CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="rrhtF5B_Xz3WhLYmRS0wxGsDwhS9iOWuAk3HBk_YNhoKWoCXlQrRpQtW-349RlalfKQ534fPmU0i8UXz19B4PA" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Enes Yaşar" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Kültür, bir topluluk içerisinde yaşayan bireylerin ortak tecrübeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılması, yorumlanması ve bir değer olarak benimsenmesi anlamına gelmektedir (House vd, 2002). Kültür, doğası gereği durağan" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/10103881/4547131/27692572/s200_enes.ya_ar.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="book" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI" /> <meta property="og:title" content="YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-book.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Kültür, bir topluluk içerisinde yaşayan bireylerin ortak tecrübeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılması, yorumlanması ve bir değer olarak benimsenmesi anlamına gelmektedir (House vd, 2002). Kültür, doğası gereği durağan" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://comu.academia.edu/EnesYa%C5%9Far" /> <meta name="description" content="Kültür, bir topluluk içerisinde yaşayan bireylerin ortak tecrübeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılması, yorumlanması ve bir değer olarak benimsenmesi anlamına gelmektedir (House vd, 2002). Kültür, doğası gereği durağan" /> <title>(PDF) YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'dc2ad41da5d7ea682babd20f90650302fb0a3a36'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1739798130000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1739798130000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Enes Yaşar","url":"https://comu.academia.edu/EnesYa%C5%9Far"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-12-24","dateModified":"2024-11-27","headline":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109499202/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"tr","keywords":["Kültür Aktarımı","Türkçeyi Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretimi"],"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"comu"}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109499202/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 48px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 32px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 64px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 16px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #f4f7fc;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: DM Sans;--type-font-family-serif: Gupter;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-f29774c14b4e629cbb4375c919ad1c2b2891ac825d0a410ea6339ae17e481a55.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-bfbac2a470372e2f3a6661a65fa7ff0a0fbf7aa32534d9a831d683d2a6f9e01b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-d1941ab08e91e29ee143084c4749da4aaffa350a2ac6eec2306b1d7a352d911a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> </head> <body> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class="js-upgrade-ie-banner" style="display: none; text-align: center; padding: 8px 0; background-color: #ebe480;"><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0 0 4px;">Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p style="color: #000; font-size: 12px; margin: 0;">To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.querySelector('.js-upgrade-ie-banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "a4c3e758f0399aec5530410444b00a741115d4b38f51b4bc8881695fc90b78fa", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="7Ez5DOQlTTOfWZulYhOwDIaRIn-3oj0MQkLL0yo27xdIrhSM4VDDq0KL1v0aeNZtkTbZtI3lQe9i_kkmsj6hMQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="QdUdADCRu9ClZoH47nTtlIY2wobwBzpI4YcABysGODXlN_CANeQ1SHi0zKCWH4v1kZE5TcpARqvBO4Lysw52Ew" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><input class="btn btn-primary btn-block g-recaptcha js-password-reset-submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" type="submit" value="Email me a link" /></form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script> <div class="header--container" id="main-header-container"><div class="header--inner-container header--inner-container-ds2"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper"><div class="header-ds2--left-wrapper-inner"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="hide-on-desktop-redesign" style="height: 24px; width: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hide-on-mobile-redesign" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a><div class="header--search-container header--search-container-ds2"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form select2-no-default-pills" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><svg style="width: 14px; height: 14px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="search" class="header--search-icon svg-inline--fa fa-search fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M505 442.7L405.3 343c-4.5-4.5-10.6-7-17-7H372c27.6-35.3 44-79.7 44-128C416 93.1 322.9 0 208 0S0 93.1 0 208s93.1 208 208 208c48.3 0 92.7-16.4 128-44v16.3c0 6.4 2.5 12.5 7 17l99.7 99.7c9.4 9.4 24.6 9.4 33.9 0l28.3-28.3c9.4-9.4 9.4-24.6.1-34zM208 336c-70.7 0-128-57.2-128-128 0-70.7 57.2-128 128-128 70.7 0 128 57.2 128 128 0 70.7-57.2 128-128 128z"></path></svg><input class="header--search-input header--search-input-ds2 js-SiteSearch-form-input" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" /></form></div></div></div><nav class="header--nav-buttons header--nav-buttons-ds2 js-main-nav"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-header-login-url header-button-ds2 header-login-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"login-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Log In</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary header-button-ds2 hide-on-mobile-redesign react-login-modal-opener" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-button--header"}" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</button><button class="header--hamburger-button header--hamburger-button-ds2 hide-on-desktop-redesign js-header-hamburger-button"><div class="icon-bar"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div><div class="icon-bar" style="margin-top: 4px;"></div></button></nav></div><ul class="header--dropdown-container js-header-dropdown"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/login" rel="nofollow">Log In</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup" rel="nofollow">Sign Up</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-expand-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">more<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-down" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-down fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M31.3 192h257.3c17.8 0 26.7 21.5 14.1 34.1L174.1 354.8c-7.8 7.8-20.5 7.8-28.3 0L17.2 226.1C4.6 213.5 13.5 192 31.3 192z"></path></svg></button></li><li><ul class="header--expanded-dropdown-container"><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg>We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row"><a class="header--dropdown-link" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="header--dropdown-row-icon svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg>Help Center</a></li><li class="header--dropdown-row js-header-dropdown-collapse-button"><button class="header--dropdown-button">less<svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="caret-up" class="header--dropdown-button-icon svg-inline--fa fa-caret-up fa-w-10" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M288.662 352H31.338c-17.818 0-26.741-21.543-14.142-34.142l128.662-128.662c7.81-7.81 20.474-7.81 28.284 0l128.662 128.662c12.6 12.599 3.676 34.142-14.142 34.142z"></path></svg></button></li></ul></li></ul></div> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/fast_loswp-bundle-e5ca05062a7092a8f6f5af11f70589210af26f6a0030f102b0b21b22451b9d41.js" defer="defer"></script><script>window.loswp = {}; window.loswp.author = 10103881; window.loswp.bulkDownloadFilterCounts = {}; window.loswp.hasDownloadableAttachment = true; window.loswp.hasViewableAttachments = true; // TODO: just use routes for this window.loswp.loginUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F112194021%2FYABANCI_D%25C4%25B0L_OLARAK_T%25C3%259CRK%25C3%2587E_%25C3%2596%25C4%259ERET%25C4%25B0M%25C4%25B0NDE_K%25C3%259CLT%25C3%259CR_AKTARIMI%3Fauto%3Ddownload"; window.loswp.translateUrl = "https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F112194021%2FYABANCI_D%25C4%25B0L_OLARAK_T%25C3%259CRK%25C3%2587E_%25C3%2596%25C4%259ERET%25C4%25B0M%25C4%25B0NDE_K%25C3%259CLT%25C3%259CR_AKTARIMI%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":109499202,"identifier":"Attachment_109499202","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":112194021,"created_at":"2023-12-24T03:02:36.638-08:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T06:44:23.207-08:00","_data":{"grobid_abstract":"Kültür, bir topluluk içerisinde yaşayan bireylerin ortak tecrübeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılması, yorumlanması ve bir değer olarak benimsenmesi anlamına gelmektedir (House vd, 2002). Kültür, doğası gereği durağan olmayıp sürekli değişim ve gelişim içerisinde olan dinamik bir yapıya sahiptir. İnsanın dilini, düşüncesini ve davranışlarını etkilemektedir. (Güney, 2016). Dünyaya gözlerini yeni açan bir çocuk sosyal yaşantısını, değer ve normlarını bu kültürel çevreye göre belirlemektedir (Özkan, 2006). Dolayısıyla aynı toplum içerisinde yetişen bireyler, bir kültürü paylaştıklarında birbirleriyle benzer davranışlar geliştirmekte ve ortak değer yargılarıyla hareket etmeye başlamaktadır. Böylece bir toplumun üyeleri birbirleriyle rahat bir şekilde anlaşabilmekte ve davranışlarını kolayca sezebilmektedirler. Ancak farklı kültürlerden gelenler için aynı şeyi söylemek pek de mümkün değildir. Hatta farklı kültürlere mensup kimselerin aralarındaki anlaşmalar bu farklılıklardan dolayı daha da güç olmaktadır. Çünkü her kültür kendisini farklı bir dille yani düşünce tarzı ve yaşam algısıyla ifade etmektedir. Öyle ki birçok dilin kelimeleri bütünüyle aynı kavramları işaret etse bile, hiçbir zaman gerçekte eş anlamlı olmamaktadır (Akarsu, 1998). Dilin kullanıcıları kelimelere yeni manalar yüklemekte ve yeni anlam yapıları oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle bir dili kavrayabilmek ve gerçek manada iletişim kurabilmek için o dilin kültürüne de hâkim olmak gerekmektedir. Çünkü diller hem kelime çeşitliliği hem de cümle yapıları bakımından birbirlerinden ayrılmakta ve doğdukları kültürü yansıtmaktadırlar. Güvenç'in (2004) de belirttiği gibi toplum ve kültürde ne varsa dile sirayet etmektedir. Benzer şekilde Wierzbicka (1992) da bir dilin içerisindeki seslerin, sözcüklerin ve sözdiziminin bu dili konuşan bireylerin günlük yaşam deneyimleri ile arasında mutlak bir ilişki olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında dilin konuşulduğu kültür içerisinde gelişmeye","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"109499202"},"document_type":"book","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"tr","title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [10103881]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":109499202,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/109499202/mini_magick20231224-1-q4s278.png?1703415790" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10103881" href="https://comu.academia.edu/EnesYa%C5%9Far"><img alt="Profile image of Enes Yaşar" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/10103881/4547131/27692572/s65_enes.ya_ar.jpg" />Enes Yaşar</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">23 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 112194021; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=112194021"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Kültür, bir topluluk içerisinde yaşayan bireylerin ortak tecrübeleri neticesinde ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılması, yorumlanması ve bir değer olarak benimsenmesi anlamına gelmektedir (House vd, 2002). Kültür, doğası gereği durağan olmayıp sürekli değişim ve gelişim içerisinde olan dinamik bir yapıya sahiptir. İnsanın dilini, düşüncesini ve davranışlarını etkilemektedir. (Güney, 2016). Dünyaya gözlerini yeni açan bir çocuk sosyal yaşantısını, değer ve normlarını bu kültürel çevreye göre belirlemektedir (Özkan, 2006). Dolayısıyla aynı toplum içerisinde yetişen bireyler, bir kültürü paylaştıklarında birbirleriyle benzer davranışlar geliştirmekte ve ortak değer yargılarıyla hareket etmeye başlamaktadır. Böylece bir toplumun üyeleri birbirleriyle rahat bir şekilde anlaşabilmekte ve davranışlarını kolayca sezebilmektedirler. Ancak farklı kültürlerden gelenler için aynı şeyi söylemek pek de mümkün değildir. Hatta farklı kültürlere mensup kimselerin aralarındaki anlaşmalar bu farklılıklardan dolayı daha da güç olmaktadır. Çünkü her kültür kendisini farklı bir dille yani düşünce tarzı ve yaşam algısıyla ifade etmektedir. Öyle ki birçok dilin kelimeleri bütünüyle aynı kavramları işaret etse bile, hiçbir zaman gerçekte eş anlamlı olmamaktadır (Akarsu, 1998). Dilin kullanıcıları kelimelere yeni manalar yüklemekte ve yeni anlam yapıları oluşturmaktadır. Bu nedenle bir dili kavrayabilmek ve gerçek manada iletişim kurabilmek için o dilin kültürüne de hâkim olmak gerekmektedir. Çünkü diller hem kelime çeşitliliği hem de cümle yapıları bakımından birbirlerinden ayrılmakta ve doğdukları kültürü yansıtmaktadırlar. Güvenç'in (2004) de belirttiği gibi toplum ve kültürde ne varsa dile sirayet etmektedir. Benzer şekilde Wierzbicka (1992) da bir dilin içerisindeki seslerin, sözcüklerin ve sözdiziminin bu dili konuşan bireylerin günlük yaşam deneyimleri ile arasında mutlak bir ilişki olduğunu vurgulamaktadır. Bu açıdan bakıldığında dilin konuşulduğu kültür içerisinde gelişmeye</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":109499202,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":109499202,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. If the signup banner trigger (a 242px-high* invisible div underneath the 'See Full PDF' / 'Download PDF' buttons) // is already fully scrolled above the viewport, show the banner by default // 2. If the signup banner trigger is fully visible, show the banner // 3. If the signup banner trigger has even a few pixels scrolled below the viewport, hide the banner // // * 242px is the empirically determined height of the signup banner. It's better to be a bit taller than // necessary than too short, so it's fine that the mobile (small breakpoint) banner is shorter. // First check session storage for the signup banner's visibility state const signupBannerHidden = sessionStorage.getItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden'); if (signupBannerHidden === 'true') { return; } const signupBanner = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner'); const signupBannerTrigger = document.querySelector('.ds-signup-banner-trigger'); if (!signupBannerTrigger) { window.Sentry.captureMessage("Signup banner trigger not found"); return; } let footerShown = false; window.addEventListener('load', () => { const rect = signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect(); // If page loaded up already scrolled below the trigger (via scroll restoration), show the banner by default if (rect.bottom < 0) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } }); // Wait for trigger to fully enter viewport before showing banner (ensures PDF CTAs are never covered by banner) const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if (entry.isIntersecting && !footerShown) { footerShown = true; signupBanner.classList.add('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } else if (!entry.isIntersecting && footerShown) { if (signupBannerTrigger.getBoundingClientRect().bottom > 0) { footerShown = false; signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); } } }); }); observer.observe(signupBannerTrigger); // Set up signup banner close button event handler: const signupBannerCloseButton = document.querySelector('#ds-signup-banner-close-button'); signupBannerCloseButton.addEventListener('click', () => { signupBanner.classList.remove('ds-signup-banner-visible'); observer.unobserve(signupBannerTrigger); // Store the signup banner's visibility state in session storage sessionStorage.setItem('ds-signup-banner-hidden', 'true'); }); })();</script></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="109499202" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/112194021/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="43478093" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43478093/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_S%C3%9CREC%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINA_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENC%C4%B0_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENME SÜRECİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMINA YÖNELİK ÖĞRENCİ GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="163361600" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AkbulutSerdar1">Akbulut Serdar</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="128913207" href="https://akdeniz.academia.edu/Bilal%C5%9Eim%C5%9Fek">Bilal Şimşek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENME SÜRECİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMINA YÖNELİK ÖĞRENCİ GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenme sürecinde kültür aktarımına yönelik öğrenci görüşlerinin incelenmesi amacıyla yürütülen bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunun belirlenmesinde amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme tekniği kullanılmış ve bir devlet üniversitesine bağlı Türkçe Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi (TÖMER) bünyesinde eğitim gören, C1 dil düzeyine erişmiş 52 öğrenci çalışma grubuna dâhil edilmiştir. Araştırma sürecinde verilerin toplanması için yarı-yapılandırılmış görüşme formları kullanılmıştır. Görüşmeler 15-20 dakika aralığında sürmüş, görüşmelerde kültür aktarımı sürecinin derinlemesine incelenmesi ve konunun detaylandırılması için sonda sorular da sorulmuştur. Elde edilen verilerin analizi üç araştırmacı tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş, analiz sürecinde içerik analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları genel olarak ele alındığında; katılımcıların çoğunluğunun Türkçe öğrenim sürecinde Türk kültürünü öğrenmeyi bir gereklilik olarak gördükleri ve bu konuda hevesli oldukları söylenebilir. Bunun yanında Türk kültürü ögelerinin öğretilmesini savunan katılımcıların Türkçeyi daha amaçlı bir şekilde öğrendiği düşünülmektedir. Nitekim Türkiye’de yaşamak, eğitim almak gibi amaçların ön plana çıktığı ancak evrensel ve öz kültür ögelerini tercih eden katılımcıların bu tarz amaçları dillendirmediği görülmektedir. Ayrıca Türkçe haricinde yabancı dil bilen katılımcılar, yabancı dil öğrenme süreçlerini karşılaştırmıştır. Karşılaştırma sonucunda; hedef dilin konuşulduğu ülkede öğrenilmesinin kültür aktarımına faydası olduğu, Türkçe öğretim kitaplarında evrensel kültür ögelerine daha sık yer verildiği ancak İngilizce öğretim kitaplarında daha çok İngiliz/Amerikan kültür ögelerine yer verildiği, Türkçe ve İngilizce öğretim süreçlerinde kültür aktarımının yoğun olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENME SÜRECİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMINA YÖNELİK ÖĞRENCİ GÖRÜŞLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ","attachmentId":63786154,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43478093/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_S%C3%9CREC%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINA_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENC%C4%B0_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43478093/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_S%C3%9CREC%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINA_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENC%C4%B0_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="82332223" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82332223/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_OKURYAZARLI%C4%9EI">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ AÇISINDAN KÜLTÜR OKURYAZARLIĞI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="87217480" href="https://independent.academia.edu/nigark%C3%B6%C3%A7er">nigar köçer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ AÇISINDAN KÜLTÜR OKURYAZARLIĞI, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bu araştırmanın amacı, C1 seviyesinde ders kitaplarındaki okuma metinleriyle birlikte verilen görsellerden yola çıkılarak mevcut materyalin, öğrenicinin kültür okuryazarlığına katkısını değerlendirmektir. Bunun için metinlerin üstyapısına ait tür, tip, ton görünümleri, metindilbilimsel yöntemle incelenmiş, metinlerdeki kültürel göstergeler tespit edilerek düz anlam, yan anlam bağlamında göstergebilimsel çözümleme yapılmıştır. Bu metinler, Diller için Avrupa Ortak Öneriler Çerçevesi (2020) metninde belirtilen C1 okuma yeterlilikleri ve içerdikleri kültür öğelerinin sunumu açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yabancılara Türkçe Öğretim Programlarında dil seviyelerine (A1-C2) göre standart bir dil, kültür öğretimi programının olmaması, dil öğretim merkezlerinin kendi öğretim programlarını, materyallerini geliştirmeyi zorunlu kılmıştır. Mevcut ders materyallerinin hedef dili, kültürü aktarma başarısı öğretim, öğrenim verimliliğini sağlamamaktadır. Bu araştırmada Yabancılara Türkçe öğretiminde kültür aktarımına öncelik veren üniversitelerde, okutulan "Yeni İstanbul Uluslararası Öğrenciler İçin Türkçe C1 (2021)" adlı ders kitabı incelenmiştir. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum araştırması desenine göre yapılandırılmıştır. Veriler göstergebilimsel analizin dikkati çektiği kültürel göstergeleri düz anlam, yan anlam ilişkisiyle, metindilbilimin üstyapısına ait tür, tip ve ton değerlendirmelerine göre tablolaştırılmıştır.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ AÇISINDAN KÜLTÜR OKURYAZARLIĞI","attachmentId":88075099,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82332223/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_OKURYAZARLI%C4%9EI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82332223/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_OKURYAZARLI%C4%9EI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="104216241" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/104216241/%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0C%C4%B0LERE_G%C3%96RE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_YER%C4%B0_VE_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEVLER%C4%B0">ÖĞRETİCİLERE GÖRE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜRÜN YERİ VE İŞLEVLERİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54391032" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bahadirgulden">bahadir gulden</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Language Academy, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study was prepared to determine the place and functions of culture in teaching Turkish as a foreign language considering the teachers. Using the phenomenological research method, one of the qualitative research designs, interviews were conducted with 12 volunteer teachers. The data obtained were subjected to content analysis, and themes were created. The data collected in this direction were analyzed under three themes. The findings were analyzed according to the teachers' views on the place and functions of culture, the effects of culture on the learning-teaching processes, and the cultural elements that the instructors use for the target culture in the educational environment. The teachers argued that the acquisition of language and culture concepts and the existence of these concepts are directly related to each other, that language is the carrier of culture, and therefore culture should be used in language teaching. In addition, it is a concept that should be used in language teaching and the introduction of culture so that individuals can adapt to the society of the target language. At the same time, thanks to culture, the characteristics of the target language (semantic, morphological, syntactic, phonological) become more understandable. Culture is also crucial in developing high-level cognitive and affective skills and increasing efficiency in language teaching. At the same time, it was stated by the instructors that there were difficulties in understanding and explaining depending on the differences between the target culture and the source cultures. It is thought to support culture and language teaching, especially in performing basic language skills, body language, and vocabulary studies. In addition, the instructors stated that they extensively used cultural elements such as brochures, textbook materials, films, videos, visuals, theater, and drama.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ÖĞRETİCİLERE GÖRE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜRÜN YERİ VE İŞLEVLERİ","attachmentId":104004182,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/104216241/%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0C%C4%B0LERE_G%C3%96RE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_YER%C4%B0_VE_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEVLER%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/104216241/%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0C%C4%B0LERE_G%C3%96RE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_YER%C4%B0_VE_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEVLER%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="31877459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31877459/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_MET%C4%B0NLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINDAK%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEV%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE METİNLERİN KÜLTÜR AKTARIMINDAKİ İŞLEVİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12473106" href="https://istanbulc.academia.edu/FatmaB%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9FKaya">Fatma Bölükbaş Kaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">International Periodical For The Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic ACADEMIC JOURNAL TÜRKÇEDE DĠLBĠLĠM ÇALIġMALARI Turkish Studies Dergisi, üç ayda bir yayınlanan uluslararası hakemli bir dergidir. Turkish Studies Dergisi"nde yayınlanan tüm yazıların, dil, bilim ve hukukî açıdan bütün sorumluluğu yazarlarına, yayın hakları www.turkishstudies.net"e aittir. Yayıncının yazılı izni olmaksızın kısmen veya tamamen herhangi bir Ģekilde basılamaz, çoğaltılamaz. Yayın Kurulu dergiye gönderilen yazıları yayınlayıp yayınlamamakta serbesttir. Gönderilen yazılar iade edilmez. Turkish Studies EBSCO, DOAJ, ICAAP, Scientific Commons ve MLA indeksleri tarafından taranmaktadır.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE METİNLERİN KÜLTÜR AKTARIMINDAKİ İŞLEVİ","attachmentId":52164438,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31877459/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_MET%C4%B0NLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINDAK%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEV%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31877459/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_MET%C4%B0NLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMINDAK%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C5%9ELEV%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="106838096" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/106838096/BO%C5%9ENAKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_ROL%C3%9C">BOŞNAKLARA YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="388199" href="https://hacettepe.academia.edu/MustafaDurmus">Mustafa Durmus</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bu araştırmanın amacı, tek dilli ve kültürlü sınıflarda hedef ve kaynak dilin kültürleri arasında belirli düzeyde ortaklıkların olması durumunda, ortak kültür ögelerinin yer aldığı bir dil öğretiminin öğrenicinin anlama ve başarı düzeylerine olan etkisini Bosna Hersek örneğinde ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada, Boşnaklara Türkçe öğretiminde kültürün rolü kapsamında Bosna Hersek’teki ortaokullarda ve liselerde seçmeli ikinci yabancı dil olarak verilen Türkçe derslerinde yanı sıra Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Saraybosna Türk Kültür Merkezi ile Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Mostar Türk Kültür Merkezindeki Türkçe dil kurslarında faydalanılan Türk ve Boşnak ortak kültür ögeleri kullanılarak hazırlanmış metinlerin öğrenicilerin okuma-anlama düzeylerine etkisinin değerlendirilmesi üzerinde durulmuştur. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu; “Hasan Kikic” Ortaokulu, “Skender Kulenovic” Ortaokulu, “Dubravica” Vitez Ortaokulu, “Druga Gimnazija” Lisesi bünyesinde ikinci yabancı dil olarak Türkçe derslerine katılan A2 düzeyi öğrenicileri ile Yunus Emre Enstitüsü Saraybosna ve Mostar kültür merkezlerinin Türkçe dil kurslarındaki öğreniciler oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada, tek kültürlü öğrenme-öğretme ortamlarında homojen öğrenicilerden oluşan sınıflarda öğrenicinin kültürü (kaynak kültür) ile hedef dilin kültürü arasındaki ortaklıkların ve söz konusu sınıflardaki öğrenicilerin kültürel arka plan ilgilerinden yararlanılarak yürütülecek öğretim sürecinin öğrenme ve öğretme başarısı üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisinin olduğuna inanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda öğrenicilerin ana dili olarak Boşnakça ile hedef dili olarak Türkçenin ortak kültür ögelerinin birlikte sunulduğu öğretim materyallerinin ve uygulamalarının, anlama üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğu görüşü savunulmaktadır. Toplanan araştırma verilerine göre öğreticilerle görüşme formu sorularının cevaplarına dayanarak hedef dil Türkçe ve kaynak dil Boşnakça arasındaki ortak kültürel ögelerinin kullanıldığı metinlerin öğrenicilerin okuduğunu anlama düzeylerini olumlu etkilediği kaydedilmektedir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"BOŞNAKLARA YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜRÜN ROLÜ","attachmentId":105810711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/106838096/BO%C5%9ENAKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_ROL%C3%9C","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/106838096/BO%C5%9ENAKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR%C3%9CN_ROL%C3%9C"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="41690698" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41690698/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="98003623" href="https://alparslan.academia.edu/bayramarici">Bayram ARICI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nobel Akademi, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Türkçenin Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğretiminde Öğretim Teknolojileri ve Materyal Tasarımı</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİ","attachmentId":61847926,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41690698/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41690698/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="76087289" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76087289/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KONU%C5%9EMA_KILAVUZLARI">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KONUŞMA KILAVUZLARI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="173957799" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EL%C4%B0FERMAGAN">ELİF ERMAGAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Öğr. Gör Dr. Elif ERMAĞAN § § § ÖZET Konuşma kılavuzları, bir dili hiç bilmeyen ya da yeni öğrenmeye başlayanlar için günlük dile ait sık kullanılan konuşma örnekleri sunarak kişiyi o dile hazırlar. Bunun yanında hedef dile yönelik öğrenici açısından motive edici bir işlev de yüklenmektedir. Kendi kendine Türkçe öğrenme kitapları kategorisinde değerlendirilmelerinin yanında sınıf içi kullanıma yönelik hazırlanan ders kitaplarıyla birlikte yardımcı materyal olarak da kullanabilme özelliğine sahiptir. Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi alanında yazılmış bu kılavuz kitaplar incelendiğinde genellikle öğrenicilerin kaynak dilleri temel alınarak iki dilli olarak hazırlandığı ve bir ölçütün olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Diğer taraftan yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde başlangıç seviyesinde bu kitaplardan faydalanılmadığı, bu kitapların kullanımının göz ardı edildiği sadece ülkeye kısa süreli ziyarette bulunacaklar için bir rehber niteliğinde düşünüldüğü gözlemlenmiştir. Buradan yola çıkılarak Almanca-Türkçe iki dilli olarak 21. yüzyılda hazırlanmış üç kitap, dil, biçim özelliği ve içindekiler, hedef kitle, dil bilgisi, sözlük ve indeks, hedef kültür aktarımı açısından karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Burada amaç, konuşma kılavuzlarının hazırlanmasında hangi ölçütlerin dikkate alınabileceğine dair fikirler sunmaktır. Bu çalışmada, doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılarak, veri kaynağı olarak seçilen kitaplardan veriler elde edilmiştir. Betimsel analiz tekniğiyle de elde edilen veriler çözümlenip değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada, elde edilen verilere göre incelenen kitapların büyük çoğunluğunun ortak bir ölçüt dikkate alınmadan hazırlanmasından kaynaklı farklılıklar içerdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca günlük konuşma dilini kazandırmak amaçlandığı için bu noktada incelenen kitaplar benzerlik oluştursa da diğer ölçütler açısından farklılıklar içerdiği tespit edilmiştir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KONUŞMA KILAVUZLARI","attachmentId":83766322,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76087289/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KONU%C5%9EMA_KILAVUZLARI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/76087289/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KONU%C5%9EMA_KILAVUZLARI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="48968918" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48968918/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YURT_DI%C5%9EINDA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_GENEL_B%C4%B0R_BAKI%C5%9E">TÜRKÇENİN YURT DIŞINDA YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12473106" href="https://istanbulc.academia.edu/FatmaB%C3%B6l%C3%BCkba%C5%9FKaya">Fatma Bölükbaş Kaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">BUGU Dil ve Eğitim Dergisi, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkçenin yurt dışında yabancı dil olarak öğretimini bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla ele almaktır. İki aşamadan oluşan bu araştırmada betimsel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın birinci aşamasında, yurt dışında Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretildiği eğitim kurumları belirlenmiş Türkçe öğretimine yer verildiği tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ikinci aşamasında ise yurt dışında Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretimiyle ilgili yapılmış 193 çalışmaya ulaşılmış ve içerik analizi kullanılarak bu çalışmaların yıllara, ülkelere, yayın türüne, konulara ve araştırma yöntemine göre dağılımları incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda; 2010 yılından itibaren Türkçenin yurt dışında öğretimiyle ilgili akademik çalışmalarda artış olduğu, çalışmalarda genellikle araştırmaya konu olan ülkedeki Türkçe öğretimi hakkında bilgilere yer verildiği, en çok makale ve bildiri türünde yayın yapıldığı ve ağırlıklı olarak nitel yöntemin kullanıldığı görülmüştür.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YURT DIŞINDA YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNE GENEL BİR BAKIŞ","attachmentId":67361521,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48968918/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YURT_DI%C5%9EINDA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_GENEL_B%C4%B0R_BAKI%C5%9E","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48968918/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YURT_DI%C5%9EINDA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_GENEL_B%C4%B0R_BAKI%C5%9E"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="45013698" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45013698/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0LB%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE DİLBİLGİSİ ÖĞRETİMİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4766052" href="https://ege.academia.edu/EsraGuven">Esra Guven</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="28958255" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CerenBerber%C3%96zmen">Ceren Berber Özmen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE DİLBİLGİSİ ÖĞRETİMİ","attachmentId":65560388,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45013698/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0LB%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45013698/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0LB%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="8356175" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8356175/D%C4%B0KTE_VE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0">DİKTE VE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6446594" href="https://artvin.academia.edu/FerdiB%C3%BClb%C3%BCl">Ferdi Bülbül</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminin önemi her geçen gün artmaktadır. Türkçenin öğretimine destek olmak, dilsel becerileri geliştirmek amacıyla hem ders ve yöntem kitapları hem de yapılan bilimsel çalışmalar hızlı bir şekilde artmaktadır. Dilsel beceriler; bireylerin dinlediklerini, gördüklerini, okuduklarını tam ve doğru olarak anlaması ve yine bunları tam ve doğru olarak başkalarına anlatması biçiminde özetlenebilir. Becerilerin kazandırılması ise dinleme, konuşma, okuma ve yazma gibi dört ana etkinliğe dayanır. Dil öğretiminde dilsel becerileri geliştirmek için yüzyıllardır süregelen, denenmiş birçok yöntem bulunmaktadır. Dil öğrenicisinin öncelikle yazma ve dinleme becerileri olmak üzere temel dil becerilerini geliştiren, bazı yöntembilimciler tarafından dil bilgisi çeviri yöntemi içinde yazma faaliyeti olarak değerlendirilen dikte bu yöntemlerden biridir. “Dikte, bir başkasına o anda söyleyerek yazdırma faaliyetidir” (URL 1). Diktenin, etkin olarak kullanıldığında dilin dört temel becerisini (dinleme, konuşma, okuma, yazma) aynı anda geliştirmeye yardımcı olduğu görülmüştür. Yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde gerek öğretim programlarında gerekse dil öğretim kitaplarında pek yeri olmayan bu yöntem, birçok ülkede dilin hem ikinci dil olarak hem de yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmaktadır. Dil öğretiminde sıkça kullanılan bu yöntemin, Türkçenin yabancı dil olarak öğretiminde de faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir. Dikte, Türkçe dinleme, konuşma, okuma, yazma, dil bilgisi ve kelime öğretiminde faydalı olacaktır. Bu makale, dil öğretiminde sıkça kullanılan dikte yönteminin önemi, faydaları, sınıf içinde uygulanması, türleri, seçimi, değerlendirmesi ve diktenin yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde kullanımını anlatmak için yazılmıştır. Makalede Türkçe öğretiminde seviyelere göre hangi tür diktelerin kullanılabileceği ve bu dikte türlerine örnekler verilmiştir.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DİKTE VE YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ","attachmentId":34756960,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/8356175/D%C4%B0KTE_VE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/8356175/D%C4%B0KTE_VE_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109499202,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":109499202,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_109499202" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="35758225" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35758225/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_BA%C4%9ELAMI_VE_%C3%96TEK%C4%B0_D%C4%B0L">YABANCI DİL ÖĞRETİMİNDE " KÜLTÜR BAĞLAMI VE " ÖTEKİ " DİL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42934113" href="https://trakya.academia.edu/Do%C3%A7drhikmetAsutay">Prof. Dr. Hikmet Asutay</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL ÖĞRETİMİNDE \" KÜLTÜR BAĞLAMI VE \" ÖTEKİ \" DİL","attachmentId":55633907,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35758225/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_BA%C4%9ELAMI_VE_%C3%96TEK%C4%B0_D%C4%B0L","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35758225/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_BA%C4%9ELAMI_VE_%C3%96TEK%C4%B0_D%C4%B0L"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="98236728" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/98236728/_AMER%C4%B0KANIN_SES%C4%B0_NDEK%C4%B0_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_KODLAR_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_E%C4%9E%C4%B0T%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI">"AMERİKA'NIN SESİ"NDEKİ KÜLTÜREL KODLAR: YABANCI DİL EĞİTİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="100559116" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MesutUGURLU3">Mesut UGURLU</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"AMERİKA'NIN SESİ\"NDEKİ KÜLTÜREL KODLAR: YABANCI DİL EĞİTİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMI","attachmentId":99643457,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/98236728/_AMER%C4%B0KANIN_SES%C4%B0_NDEK%C4%B0_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_KODLAR_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_E%C4%9E%C4%B0T%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/98236728/_AMER%C4%B0KANIN_SES%C4%B0_NDEK%C4%B0_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_KODLAR_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_E%C4%9E%C4%B0T%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23838113" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23838113/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KURAMLAR_Y%C3%96NTEMLER_BECER%C4%B0LER_UYGULAMALAR">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KURAMLAR - YÖNTEMLER - BECERİLER - UYGULAMALAR</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5936502" href="https://ogu.academia.edu/BurakT%C3%BCfek%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu">Burak Tüfekçioğlu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KURAMLAR - YÖNTEMLER - BECERİLER - UYGULAMALAR","attachmentId":44210711,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23838113/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KURAMLAR_Y%C3%96NTEMLER_BECER%C4%B0LER_UYGULAMALAR","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23838113/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KURAMLAR_Y%C3%96NTEMLER_BECER%C4%B0LER_UYGULAMALAR"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="82391801" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82391801/%C3%87OCUKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KUKLA_KULLANIMI">ÇOCUKLARA YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KUKLA KULLANIMI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="26719122" href="https://cukurova.academia.edu/EmineKurt">Emine Kurt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ Dr. Erol Barın’a Armağan, 2022</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ÇOCUKLARA YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KUKLA KULLANIMI","attachmentId":88116266,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82391801/%C3%87OCUKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KUKLA_KULLANIMI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82391801/%C3%87OCUKLARA_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KUKLA_KULLANIMI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="40113641" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40113641/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMININ_BA%C5%9EKA_B%C4%B0R_BOYUTU_DERS_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_C%C4%B0NS%C4%B0YET_TERC%C4%B0H%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0">YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMININ BAŞKA BİR BOYUTU: DERS KİTAPLARININ CİNSİYET TERCİHİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55234231" href="https://nisantasi.academia.edu/ZehraG%C3%BClle">Zehra Gülle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KÜLTÜR AKTARIMININ BAŞKA BİR BOYUTU: DERS KİTAPLARININ CİNSİYET TERCİHİ AÇISINDAN İNCELENMESİ","attachmentId":60326055,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40113641/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMININ_BA%C5%9EKA_B%C4%B0R_BOYUTU_DERS_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_C%C4%B0NS%C4%B0YET_TERC%C4%B0H%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40113641/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_AKTARIMININ_BA%C5%9EKA_B%C4%B0R_BOYUTU_DERS_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_C%C4%B0NS%C4%B0YET_TERC%C4%B0H%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="20369989" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20369989/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_D%C4%B0L_D%C3%9C%C5%9E%C3%9CNCE_ANAL%C4%B0Z%C4%B0_TEOR%C4%B0S%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE DİL-DÜŞÜNCE ANALİZİ TEORİSİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40498340" href="https://comu.academia.edu/YusufAvc%C4%B1">Yusuf Avcı</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE DİL-DÜŞÜNCE ANALİZİ TEORİSİ","attachmentId":41319720,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/20369989/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_D%C4%B0L_D%C3%9C%C5%9E%C3%9CNCE_ANAL%C4%B0Z%C4%B0_TEOR%C4%B0S%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/20369989/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_D%C4%B0L_D%C3%9C%C5%9E%C3%9CNCE_ANAL%C4%B0Z%C4%B0_TEOR%C4%B0S%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="44378463" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44378463/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%87EVR%C4%B0M%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_ELEMANI_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÇEVRİMİÇİ ÖĞRETİMİNE YÖNELİK ÖĞRETİM ELEMANI GÖRÜŞLERİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15775567" href="https://sakarya.academia.edu/YakupALAN">Yakup ALAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Teke Akademi, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÇEVRİMİÇİ ÖĞRETİMİNE YÖNELİK ÖĞRETİM ELEMANI GÖRÜŞLERİ","attachmentId":64779991,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44378463/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%87EVR%C4%B0M%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_ELEMANI_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44378463/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%87EVR%C4%B0M%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_ELEMANI_G%C3%96R%C3%9C%C5%9ELER%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="36811159" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36811159/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_BOYUTU_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_KALIP_S%C3%96ZLER%C4%B0N_FARSLARA_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNİN KÜLTÜREL BOYUTU: TÜRKÇE KALIP SÖZLERİN FARSLARA ÖĞRETİMİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15364386" href="https://aydin.academia.edu/emrahboylu">emrah boylu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNİN KÜLTÜREL BOYUTU: TÜRKÇE KALIP SÖZLERİN FARSLARA ÖĞRETİMİ","attachmentId":56761393,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36811159/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_BOYUTU_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_KALIP_S%C3%96ZLER%C4%B0N_FARSLARA_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/36811159/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_BOYUTU_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_KALIP_S%C3%96ZLER%C4%B0N_FARSLARA_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="101616995" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101616995/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_%C3%87EVRE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_ETK%C4%B0LE%C5%9E%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDEN_YARARLANILMASI_KISA_H%C4%B0K%C3%82YELER_%C4%B0LE_UYGULAMALI_B%C4%B0R_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE ÇEVRE-KÜLTÜR ETKİLEŞİMİNDEN YARARLANILMASI: KISA HİKÂYELER İLE UYGULAMALI BİR ÖĞRETİM</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58891178" href="https://yildiz.academia.edu/feyza%C3%B6zdemir">Feyza Özdemir</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2023</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE ÇEVRE-KÜLTÜR ETKİLEŞİMİNDEN YARARLANILMASI: KISA HİKÂYELER İLE UYGULAMALI BİR ÖĞRETİM","attachmentId":102108890,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101616995/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_%C3%87EVRE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_ETK%C4%B0LE%C5%9E%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDEN_YARARLANILMASI_KISA_H%C4%B0K%C3%82YELER_%C4%B0LE_UYGULAMALI_B%C4%B0R_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101616995/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_%C3%87EVRE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_ETK%C4%B0LE%C5%9E%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDEN_YARARLANILMASI_KISA_H%C4%B0K%C3%82YELER_%C4%B0LE_UYGULAMALI_B%C4%B0R_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="41451170" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41451170/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_S%C3%96ZL%C3%9CKLER">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ AÇISINDAN SÖZLÜKLER</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5936502" href="https://ogu.academia.edu/BurakT%C3%BCfek%C3%A7io%C4%9Flu">Burak Tüfekçioğlu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ AÇISINDAN SÖZLÜKLER","attachmentId":61625058,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/41451170/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_S%C3%96ZL%C3%9CKLER","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/41451170/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_A%C3%87ISINDAN_S%C3%96ZL%C3%9CKLER"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="10" data-entity-id="45612499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45612499/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87A_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI_II">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KAYNAKÇA ÇALIŞMASI – II</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="115656147" href="https://anadolu.academia.edu/EnesG%C3%BCle%C3%A7">Enes Güleç</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Çukurova Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KAYNAKÇA ÇALIŞMASI – II","attachmentId":66099694,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45612499/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87A_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI_II","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45612499/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87A_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI_II"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="11" data-entity-id="47483469" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47483469/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_UYGULAMALARINDA_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMENLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_FARKINDALIK_OLU%C5%9ETURMADAK%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0">YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ UYGULAMALARINDA ÖĞRETMENLERİN KÜLTÜREL FARKINDALIK OLUŞTURMADAKİ ETKİSİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5113703" href="https://uludag.academia.edu/CengizALYILMAZ">Cengiz ALYILMAZ</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ UYGULAMALARINDA ÖĞRETMENLERİN\nKÜLTÜREL FARKINDALIK OLUŞTURMADAKİ ETKİSİNİN\nDEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ","attachmentId":67229665,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47483469/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_UYGULAMALARINDA_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMENLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_FARKINDALIK_OLU%C5%9ETURMADAK%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47483469/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_UYGULAMALARINDA_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMENLER%C4%B0N_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CREL_FARKINDALIK_OLU%C5%9ETURMADAK%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="12" data-entity-id="67679487" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67679487/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_VE_ANLAMA">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE OKUMA VE ANLAMA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66432902" href="https://adnanmenderes.academia.edu/B%C4%B0LGEBA%C4%9ECIAYRANCI">BİLGE BAĞCI AYRANCI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">ETKİNLİK TEMELLİ YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ Kuramdan Uygulamaya , 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE OKUMA VE ANLAMA","attachmentId":78412576,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67679487/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_VE_ANLAMA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67679487/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_VE_ANLAMA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="13" data-entity-id="40839972" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40839972/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N_D%C3%9CZEYLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0%C3%87ER%C4%B0K_HAR%C4%B0TASI">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ İÇİN DÜZEYLERE GÖRE İÇERİK HARİTASI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="586955" href="https://anadolu.academia.edu/HulyaPilanci">Hulya Pilanci</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ İÇİN DÜZEYLERE GÖRE İÇERİK HARİTASI","attachmentId":61125136,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40839972/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N_D%C3%9CZEYLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0%C3%87ER%C4%B0K_HAR%C4%B0TASI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40839972/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_%C4%B0%C3%87%C4%B0N_D%C3%9CZEYLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0%C3%87ER%C4%B0K_HAR%C4%B0TASI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="14" data-entity-id="43343967" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43343967/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENENLER%C4%B0N_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0L_B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_ALGILARININ_%C3%87E%C5%9E%C4%B0TL%C4%B0_DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EKENLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENENLERİN TÜRKÇE DİL BİLGİSİNE YÖNELİK ALGILARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="111249434" href="https://adiyaman.academia.edu/sedaterol">Sedat EROL</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENENLERİN TÜRKÇE DİL BİLGİSİNE YÖNELİK ALGILARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRENENLERİN TÜRKÇE DİL BİLGİSİNE YÖNELİK ALGILARININ ÇEŞİTLİ DEĞİŞKENLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ","attachmentId":63630687,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43343967/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENENLER%C4%B0N_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0L_B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_ALGILARININ_%C3%87E%C5%9E%C4%B0TL%C4%B0_DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EKENLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43343967/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERENENLER%C4%B0N_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_D%C4%B0L_B%C4%B0LG%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_ALGILARININ_%C3%87E%C5%9E%C4%B0TL%C4%B0_DE%C4%9E%C4%B0%C5%9EKENLERE_G%C3%96RE_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="15" data-entity-id="29711377" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29711377/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_YET%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RMEN%C4%B0N_GEREKL%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_VE_L%C4%B0SANS_PROGRAMI_%C3%96NER%C4%B0S%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENİ YETİŞTİRMENİN GEREKLİLİĞİ VE LİSANS PROGRAMI ÖNERİSİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15364386" href="https://aydin.academia.edu/emrahboylu">emrah boylu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENİ YETİŞTİRMENİN GEREKLİLİĞİ VE LİSANS PROGRAMI ÖNERİSİ","attachmentId":50161038,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29711377/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_YET%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RMEN%C4%B0N_GEREKL%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_VE_L%C4%B0SANS_PROGRAMI_%C3%96NER%C4%B0S%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29711377/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_YET%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RMEN%C4%B0N_GEREKL%C4%B0L%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_VE_L%C4%B0SANS_PROGRAMI_%C3%96NER%C4%B0S%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="16" data-entity-id="35032221" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35032221/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENEN_%C3%96ZERKL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_%C3%96L%C3%87E%C4%9E%C4%B0_GEL%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RME_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNE YÖNELİK " ÖĞRENEN ÖZERKLİĞİ ÖLÇEĞİ " GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1259332" href="https://amasya.academia.edu/Nur%C5%9FatBi%C3%A7er">Nurşat Biçer</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNE YÖNELİK \" ÖĞRENEN ÖZERKLİĞİ ÖLÇEĞİ \" GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI","attachmentId":54894676,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35032221/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENEN_%C3%96ZERKL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_%C3%96L%C3%87E%C4%9E%C4%B0_GEL%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RME_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35032221/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_%C3%96%C4%9ERENEN_%C3%96ZERKL%C4%B0%C4%9E%C4%B0_%C3%96L%C3%87E%C4%9E%C4%B0_GEL%C4%B0%C5%9ET%C4%B0RME_%C3%87ALI%C5%9EMASI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="3701736" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3701736/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87ASI">YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KAYNAKÇASI</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3016507" href="https://sakarya.academia.edu/RamazanKahriman">Ramazan Kahriman</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCILARA TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ KAYNAKÇASI","attachmentId":31386133,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3701736/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87ASI","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3701736/YABANCILARA_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_KAYNAK%C3%87ASI"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="18" data-entity-id="44941927" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44941927/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_VE_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_%C3%96RNEKLER%C4%B0">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE OKUMA BECERİSİ ÖĞRETİMİ VE ETKİNLİK ÖRNEKLERİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="18216293" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Altunkaya">Hatice Altunkaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİ, 2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇENİN YABANCI DİL OLARAK ÖĞRETİMİNDE OKUMA BECERİSİ ÖĞRETİMİ VE ETKİNLİK ÖRNEKLERİ","attachmentId":65469932,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44941927/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_VE_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_%C3%96RNEKLER%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44941927/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_OKUMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_VE_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_%C3%96RNEKLER%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="19" data-entity-id="14732915" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14732915/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KEL%C4%B0ME_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_STRATEJ%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KELİME ÖĞRENME STRATEJİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29762123" href="https://assist.academia.edu/FarukPolatcan">Faruk Polatcan</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KELİME ÖĞRENME STRATEJİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ","attachmentId":38408602,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14732915/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KEL%C4%B0ME_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_STRATEJ%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14732915/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KEL%C4%B0ME_%C3%96%C4%9ERENME_STRATEJ%C4%B0LER%C4%B0N%C4%B0N_DE%C4%9EERLEND%C4%B0R%C4%B0LMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="20" data-entity-id="17179986" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17179986/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAVRAM_HAR%C4%B0TALARININ_OKUDU%C4%9EUNU_ANLAMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KAVRAM HARİTALARININ OKUDUĞUNU ANLAMA BECERİSİNE ETKİSİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6446594" href="https://artvin.academia.edu/FerdiB%C3%BClb%C3%BCl">Ferdi Bülbül</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE KAVRAM HARİTALARININ OKUDUĞUNU ANLAMA BECERİSİNE ETKİSİ","attachmentId":39364937,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17179986/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAVRAM_HAR%C4%B0TALARININ_OKUDU%C4%9EUNU_ANLAMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17179986/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAVRAM_HAR%C4%B0TALARININ_OKUDU%C4%9EUNU_ANLAMA_BECER%C4%B0S%C4%B0NE_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="21" data-entity-id="16860165" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16860165/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_%C3%96%C4%9EREN%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAYGININ_AKADEM%C4%B0K_BA%C5%9EARIYA_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇENİN ÖĞRENİMİNDE KAYGININ AKADEMİK BAŞARIYA ETKİSİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7777331" href="https://manas.academia.edu/KadirYo%C4%9Furt%C3%A7u">Kadir Yoğurtçu</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="30649053" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KadirYo%C4%9Furt%C3%A7u">Kadir Yoğurtçu</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇENİN ÖĞRENİMİNDE KAYGININ AKADEMİK BAŞARIYA ETKİSİ","attachmentId":39223241,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16860165/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_%C3%96%C4%9EREN%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAYGININ_AKADEM%C4%B0K_BA%C5%9EARIYA_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16860165/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87EN%C4%B0N_%C3%96%C4%9EREN%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_KAYGININ_AKADEM%C4%B0K_BA%C5%9EARIYA_ETK%C4%B0S%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="22" data-entity-id="38661302" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38661302/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_ADAYLARININ_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_DERSLER%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_UNSURLARINA_YER_VERMEYE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_F%C4%B0K%C4%B0RLER%C4%B0">TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENİ ADAYLARININ TÜRKÇE DERSLERİNDE KÜLTÜR UNSURLARINA YER VERMEYE YÖNELİK FİKİRLERİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66432902" href="https://adnanmenderes.academia.edu/B%C4%B0LGEBA%C4%9ECIAYRANCI">BİLGE BAĞCI AYRANCI</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETMENİ ADAYLARININ TÜRKÇE DERSLERİNDE KÜLTÜR UNSURLARINA YER VERMEYE YÖNELİK FİKİRLERİ","attachmentId":58740805,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38661302/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_ADAYLARININ_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_DERSLER%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_UNSURLARINA_YER_VERMEYE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_F%C4%B0K%C4%B0RLER%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38661302/T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERETMEN%C4%B0_ADAYLARININ_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_DERSLER%C4%B0NDE_K%C3%9CLT%C3%9CR_UNSURLARINA_YER_VERMEYE_Y%C3%96NEL%C4%B0K_F%C4%B0K%C4%B0RLER%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="23" data-entity-id="68101785" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68101785/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_S%C3%96ZC%C3%9CK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_TEMELL%C4%B0_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_Kuramdan_Uygulamaya_">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE SÖZCÜK ÖĞRETİMİ (ETKİNLİK TEMELLİ YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ Kuramdan Uygulamaya)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67526016" href="https://medeniyet.academia.edu/FatmaALBAYRAK">Fatma ALBAYRAK</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE SÖZCÜK ÖĞRETİMİ, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİNDE SÖZCÜK ÖĞRETİMİ (ETKİNLİK TEMELLİ YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİMİ Kuramdan Uygulamaya)","attachmentId":78698295,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68101785/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_S%C3%96ZC%C3%9CK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_TEMELL%C4%B0_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_Kuramdan_Uygulamaya_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68101785/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0NDE_S%C3%96ZC%C3%9CK_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_ETK%C4%B0NL%C4%B0K_TEMELL%C4%B0_YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M%C4%B0_Kuramdan_Uygulamaya_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="24" data-entity-id="44842186" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44842186/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_HUKUK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87ES%C4%B0_BAKIMINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0">YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİM KİTAPLARININ HUKUK TÜRKÇESİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESİ</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7791810" href="https://independent.academia.edu/K%C4%B1rba%C5%9FGonca">G. K.</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"YABANCI DİL OLARAK TÜRKÇE ÖĞRETİM KİTAPLARININ HUKUK TÜRKÇESİ BAKIMINDAN İNCELENMESİ","attachmentId":65348688,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44842186/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_HUKUK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87ES%C4%B0_BAKIMINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44842186/YABANCI_D%C4%B0L_OLARAK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87E_%C3%96%C4%9ERET%C4%B0M_K%C4%B0TAPLARININ_HUKUK_T%C3%9CRK%C3%87ES%C4%B0_BAKIMINDAN_%C4%B0NCELENMES%C4%B0"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related topics</h2><div class="ds-research-interests--pills-container"><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="529359" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kultur_Aktarimi">Kültür Aktarımı</a><a class="js-related-research-interest ds-research-interests--pill" data-entity-id="1113446" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkceyi_Yabanci_Dil_Olarak_Ogretimi">Türkçeyi Yabancı Dil Olarak Öğre...</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="footer--content"><ul class="footer--main-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px; position: relative; bottom: -1px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer--research-interests"><li>Find new research papers in:</li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul><ul class="footer--legal-links hide-on-mobile"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div> </body> </html>