiki/Plough" title="Plough">plough</a>. It was called <a href="/wiki/Conduit_current_collection" title="Conduit current collection">conduit current collection</a>. Washington's was the last of these to close, in 1962. No commercial tramway uses this system anymore. More recently, an equivalent to these systems has been developed which allows for the safe installation of a <a href="/wiki/Third_rail" title="Third rail">third rail</a> on city streets, known as surface current collection or <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">ground-level power supply</a>; the main example of this is the new tramway in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ground-level_power_supply">Ground-level power supply</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ground-level power supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">Ground-level power supply</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg/220px-Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg/330px-Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg/440px-Bordeaux-aps%2Bisolation%26joint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>A section of <a href="/wiki/Ground-level_power_supply" title="Ground-level power supply">APS</a> track in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a> with powered and neutral sections</figcaption></figure> <p>A ground-level power supply system, also called surface current collection or <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">alimentation par le sol</i></span> (APS), is an updated version of the original stud type system. APS uses a third rail placed between the running rails, divided electrically into eight-metre powered segments with three-metre neutral sections between. Each tram has two power collection skates, next to which are antennas that send radio signals to energize the power rail segments as the tram passes over them. </p><p>Older systems required mechanical switching systems which were susceptible to environmental problems. At any one time no more than two consecutive segments under the tram should be live. Wireless and solid state switching eliminate mechanical problems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> developed the system primarily to avoid intrusive power supply cables in the sensitive area of the old city of old <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routes">Routes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png/220px-%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png/330px-%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png/440px-%C3%8Ele-de-France_-_plan_des_tramways.png 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2323" /></a><figcaption>A map of the tram routes of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Route patterns vary greatly among the world's tram systems, leading to different <a href="/wiki/Transport_topology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport topology">network topologies</a>. </p> <ul><li>Most systems start by building up a strongly nucleated radial pattern of routes linking the city centre with residential suburbs and traffic hubs such as railway stations and hospitals, usually following main roads. Some of these, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Tramways" title="Hong Kong Tramways">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackpool_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackpool tramway">Blackpool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Light_Rail" title="Bergen Light Rail">Bergen</a>, still essentially comprise a single route. Some suburbs may be served by loop lines connecting two adjacent radial roads. Some modern systems have started by reusing existing radial railway tracks, as in <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Express_Transit" title="Nottingham Express Transit">Nottingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_Metro" title="West Midlands Metro">Birmingham</a>, sometimes <a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">joining them together</a> by a section of street track through the city centre, as in <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester</a>. Later developments often include tangential routes linking adjacent suburbs directly, or multiple routes through the town centre to avoid congestion (as in Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink#Phase_2CC_–_Second_City_Crossing" title="Manchester Metrolink">Second City Crossing</a>).</li> <li>Other new systems, particularly those in large cities which already have well-developed metro and suburban railway systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Paris</a>, have started by building isolated suburban lines feeding into railway or metro stations. In Paris these have then been linked by <a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">ring lines</a>.</li> <li>A third, weakly nucleated, route pattern may grow up where a number of nearby small settlements are linked, such as in the coal-mining areas served by <a href="/wiki/BOGESTRA" title="BOGESTRA">BOGESTRA</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Silesian_Interurbans" title="Silesian Interurbans">Silesian Interurbans</a>.</li> <li>A fourth starting point may be a loop in the city centre, sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Downtown_circulator" title="Downtown circulator">downtown circulator</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Portland_Streetcar" title="Portland Streetcar">Portland</a> or <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_Streetcar" title="El Paso Streetcar">El Paso</a>.</li> <li>Occasionally a modern tramway system may grow from a preserved heritage line, as in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Stockholm" title="Trams in Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</li></ul> <p>The resulting route patterns are very different. Some have a rational structure, covering their catchment area as efficiently as possible, with new suburbs being planned with tramlines integral to their layout – such is the case in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Amsterdam" title="Trams in Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordeaux Tramway">Bordeaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montpellier_tramway" title="Montpellier tramway">Montpellier</a> have built comprehensive networks, based on radial routes with numerous interconnections, within the last two decades. Some systems serve only parts of their cities, with <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Berlin" title="Trams in Berlin">Berlin</a> being the prime example, as trams survived the city's political division only in the Eastern part. Other systems have ended up with a rather random route map, for instance when some previous operating companies have ceased operation (as with the <i>tramways vicinaux/buurtspoorwegen</i> in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Brussels" title="Trams in Brussels">Brussels</a>) or where isolated outlying lines have been preserved (as on the eastern fringe of Berlin). In <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Rome" title="Trams in Rome">Rome</a>, the remnant of the system comprises three isolated radial routes, not connecting in the ancient city centre, but linked by a ring route. Some apparently anomalous lines continue in operation where a new line would not on rational grounds be built, because it is much more costly to build a new line than to continue operating an existing one. </p><p>In some places, the opportunity is taken when roads are being repaved to lay tramlines (though without erecting overhead cables) even though no service is immediately planned: such is the case in <a href="/wiki/Leipziger_Stra%C3%9Fe" title="Leipziger Straße">Leipzigerstraße</a> in Berlin, the Haarlemmer Houttuinen in Amsterdam, and Botermarkt in Ghent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cross-border_routes">Cross-border routes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cross-border routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tram systems operate across national borders in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Basel#Cross-border_routes" title="Trams in Basel">Basel</a> (from Switzerland into France and Germany), <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Geneva" title="Trams in Geneva">Geneva</a> (from Switzerland into France) and <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_tramway#Future_extensions" title="Strasbourg tramway">Strasbourg</a> (from France into Germany). A planned <a href="/wiki/Hasselt_%E2%80%93_Maastricht_tramway" title="Hasselt – Maastricht tramway">line linking Hasselt (Belgium) with Maastricht (Netherlands)</a> was cancelled in June 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Track">Track</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG/120px-Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG/180px-Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG/240px-Szyny_G%C5%82ogowska_RB2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rail_profile#Grooved_rail" title="Rail profile">Cross section</a> of a grooved tram rail</figcaption></figure> <p>Tramway track can have different <a href="/wiki/Rail_profile" title="Rail profile">rail profiles</a> to accommodate the various operating environments of the vehicle. They may be embedded into <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> for street-running operation, or use standard <a href="/wiki/Track_ballast" title="Track ballast">ballasted</a> track with <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie" title="Railroad tie">railroad ties</a> on high-speed sections. A more ecological solution is to embed tracks into <a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">grass turf</a>, an approach known as <a href="/wiki/Green_track" title="Green track">green track</a>. </p><p>Tramway tracks use a <a href="/wiki/Grooved_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Grooved rail">grooved rail</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Groove_(engineering)" title="Groove (engineering)">groove</a> designed for tramway or railway track in <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">pavement</a> or grassed surfaces, also called grassed track or track in a lawn. The rail has the railhead on one side and the guard on the other. The guard provides accommodation for the flange. The guard carries no weight, but may act as a checkrail. Grooved rail was invented in 1852 by <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Loubat" title="Alphonse Loubat">Alphonse Loubat</a>, a French inventor who developed improvements in tram and rail equipment, and helped develop tram lines in New York City and Paris. The invention of grooved rail enabled tramways to be laid without causing a nuisance to other road users, except unsuspecting cyclists, who could get their wheels caught in the groove. The grooves may become filled with gravel and dirt (particularly if infrequently used or after a period of idleness) and need clearing from time to time, this being done by a "scrubber" tram. Failure to clear the grooves can lead to a bumpy ride for the passengers, damage to either wheel or rail and possibly derailing. </p><p>In narrow situations double-track tram lines sometimes reduce to single track, or, to avoid <a href="/wiki/Railroad_switch" title="Railroad switch">switches</a>, have the tracks interlaced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system,_Amsterdam_CS_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg/480px-2022_09_14_Hannings_%26_Kahl_point-setting_system%2C_Amsterdam_CS_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>A 3-way point-setting system in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Centraal_station" title="Amsterdam Centraal station">Amsterdam</a>. The indicator on the right displays "Lijn 24, Spoor 4". The points are set to automatically send the next tram (route 24 to <i>De Boelelaan/VU</i>) to platform 4 on the left.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switches">Switches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Switches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On many tram systems where tracks diverge, the driver chooses the route, usually either by flicking a switch on the dashboard or by use of the power pedal – generally if power is applied the tram goes straight on, whereas if no power is applied the tram turns. Some systems use automatic point-setting systems, where the route for each journey is downloaded from a central computer, and an onboard computer actuates each point as it comes to it via an <a href="/wiki/Induction_loop" title="Induction loop">induction loop</a>. Such is the case at <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the powered system breaks down, most points may be operated manually, by inserting a metal lever ('point iron') into the <a href="/wiki/Point_machine" title="Point machine">point machine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Track_gauge">Track gauge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Track gauge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Track_gauge" title="Track gauge">track gauge</a> has had considerable variations, with <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge railways">narrow gauge</a> common in many early systems. However, most light rail systems are now <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a>. An important advantage of standard gauge is that standard railway maintenance equipment can be used on it, rather than custom-built machinery. Using standard gauge also allows light rail vehicles to be delivered and relocated conveniently using freight railways and locomotives. </p><p>Another factor favoring standard gauge is that low-floor vehicles are becoming popular, and there is generally insufficient space for wheelchairs to move between the wheels in a narrow gauge layout. Standard gauge also enables – at least in theory – a larger choice of manufacturers and thus lower procurement costs for new vehicles. However, other factors such as electrification or <a href="/wiki/Loading_gauge" title="Loading gauge">loading gauge</a> for which there is more variation may require costly custom built units regardless. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:388px;max-width:388px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_lyon_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tram_lyon_04.jpg/200px-Tram_lyon_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tram_lyon_04.jpg/300px-Tram_lyon_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tram_lyon_04.jpg/400px-Tram_lyon_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14,_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/180px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/270px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg/360px-Stra%C3%9Fenbahnlinie_14%2C_Oppenheimer_Landstra%C3%9Fe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1450" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tram stops can range from purpose-built, tram-exclusive facilities (left), to simple stops within a public road (right).</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram_stop">Tram stop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tram stop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></div> <p>Tram stops may be similar to <a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">bus stops</a> in design and use, particularly in street-running sections, where in some cases other vehicles are legally required to stop clear of the tram doors. Some stops may have <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform" title="Railway platform">railway platforms</a>, particularly in private right-of-way sections and where trams are boarded at standard <a href="/wiki/Railway_platform_height" title="Railway platform height">railway platform height</a>, as opposed to using steps at the doorway or <a href="/wiki/Low-floor_tram" title="Low-floor tram">low-floor trams</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLT_4204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BLT_4204.jpg/220px-BLT_4204.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BLT_4204.jpg/330px-BLT_4204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/BLT_4204.jpg/440px-BLT_4204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Baselland_Transport" title="Baselland Transport">BLT</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stadler_TINA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stadler TINA (page does not exist)">TINA</a> tram in 2024.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/220px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/330px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg/440px-Tram_in_Almada_pic-007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Siemens <a href="/wiki/Avenio" class="mw-redirect" title="Avenio">Avenio</a> tram in <a href="/wiki/Almada" title="Almada">Almada</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_builders" title="List of tram builders">List of tram builders</a></div> <p>Many independant companies started making trams in the 19th and early 20th century. In the last several decades most of them have merged with or into larger ones. The biggest changes in the period after 2010 were the mergers of <a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda" class="mw-redirect" title="AnsaldoBreda">AnsaldoBreda</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Rail" title="Hitachi Rail">Hitachi Rail</a> in 2015 and <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Transportation" title="Bombardier Transportation">Bombardier</a> into <a href="/wiki/Alstom" title="Alstom">Alstom</a> in 2020. Approximately 5,000 new trams are manufactured each year. </p><p>As of February 2017, 4,478 new trams were on order from their makers, with a further 1,092 options being open:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Trams on order as February 2017 </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:left;"> <th>Manufacturer </th> <th>Firm orders </th> <th>Options </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bombardier</td> <td>962</td> <td>296 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alstom</td> <td>650</td> <td>202 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Siemens</td> <td>557</td> <td>205 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CAF</td> <td>411</td> <td>112 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CRRC</td> <td>370</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>PKTS/Metrovagonmash</td> <td>316</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kinkisharyo</td> <td>155</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stadler-Vossloh</td> <td>189</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stadler</td> <td>182</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Škoda Transtech</td> <td>104</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Škoda</td> <td>110</td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Durmazlar</td> <td>90</td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tram#Debate_Section_Needs_Sources!" title="Talk:Tram">Talk:Tram</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tram" title="Special:EditPage/Tram">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tram%22">"Tram"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tram%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tram%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tram%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tram%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tram%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/45px-System-search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/68px-System-search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/System-search.svg/90px-System-search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tram#Debate_Section_Needs_Sources!" title="Talk:Tram">Talk:Tram</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canal_Street_Streetcar,_New_Orleans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg/220px-Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg/330px-Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg/440px-Canal_Street_Streetcar%2C_New_Orleans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Produced in 1923-24, 900 Series trams are still use in <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Trams typically have longer service life than internal combustion buses.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_(17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_IngolfBLN_-_Nantes_-_Tramway_-_Ligne_3_-_Orvault_%2817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A tram running down <a href="/wiki/Green_track" title="Green track">tracks embedded in grass</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Trams (and road public transport in general) can be much more efficient in terms of road usage than cars – one vehicle replaces about 40 cars (which take up a far larger area of road space).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Vehicles run more <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency_in_transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel efficiency in transportation">efficiently</a> compared to similar vehicles that use rubber tyres, since the <a href="/wiki/Rolling_resistance" title="Rolling resistance">rolling resistance</a> of steel on steel is lower than rubber on asphalt.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trams and light rail transit use sustainable technologies like electric propulsion and support limiting urban sprawl which in return lowers the carbon footprint.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>There is a well studied effect that the installation of a tram service – even if service frequency, speed and price all remain constant – leads to higher ridership and mode shift away from cars compared to buses.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, the abandonment of tram service leads to measurable declines in ridership.</li> <li>Being guided by rails means that even very long tram units can navigate tight, winding city streets that are inaccessible to long buses.</li> <li>Tram vehicles are very durable, with some being in continuous revenue service for more than fifty years. This is especially true compared to internal combustion buses, which tend to require high amounts of maintenance and break down after less than 20 years, mostly due to the vibrations of the engine.</li> <li>In many cases tram networks have a higher capacity than similar buses. This has been cited as a reason for the replacement of one of Europe's busiest bus lines (with three-minute headways in peak times) with a tram by <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe">Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe</a>.</li> <li>Due to the above-mentioned capacity advantage, labor costs (which form the biggest share of operating costs of many public transit systems) per passenger can be significantly lower compared to buses.</li> <li>Trams and light rail systems can be cheaper to install than subways or other forms of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a>. In Berlin the commonly cited figure is that one kilometer of subway costs as much as ten kilometers of tramway.</li> <li>ULR (Ultra Light Rail) developments with prefabricated track and onboard power (no OHL Over Head Line) in the UK are aiming for £10 m per km<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to convention tram rail and OHL at £20–£30 m per km.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tramways can take advantage of old <a href="/wiki/Heavy_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy rail">heavy rail</a> alignments. Some examples include the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a> of which the <a href="/wiki/Bury_Line" title="Bury Line">Bury Line</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/East_Lancashire_Railway" title="East Lancashire Railway">East Lancashire Railway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Altrincham_Line" title="Altrincham Line">Altrincham Line</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_South_Junction_and_Altrincham_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway">Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oldham_and_Rochdale_Line" title="Oldham and Rochdale Line">Oldham and Rochdale Line</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Oldham_Loop_Line" title="Oldham Loop Line">Oldham Loop Line</a>. Other examples can be found in <a href="/wiki/Paris_Tramway_Line_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Tramway Line 2">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. They hence sometimes take advantage of high speed track while on train tracks.</li> <li>As tram lines are permanent this allows local authorities to redevelop and revitalise their towns and cities provided suitable planning changes are made.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melbourne will allow higher buildings (5 to 6 story) along tram routes leaving the existing suburbs behind unchanged whilst doubling the cities density.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trams produce less air pollution than rubber tyred transport which produce tyre, asphalt and brake based pollutants. The use of regenerative electric motor braking in trams lowers mechanical brake use. Steel wheel and rail particulates are produced but regular wheel alignment and flexible track mounting can reduce emissions.</li> <li>Tram networks can link to other operational heavy rail and rapid transit systems, allowing vehicles to move directly from one to the other without passengers needing to alight. Trams that are compatible with heavy rail systems are called <a href="/wiki/Tram-trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram-trains">tram-trains</a>, while those that can use subway tunnels are called <a href="/wiki/Semi-metro" title="Semi-metro">semi-metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre-metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-metro">pre-metro</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">U-Stadtbahn</a>.</li> <li>Passengers can reach surface stations quicker than underground stations. Subjective safety at surface stations is often seen to be higher.</li> <li>Trams can be tourist attractions in ways buses usually are not.</li> <li>Many modern tram systems plant low growing vegetation – mostly grasses – between the tracks which has a psychological effect on perceived noise levels and the benefits of <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">greenspace</a>. This is not possible for buses as they deviate too much from an "ideal" track in daily operations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/220px-Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/330px-Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg/440px-Midland_Metro_-_Cyclist_dismount_sign_-_Andy_Mabbett.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Tram tracks pose a hazard for cyclists, as their wheels may get caught in the track.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Installing rails for tram tracks and overhead lines for power means a higher up-front cost than using buses which require no modifications to streets to begin operations.</li> <li>Tram tracks can be hazardous for cyclists, as bikes, particularly those with narrow tyres, may get their wheels caught in the track grooves.<sup id="cite_ref-bv.com.au_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bv.com.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible to close the grooves of the tracks on critical sections by rubber profiles that are pressed down by the wheelflanges of the passing tram but that cannot be lowered by the weight of a cyclist.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If not well-maintained, however, these lose their effectiveness over time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>When wet, tram tracks tend to become slippery and thus dangerous for bicycles and motorcycles, especially in traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-bv.com.au_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bv.com.au-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, even cars can be affected.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The opening of new tram and light rail systems has sometimes been accompanied by a marked increase in car accidents, as a result of drivers' unfamiliarity with the physics and <a href="/wiki/Track_geometry" title="Track geometry">geometry</a> of trams.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though such increases may be temporary, long-term conflicts between motorists and light rail operations can be alleviated by segregating their respective rights-of-way and installing appropriate signage and warning systems.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rail transport can expose neighbouring populations to moderate levels of low-frequency noise. However, transportation planners use <a href="/wiki/Noise_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise mitigation">noise mitigation</a> strategies to minimise these effects.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of all, the potential for decreased private motor vehicle operations along the tram's service line because of the service provision could result in lower <a href="/wiki/Ambient_noise_level" title="Ambient noise level">ambient noise levels</a> than without.</li> <li>The overhead power lines and supporting poles utilized by trams (except for those using a third rail) can be unsightly and contribute to <a href="/wiki/Visual_pollution" title="Visual pollution">visual pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shodorf_1973_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shodorf_1973-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Tram and light rail transit systems">Tram and light rail transit systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems" title="List of town tramway systems">List of town tramway systems</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg/220px-The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg/330px-The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg/440px-The_driver%27s_seat_in_the_tram_of_the_Russian_model_%22Lionok%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The driver's seat in the tram of the Russian model «Lvionok» («Lionet»)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Tram_Systems.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/World_Tram_Systems.svg/320px-World_Tram_Systems.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/World_Tram_Systems.svg/480px-World_Tram_Systems.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/World_Tram_Systems.svg/640px-World_Tram_Systems.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Tram networks around the world:<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Countries with tram networks</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;"> </span> Countries without tram networks</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>Trams are in a period of growth, with about 400 tram systems operating around the world, several new systems being opened each year, and many being gradually extended.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these systems date from the late 19th or early 20th centuries. In the past 20 years their numbers have been augmented by modern tramway or light rail systems in cities that had abandoned this form of transport. There have also been some new tram systems in cities that never previously had them. </p><p><i>Tramways with tramcars</i> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) or <i>street railways with streetcars</i> (<a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North American English</a>) were common throughout the industrialised world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries but they had disappeared from most British, Canadian, French and US cities by the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Europe" title="Trams in Europe">trams in parts of continental Europe</a> continued to be used by many cities, although there were declines in some countries, including the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1980 trams have returned to favour in many places, partly because their tendency to dominate the roadway, formerly seen as a disadvantage, is considered to be a merit since it raises the visibility of public transport (encouraging car users to change their mode of travel), and enables streets to be reconfigured to give more space to pedestrians, making cites more pleasant places to live. New systems have been built in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, France, Australia and many other countries. </p><p>In Milan, Italy, the old "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Witt_streetcar" title="Peter Witt streetcar">Ventotto</a>" trams are considered a "symbol" of the city. The same can be said of <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">trams in Melbourne</a> in general, but particularly the iconic <a href="/wiki/W-class_Melbourne_tram" title="W-class Melbourne tram">W class</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Toronto_streetcar_system" title="Toronto streetcar system">Toronto streetcar system</a> had similarly become an iconic symbol of the city, operating the largest network in the Americas as well as the only large-scale tram system in Canada (not including light rail systems, or heritage lines).<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_tram_and_light_rail_systems">Major tram and light rail systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Major tram and light rail systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_currently_operating_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems">List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existing_systems">Existing systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Existing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melbourne_trams_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Melbourne tram network." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_trams_map.gif/220px-Melbourne_trams_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_trams_map.gif/330px-Melbourne_trams_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Melbourne_trams_map.gif/440px-Melbourne_trams_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="2332" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne tram system</a> in 2011. The system is the largest in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest tram (classic tram, <a href="/wiki/Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="Streetcar">streetcar</a>, <i>straßenbahn</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Fast_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast tram">fast tram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stadtbahn" title="Stadtbahn">stadtbahn</a>) networks in the world by route length as of 2016<sup id="cite_ref-tundria.com_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tundria.com-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Melbourne" title="Trams in Melbourne">Melbourne</a> (256 km; 159 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> (205.5 km; 127.7 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_Stadtbahn" title="Cologne Stadtbahn">Cologne</a> (194.8 km; 121.0 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin tram">Berlin</a> (191.6 km; 119.1 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Moscow" title="Trams in Moscow">Moscow</a> (183 km; 114 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Milan" title="Trams in Milan">Milan</a> (181.8 km; 113.0 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Budapest" title="Trams in Budapest">Budapest</a> (172 km; 107 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Interurbans" title="Silesian Interurbans">Katowice agglomeration</a> (171 km; 106 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Vienna" title="Trams in Vienna">Vienna</a> (170 km; 110 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <p>Other large transit networks that operate streetcar and light rail systems include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DART_light_rail" title="DART light rail">DART light rail</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Streetcar" title="Dallas Streetcar">modern streetcar</a><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/McKinney_Avenue_Transit_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="McKinney Avenue Transit Authority">heritage streetcar</a><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (155 km; 96 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Tramway">Sofia</a> (153.6 km; 95.4 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-tundria.com_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tundria.com-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Tramways" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Tramways">Warsaw</a> (150 km; 93 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Leipzig" title="Trams in Leipzig">Leipzig</a> (148.3 km; 92.1 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_trams" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels trams">Brussels</a> (147.1 km; 91.4 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramways in Łódź">Łódź</a> (145 km; 90 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bucharest" title="Transport in Bucharest">Bucharest</a> (143 km; 89 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague tram system">Prague</a> (142.4 km; 88.5 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Dresden" title="Trams in Dresden">Dresden</a> (134 km; 83 mi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Metro_Rail" title="Los Angeles Metro Rail">Los Angeles</a> (133.1 km; 82.7 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg/220px-Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg/330px-Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg/440px-Saint_Petersburg_Tram_System_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trams in Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg's tram system</a> in 2024. The system was the world's largest, before it was surpassed by Melbourne's system.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Statistics">Statistics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Tram and light rail systems operate in 403 cities across the world, 210 of which are in Europe;<sup id="cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-2023-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The longest single tram line and route in the world is the 68 km (42 mi) interurban <a href="/wiki/Kusttram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusttram">Belgian Coast Tram (Kusttram)</a>, which runs almost the entire length of the Belgian coast. Another fairly long interurban line is the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail" title="Valley Metro Rail">Valley Metro Rail</a> agglomeration of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>, with its 42 km (26 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's longest urban intracity tram line is 33 km (21 mi) counter-ring routes 5/5a in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, Russia).</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg/220px-Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg/330px-Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg/440px-Kazan_Circle_Tram_2021.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/71-911" title="71-911">City Star</a> tram at longest urban intracity tram route in <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Since 1985, 108 light rail systems have opened;<sup id="cite_ref-UITP-2020_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-2020-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Since 2000, 78 systems have opened while 13 have closed. The countries that have opened the most systems since 2000 are the US (23), France (20), Spain (16), and Turkey (8);</li> <li>15,812 km (9,825 mi) of track is in operation,<sup id="cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-2023-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 850 km (530 mi) in construction and a further 2,350 km (1,460 mi) planned;</li> <li>All networks together have 28,593 stops;<sup id="cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-2023-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>They carry 13.5 billion passengers a year, 3% of all public transport passengers. The highest-volume systems are Budapest (396 million passengers a year), Prague (372 m),<sup id="cite_ref-dpp.cz_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dpp.cz-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bucharest (322 m), Saint Petersburg (312 m), and Vienna (305 m);</li> <li>The most busy networks (passengers per km, per year) are: Istanbul, Hong Kong, Tokyo and Sarajevo.</li> <li>Some 36,864 trams and light rail vehicles are in operation.<sup id="cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UITP-2023-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest fleets are in Prague (788), Vienna (782), Warsaw (756), Saint-Petersburg (750), Moscow (632)</li> <li>Between 1997 and 2014, 400–450 vehicles were built each year.</li> <li>As of October 2015, Hong Kong has the world's only exclusively double-decker tramway system.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The busiest junction in any tram network is the Lazarská x Spálená junction in Prague with appx. 150 vehicles passing through per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>World's longest 9-sectioned 56 metres (184 ft)-meter articulated tram vehicle <a href="/wiki/CAF_Urbos" title="CAF Urbos">CAF Urbos 3/9</a> started operation <a href="/wiki/Budapest_tram" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest tram">in Budapest</a> in 2016. <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_15_T" class="mw-redirect" title="Škoda 15 T">Škoda ForCity</a> vehicles family allows expansion of length up to 72 metres (236 ft) with 539 passengers.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical">Historical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG/220px-Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG/330px-Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG/440px-Cormault_136_-_PARIS_-_Panorama_du_Carrefour_du_Chatelet_et_la_Seine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>At its peak, the <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Paris tram system</a> was the world's largest, with over 1,111 kilometres (690 mi) of track in 1925.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Tramways_in_%C3%8Ele-de-France" title="Tramways in Île-de-France">Paris Tram System</a> was, at its peak, the world's largest system, with 1,111 km (690 mi) of track in 1925<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (according to other sources, ca. 640 km (400 mi) of route length in 1930). However it was completely closed in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next largest system appears to have been 857 km (533 mi), in <a href="#South_America">Buenos Aires</a> before 19 February 1963. The third largest was Chicago, with over 850 km (530 mi) of track,<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was all converted to <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> and bus services by 21 June 1958. Before its decline, the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Verkehrsbetriebe" title="Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe">BVG</a> in Berlin operated a very large network with 634 km (394 mi) of route. Before its system was converted to trolleybus (and later bus) services in the 1930s (last tramway closed 6 July 1952), the first-generation London network had 555 km (345 mi) of route in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958 trams in Rio de Jainero were employed on (433 km; 269 mi) of track. The final line, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Teresa_Tram" title="Santa Teresa Tram">Santa Teresa route</a> was closed in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a period in the 1980s, the world's largest tram system was in <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trams in Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a> (St. Petersburg) with 350 km (220 mi), USSR, and was included as such in the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however Saint Petersburg's tram system has declined in size since the fall of the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1960 had 340 km (211 mi), before the expansion of bus services and the opening of a subway (1976). Substituting subway services for tram routes continues. 320 km (199 mi) was in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a> in 1947: There streetcars ended 31 October 1953 in Minneapolis and 19 June 1954 in St. Paul.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Sydney" title="Trams in Sydney">Sydney tram network</a>, before it was closed on 25 February 1961, had 291 km (181 mi) of route, and was thus the largest in Australia. Since 1961, the Melbourne system (recognised as the world's largest) assumed Sydney's title as the largest network in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tram_modelling">Tram modelling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tram modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Rail transport modelling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG/220px-Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG/330px-Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG/440px-Blackburn_and_East_Lancs_MRS_-_44th_annual_exhibition_-_DSC03803.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A model of a town with a <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">tram model</a> built into it</figcaption></figure> <p>Model trams are popular in <a href="/wiki/HO_scale" title="HO scale">HO scale</a> (1:87) and <a href="/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a> (1:48 in the US and generally 1:43,5 and 1:45 in Europe and Asia). They are typically powered and will accept plastic figures inside. Common manufacturers are <a href="/wiki/Roco_(model_railroads)" title="Roco (model railroads)">Roco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lima_(models)" title="Lima (models)">Lima</a>, with many custom models being made as well. The German firm Hödl<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Austrian Halling<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specialise in 1:87 scale.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, <a href="/wiki/Bachmann_Industries" title="Bachmann Industries">Bachmann Industries</a> is a mass supplier of HO streetcars and kits. <a href="/wiki/Bowser_Manufacturing" title="Bowser Manufacturing">Bowser Manufacturing</a> has produced white metal models for over 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many boutique vendors offering limited run epoxy and wood models. At the high end are highly detailed brass models which are usually imported from Japan or Korea and can cost in excess of $500. Many of these run on <span class="nowrap">16.5 mm</span> (<span class="nowrap">0.65 in</span>) gauge track, which is correct for the representation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>) (standard gauge) in HO scale as in US and Japan, but incorrect in 4 mm (1:76.2) scale, as it represents <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="nowrap">4 ft <span class="frac">8<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in</span> (<span class="nowrap">1,435 mm</span>). This scale/gauge hybrid is called OO scale. O scale trams are also very popular among tram modellers because the increased size allows for more detail and easier crafting of overhead wiring. In the US these models are usually purchased in epoxy or wood kits and some as brass models. The Saint Petersburg Tram Company<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produces highly detailed polyurethane non-powered O Scale models from around the world which can easily be powered by trucks from vendors like Q-Car.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Etymology and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg/220px-Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg/330px-Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg/440px-Go_by_Streetcar_sign_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3707" data-file-height="2575" /></a><figcaption>A sign in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a> that reads "go by streetcar". Trams are often called streetcars in North America.</figcaption></figure> <p>The English terms <i>tram</i> and <i>tramway</i> are derived from the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a> word <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">tram</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> referring respectively to a type of truck (<a href="/wiki/Goods_wagon" title="Goods wagon">goods wagon</a> or freight <a href="/wiki/Railroad_car" title="Railroad car">railroad car</a>) used in <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mines</a> and the tracks on which they ran. The word <i>tram</i> probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Flemish</a> <span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">trame</i></span> ("beam, handle of a barrow, bar, rung"). The identical word <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">trame</i></span> with the meaning "crossbeam" is also used in the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a>. Etymologists believe that the word <i>tram</i> refers to the wooden beams the railway tracks were initially made of before the railroad pioneers switched to the much more wear-resistant tracks made of iron and, later, steel.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>tram-car</i> is attested from 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg/220px-Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg/330px-Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg/440px-Boarding_train_at_desert_of_maine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="2843" /></a><figcaption>A trackless train is also called tram in U.S. English.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the terms <i>tram</i> and <i>tramway</i> have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English; North Americans prefer <i>streetcar</i>, <i>trolley</i>, or <i>trolleycar</i>. The term <i>streetcar</i> is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to <a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">horsecars</a>. </p><p>The terms <i>streetcar</i> and <i>trolley</i> are often used interchangeably in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with <i>trolley</i> being the preferred term in the eastern US and <i>streetcar</i> in the western US. <i>Streetcar</i> is preferred in <a href="/wiki/English_Canada" title="English Canada">English Canada</a>, while <i>tramway</i> is preferred in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. In parts of the United States, internally powered <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a> made to resemble a streetcar are often referred to as "trolleys". To avoid further confusion with <a href="/wiki/Trolley_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley bus">trolley buses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Public_Transportation_Association" title="American Public Transportation Association">American Public Transportation Association</a> (APTA) refers to them as "<a href="/wiki/Trolley-replica_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley-replica bus">trolley-replica buses</a>". In the United States, the term <i>tram</i> has sometimes been used for rubber-tired <a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">trackless trains</a>, which are unrelated to other kinds of trams. </p><p>A widely held belief holds the word trolley to derive from the <i>troller</i> (said to derive from the words <i>traveler</i> and <i>roller</i>), a four-wheeled device that was dragged along dual overhead wires by a cable that connected the troller to the top of the car and collected electrical power from the <a href="/wiki/Overhead_wire" class="mw-redirect" title="Overhead wire">overhead wires</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau derivation</a> is, however, most likely <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a>. "Trolley" and variants refer to the verb <i>troll</i>, meaning "roll" and probably derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cognate uses of the word were well established for handcarts and horse drayage, as well as for nautical uses.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The alternative North American term 'trolley' may strictly speaking be considered incorrect, as the term can also be applied to cable cars, or <a href="/wiki/Conduit_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Conduit car">conduit cars</a> that instead draw power from an underground supply. Conventional diesel <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">tourist buses</a> decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called <i>trolleys</i> in the US (<a href="/wiki/Tourist_trolley" title="Tourist trolley">tourist trolley</a>). Furthering confusion, the term <i>tram</i> has instead been applied to open-sided, low-speed <a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">segmented vehicles on rubber tires</a> generally used to ferry tourists short distances, for example on the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Backlot_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Studios Backlot Tour">Universal Studios backlot tour</a> and, in many countries, as tourist transport to major destinations. The term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island_Tramway" title="Roosevelt Island Tramway">Roosevelt Island Tramway</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Trolleybus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the use of the term <i>trolley</i> for tram was not adopted in Europe, the term was later associated with the <i><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a></i>, a rubber-tired vehicle running on hard pavement, which draws its power from pairs of overhead wires. These electric buses, which use twin trolley poles, are also called <i>trackless trolleys</i> (particularly in the northeastern US), or sometimes simply <i>trolleys</i> (in the UK, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire_(play)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Streetcar Named Desire (play)">A Streetcar Named Desire</a></i> was written by <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> in 1947.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/W._V._Awdry" class="mw-redirect" title="W. V. Awdry">Rev W. Awdry</a> wrote about <a href="/wiki/GER_Class_C53" title="GER Class C53">GER Class C53</a> called <i><a href="/wiki/Toby_the_Tram_Engine" title="Toby the Tram Engine">Toby the Tram Engine</a></i>, which starred in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Railway_Series" title="The Railway Series">The Railway Series</a></i> with his faithful coach, Henrietta.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Trolley_Song" title="The Trolley Song">The Trolley Song</a>" in the film <i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis" title="Meet Me in St. Louis">Meet Me in St. Louis</a></i> received an Academy Award nomination.</li> <li>Trams feature in the opening titles of the world's longest running TV soap opera <a href="/wiki/Coronation_Street" title="Coronation Street">Coronation Street</a>, set in a fictional suburb of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, and produced by <a href="/wiki/Granada_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Granada Television">Granada Television</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Blackpool" title="Blackpool">Blackpool</a> tram killed one of the main characters in 1989 and the most recent faked accident involved a tram (modelled on the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metrolink" title="Manchester Metrolink">Manchester Metrolink</a>) careering off a viaduct into the set in 2009.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toonerville_Folks" title="Toonerville Folks">Toonerville Folks</a></i> comic strip (1908–55) by <a href="/wiki/Fontaine_Fox" title="Fontaine Fox">Fontaine Fox</a> featured the "Toonerville Trolley that met all the trains".</li> <li>The predominance of trams (trolleys) in the borough of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> in New York City gave rise to the disparaging term <a href="/wiki/Trolley_dodger" class="mw-redirect" title="Trolley dodger">trolley dodger</a> for residents of the borough. That term, shortened to "Dodger" became the nickname for the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers" title="Brooklyn Dodgers">Brooklyn Dodgers</a> (now the Los Angeles Dodgers).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Car_Trolley" title="Red Car Trolley">Red Car Trolley</a></i> is an transportation attraction at <a href="/wiki/Disney_California_Adventure" title="Disney California Adventure">Disney California Adventure</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Disneyland_Resort" title="Disneyland Resort">Disneyland Resort</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Transport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_train.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/31px-P_train.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/47px-P_train.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/P_train.svg/62px-P_train.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Trains" title="Portal:Trains">Trains portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram_models">Tram models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Tram models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See <a href="/wiki/Category:Tram_vehicles" title="Category:Tram vehicles">Category:Tram vehicles</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trams_by_region">Trams by region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Trams by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Africa" title="List of town tramway systems in Africa">Trams in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_Asia" title="List of town tramway systems in Asia">Trams in Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Australia" title="Trams in Australia">Trams in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Europe" title="Trams in Europe">Trams in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_New_Zealand" title="Trams in New Zealand">Trams in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_North_America" title="Streetcars in North America">Streetcars in North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems_in_South_America" title="List of town tramway systems in South America">Trams in South America</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tram_lists">Tram lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tram lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battery_electric_multiple_unit" title="Battery electric multiple unit">Battery electric multiple unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_by_country" title="History of tram and light rail transit systems by country">History of tram and light rail transit systems by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_currently_operating_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems">List of largest currently operating tram and light rail transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems_ever" title="List of largest tram and light rail transit systems ever">List of largest tram and light rail transit systems ever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_accidents" title="List of tram accidents">List of tram accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_builders" title="List of tram builders">List of tram builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_transport_museums" title="List of transport museums">List of transport museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_town_tramway_systems" title="List of town tramway systems">List of town tramway systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_and_light_rail_transit_systems" title="List of tram and light rail transit systems">List of tram and light rail transit systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tram_systems_by_gauge_and_electrification" title="List of tram systems by gauge and electrification">List of tram systems by gauge and electrification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_electrification_systems" title="List of railway electrification systems">List of railway electrification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit_track_gauge" title="Rapid transit track gauge">Rapid transit track gauge</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_topics">Other topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armoured_train#Armoured_tram" title="Armoured train">Armoured train#Armoured tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_train_and_tram_tracks" title="Comparison of train and tram tracks">Comparison of train and tram tracks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convict_tramway" title="Convict tramway">Convict tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-mode_vehicle" title="Dual-mode vehicle">Dual-mode vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minecart" title="Minecart">Minecart</a>, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Mine_railway#Motive_power" title="Mine railway">tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_tram" title="Rubber-tyred tram">Rubber-tyred tram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetcar_suburb" title="Streetcar suburb">Streetcar suburb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">Tramway (industrial)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_current_pylon" title="Traction current pylon">Traction current pylon</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/tram">"tram"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=tram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Ftram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tram">"tram"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam_Webster" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam Webster">Merriam Webster</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409061036/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tram">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=tram&rft.pub=Merriam+Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edmonton-radial-railway.ab.ca/learn/streetcarsversuslrt/">"Streetcars vs LRT"</a>. <i>Edmonton Radial Railway Society</i>. 1 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Edmonton+Radial+Railway+Society&rft.atitle=Streetcars+vs+LRT&rft.date=2018-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edmonton-radial-railway.ab.ca%2Flearn%2Fstreetcarsversuslrt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Collins English Dictionary – Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014 © HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshwales.co.uk/mumbles_railway_swansea.htm">"The Swansea and Mumbles Railway – the world's first railway service"</a>. Welshwales.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626140319/http://www.welshwales.co.uk/mumbles_railway_swansea.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Swansea+and+Mumbles+Railway+%E2%80%93+the+world%27s+first+railway+service&rft.pub=Welshwales.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welshwales.co.uk%2Fmumbles_railway_swansea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196715-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196715_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar1967">Dunbar 1967</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2015" class="citation web cs1">Turner, Robin (26 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/could-mumbles-train-make-come-8929957">"Could the Mumbles Railway make a come back?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Media_Wales#WalesOnline" title="Media Wales">WalesOnline</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220813192046/https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/could-mumbles-train-make-come-8929957">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WalesOnline&rft.atitle=Could+the+Mumbles+Railway+make+a+come+back%3F&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.walesonline.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fwales-news%2Fcould-mumbles-train-make-come-8929957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196723-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196723_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar1967">Dunbar 1967</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196716–17-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196716–17_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar1967">Dunbar 1967</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midcontinent.org/rollingstock/builders/stephenson1.htm">"The John Stephenson Car Co"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mid-Continent_Railway_Museum" title="Mid-Continent Railway Museum">Mid-Continent Railway Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+John+Stephenson+Car+Co&rft.pub=Mid-Continent+Railway+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midcontinent.org%2Frollingstock%2Fbuilders%2Fstephenson1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196718_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar1967">Dunbar 1967</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunbar196721-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunbar196721_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDunbar1967">Dunbar 1967</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001634/19050823/112/0006">"Near and far"</a></span>. <i>Newcastle Daily Chronicle</i>. British Newspaper Archive. 23 August 1905. p. 6 col.5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newcastle+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Near+and+far&rft.pages=6+col.5&rft.date=1905-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001634%2F19050823%2F112%2F0006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cable-car-guy.com/html/ccmiscnpart.html#nylasthc">"The Cable Car Home Page – Miscellaneous Newspaper Articles"</a>. <i>www.cable-car-guy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cable-car-guy.com&rft.atitle=The+Cable+Car+Home+Page+%E2%80%93+Miscellaneous+Newspaper+Articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cable-car-guy.com%2Fhtml%2Fccmiscnpart.html%23nylasthc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopediaofarkansas-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopediaofarkansas_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=3727">"Sulphur Rock Street Car"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas+History+%26+Culture&rft.atitle=Sulphur+Rock+Street+Car&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentry-detail.aspx%3FentryID%3D3727&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-morrison_celaya-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-morrison_celaya_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison" class="citation web cs1">Morrison, Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramz.com/mx/ce/ce.html">"The Indomitable Tramways of Celaya"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Indomitable+Tramways+of+Celaya&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tramz.com%2Fmx%2Fce%2Fce.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bathtrams.uk/history-of-trams/">"History of trams, light rail"</a>. <i>Bath & Bristol Trams</i>. 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bath+%26+Bristol+Trams&rft.atitle=History+of+trams%2C+light+rail&rft.date=2017-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbathtrams.uk%2Fhistory-of-trams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muenchen1964-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muenchen1964_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110224053241/http://www.tram-muenchen.de/geschichte/chronik-vor1964.html">"1876 – 1964 (Überblick)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tram-muenchen.de/geschichte/chronik-vor1964.html">the original</a> on 24 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1876+%E2%80%93+1964+%28%C3%9Cberblick%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tram-muenchen.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fchronik-vor1964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milan1957-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Milan1957_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilgiornale.it/news/cinquant-anni-fa-milano-diceva-addio-gamba-de-legn.html">"Cinquant'anni fa Milano diceva addio al "Gamba de legn"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cinquant%27anni+fa+Milano+diceva+addio+al+%22Gamba+de+legn%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilgiornale.it%2Fnews%2Fcinquant-anni-fa-milano-diceva-addio-gamba-de-legn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1848" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, Andrew (March 1848). "Blackwall Railway Machinery". <i>The Civil Engineer and Architect's Journal</i>. <b>11</b>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carta+della+mobilit%C3%A0+ATM+2017&rft.pub=Azienda+Trasporti+Milanesi+S.p.A.&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atm.it%2Fit%2FIlGruppo%2FChiSiamo%2FDocuments%2Fcarta%2520mobilit%C3%A0%25202017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandi" class="citation web cs1">Sandi, Gabor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tundria.com/trams/HUN/Budapest-2016.shtml">"Budapest 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820162134/http://www.tundria.com/trams/HUN/Budapest-2016.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budapest+2016&rft.aulast=Sandi&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tundria.com%2Ftrams%2FHUN%2FBudapest-2016.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/pl/katow/katowice.htm">"Katowice Tram"</a>. <i>UrbanRail.Net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208093035/http://urbanrail.net/eu/pl/katow/katowice.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UrbanRail.Net&rft.atitle=Katowice+Tram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Feu%2Fpl%2Fkatow%2Fkatowice.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/at/vienna/tram/wien-tram.htm">"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Austria > WIEN (Vienna) Straßenbahn – Tram"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170121161300/http://urbanrail.net/eu/at/vienna/tram/wien-tram.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UrbanRail.Net+%3E+Europe+%3E+Austria+%3E+WIEN+%28Vienna%29+Stra%C3%9Fenbahn+%E2%80%93+Tram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Feu%2Fat%2Fvienna%2Ftram%2Fwien-tram.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwandl" class="citation web cs1">Schwandl, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm">"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133716/http://urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UrbanRail.Net+%3E+USA+%3E+Dallas+Light+Rail+%26+Streetcar+%28DART%29&rft.aulast=Schwandl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Fam%2Fdall%2Fdallas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwandl" class="citation web cs1">Schwandl, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm#top">"UrbanRail.Net > USA > Dallas Light Rail & Streetcar (DART)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313133716/http://urbanrail.net/am/dall/dallas.htm#top">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UrbanRail.Net+%3E+USA+%3E+Dallas+Light+Rail+%26+Streetcar+%28DART%29&rft.aulast=Schwandl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Fam%2Fdall%2Fdallas.htm%23top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jtbell.net/transit/Dallas/MLine">"Dallas M-Line (McKinney Avenue Streetcar)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170310032044/http://www.jtbell.net/transit/Dallas/MLine/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dallas+M-Line+%28McKinney+Avenue+Streetcar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jtbell.net%2Ftransit%2FDallas%2FMLine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandi" class="citation web cs1">Sandi, Gabor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Leipzig-2015.shtml">"Leipzig 2015"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170706163730/http://www.tundria.com/trams/DEU/Leipzig-2015.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+2015&rft.aulast=Sandi&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tundria.com%2Ftrams%2FDEU%2FLeipzig-2015.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2018.stib-activityreports.brussels/file/statistics_2018_fr.pdf">"Stastiques 2018"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UrbanRail.Net+%3E+Europe+%3E+Poland+%3E+%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA+Tram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Feu%2Fpl%2Flodz%2Flodz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ro/buc/bucuresti-tram.htm">"UrbanRail.Net > Europe > Romania > BUCHAREST Tram"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323043922/http://www.urbanrail.net/eu/ro/buc/bucuresti-tram.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UrbanRail.Net+%3E+Europe+%3E+Romania+%3E+BUCHAREST+Tram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urbanrail.net%2Feu%2Fro%2Fbuc%2Fbucuresti-tram.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile">"dpp.cz > Company Profile – Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy"</a>. Dopravní podnik hlavního města Prahy, WDF – Web Design Factory, s. r. o. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219082911/http://www.dpp.cz/en/company-profile/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=dpp.cz+%3E+Company+Profile+%E2%80%93+Dopravn%C3%AD+podnik+hlavn%C3%ADho+m%C4%9Bsta+Prahy&rft.pub=Dopravn%C3%AD+podnik+hlavn%C3%ADho+m%C4%9Bsta+Prahy%2C+WDF+%E2%80%93+Web+Design+Factory%2C+s.+r.+o.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dpp.cz%2Fen%2Fcompany-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandi" class="citation web cs1">Sandi, Gabor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/LosAngeles-2016.shtml">"Los Angeles 2016"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170319063124/http://www.tundria.com/trams/USA/LosAngeles-2016.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+Angeles+2016&rft.aulast=Sandi&rft.aufirst=Gabor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tundria.com%2Ftrams%2FUSA%2FLosAngeles-2016.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UITP-2023-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UITP-2023_116-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUITP_Secretariat" class="citation web cs1">UITP Secretariat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uitp.org/news/light-rail-transit-data-shows-reliable-attractive-mode-is-advancing-worldwide/">"Light rail transit: Data shows reliable, attractive mode is advancing worldwide"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Light+rail+transit%3A+Data+shows+reliable%2C+attractive+mode+is+advancing+worldwide&rft.au=UITP+Secretariat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uitp.org%2Fnews%2Flight-rail-transit-data-shows-reliable-attractive-mode-is-advancing-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226141908/http://www.valleymetro.org/pressreleases/detail/valley-metro-rail-mesa-open-new-extension">"Providing Public Transportation Alternatives for the Greater Phoenix Metro Area – Valley Metro – Press Releases"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleymetro.org/pressreleases/detail/valley-metro-rail-mesa-open-new-extension">the original</a> on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dictionary of the Scots Language.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Older+Scottish+Tongue+%28up+to+1700%29&rft.atitle=tram%2C+n.%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsl.ac.uk%2Fentry%2Fdost%2Ftram_n_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuden2001">Duden 2001</a>, p. 859</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tram">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510061427/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tram">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPost2007">Post 2007</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trolley">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912101708/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=trolley">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtrolley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiddleton1967">Middleton 1967</a>, p. 60</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuden2001" class="citation book cs1">Duden (2001). <i>das Herkunftswörterbuch: Etymologie der deutschen Sprache</i>. Mannheim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=das+Herkunftsw%C3%B6rterbuch%3A+Etymologie+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Mannheim&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Duden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunbar1967" class="citation book cs1">Dunbar, Chas. S. (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/busestrolleystra00dunb"><i>Buses, Trolleys & Trams</i></a></span>. London: Paul Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780753709702" title="Special:BookSources/9780753709702"><bdi>9780753709702</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/487529500">487529500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buses%2C+Trolleys+%26+Trams&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Paul+Hamlyn&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F487529500&rft.isbn=9780753709702&rft.aulast=Dunbar&rft.aufirst=Chas.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbusestrolleystra00dunb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2011" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Alisa (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7XKYLNupxUC&pg=PA6"><i>Tokyo in Transit: Japanese Culture on the Rails and Road</i></a>. Stanford University Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7145-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7145-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-7145-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tokyo+in+Transit%3A+Japanese+Culture+on+the+Rails+and+Road&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7145-0&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Alisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn7XKYLNupxUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1989" class="citation book cs1">Green, Robert (1989). <i>The first electric road : a history of the Box Hill and Doncaster tramway</i>. East Brighton, Victoria: John Mason Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0731667158" title="Special:BookSources/0731667158"><bdi>0731667158</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+electric+road+%3A+a+history+of+the+Box+Hill+and+Doncaster+tramway&rft.place=East+Brighton%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=John+Mason+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0731667158&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2011" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, John Winthrop (2011) [1941]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/menandvoltsstory00hammrich"><i>Men and volts; the story of General Electric</i></a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; London, U.K.: General Electric Company; <a href="/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co." title="J. B. Lippincott & Co.">J. B. Lippincott & Co.</a>; Literary Licensing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-03284-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-03284-5"><bdi>978-1-258-03284-5</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <q>He was to produce the first motor that operated without gears of any sort, having its armature direct-connected to the car axle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+and+volts%3B+the+story+of+General+Electric&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania%2C+U.S.A.%3B+London%2C+U.K.&rft.pub=General+Electric+Company%3B+J.+B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.%3B+Literary+Licensing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-258-03284-5&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=John+Winthrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmenandvoltsstory00hammrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hughes_(critic)" title="Robert Hughes (critic)">Hughes, Robert</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKVlKHn29xcC&q=%22Convict+railway%22&pg=PA408"><i>The Fatal Shore</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. pp. 407–408. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781407054070" title="Special:BookSources/9781407054070"><bdi>9781407054070</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fatal+Shore&rft.pages=407-408&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781407054070&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnKVlKHn29xcC%26q%3D%2522Convict%2Brailway%2522%26pg%3DPA408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dumas_Malone" title="Dumas Malone">Malone, Dumas</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fxFQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA128"><i>Sidney Howe Short</i></a>. Vol. 17. London, UK; New York, USA: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidney+Howe+Short&rft.place=London%2C+UK%3B+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Dumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxFQAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaleb1994" class="citation book cs1">McCaleb, Charles S. (1994). <i>Rails, Roads & Runways: The 20-Year Saga of Santa Clara County's Transportation Agency</i>. San Jose: Santa Clara County Transportation Agency. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0964446601" title="Special:BookSources/978-0964446601"><bdi>978-0964446601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rails%2C+Roads+%26+Runways%3A+The+20-Year+Saga+of+Santa+Clara+County%27s+Transportation+Agency&rft.place=San+Jose&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Santa+Clara+County+Transportation+Agency&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0964446601&rft.aulast=McCaleb&rft.aufirst=Charles+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1924" class="citation book cs1">Martin, T. Commerford (1924). <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Kaempffert" title="Waldemar Kaempffert">Kaempffert, Waldemar Bernhard</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof01kaem"><i>A Popular History of American Invention</i></a>. Vol. 1. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2017</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Popular+History+of+American+Invention&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=T.+Commerford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularhistoryof01kaem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddleton1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_D._Middleton" title="William D. Middleton">Middleton, William D.</a> (1967). <i>The Time of the Trolley</i>. <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a>: Kalmbach Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2"><bdi>0-89024-013-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Time+of+the+Trolley&rft.place=Milwaukee&rft.pub=Kalmbach+Publishing&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-89024-013-2&rft.aulast=Middleton&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNye1992" class="citation book cs1">Nye, David E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAElGDvk2yUC&pg=PA86"><i>Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880–1940</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-64030-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-64030-5"><bdi>978-0-262-64030-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrifying+America%3A+Social+Meanings+of+a+New+Technology%2C+1880%E2%80%931940&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-262-64030-5&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAElGDvk2yUC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrova2003" class="citation book cs1">Petrova, Mark (2003). <i>St. Petersburg in Focus: Photographers of the Turn of the Century; in Celebration of the Tercentenary of St. Petersburg</i> (Palac ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Petersburg+in+Focus%3A+Photographers+of+the+Turn+of+the+Century%3B+in+Celebration+of+the+Tercentenary+of+St.+Petersburg&rft.edition=Palac&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Petrova&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPost2007" class="citation book cs1">Post, Robert C. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ6Kke0MZWwC&pg=PA43"><i>Urban Mass Transit: The Life Story of a Technology</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33916-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33916-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33916-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Mass+Transit%3A+The+Life+Story+of+a+Technology&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33916-5&rft.aulast=Post&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlZ6Kke0MZWwC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyrgidis2016" class="citation book cs1">Pyrgidis, C. N. (2016). <i>Railway Transportation Systems: Design, Construction and Operation</i>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1482262155" title="Special:BookSources/978-1482262155"><bdi>978-1482262155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Railway+Transportation+Systems%3A+Design%2C+Construction+and+Operation&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1482262155&rft.aulast=Pyrgidis&rft.aufirst=C.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungMeyers2016" class="citation book cs1">Young, Greg; Meyers, Tom (18 April 2016). <i>The Bowery boys : adventures in Old New York : an unconventional exploration of Manhattan's historic neighborhoods, secret spots and colorful characters</i>. Ulysses Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612435763" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612435763"><bdi>978-1612435763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bowery+boys+%3A+adventures+in+Old+New+York+%3A+an+unconventional+exploration+of+Manhattan%27s+historic+neighborhoods%2C+secret+spots+and+colorful+characters&rft.pub=Ulysses+Press&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1612435763&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Meyers%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arrivetz, Jean. 1956. <i>Les Tramways Français</i> (No ISBN). Lyon: Editions Omni-Presse.</li> <li>Bett, W. C., and J. C. Gillam. 1962. <i>Great British Tramway Networks</i> (4th Edition), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900433-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-900433-03-5">0-900433-03-5</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Association" title="Light Rail Transit Association">Light Railway Transport League</a>.</li> <li>Bigon, Liora. 2007, "Tracking Ethno-Cultural Differences: The Lagos Steam Tramway (1902–1933)" <i>Journal of Historical Geography</i>, 33, 3</li> <li>Brimson, Samuel. 1983. <i>The Tramways of Australia</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949825-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-949825-01-8">0-949825-01-8</a>). Sydney: Dreamweaver Books.</li> <li>Buckley, R. J. 1984. <i>Tramways and Light Railways of Switzerland and Austria</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900433-96-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-900433-96-5">0-900433-96-5</a>). Milton Keynes, UK: <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Association" title="Light Rail Transit Association">Light Rail Transit Association</a>.</li> <li>Chandler, Allison. 1963. <i>Trolley Through the Countryside</i> (No ISBN). Denver: Sage Books.</li> <li>Cheape, Charles W. <i>Moving the masses: urban public transit in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, 1880–1912</i> (Harvard University Press, 1980)</li> <li>Davies, W. K. J. 1986. <i>100 years of the Belgian vicinal: SNCV/NMVB, 1885–1985: a century of secondary rail transport in Belgium</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900433-97-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-900433-97-3">0-900433-97-3</a>). Broxbourne, UK: Light Rail Transit Association.</li> <li>Dyer, Peter, and Peter Hodge. 1988. <i>Cane Train: The Sugar-Cane Railways of Fiji</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908573-50-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-908573-50-2">0-908573-50-2</a>). Wellington: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society Inc.</li> <li>Gragt, Frits van der. 1968. <i>Europe's Greatest Tramway Network</i> (No ISBN). Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill.</li> <li>Hilton, George W. 1997. <i>The Cable Car in America: A New Treatise upon Cable or Rope Traction As Applied to the Working of Street and Other Railways</i>, Revised Edition (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3051-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3051-2">0-8047-3051-2</a>). Stanford (CA), US: Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Howarth, W. Des. 1971. <i>Tramway Systems of Southern Africa</i> (No ISBN). Johannesburg: published by the author.</li> <li>King, B. R., and J. H. Price. 1995. <i>The Tramways of Portugal</i> (4th Edition) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948106-19-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-948106-19-0">0-948106-19-0</a>). London: <a href="/wiki/Light_Rail_Transit_Association" title="Light Rail Transit Association">Light Rail Transit Association</a>.</li> <li>McKay, John P. <i>Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transport in Europe</i> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Middleton" title="William D. Middleton">Middleton, William D.</a> 1967. <i>The Time of the Trolley</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89024-013-2">0-89024-013-2</a>). Milwaukee (WI), US: <a href="/wiki/Kalmbach_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalmbach Publishing">Kalmbach Publishing</a>.</li> <li>Morrison, Allen. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramz.com/br/tto/01.html">"The Tramways of Brazil: A 130-Year Survey"</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9622348-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9622348-1-8">0-9622348-1-8</a>). New York: Bonde Press.</li> <li>Morrison, Allen. 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tramz.com/cl/tto/a.html"><i>The Tramways of Chile: 1858–1978</i></a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9622348-2-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9622348-2-6">0-9622348-2-6</a>). New York: Bonde Press.</li> <li>Morrison, Allen. 1996. <i>Latin America by Streetcar: A Pictorial Survey of Urban Rail Transport South of the U.S.A.</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9622348-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9622348-3-4">0-9622348-3-4</a>). New York: Bonde Press.</li> <li>Pabst, Martin. 1989. <i>Tram & Trolley in Africa</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88490-152-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-88490-152-4">3-88490-152-4</a>). Krefeld: Röhr Verlag GMBH.</li> <li>Peschkes, Robert. <i>World Gazetteer of Tram, Trolleybus, and Rapid Transit Systems</i>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Part One, Latin America</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-898319-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-898319-02-2">1-898319-02-2</a>). 1980. Exeter, UK: Quail Map Company.</dd> <dd><i>Part Two, Asia+USSR</i> / Africa / Australia (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948619-00-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-948619-00-7">0-948619-00-7</a>). 1987. London: Rapid Transit Publications.</dd> <dd><i>Part Three, Europe</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948619-01-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-948619-01-5">0-948619-01-5</a>). 1993. London: Rapid Transit Publications.</dd> <dd><i>Part Four, North America</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948619-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-948619-06-6">0-948619-06-6</a>). 1998. London: Rapid Transit Publications.</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_of_PortlandTriMetPortland_Streetcar,_Inc.2015" class="citation book cs1">City of Portland; TriMet; Portland Streetcar, Inc. (January 2015). "History of Streetcar Manufacturing in the U.S.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transit.dot.gov/sites/fta.dot.gov/files/docs/FTA_Report_No._0085_1.pdf"><i>TriMet Streetcar Prototype</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a>. pp. 30–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Streetcar+Manufacturing+in+the+U.S.&rft.btitle=TriMet+Streetcar+Prototype&rft.pages=30-45&rft.pub=Federal+Transit+Administration&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=City+of+Portland&rft.au=TriMet&rft.au=Portland+Streetcar%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transit.dot.gov%2Fsites%2Ffta.dot.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdocs%2FFTA_Report_No._0085_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Röhr, Gustav. 1986. <i>Schmalspurparadies Schweiz</i>, Band 1: Berner Oberland, Jura, Westschweiz, Genfer See, Wallis (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921679-38-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-921679-38-9">3-921679-38-9</a>). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.</li> <li>Rowsome, Frank; Stephan McGuire, tech. ed. (1956). A Trolley Car Treasury: A Century of American Streetcars—Horsecars, Cable Cars, Interurbans, and Trolleys. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>.</li> <li>Schweers, Hans. 1988. <i>Schmalspurparadies Schweiz</i>, Band 2: Nordostschweiz, Mittelland, Zentralschweiz, Graubünden, Tessin (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-921679-46-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-921679-46-X">3-921679-46-X</a>). Aachen: Schweers + Wall.</li> <li>Stewart, Graham. 1985. <i>When Trams Were Trumps in New Zealand</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12723934">12723934</a>). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.</li> <li>Stewart, Graham. 1993 <i>The End of the Penny Section</i> (revised and enlarged edition) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86934-037-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86934-037-X">1-86934-037-X</a>). Wellington: Grantham House Publishing.</li> <li><i>Straßenbahnatlas ehem. Sowjetunion / Tramway Atlas of the former USSR</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926524-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-926524-15-4">3-926524-15-4</a>). 1996. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.</li> <li><i>Straßenbahnatlas Rumänien</i> (compiled by Andreas Günter, Sergei Tarknov and Christian Blank; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-926524-23-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-926524-23-5">3-926524-23-5</a>). 2004. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn.</li> <li><i>Tramway & Light Railway Atlas: Germany 1996</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948106-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-948106-18-2">0-948106-18-2</a>). 1995. Berlin: Arbeitsgemeinschaft Blickpunkt Straßenbahn, in conjunction with Light Rail Transit Association, London.</li> <li>Turner, Kevin. 1996. <i>The Directory of British Tramways: Every Passenger-Carrying Tramway, Past and Present</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85260-549-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85260-549-9">1-85260-549-9</a>). Somerset, UK: Haynes.</li> <li>Waller, Michael H., and Peter Walker. 1992. <i>British & Irish Tramway Systems since 1945</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-1989-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-1989-4">0-7110-1989-4</a>). Shepperton (Surrey), UK: <a href="/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing" title="Ian Allan Publishing">Ian Allan Ltd.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tram&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Trams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Trams">Trams</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/tram" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/tram">tram</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcke1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Garcke, Emile (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tramway"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tramway">"Tramway" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–167.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tramway&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=159-167&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Garcke&rft.aufirst=Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Street Railway"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Street_Railway">"Street Railway" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Street+Railway&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATram" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9EFfD-5VHIk"><i>The Elephant Will Never Forget</i></a> (British Transport Films, 1953) showing changeover from conduit to overhead power</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_transport" title="Template:Public transport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport" title="Template talk:Public transport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public transport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_transport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">Bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buses" title="List of buses">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_top_bus" title="Open top bus">Open top bus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles<br /> for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">Boda boda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paratransit" title="Paratransit">Paratransit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Tuk tuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bulb" title="Bus bulb">Bus bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_lane" title="Bus lane">Bus lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_stop" title="Bus stop">Bus stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">Dry dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_and_ride" title="Park and ride">Park and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tram_stop" title="Tram stop">Tram stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_fare" title="Exit fare">Exit fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_area" title="Paid area">Paid area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(public_transit)" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li> <li><a 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(transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail_and_ride" title="Hail and ride">Hail and ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_good_(economics)" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable 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