AAPT2 | Android Studio | Android Developers

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tooltip>systrace ⍈</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/tools/perfetto" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /tools/perfetto" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/tools/perfetto" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>perfetto</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/tools/zipalign" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /tools/zipalign" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" track-metadata-eventdetail="/tools/zipalign" ><span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip>zipalign</span></a></li><li class="devsite-nav-item"><a href="/tools/variables" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event" data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Book nav link, pathname: /tools/variables" track-type="bookNav" track-name="click" 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track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get Android Studio </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Hello world" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Hello world </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/courses" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Training courses" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Training courses </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/get-started/codelabs" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Tutorials" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tutorials </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/kotlin" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Kotlin for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Kotlin for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="https://play.google.com/console/about/guides/monetize/" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Monetization with Play ↗️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Monetization with Play ↗️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Extend by device </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/adaptive-apps" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Adaptive apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Adaptive apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/cars" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android for Cars" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android for Cars </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/chrome-os" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: ChromeOS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > ChromeOS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/multi-device-development" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Cross-device SDK" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Cross-device SDK </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build by category </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/games" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Games" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Games </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/media" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Camera & Media" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Camera & Media </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/social-and-messaging" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Social & messaging" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Social & messaging </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/health-and-fitness" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Health & Fitness" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Health & Fitness </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/productivity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Productivity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Productivity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/work/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Enterprise apps" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Enterprise apps </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get the latest </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Latest updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Latest updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/latest-updates/experimental" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Experimental updates" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Experimental updates </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/preview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android Studio preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android Studio preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/jetpack/androidx/versions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Jetpack & Compose libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Jetpack & Compose libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/wearables/versions/4" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS preview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS preview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design-for-safety/privacy-sandbox" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy Sandbox" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy Sandbox </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Design & Plan" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > UI Design </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Design for Android" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Design for Android </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/mobile" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Mobile" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Mobile </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/large-screens" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Large screens (e.g., tablets)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Large screens (e.g., tablets) </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/widget" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Widgets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Widgets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/wear" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Wear OS" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Wear OS </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/design/ui/tv" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android TV" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android TV </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Architecture </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/architecture/intro" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Introduction" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Introduction </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/libraries/view-binding" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Libraries" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Libraries </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/navigation/navigation-principles" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Navigation" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Navigation </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/modularization" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Modularization" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Modularization </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing/fundamentals" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Testing" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Testing </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Quality </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/core-value" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Core value" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core value </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/user-experience" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User experience" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User experience </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/technical" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Technical quality" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Technical quality </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quality/privacy-and-security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Security" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Security </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/privacy-and-security/about" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Privacy" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Privacy </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/identity" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Identity" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Identity </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/security/fraud-prevention" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Fraud prevention" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Fraud prevention </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build for Billions </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Overview" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Overview </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/docs/quality-guidelines/build-for-billions" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: About new markets" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > About new markets </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/androidgo" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Android (Go edition)" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Android (Go edition) </span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="devsite-nav-list" menu="Develop" aria-label="Side menu" hidden> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build AI experiences </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/ai" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Get started" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Get started </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Core areas </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/samples" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Samples" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Samples </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/quick-guides" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Try Quick Guidesᵇᵉᵗᵃ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/ui" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: User interfaces" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > User interfaces </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/permissions/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Permissions" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Permissions </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop/background-work" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Background work" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Background work </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/guide/topics/data" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Data and files" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Data and files </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/develop#core-areas" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: All core areas ⤵️" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > All core areas ⤵️ </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item devsite-nav-heading"> <span class="devsite-nav-title" tooltip > <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Tools and workflow </span> </span> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/studio/write" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Write and debug code" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Write and debug code </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/build/gradle-build-overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Build projects" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Build projects </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/training/testing" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Test your app" track-type="navMenu" track-metadata-eventDetail="globalMenu" track-metadata-position="nav"> <span class="devsite-nav-text" tooltip > Test your app </span> </a> </li> <li class="devsite-nav-item"> <a href="/topic/performance/overview" class="devsite-nav-title gc-analytics-event " data-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" data-label="Responsive Tab: Performance" track-type="navMenu" 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</ul> <devsite-thumb-rating position="header"> </devsite-thumb-rating> </div> <h1 class="devsite-page-title" tabindex="-1"> AAPT2 </h1> <devsite-feature-tooltip ack-key="AckCollectionsBookmarkTooltipDismiss" analytics-category="Site-Wide Custom Events" analytics-action-show="Callout Profile displayed" analytics-action-close="Callout Profile dismissed" analytics-label="Create Collection Callout" class="devsite-page-bookmark-tooltip nocontent" dismiss-button="true" id="devsite-collections-dropdown" dismiss-button-text="Dismiss" close-button-text="Got it"> <devsite-bookmark></devsite-bookmark> <span slot="popout-heading"> Stay organized with collections </span> <span slot="popout-contents"> Save and categorize content based on your preferences. </span> </devsite-feature-tooltip> <div class="devsite-page-title-meta"><devsite-view-release-notes></devsite-view-release-notes></div> <devsite-toc class="devsite-nav" depth="2" devsite-toc-embedded > </devsite-toc> <devsite-recommendations-dropdown class="nocontent"></devsite-recommendations-dropdown> <div class="devsite-article-body clearfix "> <p>AAPT2 (Android Asset Packaging Tool) is a build tool that Android Studio and Android Gradle Plugin use to compile and package your app's <a href="/guide/topics/resources/providing-resources">resources</a>. AAPT2 parses, indexes, and compiles the resources into a binary format that is optimized for the Android platform.</p> <p>Android Gradle Plugin 3.0.0 and higher enables AAPT2 by default. You typically don't need to invoke <code translate="no" dir="ltr">aapt2</code> yourself. However, if you prefer to use your terminal and your own build system instead of Android Studio, you can use AAPT2 from the command line. You can also debug build errors related to AAPT2 from the command line. To do so, find AAPT2 as a standalone tool in <a href="/studio/releases/build-tools">Android SDK Build Tools</a> 26.0.2 and higher.</p> <p>To download Android SDK Build Tools from the command line, use <a href="/studio/command-line/sdkmanager"><code translate="no" dir="ltr">sdkmanager</code></a> and run the following command:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> sdkmanager "build-tools;<var translate="no">build-tools-version</var>" </pre> <p>Once you have downloaded the SDK Build Tools, find AAPT2 in <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><var translate="no">android_sdk</var>/build-tools/<var translate="no">version</var>/</code>.</p> <p>Because revisions of the Android SDK Build Tools aren't released often, the version of AAPT2 included in your SDK Build Tools might not be the latest. To get the latest version of AAPT2, <a href="#download_aapt2">download AAPT2 from Google Maven</a>.</p> <p>To use AAPT2 from the command line on Linux or Mac, run the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">aapt2</code> command. On Windows, run the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">aapt2.exe</code> command.</p> <p>AAPT2 supports faster compilation of resources by enabling incremental compilation. To accomplish incremental compilation, resource processing is separated into two steps:</p> <ul> <li><a href="#compile">Compile</a>: compiles resource files into binary formats.</li> <li><a href="#link">Link</a>: merges all compiled files and packages them to a single package.</li> </ul> <p>This separation helps improve performance for incremental builds. For example, if there are changes in a single file, you need to recompile only that file.</p> <h2 id="download_aapt2" data-text="Download AAPT2 from Google Maven" tabindex="-1">Download AAPT2 from Google Maven</h2> <p>To get the newest version of AAPT2 that's not bundled in the build tools, download AAPT2 from Google's Maven repository as follows:</p> <ol> <li>In the <a href="https://maven.google.com/">repository index</a>, navigate to <strong>com.android.tools.build > aapt2</strong>.</li> <li>Copy the name of the latest version of AAPT2.</li> <li><p>Insert the version name you copied into the following URL and specify your target operating system: https://dl.google.com/dl/android/maven2/com/android/tools/build/aapt2/ <var translate="no">aapt2-version</var>/aapt2-<var translate="no">aapt2-version</var>-<var translate="no"> [windows | linux | osx]</var>.jar</p> <p>For example, to download version 3.2.0-alpha18-4804415 for Windows, use: https://dl.google.com/dl/android/maven2/com/android/tools/build/aapt2/ <strong>3.2.0-alpha18-4804415</strong>/aapt2-<strong>3.2.0-alpha18-4804415</strong>-<strong>windows</strong>.jar</p></li> <li><p>Navigate to the URL in a browser. AAPT2 will begin downloading shortly.</p></li> <li><p>Unpackage the JAR file you just downloaded.</p> <p>The JAR file should contain an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">aapt2</code> executable and some libraries that the executable depends on.</p></li> </ol> <h2 id="compile" data-text="Compile" tabindex="-1">Compile</h2> <p>AAPT2 supports compilation of all <a href="/guide/topics/resources/available-resources">Android resource types</a>, such as drawables and XML files. When you invoke AAPT2 for compilation, pass a single resource file as an input per invocation. AAPT2 then parses the file and generates an intermediate binary file with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.flat</code> extension.</p> <p>When passing whole directories, AAPT2 recompiles all files in the directory even when only one resource has changed. Although you can pass resource directories containing more than one resource file to AAPT2 using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--dir</code> flag, you don't gain the benefits of incremental resource compilation this way.</p> <p>The output file types can differ based on the input you provide for compilation, as shown in the following table:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 1.</strong> The input and output file types for compilation</p> <table> <col width="25%" /> <tr> <th>Input</th> <th>Output</th> </tr> <tr> <td> XML resource files, such as <a href="/guide/topics/resources/string-resource">String</a> and <a href="/guide/topics/resources/style-resource">Style</a>, located in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">res/values/</code> directory </td> <td> Resource table with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">*.arsc.flat</code> as its extension. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> All other resource files. </td> <td> <p> All files other than the files under <code translate="no" dir="ltr">res/values/</code> directory are converted to binary XML files with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">*.flat</code> extensions.</p> <p> Additionally all PNG files are crunched by default and adopt <code translate="no" dir="ltr">*.png.flat </code> extensions. If you choose not to compress PNGs, you can use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-crunch</code> option during compilation.</p> </td> </tr> </table> <p>The files AAPT2 outputs are not executables, and you must later include these binary files as input in the link phase to generate an APK. However, the generated APK file is not an executable that you can deploy on an Android device right away, because it does not contain DEX files and is not signed.</p> <h3 id="compile-syntax" data-text="Compile syntax" tabindex="-1">Compile syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compile</code> is as follows: <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 compile <var translate="no">path-to-input-files</var> [<var translate="no">options</var>] -o <var translate="no">output-directory</var>/ </pre></p> <aside class="note"><strong>Note:</strong><span> For resource files, the path to input files must match the following structure: <var translate="no">path</var>/<var translate="no">resource-type[-config]</var>/<var translate="no">file</var></span></aside> <p>In the following example, AAPT2 compiles resource files named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">values.xml</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">myImage.png</code> individually:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/values-en/strings.xml -o compiled/ aapt2 compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/drawable/myImage.png -o compiled/ </pre> <p>As shown in table 1, the name of the output file depends on the input filename and the name of its parent directory.</p> <p>For the preceding example with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">strings.xml</code> file as the input, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">aapt2</code> automatically names the output file as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">values-en_strings.arsc.flat</code>. However, the compiled drawable file stored in the drawable directory is named <code translate="no" dir="ltr">drawable_img.png.flat</code>.</p> <h3 id="compile_options" data-text="Compile options" tabindex="-1">Compile options</h3> <p>There are several options that you can use with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compile</code> command, as shown in table 2:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 2.</strong> Compile command options</p> <table> <col width="25%"/> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-o <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the output path for the compiled resource(s).</p> <p>This is a <b>required</b> flag, because you must specify a path to a directory where AAPT2 can output and store the compiled resources.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--dir <var translate="no">directory</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the directory to scan for resources. </p> <p>Although you can use this flag to compile multiple resource files with one command, it disables the benefits of incremental compilation. Therefore, this flag shouldn't be used for large projects.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--pseudo-localize</code> </td> <td> Generates <a href="/guide/topics/resources/pseudolocales">pseudolocalized</a> versions of default strings, such as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">en-XA</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">en-XB</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-crunch</code> </td> <td> Disables PNG processing. <p></p> <p>Use this option if you have already processed the PNG files or if you are creating debug builds that don't require file size reduction. Enabling this option results in faster execution but increases the output file size. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--legacy</code> </td> <td> Treats errors that are permissible when using earlier versions of AAPT as warnings.<p></p> <p>This flag should be used for unexpected compile-time errors. To resolve known behavior changes that might occur while using AAPT2, read <a href="#aapt2_changes">Behavior changes when using AAPT2</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-zip <var translate="no">file</var></code> </td> <td> <var translate="no">file</var> is a ZIP file containing the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">res</code> directory to scan for resources. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-output-text-symbols <var translate="no">file</var></code> </td> <td> Generates a text file containing the resource symbols in the specified <arg>file</arg>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-preserve-visibility-of-styleables</code> </td> <td> If specified, applies the same visibility rules for styleables that are used for all other resources. Otherwise, all styleables are made public. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-visibility [<var translate="no">public</var>|<var translate="no">private</var>|<var translate="no">default</var>|]</code> </td> <td> Sets the visibility of the compiled resources to the specified level. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-trace-folder <var translate="no">folder</var></code> </td> <td> Generates a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">systrace</code> JSON trace fragment to the specified <arg>folder</arg>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-source-path <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Sets the compiled resource file's source file path to <arg>path</arg>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-h</code> </td> <td> Displays the tools help. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-v</code> </td> <td> Enables verbose logging. </td> </tr> </table> <h2 id="link" data-text="Link" tabindex="-1">Link</h2> <p>In the link phase, AAPT2 merges all the intermediate files that the compilation phase generates, such as resource tables, binary XML files, and processed PNG files, and then packages the files into a single APK. Additionally, other auxiliary files, such as <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> and ProGuard rules files, can be generated during this phase. However, the generated APK does not contain DEX bytecode and is unsigned. You can't deploy this APK to a device.</p> <p>If you're not using the Android Gradle plugin to <a href="/studio/build/building-cmdline">build your app from the command line</a>, you can use other command-line tools, such as <a href="/studio/command-line/d8">d8</a> to compile Java bytecode into DEX bytecode and <a href="/studio/command-line/apksigner">apksigner</a> to sign your APK.</p> <h3 id="link_syntax" data-text="Link syntax" tabindex="-1">Link syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">link</code> is as follows:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 link <var translate="no">path-to-input-files</var> <var translate="no">[options]</var> -o <var translate="no">outputdirectory</var>/<var translate="no">outputfilename</var>.apk --manifest AndroidManifest.xml </pre> <p>In the following example, AAPT2 merges two intermediate files, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">drawable_Image.flat</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">values_values.arsc.flat</code>, and the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file. AAPT2 links the result against the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android.jar</code> file, which holds the resources defined in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android</code> package:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 link -o output.apk -I <var translate="no">android_sdk</var>/platforms/<var translate="no">android_version</var>/android.jar compiled/res/values_values.arsc.flat compiled/res/drawable_Image.flat --manifest /<var translate="no">path</var>/<var translate="no">to</var>/AndroidManifest.xml -v </pre> <h3 id="link_options" data-text="Link options" tabindex="-1">Link options</h3> <p>You can use the following options with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">link</code> command:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 3.</strong> Link command options</p> <table> <col width="25%"/> <tr> <th>Option</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-o <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the output path for the linked resource APK.</p> <p>This is a <b>required</b> flag, because you must specify the path for the output APK that can hold the linked resources.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--manifest <var translate="no">file</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the path to the Android manifest file to build.</p> <p> This is a <b>required</b> flag, because the manifest file encloses essential information about your app, like package name and application ID. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-I</code> </td> <td> <p>Provides the path to the platform's <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android.jar</code> or other APKs, like <code translate="no" dir="ltr">framework-res.apk</code>, which might be useful while building features.</p> This flag is <b>required</b> if you are using attributes with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android</code> namespace in your resource files. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-A <var translate="no">directory</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies an assets directory to be included in the APK.</p> <p>You can use this directory to store original, unprocessed files. To learn more, read <a href="/guide/topics/resources/providing-resources#OriginalFiles"> Accessing original files</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-R <var translate="no">file</var> </code> </td> <td> Passes an individual <code translate="no" dir="ltr">.flat</code> file to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">link</code>, using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">overlay</code> semantics without using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><add-resource></code> tag. <p></p> <p>When you a provide a resource file that overlays an existing file, the last conflicting resource given is used.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--package-id <var translate="no">package-id</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the package ID to use for your app.<p></p> <p>The package ID you specify must be greater than or equal to 0x7f unless used in combination with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--allow-reserved-package-id</code>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--allow-reserved-package-id</code> </td> <td> <p>Allows the use of a reserved package ID.</p> <p>Reserved package IDs are IDs that are normally assigned to shared libraries and in the range from 0x02 to 0x7e, inclusive. By using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--allow-reserved-package-id</code>, you can assign IDs that fall in the range of reserved package IDs.</p> <p>This option should only be used for packages with a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">min-sdk</code> version of 26 or lower.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--java <var translate="no">directory</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the directory to generate <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> in. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proguard <var translate="no">proguard_options</var></code> </td> <td> Generates the output file for ProGuard rules. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proguard-conditional-keep-rules</code> </td> <td> Generates the output file for ProGuard rules for the main DEX. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-auto-version</code> </td> <td> Disables automatic style and layout SDK versioning. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-version-vectors</code> </td> <td> Disables automatic versioning of vector drawables. Use this flag only when building your APK with the Vector Drawable Library. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-version-transitions</code> </td> <td> Disables automatic versioning of transition resources. Use this flag only when building your APK with the Transition Support library. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-resource-deduping</code> </td> <td> Disables automatic de-duplication of resources with identical values across compatible configurations. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--enable-sparse-encoding</code> </td> <td> Enables encoding of sparse entries using a binary search tree. This is useful for optimization of APK size but at the cost of resource retrieval performance. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-z</code> </td> <td> Requires localization of strings marked 'suggested'. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-c <var translate="no">config</var></code> </td> <td> Provides a comma-separated list of configurations. <p></p> <p>For example, if you have dependencies on the support library, which contains translations for multiple languages, you can filter resources just for the given language configuration, like English or Spanish.</p> <p>You must define the language configuration by a two-letter ISO 639-1 language code, optionally followed by a two letter ISO 3166-1-alpha-2 region code preceded by lowercase 'r'. For example, en-rUS.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--preferred-density <var translate="no">density</var></code> </td> <td> Allows AAPT2 to select the closest matching density and strip out all others. <p></p> <p>There are several pixel density qualifiers available to use in your app, such as ldpi, hdpi, and xhdpi. When you specify a preferred density, AAPT2 selects and stores the closest matching density in the resource table and removes all others.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--output-to-dir</code> </td> <td> Outputs the APK contents to a directory specified by <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-o</code>.<p/> <p>If you get any errors using this flag, you can resolve them by upgrading to <a href="/studio/releases/build-tools">Android SDK Build Tools 28.0.0 or higher</a>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--min-sdk-version <var translate="no">min-sdk-version</var></code> </td> <td> Sets the default minimum SDK version to use for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--target-sdk-version <var translate="no">target-sdk-version</var></code> </td> <td> Sets the default target SDK version to use for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--version-code <var translate="no">version-code</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the version code to inject into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> if none is present. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--version-name <var translate="no">version-name</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the version name to inject into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> if none is present. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--revision-code <var translate="no">revision-code</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the revision code to inject into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file if none is present. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--replace-version</code> </td> <td> If <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--version-code</code>, <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--version-name</code>, or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--revision-code</code> are specified, these values replace any value already in the manifest. By default, nothing changes if the manifest already defines these attributes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr"> --compile-sdk-version-nacodeme <var translate="no">compile-sdk-version-name</var> </code> </td> <td> Specifies the version code to inject into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file if none is present. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr"> --compile-sdk-version-name <var translate="no">compile-sdk-version-name</var> </code> </td> <td> Specifies the version name to inject into <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file if none is present. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proto-format</code> </td> <td> Generates compiled resources in Protobuf format. <p>Suitable as input to the <a href="/studio/build/building-cmdline#bundletool-build"> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">bundletool</code> </a> for generating an Android App Bundle.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--non-final-ids</code> </td> <td> Generates <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> with non-final resource IDs. References to the IDs from app’s code aren't inlined during <code translate="no" dir="ltr">kotlinc</code> or <code translate="no" dir="ltr">javac</code> compilation. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--emit-ids <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Emits a file at the given path with a list of names of resource types and their ID mappings. This is suitable to use with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--stable-ids</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--stable-ids <var translate="no">outputfilename.ext</var></code> </td> <td> Consumes the file generated with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--emit-ids</code> containing the list of names of resource types and their assigned IDs. <p></p> <p>This option allows assigned IDs to remain stable even when you delete or add new resources while linking.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--custom-package <var translate="no">package_name</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the custom Java package to generate <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> under. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr"> --extra-packages <var translate="no">package_name</var></code> </td> <td> Generates the same <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> file, but with different package names. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--add-javadoc-annotation <var translate="no">annotation</var></code> </td> <td> Adds a JavaDoc annotation to all generated Java classes. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--output-text-symbols <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Generates a text file containing the resource symbols of the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R</code> class in the specified file.</p> <p>You must specify the path to the output file.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--auto-add-overlay</code> </td> <td> Allows the addition of new resources in overlays without using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><add-resource></code> tag. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--rename-manifest-package <var translate="no">manifest-package</var></code> </td> <td> Renames the package in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--rename-instrumentation-target-package <var translate="no">instrumentation- target-package</var></code> </td> <td> Changes the name of the target package for <a href="/reference/android/app/Instrumentation"> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">instrumentation</code></a>.<p/> <p>This option should be used in conjunction with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--rename-manifest-package</code>.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-0 <var translate="no">extension</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the extensions of files that you don't want to compress.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--split <var translate="no">path:config[,config[..]]</var> </code> </td> <td> Splits resources based on a set of configurations to generate a different version of the APK. <p></p> <p> You must specify the path to the output APK along with the set of configurations.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proguard-main-dex <var translate="no">file</var></code> </td> <td> Output file for generated ProGuard rules for the main DEX. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proguard-minimal-keep-rules</code> </td> <td> Generates a minimal set of ProGuard keep rules. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-resource-removal</code> </td> <td> Disables automatic removal of resources without defaults. Use this option only when building runtime resource overlay packages. </td> </tr> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-x</code> </td> <td> Legacy flag that specifies the use of the package identifier 0x01. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--product <var translate="no">products-list</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies a comma-separated list of product names to keep. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-xml-namespaces</code> </td> <td> Removes XML namespace prefix and URI information from <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file and XML binaries in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">res/*</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--shared-lib</code> </td> <td> Generates a shared Android runtime library. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--static-lib</code> </td> <td> Generates a static Android library. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-static-lib-packages</code> </td> <td> Merges all library resources under the app's package. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-proguard-location-reference</code> </td> <td> Keeps ProGuard rules files from having a reference to the source file. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--private-symbols <var translate="no">package-name</var></code> </td> <td> <var translate="no">package-name</var> specifies the package name to use when generating <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> for private symbols. If not specified, public and private symbols use the app's package name. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--override-styles-instead-of-overlaying</code> </td> <td> Causes styles defined in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-R</code> resources to replace previous definitions instead of merging them. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--rename-resources-package <var translate="no">package-name</var></code> </td> <td> Renames the package in the resources table to <var translate="no">package-name</var>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-compress</code> </td> <td> Doesn't compress any resources. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--keep-raw-values</code> </td> <td> Preserves raw attribute values in XML files. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-compress-regex <var translate="no">regular-expression</var></code> </td> <td> Doesn't compress extensions matching <var translate="no">regular-expression</var>. Use the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">$</code> symbol for end of line. Uses a case-sensitive ECMAScript regular expression grammar. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--warn-manifest-validation</code> </td> <td> Treats manifest validation errors as warnings. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--exclude-configs <var translate="no">qualifier[,qualifier[..]]</var></code> </td> <td> Excludes values of resources whose configs contain the specified qualifiers. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--debug-mode</code> </td> <td> Inserts <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android:debuggable="true"</code> in to the application node of the manifest, making the application debuggable even on production devices. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--strict-visibility</code> </td> <td> Doesn't allow overlays with different visibility levels. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--exclude-sources</code> </td> <td> Doesn't serialize source file information when generating resources in Protobuf format. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--trace-folder <var translate="no">folder</var></code> </td> <td> Generates <code translate="no" dir="ltr">systrace</code> JSON trace fragment to specified <var translate="no">folder</var>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--merge-only</code> </td> <td> Only merges the resources without verifying resource references. This flag should only be used with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--static-lib</code> flag. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-h</code> </td> <td> Displays the help menu. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-v</code> </td> <td> Enables increased verbosity of the output. </td> </tr> </table> <h2 id="dump" data-text="Dump" tabindex="-1">Dump</h2> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">dump</code> is used for printing information about the APK you generated using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">link</code> command.</p> <h3 id="dump_syntax" data-text="Dump syntax" tabindex="-1">Dump syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dump</code> is as follows:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 dump <var translate="no">sub-command</var> <var translate="no">filename.apk</var> <var translate="no">[options]</var> </pre> <p>The following example prints content from the resource table of the specified APK:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 dump resources output.apk </pre> <h3 id="dump_commands" data-text="Dump sub-commands" tabindex="-1">Dump sub-commands</h3> <p>Specify one of the following sub-commands with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dump</code> command:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 4.</strong> Dump sub-commands</p> <table> <col width="25%"> <tr> <th>Sub-command</th><th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">apc</code> </td> <td> Prints the contents of the AAPT2 Container (APC) generated during compilation. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">badging</code> </td> <td> Prints information extracted from the APK's manifest. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">configurations</code> </td> <td> Prints every configuration used by a resource in the APK. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">overlayable</code> </td> <td> Prints the overlayable resources of the APK. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">packagename</code> </td> <td> Prints the APK's package name. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">permissions</code> </td> <td> Prints the permissions extracted from the APK's manifest. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">strings</code> </td> <td> Prints the contents of the APK's resource table string pool. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">styleparents</code> </td> <td> Prints the parents of styles used in the APK. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">resources</code> </td> <td> Prints the contents of the APK's resource table. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">xmlstrings</code> </td> <td> Prints strings from the APK's compiled XML. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">xmltree</code> </td> <td> Prints a tree of the APK's compiled XML. </td> </tr> </table> <h3 id="dump_options" data-text="Dump options" tabindex="-1">Dump options</h3> <p>Use the following options with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">dump</code>:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 5.</strong> Dump options</p> <table> <col width="25%"> <tr> <th>Option</th><th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--no-values</code> </td> <td> Suppresses the output of values when displaying resource. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--file <var translate="no">file</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies a file as an argument to be dumped from the APK. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-v</code> </td> <td> Increases verbosity of the output. </td> </tr> </table> <h2 id="diff" data-text="Diff" tabindex="-1">Diff</h2> <p>Use <code translate="no" dir="ltr">diff</code> to compare two APKs and identify any differences between them.</p> <h3 id="diff_syntax" data-text="Diff syntax" tabindex="-1">Diff syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">diff</code> is as follows:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 diff <var translate="no">first.apk second.apk</var> </pre> <p>There are no options for the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">diff</code> command.</p> <h2 id="optimize" data-text="Optimize" tabindex="-1">Optimize</h2> <p><code translate="no" dir="ltr">optimize</code> is used to run optimizations on the merged resources and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">resources.arsc</code> before they are packaged into the APK. This optimization can reduce APK size by around 1-3%, depending on the size and number of resources that are being used.</p> <h3 id="optimize_syntax" data-text="Optimize syntax" tabindex="-1">Optimize syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">optimize</code> is as follows:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 optimize <var translate="no">options file[,file[..]]</var> </pre> <p>The following example optimizes the resources in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">input.apk</code> and creates a new, optimized APK in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">output.apk</code>. It replaces the usual flat table representation with a more compact binary search tree, resulting in a smaller APK at the cost of retrieval performance:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 optimize -o output.apk --enable-sparse-encoding input.apk </pre> <h3 id="optimize_options" data-text="Optimize options" tabindex="-1">Optimize options</h3> <p>You can use the following options with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">optimize</code>:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 6.</strong> Optimize options</p> <table> <col width="25%"> <tr> <th>Option</th><th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-o <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the output path for the linked resource APK.<p></p> <p>This is a <b>required</b> flag, because you must specify the path for the output APK that can hold the linked resources.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-d <var translate="no">directory</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the path to the output directory for splits. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-x <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the path to the XML configuration file. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-p</code> </td> <td> Prints the multi-APK artifacts and exit. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--target-densities <var translate="no">density[,density[..]]</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies a comma-separated list of the screen densities that the APK is optimized for. All resources that would be unused on devices of the given densities are removed from the APK. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--resources-config-path <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the path to the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">resources.cfg</code> file containing the list of resources and directives to each resource.</p> <p>Format: <var translate="no">type/resource_name#[directive][,directive]</var></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-c <var translate="no">config[,config[..]]</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies a comma-separated list of configurations to include. The default is all configurations. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--split <var translate="no">path:config[,config[..]]</var> </code> </td> <td> Splits resources based on a set of configurations to generate a different version of the APK. <p></p> <p> You must specify the path to the output APK along with the set of configurations.</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--keep-artifacts <var translate="no">artifact[,artifact[..]]</var> </code> </td> <td> Specifies a comma-separated list of artifacts to keep. If none are specified, all artifacts are kept. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--enable-sparse-encoding</code> </td> <td> Enables encoding of sparse entries using a binary search tree. This option is useful for optimization of APK size but at the cost of resource retrieval performance. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--collapse-resource-names</code> </td> <td> Collapses resource names to a single value in the key string pool. Resources are exempted using the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">no_collapse</code> directive in a file specified by <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--resources-config-path</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--shorten-resource-paths</code> </td> <td>Shortens the paths of resources inside the APK.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--resource-path-shortening-map <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> Specifies the path to output the map of old resource paths to shortened paths. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-v</code> </td> <td> Increases verbosity of the output. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-h</code> </td> <td> Displays the tool help. </td> </tr> </table> <h2 id="convert" data-text="Convert" tabindex="-1">Convert</h2> <p>By default, the AAPT <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compile</code> command compiles resources in to a binary format that is suitable for APKs. It is possible to also specify protobuf format that is suitable for AABs by specifying <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--proto-format</code>. The <code translate="no" dir="ltr">convert</code> command converts APKs between the two formats.</p> <h3 id="convert-syntax" data-text="Convert syntax" tabindex="-1">Convert syntax</h3> <p>The general syntax for <code translate="no" dir="ltr">convert</code> is as follows:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 convert -o <var translate="no">output-file</var> <var translate="no">options file[,file[..]]</var> </pre> <p>The following example converts the resources in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">input.apk</code> and creates a new, APK in <code translate="no" dir="ltr">output.apk</code> containing protobuf format resources. It replaces the usual flat table representation with a more compact binary search tree, resulting in a smaller APK at the cost of retrieval performance:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 convert -o output.apk --output-format proto --enable-sparse-encoding input.apk </pre> <h3 id="convert_options" data-text="Convert Options" tabindex="-1">Convert Options</h3> <p>Use the following options with <code translate="no" dir="ltr">convert</code>:</p> <p class="table-caption"><strong>Table 7.</strong> Convert options</p> <table> <col width="25%"> <tr> <th>Option</th><th>Description</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-o <var translate="no">path</var></code> </td> <td> <p>Specifies the output path for the linked resource APK.</p> <p>This is a <b>required</b> flag, because you must specify the path for the output APK that can hold the linked resources.</p> </td> </tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--output-format <var translate="no">[proto|binary]</var></code> </td> <td> Format of the output. Accepted values are <code translate="no" dir="ltr">proto</code> and <code translate="no" dir="ltr">binary</code>. When not set, defaults to <code translate="no" dir="ltr">binary</code>. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--enable-sparse-encoding</code> </td> <td> Enables encoding of sparse entries using a binary search tree. This option is useful for optimization of APK size but at the cost of resource retrieval performance. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--keep-raw-values</code> </td> <td> Preserves raw attribute values in XML files. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-v</code> </td> <td> Increases verbosity of the output. </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <code translate="no" dir="ltr">-h</code> </td> <td> Displays the tool help. </td> </tr> </table> <h2 id="daemon" data-text="Daemon mode" tabindex="-1">Daemon mode</h2> <p>AAPT version 2.19 introduced daemon mode for issuing commands. Daemon mode lets you enter multiple commands in a single AAPT session.</p> <h3 id="daemon_syntax" data-text="Daemon syntax" tabindex="-1">Daemon syntax</h3> <p>Start daemon mode with the following command:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 daemon </pre> <p>Once daemon mode is running, you can enter commands. Each argument of the command must be on a separate line, with a blank line at the end of the command. Exit daemon mode by typing Control+D.</p> <p>Consider the following individual <code translate="no" dir="ltr">compile</code> commands:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/values-en/strings.xml -o compiled/ aapt2 compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/drawable/myImage.png -o compiled/ </pre> <p>These commands can be entered in daemon mode as:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 daemon Ready compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/values-en/strings.xml -o compiled/ Done compile <var translate="no">project_root</var>/<var translate="no">module_root</var>/src/main/res/drawable/myImage.png -o compiled/ Done ^D Exiting daemon </pre> <h3 id="daemon_options" data-text="Daemon mode options" tabindex="-1">Daemon mode options</h3> <p>The single option for daemon mode is <code translate="no" dir="ltr">--trace-folder <var translate="no">folder</var></code>, which generates a <code translate="no" dir="ltr">systrace</code> JSON trace fragment to specified <var translate="no">folder</var>.</p> <h2 id="version" data-text="Version" tabindex="-1">Version</h2> <p>Determine the version of AAPT2 you are using with the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">version</code> command:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> aapt2 version Android Asset Packaging Tool (aapt) 2.19-8678579 </pre> <h2 id="aapt2_changes" data-text="Behavior changes when using AAPT2" tabindex="-1">Behavior changes when using AAPT2</h2> <p>Prior to AAPT2, AAPT was the default version of the Android Asset Packaging Tool, which is now deprecated. Although AAPT2 should immediately work with older projects, this section describes some behavior changes you should be aware of.</p> <h3 id="aapt2_element_hierarchy" data-text="Element hierarchies in the Android manifest" tabindex="-1">Element hierarchies in the Android manifest</h3> <p>In previous versions of AAPT, elements nested in incorrect nodes in the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">AndroidManifest.xml</code> file were either ignored or resulted in a warning. For example, consider the following example:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-xml" translate="no" dir="ltr"> <manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" package="com.example.myname.myapplication"> <application ... <activity android:name=".MainActivity"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /> <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /> </intent-filter> <var translate="no"><action android:name="android.intent.action.CUSTOM" /></var> </activity> </application> </manifest> </pre> <p>Previous versions of AAPT would simply ignore the misplaced <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><action></code> tag.</p> <p>With AAPT2, you receive the following error:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> AndroidManifest.xml:15: error: unknown element <action> found. </pre> <p>To resolve the issue, make sure your manifest elements are nested correctly. For more information, read the <a href="/guide/topics/manifest/manifest-intro">App Manifest overview</a>.</p> <h3 id="aapt2_resource_naming" data-text="Declaration of resources" tabindex="-1">Declaration of resources</h3> <p>You can no longer indicate the type of a resource from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">name</code> attribute. The following example incorrectly declares an <code translate="no" dir="ltr">attr</code> resource item:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-xml" translate="no" dir="ltr"> <style name="childStyle" parent="parentStyle"> <item name="attr/my_attr">@color/pink</item> </style> </pre> <p>Declaring a resource type this way results in the following build error:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> Error: style attribute 'attr/attr/my_attr (aka my.package:attr/attr/my_attr)' not found. </pre> <p>To resolve this error, explicitly declare the type using <code translate="no" dir="ltr">type="attr"</code>:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-xml" translate="no" dir="ltr"> <style name="childStyle" parent="parentStyle"> <item type="attr" name="my_attr">@color/pink</item> </style> </pre> <p>Additionally, when declaring a <code translate="no" dir="ltr"><style></code> element, its parent must also be a style resource type. Otherwise, you get an error similar to the following:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> Error: (...) invalid resource type 'attr' for parent of style </pre> <h3 id="at_symbol" data-text="Incorrect use of @ resource reference symbols" tabindex="-1">Incorrect use of @ resource reference symbols</h3> <p>AAPT2 throws build errors when you omit or incorrectly place resource reference symbols (<code translate="no" dir="ltr">@</code>). For example, if you omit the symbol when specifying a style attribute:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-xml" translate="no" dir="ltr"> <style name="AppTheme" parent="Theme.AppCompat.Light.DarkActionBar"> ...  <item name="colorPrimary">color/colorPrimary</item> </style> </pre> <p>When building the module, AAPT2 throws the following build error:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> ERROR: expected color but got (raw string) color/colorPrimary </pre> <p>Additionally, if you incorrectly include the symbol when accessing a resource from the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">android</code> namespace:</p> <pre class="prettyprint lang-xml" translate="no" dir="ltr"> ...  <item name="@android:windowEnterAnimation"/> </pre> <p>When building the module, AAPT2 throws the following build error:</p> <pre class="none" translate="no" dir="ltr"> Error: style attribute '@android:attr/windowEnterAnimation' not found </pre> <h3 id="incorrect_configuration_of_libraries" data-text="Incorrect configuration of libraries" tabindex="-1">Incorrect configuration of libraries</h3> <p>If your app has a dependency on a third-party library that was built using older versions of the <a href="/studio/releases/build-tools">Android SDK Build Tools</a>, your app might crash at runtime without displaying any errors or warnings. This crash might occur because during the library's creation, the <code translate="no" dir="ltr">R.java</code> fields are declared <code translate="no" dir="ltr">final</code>. As a result, all the resource IDs are inlined in the library's classes.</p> <p>AAPT2 relies on being able to re-assign IDs to library resources when building your app. If the library assumes the IDs are <code translate="no" dir="ltr">final</code> and inlines them in the library DEX, there is a runtime mismatch.</p> <p>To resolve this error, contact the library author to rebuild the library using the latest version of the Android SDK Build Tools, and republish the library.</p> <devsite-hats-survey class="nocontent" hats-id="VxqvKSur40kxBYCLVTd0SSGykbno" listnr-id="5207477"></devsite-hats-survey> </div> <devsite-recommendations display="in-page" hidden yield> </devsite-recommendations> <devsite-thumb-rating position="footer"> </devsite-thumb-rating> <devsite-recommendations id="recommendations-link" yield></devsite-recommendations> <div class="devsite-floating-action-buttons"> </div> </article> <devsite-content-footer class="nocontent"> <p>Content and code samples on this page are subject to the licenses described in the <a href="/license">Content License</a>. 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