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Baroody Sr. (1954–1980) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_J._Baroody_Sr._(1954–1980)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-William_J._Baroody_Jr._(1980–1986)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#William_J._Baroody_Jr._(1980–1986)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 William J. Baroody Jr. (1980–1986) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-William_J._Baroody_Jr._(1980–1986)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christopher_DeMuth_(1986–2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christopher_DeMuth_(1986–2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Christopher DeMuth (1986–2008) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christopher_DeMuth_(1986–2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthur_C._Brooks_(2008–2019)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthur_C._Brooks_(2008–2019)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Arthur C. Brooks (2008–2019) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthur_C._Brooks_(2008–2019)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Termination_of_David_Frum's_residency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Termination_of_David_Frum's_residency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Termination of David Frum's residency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Termination_of_David_Frum's_residency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_Doar_(2019–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_Doar_(2019–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Robert Doar (2019–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_Doar_(2019–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Board_of_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Board_of_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Board of directors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Board_of_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_stance_and_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_stance_and_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Political stance and impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_stance_and_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Research programs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Research programs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Research_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_policy_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economic policy studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_crisis_of_2007–2008" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_crisis_of_2007–2008"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Financial crisis of 2007–2008 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_crisis_of_2007–2008-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_and_fiscal_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_and_fiscal_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Tax and fiscal policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_and_fiscal_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Center_for_Regulatory_and_Market_Studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Center_for_Regulatory_and_Market_Studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Center for Regulatory and Market Studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Center_for_Regulatory_and_Market_Studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_environmental_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_environmental_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Energy and environmental policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_environmental_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policy_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_and_defense_policy_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Foreign and defense policy studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_and_defense_policy_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._national_security_strategy,_defense_policy,_and_the_"surge"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._national_security_strategy,_defense_policy,_and_the_"surge""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 U.S. national security strategy, defense policy, and the "surge" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._national_security_strategy,_defense_policy,_and_the_"surge"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Area_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Area_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Area studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Area_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations_and_economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations_and_economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 International organizations and economic development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations_and_economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_policy_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_policy_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Health policy studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_policy_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_and_constitutional_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_and_constitutional_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Legal and constitutional studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_and_constitutional_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_and_public_opinion_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_and_public_opinion_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Political and public opinion studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_and_public_opinion_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_and_cultural_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_cultural_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Social and cultural studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_cultural_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="معهد المشروع الأمريكي لأبحاث السياسة العامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معهد المشروع الأمريكي لأبحاث السياسة العامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82" title="Американски предприемачески институт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американски предприемачески институт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="مؤسسه امریکن انترپرایز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مؤسسه امریکن انترپرایز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEI" title="AEI – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="AEI" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Американский институт предпринимательства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американский институт предпринимательства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="American Enterprise Institute" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Американський інститут підприємництва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американський інститут підприємництва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%81%E4%B8%9A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="美国企业研究院 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="美国企业研究院" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Enterprise_Institute&params=38.909230_N_77.041470_W_">38°54′33″N 77°02′29″W / 38.909230°N 77.041470°W / 38.909230; -77.041470</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American conservative think tank founded in 1938</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px 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(September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">American Enterprise Institute</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg/220px-American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg/330px-American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg/440px-American_Enterprise_Institute_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="95" data-file-height="48" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Enterprise_Institute_(AEI)_(53821618777).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg/150px-American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg/225px-American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg/300px-American_Enterprise_Institute_%28AEI%29_%2853821618777%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4521" data-file-height="3391" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">AEI's headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">AEI</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1938; 86 years ago (1938)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_Identification_Number" title="Taxpayer Identification Number">Tax ID no.</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">53-0218495</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>United States</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Enterprise_Institute&params=38.909230_N_77.041470_W_">38°54′33″N 77°02′29″W / 38.909230°N 77.041470°W / 38.909230; -77.041470</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Doar" title="Robert Doar">Robert Doar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2020) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$43.5 million<a href="#cite_note-Ratings-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)</th><td class="infobox-data">$47.8 million<a href="#cite_note-Ratings-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org">www.aei.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" 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border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#United_States" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism#United_States" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_chivalry" title="Southern chivalry">Southern chivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground_(book)" title="Losing Ground (book)">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Democrat" title="Bourbon Democrat">Bourbon Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Dark Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, known simply as the American Enterprise Institute (AEI), is a <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a><a href="#cite_note-l450-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-s275-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-k448-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-h213-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">center-right</a><a href="#cite_note-h276-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>/<a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a><a href="#cite_note-j090-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-b583-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-a003-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-s398-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-n220-12">[12]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, that researches government, politics, economics, and social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> AEI is an independent <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> supported primarily by contributions from <a href="/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit)" title="Foundation (nonprofit)">foundations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporations</a>, and individuals. Founded in 1938, the organization is aligned with <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a> but does not support political candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Schifferes-15">[15]</a> AEI advocates in favor of <a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">private enterprise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">limited government</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">democratic capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> Some of their positions have attracted controversy, including their defense policy recommendations for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, their analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a>, and their energy and environmental policies based on their more than two-decade-long opposition to the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific opinion on climate change</a>. AEI is governed by a 28-member Board of Trustees.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Approximately 185 authors are associated with AEI.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Brooks" title="Arthur C. Brooks">Arthur C. Brooks</a> served as president of AEI from January 2009 through July 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-retirement-19">[19]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Doar" title="Robert Doar">Robert Doar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings_(1938–1954)">Beginnings (1938–1954)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginnings (1938–1954)">edit</a>]</div> AEI grew out of the American Enterprise Association (AEA), which was founded in 1938 by a group of New York businessmen led by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Brown" title="Lewis H. Brown">Lewis H. Brown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> AEI's founders included executives from <a href="/wiki/Bristol-Myers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bristol-Myers">Bristol-Myers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Bank" title="Chemical Bank">Chemical Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysler" title="Chrysler">Chrysler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paine_Webber" title="Paine Webber">Paine Webber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AEI-Trustees-22">[22]</a> In 1943, AEA's main offices were moved from New York City to Washington, D.C. during a time when <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>'s portfolio had vastly increased during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. AEA opposed the <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>, and aimed to propound <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberal</a> arguments for limited government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1944, AEA convened an Economic Advisory Board to set a high standard for research; this eventually evolved into the Council of Academic Advisers, which over the decades included economists and social scientists, including <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Feldstein" title="Martin Feldstein">Martin Feldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Roscoe Pound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] AEA's early work in Washington, D.C. involved commissioning and distributing legislative analyses to Congress, which developed AEA's relationships with <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Laird" title="Melvin Laird">Melvin Laird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Atta-23">[23]</a> Brown eventually shifted AEA's focus to commissioning studies of government policies. These subjects ranged from <a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">fiscal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> and including <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> policy, and authors such as <a href="/wiki/Earl_Butz" title="Earl Butz">Earl Butz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Lintner" title="John Lintner">John Lintner</a>, former New Dealer <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moley" title="Raymond Moley">Raymond Moley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Morley" title="Felix Morley">Felix Morley</a>. Brown died in 1951, and AEA languished as a result. In 1952, a group of young policymakers and public intellectuals including Laird, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baroody_Sr." title="William J. Baroody Sr.">William J. Baroody Sr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_McCracken_(economist)" title="Paul McCracken (economist)">Paul McCracken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murray_Weidenbaum" title="Murray Weidenbaum">Murray Weidenbaum</a>, met to discuss resurrecting AEA.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Atta-23">[23]</a> In 1954, Baroody became executive vice president of the association. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_J._Baroody_Sr._(1954–1980)">William J. Baroody Sr. (1954–1980)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: William J. Baroody Sr. (1954–1980)">edit</a>]</div> Baroody was executive vice president from 1954 to 1962 and president from 1962 to 1978. Baroody raised money for AEA to expand its financial base beyond the business leaders on the board.<a href="#cite_note-Abelson-24">[24]</a> During the 1950s and 1960s, AEA's work became more pointed and focused, including <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Banfield_(political_scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Banfield (political scientist)">Edward Banfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">James M. Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/P._T._Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="P. T. Bauer">P. T. Bauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Grazia" title="Alfred de Grazia">Alfred de Grazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Friedman" title="Rose Friedman">Rose Friedman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Haberler" title="Gottfried Haberler">Gottfried Haberler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 1962, AEA changed its name to the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) to avoid any confusion with a trade association representing business interests attempting to influence politicians.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1964, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baroody_Sr." title="William J. Baroody Sr.">William J. Baroody Sr.</a>, and several of his top staff at AEI, including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hess" title="Karl Hess">Karl Hess</a>, moonlighted as policy advisers and speechwriters for <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">presidential nominee</a> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964 presidential election</a>. "Even though Baroody and his staff sought to support Goldwater on their own time without using the institution's resources, AEI came under scrutiny of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service" title="Internal Revenue Service">IRS</a> in the years following the campaign," author Andrew Rich wrote in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Rich-28">[28]</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Wright Patman</a> subpoenaed the institute's tax papers, and the IRS initiated a two-year investigation of AEI.<a href="#cite_note-Judis-29">[29]</a> After this, AEI's officers attempted to avoid the appearance of partisan political advocacy.<a href="#cite_note-Rich-28">[28]</a> Baroody recruited a resident research faculty; <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> economist Gottfried Haberler was the first to join in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> In 1977, former president Gerald Ford joined AEI as a "distinguished fellow." Ford brought several of his <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">administration officials</a> with him, including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Burns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Burns">Arthur Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Gergen" title="David Gergen">David Gergen</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_C._Miller_III" title="James C. Miller III">James C. Miller III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>. Ford also founded the <a href="/wiki/AEI_World_Forum" title="AEI World Forum">AEI World Forum</a>, which he hosted until 2005. Other staff hired during this time included <a href="/wiki/Walter_Berns" title="Walter Berns">Walter Berns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stein" title="Herbert Stein">Herbert Stein</a>. Baroody's son, <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baroody_Jr." title="William J. Baroody Jr.">William J. Baroody Jr.</a>, a Ford <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> official, also joined AEI, and later became president of AEI, succeeding his father in that role in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> The elder Baroody made an effort to recruit <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatives</a> who had supported the New Deal and <a href="/wiki/Great_Society" title="Great Society">Great Society</a> but were disaffected by what they perceived as the failure of the welfare state. This also included <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/War_hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="War hawks">hawks</a> who rejected the peace agenda of <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 Democratic presidential candidate</a> <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>. Baroody brought <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a> to AEI.<a href="#cite_note-Kristol-Neoconservatism-30">[30]</a> While at AEI, Kirkpatrick authored "<a href="/wiki/Dictatorships_and_Double_Standards" title="Dictatorships and Double Standards">Dictatorships and Double Standards</a>", which brought her to the attention of <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, and Kirkpatrick was later named <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Nations">U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> AEI also became a home for <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economists</a> during the late 1970s and early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-BWW-32">[32]</a> By 1980, AEI had grown from a budget of $1 million and a staff of ten to a budget of $8 million and a staff of 125.<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_J._Baroody_Jr._(1980–1986)">William J. Baroody Jr. (1980–1986)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: William J. Baroody Jr. (1980–1986)">edit</a>]</div> Baroody Sr. retired in 1978, and was replaced by his son, William J. Baroody Jr. Baroody Sr. died in 1980, shortly before Reagan took office as U.S. president in January 1981.<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a>, the thinktank "rose to prominence" in this period "as the primary intellectual home of <a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">supply-side economics</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neoconservative_foreign_policy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neoconservative foreign policy (page does not exist)">neoconservative foreign policy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-c770-33">[33]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>, several AEI staff were hired by the administration. But this, combined with prodigious growth, diffusion of research activities,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] and managerial problems, proved costly.<a href="#cite_note-Abelson-24">[24]</a> Some foundations then supporting AEI perceived a drift toward the center politically. Centrists like Ford, Burns, and Stein clashed with rising <a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">movement conservatives</a>. In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Richardson_Foundation" title="Smith Richardson Foundation">Smith Richardson Foundation</a> withdrew funding for AEI, pushing it to the brink of bankruptcy. The board of trustees fired Baroody Jr. and, after Paul McCracken then served briefly as interim president. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christopher_DeMuth_(1986–2008)">Christopher DeMuth (1986–2008)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Christopher DeMuth (1986–2008)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheneyatAEI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CheneyatAEI.jpg/220px-CheneyatAEI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CheneyatAEI.jpg/330px-CheneyatAEI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/CheneyatAEI.jpg/440px-CheneyatAEI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Then <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. vice president</a> <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> speaks at AEI on the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>, arguing against a withdrawal from the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, in November 2005.</figcaption></figure> In December 1986, AEI hired <a href="/wiki/Christopher_DeMuth" title="Christopher DeMuth">Christopher DeMuth</a> as its new president,<a href="#cite_note-Abelson-24">[24]</a> and DeMuth served in the role for 22 years.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1990, AEI hired <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a> (and received his <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a> support for <a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve" title="The Bell Curve">The Bell Curve</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Institute">Manhattan Institute</a> dropped him.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Others brought to AEI by DeMuth included <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">Dinesh D'Souza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cheney" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Cheney">Richard Cheney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Michael Barone</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Glassman" title="James K. Glassman">James K. Glassman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Lott" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Lott">John Lott</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali" title="Ayaan Hirsi Ali">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During DeMuth's tenure, the organization turned further to the political right.<a href="#cite_note-:05-37">[37]</a> AEI had severe financial problems when DeMuth began his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-:05-37">[37]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> administrations, AEI's revenues grew from $10 million to $18.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Academic <a href="/wiki/David_M._Lampton" title="David M. Lampton">David M. Lampton</a> writes that DeMuth was responsive to the financial power of "America's hard right".<a href="#cite_note-:05-37">[37]</a> The institute's publications Public Opinion and The AEI Economist were merged into <a href="/wiki/The_American_Enterprise" title="The American Enterprise">The American Enterprise</a>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Karlyn_Bowman" title="Karlyn Bowman">Karlyn Bowman</a> from 1990 to 1995 and by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Zinsmeister" title="Karl Zinsmeister">Karl Zinsmeister</a> from 1995 to 2006, when Glassman created <a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a>. AEI was closely tied to the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">George W. Bush administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abramowitz-40">[40]</a> More than 20 staff members served either in a Bush administration policy post or on one of the government's many panels and commissions, including <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John R. Bolton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Bush addressed the institute on three occasions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] "I admire AEI a lot—I'm sure you know that", Bush said. "After all, I have been consistently borrowing some of your best people."<a href="#cite_note-Bush_2007-41">[41]</a> Bush Cabinet officials also frequented AEI.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Pletka" title="Danielle Pletka">Danielle Pletka</a> joined AEI to promote the foreign policy department. AEI and several of its staff—including <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a>—became associated with the start of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VF-42">[42]</a> Bush used a February 2003 AEI dinner to advocate for a democratized Iraq, which was intended to inspire the remainder of the Mideast.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2006–07, AEI staff, including <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Kagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick W. Kagan">Frederick W. Kagan</a>, provided a strategic framework for the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 surge</a> in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Surge-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Choosing_Victory-45">[45]</a> The Bush administration also drew on AEI scholars and their work in other areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a>'s appointment as the first chairman of the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Bioethics" title="President's Council on Bioethics">President's Council on Bioethics</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Ornstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J. Ornstein">Norman J. Ornstein</a>'s work heading a campaign finance reform working group that helped draft the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act</a> that Bush signed in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arthur_C._Brooks_(2008–2019)">Arthur C. Brooks (2008–2019)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Arthur C. Brooks (2008–2019)">edit</a>]</div> When DeMuth retired as president at the end of 2008, AEI's staff numbered 185, with 70 scholars and several dozen adjuncts,<a href="#cite_note-AEI_History-21">[21]</a> and revenues of $31.3 million.<a href="#cite_note-AR-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Brooks" title="Arthur C. Brooks">Arthur C. Brooks</a> succeeded him as president at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">Late-2000s recession</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DavidWeigel-49">[49]</a> In a 2009 op-ed in <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, Brooks positioned AEI to be much more aggressive in responding to the policies of the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama administration">Barack Obama administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Culture_War-50">[50]</a> Under his leadership, supported by billionaire donors the <a href="/wiki/Koch_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Brothers">Koch Brothers</a>, the AIE identified itself with "<a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Compassionate conservativism">compassionate conservativism</a>" and the maximisation of happiness.<a href="#cite_note-k448-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-j498-51">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> said that Brooks "helped elevate [AIE] into a bastion of free-market orthodoxy and center-right policy wonkery during the Obama years", before leaving to become a "happiness expert" and <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> guru.<a href="#cite_note-c770-33">[33]</a> In 2018, Brooks announced that he would step down effective July 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-retirement-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Termination_of_David_Frum's_residency">Termination of David Frum's residency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Termination of David Frum's residency">edit</a>]</div> On March 25, 2010, AEI resident fellow <a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">David Frum</a> announced that his position at the organization had been "terminated."<a href="#cite_note-frumgoodbye-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-vanityfrum-53">[53]</a> Following this announcement, media outlets speculated that Frum had been "forced out"<a href="#cite_note-cbsnewsfrum-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-wapofrum-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-timefrum-56">[56]</a> for writing a post to his FrumForum blog called "<a href="/wiki/Waterloo_(blog_post)" title="Waterloo (blog post)">Waterloo</a>", in which he criticized the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a>'s unwillingness to bargain with <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrats</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a>. In the editorial, Frum claimed that his party's failure to reach a deal "led us to abject and irreversible defeat."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> After his termination, Frum clarified that his article had been "welcomed and celebrated" by AEI President Arthur Brooks, and that he had been asked to leave because "these are hard times." Brooks had offered Frum the opportunity to write for AEI on a nonsalaried basis, but Frum declined.<a href="#cite_note-cbsnewsfrum-54">[54]</a> The following day, journalist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Allen_(journalist)" title="Michael Allen (journalist)">Mike Allen</a> published a conversation with Frum, in which Frum expressed a belief that his termination was the result of pressure from donors. According to Frum, "AEI represents the best of the conservative world ... But the elite isn't leading anymore ... I think Arthur [Brooks] took no pleasure in this. I think he was embarrassed."<a href="#cite_note-politico-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_Doar_(2019–present)">Robert Doar (2019–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Robert Doar (2019–present)">edit</a>]</div> In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Doar" title="Robert Doar">Robert Doar</a> was selected by AEI's board of trustees to be AEI's 12th president, succeeding Arthur Brooks on July 1, 2019.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In October 2023, Doar led an AEI delegation (including <a href="/wiki/Kori_Schake" title="Kori Schake">Kori Schake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Blumenthal" title="Dan Blumenthal">Dan Blumenthal</a>, Zack Cooper, and <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Nicholas Eberstadt</a>, among others) to visit Taiwan to meet with President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personnel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg/220px-American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg/330px-American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg/440px-American_Enterprise_Institute_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>American Enterprise Institute marker</figcaption></figure> AEI's officers include <a href="/wiki/Robert_Doar" title="Robert Doar">Robert Doar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Pletka" title="Danielle Pletka">Danielle Pletka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuval_Levin" title="Yuval Levin">Yuval Levin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Strain" title="Michael R. Strain">Michael R. Strain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ryan_Streeter" title="Ryan Streeter">Ryan Streeter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> AEI has a Council of Academic Advisers, which includes <a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Auerbach" title="Alan J. Auerbach">Alan J. Auerbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Eliot A. Cohen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Fama" title="Eugene Fama">Eugene Fama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Friedberg" title="Aaron Friedberg">Aaron Friedberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Hanushek" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric A. Hanushek">Eric A. Hanushek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Russell_Mead" title="Walter Russell Mead">Walter Russell Mead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_V._Pauly" title="Mark V. Pauly">Mark V. Pauly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Hubbard_(economist)" title="Glenn Hubbard (economist)">R. Glenn Hubbard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peltzman" title="Sam Peltzman">Sam Peltzman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_S._Rosen" title="Harvey S. Rosen">Harvey S. Rosen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_A._Rabkin" title="Jeremy A. Rabkin">Jeremy A. Rabkin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Zeckhauser" title="Richard Zeckhauser">Richard Zeckhauser</a>. The Council of Academic Advisers selects the annual winner of the <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol_Award" title="Irving Kristol Award">Irving Kristol Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Board_of_directors">Board of directors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Board of directors">edit</a>]</div> AEI's board is chaired by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._D%27Aniello" title="Daniel A. D'Aniello">Daniel A. D'Aniello</a>. Current notable trustees include:<a href="#cite_note-AEI-Trustees-22">[22]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_Asness" title="Cliff Asness">Cliff Asness</a>, hedge fund manager and the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/AQR_Capital_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="AQR Capital Management">AQR Capital Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. vice president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Coors" title="Pete Coors">Pete Coors</a>, vice chairman of the board of <a href="/wiki/Molson_Coors_Brewing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Molson Coors Brewing Company">Molson Coors Brewing Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Crow" title="Harlan Crow">Harlan Crow</a>, chairman and CEO, Crow Holdings, the <a href="/wiki/Trammell_Crow" title="Trammell Crow">Trammell Crow</a> family's investment company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravenel_B._Curry_III" title="Ravenel B. Curry III">Ravenel B. Curry III</a>, president, Eagle Capital Management</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a>, president, Windquest Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V._Faraci" title="John V. Faraci">John V. Faraci</a>, chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/International_Paper" title="International Paper">International Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tully_Friedman" title="Tully Friedman">Tully Friedman</a>, chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/Friedman_Fleischer_%26_Lowe" title="Friedman Fleischer & Lowe">Friedman Fleischer & Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Galvin" title="Christopher Galvin">Christopher Galvin</a>, former CEO and chairman, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Golub" title="Harvey Golub">Harvey Golub</a>, retired chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/American_Express_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Express Company">American Express Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Greenhill" title="Robert F. Greenhill">Robert F. Greenhill</a>, founder and chairman, <a href="/wiki/Greenhill_%26_Co." title="Greenhill & Co.">Greenhill & Co.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanna_III" title="Frank Hanna III">Frank Hanna III</a>, CEO, Hanna Capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Kovner" title="Bruce Kovner">Bruce Kovner</a>, chairman, Caxton Alternative Associates (former AEI chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Luke_Jr." title="John A. Luke Jr.">John A. Luke Jr.</a>, chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/MeadWestvaco" title="MeadWestvaco">MeadWestvaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Rollins" title="Kevin Rollins">Kevin Rollins</a>, former president and CEO, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_K._Rose" title="Matthew K. Rose">Matthew K. Rose</a>, executive chairman, <a href="/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Rust_Jr." title="Edward B. Rust Jr.">Edward B. Rust Jr.</a>, chairman and CEO, <a href="/wiki/State_Farm" title="State Farm">State Farm</a> (former AEI chairman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Sembler" title="Mel Sembler">Mel Sembler</a>, chairman emeritus, Sembler Company</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_stance_and_impact">Political stance and impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political stance and impact">edit</a>]</div> AEI is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a> of ultra-<a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> thinktanks.<a href="#cite_note-t509-64">[64]</a> As of 2016, it was listed as a partner of the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Fordham_Institute" title="Thomas B. Fordham Institute">Thomas B. Fordham Institute</a>, an allied organization of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_for_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="American Federation for Children">American Federation for Children</a>, and an associate member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">State Policy Network</a> of conservative think tanks.<a href="#cite_note-j090-8">[8]</a> The AEI is sometimes described as <a href="/wiki/Neoconservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoconservative">neoconservative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-c007-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-s398-11">[11]</a> "ultra-conservative"<a href="#cite_note-s900-66">[66]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-t509-64">[64]</a> In the 2000s, AEI was the most prominent think tank associated with American <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a>, in both the domestic and international policy arenas.<a href="#cite_note-Schifferes-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a>, widely considered to be one of the founding fathers of neoconservatism, was a senior fellow at AEI (arriving from the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a> following the revelation of that group's <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> funding) and the AEI issues an 'Irving Kristol Award' in his honour.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-aei.org-68">[68]</a> Many prominent neoconservatives—including <a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Joshua Muravchik</a>—spent parts of their careers at AEI.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Paul Ryan</a> has described the AEI as "one of the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachheads</a> of the modern conservative movement".<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> AEI has close ties with pro-<a href="/wiki/Brexit" title="Brexit">Brexit</a> politicians in the British <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a>. For instance, <a href="/wiki/Sajid_Javid" title="Sajid Javid">Sajid Javid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liz_Truss" title="Liz Truss">Liz Truss</a> have all made regular appearances at its World Forum and other events,<a href="#cite_note-t509-64">[64]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suella_Braverman" title="Suella Braverman">Suella Braverman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liam_Fox" title="Liam Fox">Liam Fox</a> have been hosted by it.<a href="#cite_note-x995-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-l450-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-a003-10">[10]</a> The institute has been described as a <a href="/wiki/Centre-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-right">right-leaning</a> counterpart to the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">left-leaning</a> <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-WP-InsidersGuide-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Milbank-72">[72]</a> however, the two entities have often collaborated. From 1998 to 2008, they co-sponsored the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, and in 2006 they launched the AEI-Brookings Election Reform Project.<a href="#cite_note-ElecRefProj-home-73">[73]</a> In 2015, a working group consisting of members from both institutions coauthored a report entitled Opportunity, Responsibility, and Security: A Consensus Plan for Reducing Poverty and Restoring the American Dream.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In contrast, E.J. Fagan of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Chicago" title="University of Illinois Chicago">University of Illinois Chicago</a> has conducted research on US thinktanks and identifies AEI as a "partisan" thinktank that helps drive polarization in US elite opinion.<a href="#cite_note-p877-76">[76]</a> According to the 2011 Global Go To Think Tank Index Report (<a href="/wiki/Think_Tanks_and_Civil_Societies_Program" title="Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program">Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>), AEI is number 17 in the "Top Thirty Worldwide Think Tanks" and number 10 in the "Top Fifty United States Think Tanks".<a href="#cite_note-Global_Go_To-77">[77]</a> As of 2019, the American Enterprise Institute also leads in YouTube subscribers among free-market groups.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_programs">Research programs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Research programs">edit</a>]</div> AEI's research is divided into seven broad categories: economic policy studies, foreign and defense policy studies, health care policy studies, political and public opinion studies, social and cultural studies, education, and poverty studies. Until 2008, AEI's work was divided into economics, foreign policy, and politics and social policy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy_studies">Economic policy studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economic policy studies">edit</a>]</div> Economic policy was the original focus of the American Enterprise Association, and "the Institute still keeps economic policy studies at its core".<a href="#cite_note-AR-48">[48]</a> According to AEI's annual report, "The principal goal is to better understand free economies—how they function, how to capitalize on their strengths, how to keep private enterprise robust, and how to address problems when they arise". <a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Strain" title="Michael R. Strain">Michael R. Strain</a> directs economic policy studies at AEI. Throughout the beginning of the 21st-century, AEI staff have pushed for a more conservative approach to aiding the recession that includes major tax-cuts. AEI supported President Bush's tax cuts in 2002 and claimed that the cuts "played a large role in helping to save the economy from a recession". AEI also suggested that further taxes were necessary in order to attain recovery of the economy. An AEI staff member said that the Democrats in congress who opposed the Bush stimulus plan were foolish for doing so as he saw the plan as a major success for the administration.<a href="#cite_note-AEI-About-79">[79]</a> Strain has advocated for <a href="/wiki/Payday_lenders" class="mw-redirect" title="Payday lenders">payday lenders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s900-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_crisis_of_2007–2008">Financial crisis of 2007–2008</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Financial crisis of 2007–2008">edit</a>]</div> As the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">financial crisis of 2007–2008</a> unfolded, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> stated that predictions by AEI staff about the involvement of <a href="/wiki/Government-sponsored_enterprise#United_States" title="Government-sponsored enterprise">housing GSEs</a> had come true.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Wallison-80">[80]</a> In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Mae" title="Fannie Mae">Fannie Mae</a> eased credit requirements on the mortgages it purchased and exposed itself to more risk. <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Wallison" title="Peter J. Wallison">Peter J. Wallison</a> warned that Fannie Mae and <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Mac" title="Freddie Mac">Freddie Mac</a>'s public-private status put taxpayers on the line for increased risk.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Wallison-81">[81]</a> "Because of the agencies' dual public and private form, various efforts to force Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to fulfill their public mission at the cost of their profitability have failed—and will likely continue to fail", he wrote in 2001. "The only viable solution would seem to be full privatization or the adoption of policies that would force the agencies to adopt this course themselves."<a href="#cite_note-Two_Masters-82">[82]</a> Wallison ramped up his criticism of the GSEs throughout the 2000s. In 2006, and 2007, he moderated conferences featuring <a href="/wiki/James_B._Lockhart_III" title="James B. Lockhart III">James B. Lockhart III</a>, the chief regulator of Fannie and Freddie<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In August 2008, after Fannie and Freddie had been backstopped by the <a href="/wiki/US_Treasury_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Treasury Department">US Treasury Department</a>, Wallison outlined several ways of dealing with the GSEs, including "nationalization through a receivership," outright "privatization," and "privatization through a receivership."<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The following month, Lockhart and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> took the former path by putting Fannie and Freddie into federal "<a href="/wiki/Federal_takeover_of_Fannie_Mae_and_Freddie_Mac" title="Federal takeover of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac">conservatorship</a>."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> As the housing crisis unfolded, AEI sponsored a series of conferences featuring commentators including <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Lachman" title="Desmond Lachman">Desmond Lachman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Makin had been warning about the effects of a housing downturn on the broader economy for months.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Amid charges that many homebuyers did not understand their complex <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortgage loan">mortgages</a>, Alex J. Pollock crafted a prototype of a one-page mortgage disclosure form.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The claim that AEI predicted and warned about the financial crisis of 2007–2008 is heavily disputed. In her book, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Money_(book)" title="Dark Money (book)">Dark Money</a> (2016), American investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Jane_Mayer" title="Jane Mayer">Jane Mayer</a> writes that contrary to their claims, AEI took the "lead role" in crafting a revisionist narrative about the financial crisis, promoting what equities analyst <a href="/wiki/Barry_Ritholtz" title="Barry Ritholtz">Barry Ritholtz</a> called "Wall Street's 'big lie'". AEI's argument, "that government programs that helped low-income home buyers get mortgages caused the collapse", did not "withstand even casual scrutiny", according to Ritholz. Multiple studies, including those from Harvard University's Joint Center for Housing Studies and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Government_Accountability_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Government Accountability Office">U.S. Government Accountability Office</a>, did not support the conclusions about mortgages reached by AEI. Ritholz argues that AEI intentionally shifted the blame from the financial sector, many of whom worked or were affiliated with AEI, according to Mayer, to the government and the consumer, so as to continue promoting the questionable idea that the free market does not need regulation.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tax_and_fiscal_policy">Tax and fiscal policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tax and fiscal policy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Kevin Hassett and Alan D. Viard are AEI's principal tax policy experts, although Alex Brill, <a href="/wiki/R._Glenn_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Glenn Hubbard">R. Glenn Hubbard</a>, and Aparna Mathur also work on the subject. Specific subjects include "<a href="/wiki/Income_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Income inequality">income distribution</a>, transition costs, marginal tax rates, and international taxation of corporate income... the <a href="/wiki/Pension_Protection_Act_of_2006" title="Pension Protection Act of 2006">Pension Protection Act of 2006</a>; dynamic scoring and the effects of taxation on investment, savings, and entrepreneurial activity; and options to fix the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_minimum_tax" title="Alternative minimum tax">alternative minimum tax</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> Hassett has coedited several volumes on tax reform.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Viard edited a book on tax policy lessons from the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush administration">Bush administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> AEI's <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working paper</a> series includes developing academic works on economic issues. One paper by Hassett and Mathur on the responsiveness of wages to <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate taxation</a><a href="#cite_note-Taxes_and_Wages-98">[98]</a> was cited by <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> figures from another paper by Hassett and Brill on maximizing corporate income tax revenue<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Tax-100">[100]</a> was cited by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Center_for_Regulatory_and_Market_Studies">Center for Regulatory and Market Studies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Center for Regulatory and Market Studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> From 1998 to 2008, the Reg-Markets Center was the AEI-<a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings</a> Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, directed by Robert W. Hahn. The center, which no longer exists, sponsored conferences, papers, and books on regulatory decision-making and the impact of federal regulation on consumers, businesses, and governments. It covered a range of disciplines. It also sponsored an annual Distinguished Lecture series. Past lecturers in the series have included <a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">William Baumol</a>, Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_E._Kahn" title="Alfred E. Kahn">Alfred Kahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Peltzman" title="Sam Peltzman">Sam Peltzman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Research in AEI's Financial Markets Program also includes banking, insurance and <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> regulation, <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> reform, <a href="/wiki/Corporate_governance" title="Corporate governance">corporate governance</a>, and consumer finance.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Energy_and_environmental_policy">Energy and environmental policy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Energy and environmental policy">edit</a>]</div> AEI's work on <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> has been subject to controversy. Some AEI staff and fellows have been critical of the <a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change" title="Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> (IPCC), the international scientific body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity.<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bate-105">[105]</a> According to AEI, it "emphasizes the need to design environmental policies that protect not only nature but also democratic institutions and human liberty".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> American historian of science <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Oreskes" title="Naomi Oreskes">Naomi Oreskes</a> notes that this idea became prominent during the conservative turn towards <a href="/wiki/Anti-environmentalism" title="Anti-environmentalism">anti-environmentalism</a> in the 1980s. Corporations claimed to uphold a kind of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">laissez-faire capitalism</a> that promoted individual rights by pushing for <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a>. To do this successfully, companies would fund think tanks like AEI to cast doubt on science and spread disinformation by arguing that environmental dangers were unproven.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> (designed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> globally) was approaching in 1997, AEI was hesitant to encourage the U.S. to join. In an essay from the AEI outlook series of 2007, the authors discuss the Kyoto Protocol and state that the United States "should be wary of joining an international emissions-trading regime". To back this statement, they point out that committing to the Kyoto emissions goal would be a significant and unrealistic obligation for the United States. In addition, they state that the Kyoto regulations would have an impact not only on governmental policies, but also the private sector through expanding government control over investment decisions. AEI staff said that "dilution of sovereignty" would be the result if the U.S. signed the treaty.<a href="#cite_note-aei-107">[107]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In February 2007, a number of sources, including the British newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, reported that the AEI had offered scientists $10,000 plus travel expenses and additional payments, asking them to dispute the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Fourth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Fourth Assessment Report">IPCC Fourth Assessment Report</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sample-108">[108]</a> This offer was criticized as <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Floyd-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wendland-110">[110]</a> The letters alleged that the IPCC was "resistant to reasonable criticism and dissent, and prone to summary conclusions that are poorly supported by the analytical work" and asked for essays that "thoughtfully explore the limitations of climate model outputs".<a href="#cite_note-Eilperin-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-TP-HaywardGreen-112">[112]</a> In 2007, The Guardian reported that the AEI received $1.6 million in funding from <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>, and further notes that former ExxonMobil CEO <a href="/wiki/Lee_R._Raymond" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee R. Raymond">Lee R. Raymond</a> is the vice-chairman of AEI's board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian_2007-113">[113]</a> This story was repeated by <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, which drew criticism from its contributing editor <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Samuelson" title="Robert J. Samuelson">Robert J. Samuelson</a> because "this accusation was long ago discredited, and Newsweek shouldn't have lent it respectability."<a href="#cite_note-Samuelson-114">[114]</a> The Guardian article was disputed in a <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> editorial.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-GWSmear-115">[115]</a> The editorial stated: "AEI doesn't lobby, didn't offer money to scientists to question <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, and the money it did pay for climate research didn't come from Exxon."<a href="#cite_note-WSJ_2007-116">[116]</a> AEI has promoted <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon taxation</a> as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Cap-and-trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap-and-trade">cap-and-trade</a> regimes. "Most economists believe a carbon tax (a tax on the quantity of CO2 emitted when using energy) would be a superior policy alternative to an emissions-trading regime," wrote Kenneth P. Green, Kevin Hassett, and <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Hayward" title="Steven F. Hayward">Steven F. Hayward</a>. "In fact, the irony is that there is a broad consensus in favor of a carbon tax everywhere except on Capitol Hill, where the 'T word' is anathema."<a href="#cite_note-Caps-vs-Taxes-117">[117]</a> Other AEI staff have argued for similar policies.<a href="#cite_note-Lane-Thernstrom-1-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Thernstrom and Lane are codirecting a project on whether <a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">geoengineering</a> would be a feasible way to "buy us time to make [the] transition [from fossil fuels] while protecting us from the worst potential effects of warming".<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Green, who departed AEI in 2013, expanded its work on <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> policy. He has hosted conferences on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> With Aparna Mathur, he evaluated Americans' indirect energy use to discover unexpected areas in which <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiencies</a> can be achieved.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In October 2007, resident scholar and executive director of the AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies Robert W. Hahn commented:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Fending off both sincere and sophistic opposition to cap-and-trade will no doubt require some uncomfortable compromises. Money will be wasted on unpromising R&D; grotesquely expensive renewable fuels may gain a permanent place at the subsidy trough. And, as noted above, there will always be a risk of cheating. But the first priority should be to seize the day, putting a domestic emissions regulation system in place. Without America's political leadership and economic muscle behind it, an effective global climate stabilization strategy isn't possible.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></blockquote>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] AEI visiting scholar <a href="/wiki/N._Gregory_Mankiw" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gregory Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> in support of a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> on September 16, 2007. He remarked that "there is a broad consensus. The scientists tell us that world temperatures are rising because humans are emitting carbon into the atmosphere. Basic economics tells us that when you tax something, you normally get less of it."<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> After <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Energy Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a> recommended painting roofs and roads white in order to reflect sunlight back into space and therefore reduce global warming, AEI's magazine The American endorsed the idea. It also stated that "ultimately we need to look more broadly at creative ways of reducing the harmful effects of climate change in the long run."<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> The American's editor-in-chief and fellow Nick Schulz endorsed a carbon tax over a cap and trade program in <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a> on February 13, 2009. He stated that it "would create a market price for carbon emissions and lead to emissions reductions or new technologies that cut greenhouse gases."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Former scholar Steven Hayward has described efforts to reduce global warming as being "based on exaggerations and conjecture rather than science".<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-Acclimatizing-130">[130]</a> He has stated that "even though the leading scientific journals are thoroughly imbued with environmental correctness and reject out of hand many articles that don't conform to the party line, a study that confounds the conventional wisdom is published almost every week".<a href="#cite_note-Hayward-Ridiculously-131">[131]</a> Likewise, former AEI scholar Kenneth Green has referred to efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as "the positively silly idea of establishing global-weather control by actively managing the atmosphere's greenhouse-gas emissions", and endorsed <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/State_of_Fear" title="State of Fear">State of Fear</a> for having "educated millions of readers about climate science".<a href="#cite_note-Green-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_DeMuth" title="Christopher DeMuth">Christopher DeMuth</a>, former AEI president, accepted that the earth has warmed in recent decades, but he stated that "it's not clear why this happened" and charged as well that the IPCC "has tended to ignore many distinguished physicists and meteorologists whose work casts doubt on the influence of greenhouse gases on global temperature trends".<a href="#cite_note-DeMuth-Kyoto-133">[133]</a> Fellow James Glassman also disputes the prevailing <a href="/wiki/Scientific_opinion_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific opinion on climate change">scientific opinion on climate change</a>, having written numerous articles criticizing the Kyoto accords and climate science more generally for <a href="/wiki/Tech_Central_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech Central Station">Tech Central Station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Confessore-134">[134]</a> He supported the views of U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Inhofe" title="Jim Inhofe">Jim Inhofe</a> (R-OK), who claims that "global warming is 'the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people,'"<a href="#cite_note-Glassman-Hoax-135">[135]</a> and, like Green, cites Crichton's novel <a href="/wiki/State_of_Fear" title="State of Fear">State of Fear</a>, which "casts serious doubt on global warming and extremists who espouse it".<a href="#cite_note-Glassman-Extremists-136">[136]</a> Joel Schwartz, an AEI visiting fellow, stated: "The Earth has indeed warmed during the last few decades and may warm further in the future. But the pattern of climate change is not consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_effect" title="Greenhouse effect">greenhouse effect</a> being the main cause."<a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-CitGuide-137">[137]</a> In 2013, the magazine of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Economic_Affairs" title="Institute of Economic Affairs">Institute of Economic Affairs</a> published an article by AEI fellow <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a> entitled “20 years denouncing eco-militants”, in which he argued that “evidence of climate impact is still hard to prove, and harm even more difficult to establish”, and dismissed calls for a ban on the insecticide DDT as “green alarmism”.<a href="#cite_note-n551-138">[138]</a> In 2018, British investigative website <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a> repeated that AIE "has long been funded by ExxonMobile",<a href="#cite_note-n551-138">[138]</a> an allegation repeated by <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> the same year, describing AEI's <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Pletka" title="Danielle Pletka">Danielle Pletka</a> of spreading <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> about climate change on the <a href="/wiki/Meet_the_Press" title="Meet the Press">Meet the Press</a> TV show.<a href="#cite_note-n220-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_and_defense_policy_studies">Foreign and defense policy studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign and defense policy studies">edit</a>]</div> AEI's foreign and defense policy studies researchers focus on "how political and economic freedom—as well as American interests—are best promoted around the world".<a href="#cite_note-AR-48">[48]</a> AEI staff have tended to be advocates of a hard U.S. line on threats or potential threats to the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and terrorist or militant groups like <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">al Qaeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>. Likewise, AEI staff have promoted closer U.S. ties with countries whose interests or values they view as aligned with America's, such as <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and emerging <a href="/wiki/Post-Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Communist">post-Communist</a> states such as <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] AEI takes a pro-Israel stance. In 2015 it awarded Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> its 'Irving Kristol Award'.<a href="#cite_note-aei.org-68">[68]</a> AEI's foreign and defense policy studies department, directed by <a href="/wiki/Danielle_Pletka" title="Danielle Pletka">Danielle Pletka</a>, is the part of the institute most commonly associated with neoconservatism.<a href="#cite_note-Schifferes-15">[15]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, in 2002 it was seen "as the intellectual command post of the neoconservative campaign for <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>".<a href="#cite_note-k448-4">[4]</a> Prominent foreign-policy neoconservatives at AEI include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gary_Schmitt" title="Gary Schmitt">Gary Schmitt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Joshua Muravchik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a> (the latter seen as an "ultra neo-conservative"<a href="#cite_note-s398-11">[11]</a>) spent many years at AEI, although they departed at around the same time as <a href="/wiki/Reuel_Marc_Gerecht" title="Reuel Marc Gerecht">Reuel Marc Gerecht</a> in 2008 in what was rumored to be a "purge" of neoconservatives at the institute, possibly "signal[ing] the end of [neoconservatism's] domination over the think tank over the past several decades",<a href="#cite_note-Heilbrunn-2-139">[139]</a> although Muravchik later said it was the result of personality and management conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-140">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._national_security_strategy,_defense_policy,_and_the_"surge"">U.S. national security strategy, defense policy, and the "surge"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: U.S. national security strategy, defense policy, and the "surge"">edit</a>]</div> In late 2006, the security situation in Iraq continued to deteriorate, and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_Study_Group" title="Iraq Study Group">Iraq Study Group</a> proposed a phased withdrawal of U.S. troops and further engagement of Iraq's neighbors. Consulting with AEI's Iraq Planning Group, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._Kagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick W. Kagan">Frederick W. Kagan</a> published an AEI report entitled Choosing Victory: A Plan for Success in Iraq calling for "phase one" of a change in strategy to focus on "clearing and holding" neighborhoods and securing the population; a troop escalation of seven Army brigades and Marine regiments; and a renewed emphasis on reconstruction, economic development, and jobs.<a href="#cite_note-Choosing_Victory-45">[45]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] While the report was being drafted, Kagan and Keane were briefing President Bush, Vice President Cheney, and other senior Bush administration officials behind the scenes. According to <a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">[Peter J.] Schoomaker</a> was outraged when he saw news coverage that retired Gen. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Jack Keane</a>, the former Army vice chief of staff, had briefed the president on December 11 about a new Iraq strategy being proposed by the American Enterprise Institute, the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_think_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative think tank">conservative think tank</a>. 'When does AEI start trumping the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> on this stuff?' Schoomaker asked at the next chiefs' meeting."<a href="#cite_note-WarWithin-141">[141]</a> Kagan, Keane, and Senators <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lieberman" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lieberman">Joseph Lieberman</a> presented the plan at a January 5, 2007, event at AEI. Bush announced the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">change of strategy</a> on January 10.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-Surge-44">[44]</a> Kagan authored three subsequent reports monitoring the progress of the surge.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> AEI's defense policy researchers, who also include Schmitt and <a href="/wiki/Giselle_Donnelly" title="Giselle Donnelly">Thomas Donnelly</a>, also work on issues related to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Armed Forces">U.S. military forces</a>' size and structure and military partnerships with allies (both bilaterally and through institutions such as <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>). Schmitt directs AEI's Program on Advanced Strategic Studies, which "analyzes the long-term issues that will impact America's security and its ability to lead internationally".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Area_studies">Area studies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Area studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Its Asia studies program is directed by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Blumenthal" title="Dan Blumenthal">Dan Blumenthal</a>. The program covers "the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of China">rise of China</a> as an economic and political power; <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>'s security and economic agenda; <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>'s military transformation; the threat of a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear North Korea (page does not exist)">nuclear North Korea</a>; and the impact of regional alliances and rivalries on U.S. military and economic relationships in Asia".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Blumenthal and his team wrote several articles for <a href="/wiki/ForeignPolicy.com" class="mw-redirect" title="ForeignPolicy.com">ForeignPolicy.com</a> and other outlets during the Obama presidency advocating for military support and funding for Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-NationTaiwan-144">[144]</a> Papers in AEI's Tocqueville on China Project series "elicit the underlying civic culture of post-<a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a> China, enabling policymakers to better understand the internal forces and pressures that are shaping China's future".<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> AEI's Europe program was previously housed under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/New_Atlantic_Initiative" title="New Atlantic Initiative">New Atlantic Initiative</a>, which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Radek_Sikorski" class="mw-redirect" title="Radek Sikorski">Radek Sikorski</a> before his return to Polish politics in 2005.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leon_Aron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leon Aron (page does not exist)">Leon Aron</a>'s work forms the core of the institute's program on Russia. AEI staff tend to view Russia as posing "strategic challenges for the West".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Falcoff" title="Mark Falcoff">Mark Falcoff</a>, now retired, was previously AEI's resident Latinamericanist, focusing on the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. He has warned that the road for Cuba after <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>'s rule or the lifting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">U.S. trade embargo</a> would be difficult for an island scarred by a half-century of poverty and civil turmoil.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Noriega" title="Roger Noriega">Roger Noriega</a>'s focuses at AEI are on Venezuela, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida_Initiative" title="Mérida Initiative">Mérida Initiative</a> with Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and hemispheric relations. AEI has historically devoted significant attention to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, especially through the work of former resident scholars Ledeen and Muravchik. Pletka's research focus also includes the Middle East, and she coordinated a conference series on empowering democratic dissidents and advocates in the Arab World.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> In 2009, AEI launched the Critical Threats Project, led by Kagan, to "highlight the complexity of the global challenges the United States faces with a primary focus on Iran and al Qaeda's global influence".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> The project includes IranTracker.org,<a href="#cite_note-IranTracker-149">[149]</a> with contributions from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Alfoneh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Alfoneh (page does not exist)">Ali Alfoneh</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Majidyar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahmad Majidyar (page does not exist)">Ahmad Majidyar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)" title="Michael Rubin (historian)">Michael Rubin</a>, among others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_organizations_and_economic_development">International organizations and economic development</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: International organizations and economic development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> For several years, AEI and the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a> cosponsored <a href="/wiki/NGOWatch" title="NGOWatch">NGOWatch</a>, which was later subsumed into Global Governance Watch, "a web-based resource that addresses issues of transparency and accountability in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nongovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nongovernmental organization">NGOs</a>, and related international organizations".<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> NGOWatch returned as a subsite of Global Governance Watch, led by <a href="/wiki/Jon_Entine" title="Jon Entine">Jon Entine</a>. AEI scholars focusing on international organizations includes <a href="/wiki/John_R._Bolton" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Bolton">John Bolton</a>, the former U.S. ambassador to the United Nations,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a>, who researches <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> AEI's research on <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a> dates back to the early days of the institute. <a href="/wiki/P._T._Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="P. T. Bauer">P. T. Bauer</a> authored a monograph on development in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in 1959,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Banfield" title="Edward C. Banfield">Edward Banfield</a> published a booklet on the theory behind foreign aid in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Since 2001, AEI has sponsored the Henry Wendt Lecture in International Development, named for Henry Wendt, an AEI trustee emeritus and former CEO of <a href="/wiki/SmithKline_Beckman" class="mw-redirect" title="SmithKline Beckman">SmithKline Beckman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] Notable lecturers have included <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deepak_Lal" title="Deepak Lal">Deepak Lal</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Eberstadt" title="Nicholas Eberstadt">Nicholas Eberstadt</a> holds the Henry Wendt Chair, focusing on <a href="/wiki/Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics">demographics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> and human capital development; he served on the federal <a href="/w/index.php?title=HELP_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HELP Commission (page does not exist)">HELP Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a>, the former president of the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, researches development policy in Africa.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a> focuses his research on <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counterfeit_medications" title="Counterfeit medications">counterfeit and substandard drugs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MAK-156">[156]</a> access to water,<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> and other problems endemic in the developing world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_policy_studies">Health policy studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Health policy studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> AEI scholars have engaged in health policy research since the institute's early days. A Center for Health Policy Research was established in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-1981_AR-158">[158]</a> For many years, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_B._Helms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert B. Helms (page does not exist)">Robert B. Helms</a> led the health department. AEI's long-term focuses in health care have included <a href="/wiki/National_health_insurance" title="National health insurance">national insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicare_(United_States)" title="Medicare (United States)">Medicare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicaid" title="Medicaid">Medicaid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceutical innovation</a>, health care competition, and cost control.<a href="#cite_note-Highlight-95">[95]</a> The center was replaced in the mid-1980s with the Health Policy Studies Program. The AEI Press has published dozens of books on health policy since the 1970s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since 2003, AEI has published the Health Policy Outlook series on new developments in U.S. and international health policy. AEI also published A Better Prescription in February 2010 to outline their ideal plan to healthcare reform, calling for putting the money and control in the hands of the consumers and continuing the market-based system of healthcare, a form of healthcare that "relies on financial incentives rather than central direction and control."<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/OpenDemocracy" title="OpenDemocracy">openDemocracy</a>, "In the late 1990s, while he was funded by the tobacco industry, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">[AIE fellow Roger] Bate</a> argued against the science which shows that exposure to tobacco causes cancer."<a href="#cite_note-n551-138">[138]</a> Helms long argued against the tax break for <a href="/wiki/Employer-sponsored_health_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer-sponsored health insurance">employer-sponsored health insurance</a>, arguing that it distorts insurance markets and limits <a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">consumer choices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scott_Gottlieb" title="Scott Gottlieb">Scott Gottlieb</a>, also a medical doctor, rejoined AEI after a term as commissioner with the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ProPublica-164">[164]</a> He has expressed concern about relatively unreliable <a href="/wiki/Comparative_effectiveness_research" title="Comparative effectiveness research">comparative effectiveness research</a> being used to restrict treatment options under a public plan.<a href="#cite_note-CER-165">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bate" title="Roger Bate">Roger Bate</a>'s work includes international health policy, especially pharmaceutical quality, HIV/AIDS, malaria, and multilateral health organizations.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Akunyili" title="Dora Akunyili">Dora Akunyili</a>, then Nigeria's top drug safety official, spoke at an AEI event coinciding with the launch of Bate's book Making a Killing.<a href="#cite_note-MAK-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Ryan (politician)">Paul Ryan</a>, then-minority point man for health care in the House of Representatives, delivered the keynote address at a 2009 AEI conference on mandated universal coverage, insurance exchanges, the public plan option, medical practice and treatment, and revenue to cover federal health care costs.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] In 2004, as <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a>, a company known as the maker of <a href="/wiki/OxyContin" class="mw-redirect" title="OxyContin">OxyContin</a>, one of the many drugs abused in the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">opioid epidemic in the United States</a>, was facing a threat to its sales due to rising lawsuits against it, resident fellow <a href="/wiki/Sally_Satel" title="Sally Satel">Sally Satel</a> wrote an op ed for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>. She commented, “When you scratch the surface of someone who is addicted to painkillers, you usually find a seasoned drug abuser with a previous habit involving pills, alcohol, heroin or cocaine. Contrary to media portrayals, the typical OxyContin addict does not start out as a pain patient who fell unwittingly into a drug habit.”<a href="#cite_note-ProPublica-164">[164]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>, Satel "sometimes cited Purdue-funded studies and doctors in her articles on addiction for major news outlets and occasionally shared drafts of the pieces with Purdue officials in advance, including on occasions in 2004 and 2016." In 2018, she was hired by <a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">JD Vance</a>'s charity, <a href="/wiki/Our_Ohio_Renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Our Ohio Renewal">Our Ohio Renewal</a>, to a residency in Ohio. When this was criticised because of her ties to Purdue, Satel said she “never consulted with” or “took a cent from Purdue” and didn’t know Purdue had donated money to AEI.<a href="#cite_note-c638-168">[168]</a> After undergoing a <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney transplant">kidney transplant</a> in 2006,<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Satel expanded her work from <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a> treatment and <a href="/wiki/Mental_health" title="Mental health">mental health</a> to include studies of compensation systems that she argues would increase the supply of organs for transplant.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In addition to their work on pharmaceutical innovation and <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> regulation, Gottlieb and John E. Calfee have examined <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">antiviral drug</a> supplies in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/2009_flu_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 flu pandemic">2009 flu pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_and_constitutional_studies">Legal and constitutional studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Legal and constitutional studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/AEI_Legal_Center_for_the_Public_Interest" title="AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest">AEI Legal Center for the Public Interest</a>, formed in 2007 from the merger of the National Legal Center for the Public Interest, houses all legal and constitutional research at AEI. Legal studies have a long pedigree at AEI; the institute was in the vanguard of the <a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">law and economics</a> movement in the 1970s and 1980s with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_(magazine)" title="Regulation (magazine)">Regulation</a> magazine and AEI Press books. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a> published <a href="/wiki/The_Antitrust_Paradox" title="The Antitrust Paradox">The Antitrust Paradox</a> with AEI support.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Other jurists, legal scholars, and constitutional scholars who have conducted research at AEI include <a href="/wiki/Walter_Berns" title="Walter Berns">Walter Berns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Allen_Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Allen Epstein">Richard Epstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Fein" title="Bruce Fein">Bruce Fein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Goldwin" title="Robert Goldwin">Robert Goldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ProPublica-164">[164]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Silberman" title="Laurence Silberman">Laurence Silberman</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The AEI Legal Center sponsors the annual Gauer Distinguished Lecture in Law and Public Policy. Past lecturers include <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Cox" title="Christopher Cox">Christopher Cox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Ginsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Ginsburg">Douglas Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Webster" title="William H. Webster">William H. Webster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_Frank" title="Ted Frank">Ted Frank</a>, the director of the AEI Legal Center, focuses on <a href="/wiki/Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> law and <a href="/wiki/Tort_reform" title="Tort reform">tort reform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Greve" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael S. Greve">Michael S. Greve</a> focuses on constitutional law and <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">federal preemption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Greve is a fixture in the conservative legal movement. According to <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rauch" title="Jonathan Rauch">Jonathan Rauch</a>, in 2005, Greve convened "a handful of free-market activists and litigators met in a windowless 11th-floor conference room at the American Enterprise Institute in Washington" in opposition to the legality of the <a href="/wiki/Public_Company_Accounting_Oversight_Board" title="Public Company Accounting Oversight Board">Public Company Accounting Oversight Board</a>. "By the time the meeting finished, the participants had decided to join forces and file suit... . No one paid much attention. But the yawning stopped on May 18, [2009,] when the Supreme Court announced it will hear the case."<a href="#cite_note-Rauch-176">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_and_public_opinion_studies">Political and public opinion studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Political and public opinion studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> AEI's "Political Corner"<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> includes a range of political viewpoints, from the center-left<a href="#cite_note-OrnsteinNeocon-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_J._Ornstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J. Ornstein">Norman J. Ornstein</a> to the conservative <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barone_(pundit)" title="Michael Barone (pundit)">Michael Barone</a>. The Political Corner sponsors the biannual Election Watch series,<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> the "longest-running election program in Washington", featuring Barone, Ornstein, <a href="/wiki/Karlyn_Bowman" title="Karlyn Bowman">Karlyn Bowman</a>, and—formerly—<a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Schneider_(journalist)" title="Bill Schneider (journalist)">Bill Schneider</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-AR-48">[48]</a> Ornstein and Fortier (an expert on absentee and early voting<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a>) collaborate on a number of election- and governance-related projects, including the Election Reform Project.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> AEI and Brookings are sponsoring a project on election demographics called "The Future of Red, Blue, and Purple America", co-directed by Bowman and <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Teixeira" title="Ruy Teixeira">Ruy Teixeira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> AEI's work on political processes and institutions has been a central part of the institute's research programs since the 1970s. The AEI Press published a series of several dozen volumes in the 1970s and 1980s called "At the Polls"; in each volume, scholars would assess a country's recent presidential or parliamentary election. AEI scholars have been called upon to observe and assess <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_meeting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political meeting)">constitutional conventions</a> and elections worldwide. In the early 1980s, AEI scholars were commissioned by the U.S. government to monitor <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> Another landmark in AEI's political studies is After the People Vote.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> AEI's work on election reform continued into the 1990s and 2000s; Ornstein led a working group that drafted the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act_of_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002">Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> AEI published Public Opinion magazine from 1978 to 1990 under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Wattenberg" title="Ben Wattenberg">Ben Wattenberg</a>, assisted by Karlyn Bowman. The institute's work on polling continues with public opinion features in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Enterprise" title="The American Enterprise">The American Enterprise</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a> and Bowman's AEI Studies in Public Opinion.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_cultural_studies">Social and cultural studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social and cultural studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a>. Please improve this section by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">"American Enterprise Institute"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22American+Enterprise+Institute%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> AEI's social and cultural studies program dates to the 1970s, when <a href="/wiki/William_J._Baroody_Sr." title="William J. Baroody Sr.">William J. Baroody Sr.</a>, perceiving the importance of the philosophical and cultural underpinnings of modern economics and politics,<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> invited social and religious thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a> to take up residence at AEI. Since then, AEI has sponsored research on a wide variety of issues, including education, religion, race and gender, and social welfare. Supported by the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a>, AEI has hosted since 1989 the Bradley Lecture Series, "which aims to enrich debate in the Washington policy community through exploration of the philosophical and historical underpinnings of current controversies". Notable speakers in the series have included Kristol, Novak, <a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Allan Bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brooks_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Brooks (journalist)">David Brooks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Cheney" title="Lynne Cheney">Lynne Cheney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Cowen" title="Tyler Cowen">Tyler Cowen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Niall Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Francis Fukuyama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Eugene Genovese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">Robert P. George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Samuel P. Huntington</a> (giving the first public presentation of his "<a href="/wiki/Clash_of_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Clash of civilizations">clash of civilizations</a>" theory in 1992), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Paul Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kass" title="Leon Kass">Leon Kass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Charles Krauthammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Martin_Lipset" title="Seymour Martin Lipset">Seymour Martin Lipset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvey_C._Mansfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey C. Mansfield">Harvey C. Mansfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Medved" title="Michael Medved">Michael Medved</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._Meltzer" title="Allan H. Meltzer">Allan H. Meltzer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Morris_(writer)" title="Edmund Morris (writer)">Edmund Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Charles Murray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Richard Posner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rauch" title="Jonathan Rauch">Jonathan Rauch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Andrew Sullivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sam_Tanenhaus" title="Sam Tanenhaus">Sam Tanenhaus</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Q._Wilson" title="James Q. Wilson">James Q. Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Education policy studies at AEI are directed by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_M._Hess" title="Frederick M. Hess">Frederick M. Hess</a>. Hess co-directs AEI's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090429194419/http://www.aei.org/futureofeducation/">Future of American Education Project</a>, whose working group includes Washington, D.C. schools chancellor <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Rhee" title="Michelle Rhee">Michelle Rhee</a> and Michael Feinberg, the cofounder of <a href="/wiki/KIPP" title="KIPP">KIPP</a>. Hess works closely with Rhee:<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> she has spoken at AEI on several occasions and appointed Hess to be one of two independent reform evaluators for the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Public_Schools" title="District of Columbia Public Schools">District of Columbia Public Schools</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Hess coauthored Diplomas and Dropouts, a report on university graduation rates that was widely publicized in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The report, along with other education-related projects, was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation" title="Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation">Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] AEI is sometimes identified as a supporter of <a href="/wiki/School_vouchers" class="mw-redirect" title="School vouchers">school vouchers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-j090-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-n302-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> but Hess was critical of vouchers in 2009: "[I]t is by now clear that aggressive reforms to bring market principles to American education have failed to live up to their billing. ... In the school choice debate, many reformers have gotten so invested in the language of 'choice' that they seem to forget choice is only half of the market equation. Markets are about both supply and demand—and, while 'choice' is concerned with emboldening consumer demand, the real action when it comes to prosperity, productivity, and progress is typically on the supply side."<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> AEI is a national allied organization of the <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_for_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="American Federation for Children">American Federation for Children</a> founded in 2010 by <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a> of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=DeVos_Family_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeVos Family Foundation (page does not exist)">DeVos Family Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-j090-8">[8]</a> The AEI were supportive of <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Betsy DeVos</a>' positions when she served under <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> as Education Secretary in 2017-21. Hess supported her plan to gut the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borrower_Defense_Rule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borrower Defense Rule (page does not exist)">Borrower Defense Rule</a>, that enables defrauded students to seek debt relief. In a <a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a> op-ed, Hess praised DeVos’ proposal to base <a href="/wiki/Debt_forgiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Debt forgiveness">debt forgiveness</a> on student income as “clearly better for colleges, taxpayers, and students”.<a href="#cite_note-p618-198">[198]</a> In a 2024 report co-authored with the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Foundation">Heritage Foundation</a>, AEI argued that higher education institutions should not give faculty stipends to join or attend conferences of professional organizations because these make statements on topical issues such as race or <a href="/wiki/Russia%27s_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Russia's invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a>. This was criticised by the <a href="/wiki/American_Council_of_Learned_Societies" title="American Council of Learned Societies">American Council of Learned Societies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Professors" title="American Association of University Professors">American Association of University Professors</a> (AAUP), who argue the AEI report is part of a conservative push to censor higher education: “Contrary to what fellows employed by dark money think tanks might think, statements issued by professional associations aren’t issued willy-nilly by ideologically partisan professors,” according to the director of AAUP’s Center for the Defense of Academic Freedom.<a href="#cite_note-s275-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Funding">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s about 60% of its funding came from organizations like <a href="/wiki/Lilly_Endowment" title="Lilly Endowment">Lilly Endowment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smith_Richardson_Foundation" title="Smith Richardson Foundation">Smith Richardson Foundation</a>, the Rockefeller Brothers Trust and the <a href="/wiki/Earhart_Foundation" title="Earhart Foundation">Earhart Foundation</a>. The remaining of their funding was from major corporations like <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel" title="Bethlehem Steel">Bethlehem Steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Exxon">Exxon</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.C._Penney" class="mw-redirect" title="J.C. Penney">J.C. Penney</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Manhattan_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Chase Manhattan Bank">Chase Manhattan Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit">[update]</a> AEI had received $960,000 from <a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purdue_Pharma" title="Purdue Pharma">Purdue Pharma</a>, a company known as the maker of <a href="/wiki/OxyContin" class="mw-redirect" title="OxyContin">OxyContin</a>, one of the many drugs abused in the <a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">opioid epidemic in the United States</a>, donated $50,000 a year to the AEI from 2003 through 2019, plus contributions for special events, adding to a total greater than $800,000.<a href="#cite_note-ProPublica-164">[164]</a> In the 2009 tax year, its four largest funders were a <a href="/wiki/Donor-advised_fund" title="Donor-advised fund">donor-advised fund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donors_Capital_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Capital Fund">Donors Capital Fund</a> ($2,000,000), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Singer_(businessman)" title="Paul Singer (businessman)">Paul Singer</a> ($1,100,000), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kern_Family_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kern Family Foundation (page does not exist)">Kern Family Foundation</a> ($1,071,912) and the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Economic_and_Cultural_Representative_Office" title="Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office">Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office</a> (TECRO), <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>’s equivalent to an embassy. Seventh largest was the <a href="/wiki/US_Chamber_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chamber of Commerce">US Chamber of Commerce</a> ($473,000).<a href="#cite_note-NationTaiwan-144">[144]</a> In 2010, AEI received a US$2.5 million grant from the Donors Capital Fund.<a href="#cite_note-businessinsider-201">[201]</a> Foundations associated with the <a href="/wiki/Koch_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch brothers">Koch brothers</a> have been major funders of the Institute.<a href="#cite_note-t509-64">[64]</a> A 2013 study by <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> Sociologist Robert J. Brulle noted that AEI received $86.7 million between 2003 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> AIE received more than $1.6 million from the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Koch_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Koch Foundation">Charles Koch Foundation</a> between 2011 and 2016, over $5 million from conservative “<a href="/wiki/Dark_money" title="Dark money">dark money</a>” umbrellas <a href="/wiki/DonorsTrust" class="mw-redirect" title="DonorsTrust">DonorsTrust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donors_Capital_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Donors Capital Fund">Donors Capital Fund</a> between 2012 and 2016, over $1.7 million from the <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Scaife_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Scaife Foundation">Sarah Scaife Foundation</a> between 2012 and 2016, $480,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a> 2012 to 2016, and $425,000 from the <a href="/wiki/Coors_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coors Foundation">Coors Foundation</a> between 2011 and 2016.<a href="#cite_note-j090-8">[8]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Charity_evaluator" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity evaluator">charity evaluating</a> service <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Philanthropy" class="mw-redirect" title="American Institute of Philanthropy">American Institute of Philanthropy</a> gave AEI an "A−" grade in its CharityWatch "Top-Rated Charities" listing.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> AEI's revenues for the fiscal year ending June 2015 were $84,616,388 against expenses of $38,611,315.<a href="#cite_note-guidestar-204">[204]</a> In 2017-2018, the AEI received significant funding from the <a href="/wiki/Dick_and_Betsy_DeVos_Family_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dick and Betsy DeVos Family Foundation">Dick and Betsy DeVos Family Foundation</a>, including $1 million in 20017,<a href="#cite_note-q657-205">[205]</a> and in this period, according to <a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a> "heaped praise on [ <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>-appointed Education] <a href="/wiki/Betsy_DeVos" title="Betsy DeVos">Secretary DeVos</a> and helped promote her agenda". <a href="/wiki/Dick_DeVos" title="Dick DeVos">Dick DeVos</a> sits on its board.<a href="#cite_note-p618-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Enterprise_Institute_scholars_and_fellows" title="List of American Enterprise Institute scholars and fellows">List of American Enterprise Institute scholars and fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Boyer_Award" title="Francis Boyer Award">Francis Boyer Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol_Award" title="Irving Kristol Award">Irving Kristol Award</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ratings-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ratings_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ratings_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-Annual-Report-LR-Final-1.pdf">"Annual Report"</a> (PDF). American Enterprise Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910142003/https://www.aei.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2020-Annual-Report-LR-Final-1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on September 10, 2021. 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Retrieved June 27, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authors&rft.pub=American+Enterprise+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fauthors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-retirement-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-retirement_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-retirement_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2018" class="citation news cs1">Martin, Rachel (May 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/05/15/611199663/arthur-brooks-head-of-american-enterprise-institute-to-step-down">"Arthur Brooks To Step Down As President Of AEI"</a>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190621201348/https://www.npr.org/2018/05/15/611199663/arthur-brooks-head-of-american-enterprise-institute-to-step-down">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2019. Retrieved June 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arthur+Brooks+To+Step+Down+As+President+Of+AEI&rft.date=2018-05-15&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F05%2F15%2F611199663%2Farthur-brooks-head-of-american-enterprise-institute-to-step-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta2019" class="citation news cs1">Costa, Robert (January 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/aei-names-robert-doar-as-new-president-as-conservative-movement-tries-to-find-its-way-in-trump-era/2019/01/18/129f54da-1b41-11e9-9ebf-c5fed1b7a081_story.html">"AEI names Robert Doar as new president as conservative movement tries to find its way in Trump era"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=AEI+names+Robert+Doar+as+new+president+as+conservative+movement+tries+to+find+its+way+in+Trump+era&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft.aulast=Costa&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2Faei-names-robert-doar-as-new-president-as-conservative-movement-tries-to-find-its-way-in-trump-era%2F2019%2F01%2F18%2F129f54da-1b41-11e9-9ebf-c5fed1b7a081_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEI_History-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI_History_21-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAEI" class="citation web cs1">AEI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708195505/http://www.aei.org/history">"History of AEI"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aei.org/history">the original</a> on July 8, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+AEI&rft.au=AEI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEI-Trustees-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEI-Trustees_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEI-Trustees_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org/about-old/board-of-trustees/">"Board of Trustees"</a>. AEI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229144128/https://www.aei.org/about-old/board-of-trustees/">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+of+Trustees&rft.pub=AEI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aei.org%2Fabout-old%2Fboard-of-trustees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Atta-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Atta_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Atta_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Atta2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Atta, Dale (2008). With Honor: Melvin Laird in War, Peace, and Politics. Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 55–56, 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22680-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22680-0"><bdi>978-0-299-22680-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Honor%3A+Melvin+Laird+in+War%2C+Peace%2C+and+Politics&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisc.&rft.pages=55-56%2C+509&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-299-22680-0&rft.aulast=Van+Atta&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abelson-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abelson_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abelson_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abelson_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbelson2006" class="citation book cs1">Abelson, Donald E. (2006). A Capitol Idea. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3115-4"><bdi>978-0-7735-3115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Capitol+Idea&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3115-4&rft.aulast=Abelson&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrazia1964" class="citation journal cs1">Grazia, Alfred de (December 1964). "Essay in Apportionment and Representative Government". Political Science Quarterly. 79 (4): 612–614. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2146715">10.2307/2146715</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2146715">2146715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Essay+in+Apportionment+and+Representative+Government&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=612-614&rft.date=1964-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2146715&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2146715%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grazia&rft.aufirst=Alfred+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger1969" class="citation journal cs1">Schlesinger, Arthur (December 1969). "Review: New Perspectives on the Presidency?". Public Administration Review. 29 (6): 670–679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F974112">10.2307/974112</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/974112">974112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Administration+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Presidency%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=670-679&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F974112&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F974112%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips-Fein2009" class="citation book cs1">Phillips-Fein, Kim (2009). Invisible Hands. W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05930-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05930-4"><bdi>978-0-393-05930-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Hands&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05930-4&rft.aulast=Phillips-Fein&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rich-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rich_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRich2004" class="citation book cs1">Rich, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinktankspublic00andr">Think tanks, public policy, and the politics of expertise</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thinktankspublic00andr/page/54">54</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Think+tanks%2C+public+policy%2C+and+the+politics+of+expertise&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthinktankspublic00andr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judis-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Judis_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudis2001" class="citation book cs1">Judis, John B. (2001). The paradox of American democracy. London: Taylor and Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+paradox+of+American+democracy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Judis&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kristol-Neoconservatism-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Kristol-Neoconservatism_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristol1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol, Irving</a> (1995). Neoconservatism: The Autobiography of an Idea. New York: Free Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neoconservatism%3A+The+Autobiography+of+an+Idea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Kristol&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2006" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Tim (December 9, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/washington/09kirkpatrick.html">"Jeane Kirkpatrick, Reagan's Forceful Envoy, Dies"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908012629/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/09/washington/09kirkpatrick.html?_r=1">Archived</a> from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved September 13, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jeane+Kirkpatrick%2C+Reagan%27s+Forceful+Envoy%2C+Dies&rft.date=2006-12-09&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F09%2Fwashington%2F09kirkpatrick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BWW-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BWW_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace-Wells2003" class="citation news cs1">Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130205221215/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.wallace-wells.html">"In the Tank: The Intellectual Decline of AEI"</a>. Washington Monthly. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2003/0312.wallace-wells.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2013. Retrieved July 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=In+the+Tank%3A+The+Intellectual+Decline+of+AEI&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Wallace-Wells&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2003%2F0312.wallace-wells.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-c770-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c770_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c770_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2023" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Ian (September 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2023/09/15/arthur-brooks-journey-happiness-guru-00115752">"Arthur Brooks Is Now a Self-Help Guru Writing Books with Oprah"</a>. POLITICO. Retrieved September 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=Arthur+Brooks+Is+Now+a+Self-Help+Guru+Writing+Books+with+Oprah&rft.date=2023-09-15&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine%2F2023%2F09%2F15%2Farthur-brooks-journey-happiness-guru-00115752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> See AEI's Annual Reports, 1980–1985. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpackman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spackman, Andy (December 22, 2009). "The American Enterprise Institute (www.aei.org)". 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The New York Times Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110129125309/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/09/magazine/daring-research-or-social-science-pornography-charles-murray.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2011. Retrieved July 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Daring+Research+or+%27Social+Science+Pornography%27%3F&rft.date=1994-10-09&rft.aulast=DeParle&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F10%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Fdaring-research-or-social-science-pornography-charles-murray.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:05_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:05_37-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampton2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Lampton" title="David M. Lampton">Lampton, David M.</a> (2024). Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War. 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Retrieved June 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Go+To+Think+Tank+Report%2C+2011&rft.date=2012-01-20&rft.au=James+G.+McGann+%28director%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgotothinktank.com%2Fdev1%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F07%2F2011-Global-Go-To-Think-Tanks-Index-Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> Other AEI "Top Think Tank" rankings include #32 in Security and International Affairs, #3 in Health Policy, #10 in Domestic Economic Policy, #9 in International Economic Policy, and #7 in Social Policy. By "Special Achievement" AEI's rating is #13 in Most Innovative Policy Ideas/Proposals, #13 in Outstanding Policy-Oriented Public Policy Research Programs, #20 in Best Use of the Internet or Social Media to Engage the Public, #13 in Best Use of the Media (Print or Electronic) to Communicate Programs and Research, #15 in Best External Relations/Public Engagement Programs, and #13 in Greatest Impact on Public Policy (Global). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChafuen" class="citation web cs1">Chafuen, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/alejandrochafuen/2019/04/10/the-2019-ranking-of-free-market-think-tanks-measured-by-social-media-impact/">"The 2019 Ranking Of Free-Market Think Tanks Measured By Social Media Impact"</a>. 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Retrieved February 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Global+Warming+Smear&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB117099332237703363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caps-vs-Taxes-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Caps-vs-Taxes_117-0">^</a> AEI also backs the carbon taxation policy due to an incentive to reduce the use of <a href="/wiki/Emission_intensity" title="Emission intensity">carbon-intensive</a> energy that would result. "The increased costs of energy would flow through the economy, ultimately giving consumers incentives to reduce their use of electricity, transportation fuels, home heating oil, and so forth". Along with consumers reducing their use of carbon-energy, they will be inclined to buy more efficient appliances, cars, and homes that apply "more attention to energy conservation".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenHassettHayward2007" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_P._Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth P. Green (page does not exist)">Green, Kenneth P.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Hassett" title="Kevin Hassett">Hassett, Kevin A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Hayward" title="Steven F. Hayward">Hayward, Stephen F.</a> (June 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090418013543/http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.26286/pub_detail.asp">"Climate Change: Caps vs. Taxes?"</a>. Environmental Policy Outlook. American Enterprise Institute. 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Charity Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161901/https://www.charitywatch.org/top-rated-charities?ref=toprated.html#public">Archived</a> from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charity+Watch&rft.atitle=Top+Rated+Charities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.charitywatch.org%2Ftop-rated-charities%3Fref%3Dtoprated.html%23public&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guidestar-204"><a href="#cite_ref-guidestar_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidestar.org/profile/53-0218495">"IRS Form 990"</a>. GuideStar. Internal Revenue Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920082936/http://www.guidestar.org/profile/53-0218495">Archived</a> from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 14, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GuideStar&rft.atitle=IRS+Form+990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guidestar.org%2Fprofile%2F53-0218495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-q657-205"><a href="#cite_ref-q657_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/newsletters/morning-education/2018/12/07/a-look-at-devos-family-philanthropic-giving-446541">"A look at DeVos family philanthropic giving"</a>. POLITICO. December 7, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=A+look+at+DeVos+family+philanthropic+giving&rft.date=2018-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnewsletters%2Fmorning-education%2F2018%2F12%2F07%2Fa-look-at-devos-family-philanthropic-giving-446541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Enterprise_Institute&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aei.org">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/530218495">"American Enterprise Institute Internal Revenue Service filings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a> Nonprofit Explorer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ProPublica+Nonprofit+Explorer&rft.atitle=American+Enterprise+Institute+Internal+Revenue+Service+filings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.propublica.org%2Fnonprofits%2Forganizations%2F530218495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Enterprise+Institute" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neoconservatism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoconservatism" title="Template:Neoconservatism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoconservatism" title="Template talk:Neoconservatism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoconservatism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoconservatism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neoconservatism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neoconservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">Humanitarian intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">Liberal internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Constitutional Federalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">William Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kagan" title="Robert Kagan">Robert Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kagan" title="Frederick Kagan">Frederick Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Perle" title="Richard Perle">Richard Perle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Charles Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">David Frum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Abrams" title="Elliott Abrams">Elliott Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wurmser" title="David Wurmser">David Wurmser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Feith" title="Douglas Feith">Douglas Feith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bremer" title="Paul Bremer">Paul Bremer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Berkowitz" title="Peter Berkowitz">Peter Berkowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Murray_(author)" title="Douglas Murray (author)">Douglas Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Aaronovitch" title="David Aaronovitch">David Aaronovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Anne Applebaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Kamm" title="Oliver Kamm">Oliver Kamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Boot" title="Max Boot">Max Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_A._Cohen" title="Eliot A. Cohen">Eliot A. Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Jeane Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Michael Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Jonah Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Muravchik" title="Joshua Muravchik">Joshua Muravchik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Rubin_(columnist)" title="Jennifer Rubin (columnist)">Jennifer Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Stelzer" title="Irwin Stelzer">Irwin Stelzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bret_Stephens" title="Bret Stephens">Bret Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmay_Khalilzad" title="Zalmay Khalilzad">Zalmay Khalilzad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooter_Libby" title="Scooter Libby">Scooter Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Levin" title="Yuval Levin">Yuval Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ledeen" title="Michael Ledeen">Michael Ledeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kirchick" title="James Kirchick">James Kirchick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gerson" title="Michael Gerson">Michael Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Senor" title="Dan Senor">Dan Senor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lake" title="Eli Lake">Eli Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuel_Marc_Gerecht" title="Reuel Marc Gerecht">Reuel Marc Gerecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Woolsey" title="James Woolsey">James Woolsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_May" title="Clifford May">Clifford May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Diamond" title="Larry Diamond">Larry Diamond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Jackson" title="Henry M. Jackson">Henry M. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Defense_of_Democracies" title="Foundation for Defense of Democracies">Foundation for Defense of Democracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Institute_for_National_Security_of_America" title="Jewish Institute for National Security of America">Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Society" title="Henry Jackson Society">Henry Jackson Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_Committee_for_Israel" title="Emergency Committee for Israel">Emergency Committee for Israel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">American Enterprise Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Initiative" title="Foreign Policy Initiative">Foreign Policy Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NGO_Monitor" title="NGO Monitor">NGO Monitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Public_Interest" title="The Public Interest">The Public Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_(magazine)" title="Encounter (magazine)">Encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry%27s_Place" title="Harry's Place">Harry's Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Institute_Press" title="Sophia Institute Press">Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">British neoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of Civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism in international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_hawk" title="Liberal hawk">Liberal hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-war_Left" title="Pro-war Left">Pro-war Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Intellectuals" title="New York Intellectuals">New York Intellectuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">Republican in Name Only</a> (pejorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a> (pejorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euston_Manifesto" title="Euston Manifesto">Euston Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464135#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404803345">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128564449">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1004042-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78083381">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11870675p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11870675p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV001762">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35004876">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20071108021&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a 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