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(1903) | synonyms = <small>≡''Mucor corymbifer'' Cohn ex. Lichtheim (1884)</small><br> <small>≡''Absidia corymbifera'' (Cohn) Sacc. & Trotter</small><br> <small>≡''Mycocladus corymbifer'' (Cohn) Vánová (1991)</small><br> <small>=''L. hyalospora'' K. Hoffmann, G.Walther & K.Voigt (2009)</small><br> <small>=''L. sphaerocystis'' A. Alastruey-Izquierdo & G.Walther(2010)</small><br> <small>=''L. hongkongensis'' K.Y. Yuen (2010)</small> }} '''''Lichtheimia corymbifera''''' is a thermophilic fungus in the phylum [[Zygomycota]]. It normally lives as a [[saprotrophic]] mold, but can also be an opportunistic pathogen known to cause pulmonary, CNS, rhinocerebral, or cutaneous infections in animals and humans with impaired immunity.<ref>Fungal Infections, Lichtheimia corymbifera. (2013). Retrieved from October 10, 2013 from the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) Web Site: http://www.life-worldwide.org/fungal-diseases/lichtheimia-corymbifera/.</ref> ==Appearance== {{multiple image | align = left | width = 100 | footer = ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' apophysis (left) and sporangium (right). | image1 = Absidia_corymbifera_apophysis.jpeg | alt1 = apophysis | image2 = Absidia corymbifera sporangium.jpg | alt2 = sporangium }} ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' was originally described as ''Mucor corymbifer'' in 1884 by Lichtheim from clinical isolations in [[Wrocław]], Poland.<ref name=lichtheim1884/>{{rp|149}} At the time of the description, the species epithet, "corymbifer" was attributed to Cohn. In 1903, the fungus was transferred to the mucoralean genus ''Lichtheimia'' (honoring Lichtheim) by Jules Vuillemin as ''L. corymbifera''. In 1912 the species was again transferred by Saccardo and Trotter to the genus ''Absidia'' as ''A. corymbifera'' where it remained for most of the 20th century. Alastruey-Izquierdo and colleagues in 1991 transferred the species to the genus ''Mycocladus'', described originally by Beauverie in 1900. The type of ''Mycocladus'' has since been shown to be a co-culture with elements that appear to be conspecific with ''Absidia'' van Tieghem (1876).<ref name=hoffmann2010/> Thus the oldest available name for the fungus is ''Lichthemia corymbifera''.<ref name=hoffmann2010/>{{rp|441}}<ref name=alastruey-izquierdo2010 /> Although conventionally treated in the family Mucoraceae, the erection of a new family to accommodate the genus ''Lichtheimia'', the "Lichtheimiaceae", has been proposed.<ref name=hoffmann2010/>{{rp|445}} ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' produces small, dark spores inside pear-shaped (pyriform) [[sporangia]].<ref name=Ransohoff>Ransohoff. (November 26, 2010). Draft for 2010/2011 EOL University Species Pages Initiative by Katie Ransohoff. In https://mushroomobserver.org/name/show_name_description/1875?_js=on&_new=true. Retrieved November 9, 2013, from The Mushroom Observer.</ref> The species is characterized by a conically shaped columella and a short, pronounced projection, a funnel-shaped apophysis, on the top. The sporangiophores (sporangia-bearing stalks) are [[hyaline]] to slightly pigmented, sometimes branched, and arising from [[stolons]] in groups of three to seven. The [[zygospores]] are naked with equatorial rings, have opposed suspensors, and lack appendages. There is limited production of [[rhizoids]], thus, it is often difficult to identify them without the assistance of a dissecting microscope.<ref name=alastruey-izquierdo2010 /> ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' produces more compact, less effusive growth than [[Lichtheimia ramosa|''L. ramosa''.]] As well, the sporangiospores of ''L. corymbifera'' are ellipsodial and [[hyaline]] when mature, versus those of ''L. ramosa'' which are lightly colored and ellipsodial.<ref name="Garcia-HermosoHoinard2009" /> ==Ecology== Originally described in Central Europe, the fungus has been found in the Middle East, Great Britain, North and South America, India, and Africa.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> It is usually found inhabiting soil or dead plant material,<ref name=alastruey-izquierdo2010/><ref name="Ransohoff" /> and in association with farm animals, such as cattle and horses, probably because it decomposes hay and grass.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> Infections in farm animals can cause death relatively quickly if not treated immediately.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> The fungus was described as a cause of mycotic abortion in cattle in [[Po Valley]], Italy.<ref name="PiancastelliGhidini2009">{{cite journal |last1=Piancastelli |first1=Chiara |last2=Ghidini |first2=Francesca |last3=Donofrio |first3=Gaetano |last4=Jottini |first4=Stefano |last5=Taddei |first5=Simone |last6=Cavirani |first6=Sandro |last7=Cabassi |first7=Clotilde S |title=Isolation and characterization of a strain of Lichtheimia corymbifera (ex Absidia corymbifera) from a case of bovine abortion |journal=Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=2009 |pages=138 |issn=1477-7827 |doi=10.1186/1477-7827-7-138|pmid=19948023 |pmc=2789724 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The natural environment for ''L. corymbifera'' appears to be soil and decaying grasses, with an optimal pH between 3.0-8.0.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> In addition, it has an optimal soil depth of 30–40&nbsp;cm, according to a study in India.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> However, they can also be found in the air or underground and can survive on humans and animals, giving it its infectious quality.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> Furthermore, ''L. corymbifera'' can survive well in humid environments, for example, in swamps, dung, grasslands or sewage, in cotton, grains and straw as well.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' has optimal growth at human body temperature, 35-37&nbsp;°C; however, due to its thermophilic nature, it can tolerate temperatures up to 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name="dotf" /> ''Lichthemia corymbifera'' is a fast-growing species in both culture and in vivo. In culture, the fungus is pale white at first and turns grey with age; the colonies are observed to reach up to 15&nbsp;mm in thickness.<ref name="life">Fungal Infections, ''Lichtheimia corymbifera''. (2013). Retrieved from October 10, 2013 from the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) Web Site: http://www.life-worldwide.org/fungal-diseases/lichtheimia-corymbifera/</ref> The fungus can also be cultured on a range of other materials including bread.<ref name="Ransohoff" /> ==Epidemiology== ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' accounts for approximately 5% of mucormycoses today,<ref name=alastruey-izquierdo2010 /> but true prevalence is unclear because the disease is not generally reportable and the diagnosis of mucormycosis is often empirical or based on the recovery of any zygomycetous fungus.<ref name="Garcia-HermosoHoinard2009">{{cite journal |last1=Garcia-Hermoso |first1=D. |last2=Hoinard |first2=D. |last3=Gantier |first3=J.-C. |last4=Grenouillet |first4=F. |last5=Dromer |first5=F. |last6=Dannaoui |first6=E. |title=Molecular and Phenotypic Evaluation of Lichtheimia corymbifera (Formerly Absidia corymbifera) Complex Isolates Associated with Human Mucormycosis: Rehabilitation of L. ramosa |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=47 |issue=12 |year=2009 |pages=3862–3870 |issn=0095-1137 |doi=10.1128/JCM.02094-08 |pmc=2786664 |pmid=19759217}}</ref> Infection can occur in people with normal immune systems but contraction is rare if the person is merely in contact with infected soil.<ref name=Ransohoff /> On the other hand, infection is common in individuals with weakened immune systems due to diseases like HIV/AIDS.<ref name=Ransohoff /> A 100% mortality rate has been reported for individuals with HIV/AIDS who become infected with ''L. corymbifera''.<ref name=Ransohoff /> Other immunodeficiency diseases that predispose to infection are diabetes, blood cancers like leukemia or large skin wounds such as those secondary to burn injury.<ref name=Ransohoff /> In patients with leukemia, the mortality rate is 1%.<ref name=Ransohoff /> In humans, mucormycosis caused by ''L. corymbifera'' typically involves deep infection of the rhinocerebral and bronchorespiratory tract.<ref name="SchrodlHeydel2011">{{cite journal |last1=Schrödl |first1=W. |last2=Heydel |first2=T. |last3=Schwartze |first3=V. U. |last4=Hoffmann |first4=K. |last5=Grosse-Herrenthey |first5=A. |last6=Walther |first6=G. |last7=Alastruey-Izquierdo |first7=A. |last8=Rodriguez-Tudela |first8=J. L. |last9=Olias |first9=P. |last10=Jacobsen |first10=I. D. |last11=de Hoog |first11=G. S. |last12=Voigt |first12=K. |title=Direct Analysis and Identification of Pathogenic Lichtheimia Species by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Analyzer-Mediated Mass Spectrometry |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=50 |issue=2 |year=2011 |pages=419–427 |issn=0095-1137 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01070-11 |pmc=3264171 |pmid=22135259}}</ref> The most common presentation in farm animals is mycotic abortion.<ref>Lichtheimia corymbifera. (2013). Retrieved October 15, 2013, from The University of Adelaide, Mycology Online Web Site: {{cite web |url=http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Zygomycetes/Absidia/ |title=Mycology Online -- Absidia |access-date=2007-11-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070920092110/http://www.mycology.adelaide.edu.au/Fungal_Descriptions/Zygomycetes/Absidia/ |archive-date=2007-09-20 }}</ref> Infection is promoted in immunosuppressed organisms through spore inhalation or direct contact of ''L. corymbifera'' spores with tissues.<ref name="AlmaslamaniTaj-Aldeen2009">{{cite journal |last1=Almaslamani |first1=Muna |last2=Taj-Aldeen |first2=Saad J. |last3=Garcia-Hermoso |first3=Dea |last4=Dannaoui |first4=Eric |last5=Alsoub |first5=Hussam |last6=Alkhal |first6=Abdullatif |title=An increasing trend of cutaneous zygomycosis caused by Mycocladus corymbifer(formerly Absidia corymbifera): report of two cases and review of primary cutaneous Mycocladus infections |journal=Medical Mycology |volume=47 |issue=5 |year=2009 |pages=532–538 |issn=1369-3786 |doi=10.1080/13693780802595746 |pmid=19184768|doi-access=free }}</ref> Upon infection, the fungus invades the blood vessels and there is nearby tissue destruction or blood clot formation.<ref name=Ransohoff /> Symptoms can be seen in various organ systems. For example, if the abdomen is infected, diagnosis is difficult since it is similar to an abscess presentation. Hence, diagnosis is often only made at death.<ref name=Ransohoff /> Diagnosis is also difficult if the lungs are infected. X-rays are often inconclusive in differentiating between other infections. If the sinus/craniofacial area is infected, symptoms begin with facial pain, progressing to muscle or nerve impairment in the eye area, and ultimately leading to the formation of blood clots in arteries serving the brain.<ref name=Ransohoff /> ==Treatment== Treatment involves a combination of surgical [[debridement]] and antifungal therapy. ''Lichtheimia corymbifera'' is most susceptible to the antifungal drug [[Amphotericin B]] and [[Posaconazole]],<ref name="SchrodlHeydel2011" /> however, negative side effects are possible. These side effects can be relatively mild, resulting in chills and muscle pain but can also include severe forms of nephrotoxicity.<ref name=Ransohoff /> [[Amphotericin B]] binds to ergosterol, found in fungal cell membranes. This causes ion and sugar leakage progressing to cell death. This species is variably susceptible to [[Itraconazole]] and highly resistant to [[Fluconazole]], [[Ketoconazole]], [[Voriconazole]] and [[Echinocandins]].<ref>Fungal Infections, Lichtheimia corymbifera. (2013). Retrieved from October 10, 2013 from the Leading International Fungal Education (LIFE) Web Site: http://www.life-worldwide.org/fungal-diseases/lichtheimia-corymbifera/</ref> Higher doses must be administered for these antifungal drugs to be effective. Other species of ''Lichtheimia'' are morphologically and genetically distinct but share highly similar antifungal drug susceptibilities. ==References== {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=alastruey-izquierdo2010>{{cite journal |last1=Alastruey-Izquierdo |first1=Ana |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Kerstin |last3=de Hoog |first3=G. Sybren |last4=Rodriguez-Tudela |first4=Juan Luis |last5=Voigt |first5=Kerstin |last6=Bibashi |first6=Evangelia |last7=Walther |first7=Grit |title=Species Recognition and Clinical Relevance of the Zygomycetous Genus Lichtheimia (syn. Absidia Pro Parte, Mycocladus) |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=48 |issue=6 |year=2010 |pages=2154–2170 |issn=0095-1137 |doi=10.1128/JCM.01744-09 |pmc=2884488 |pmid=20357218}}</ref> <ref name=dotf>{{cite book|last=Kirk|first=P.M. |display-authors=etal |title=Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi|year=2001|publisher=CABI|location=Wallingford|isbn=0-85199-377-X|edition=9th}}</ref> <ref name=hoffmann2010>{{cite book|last1=Gherbawy|first1=Youssuf|first2=Kerstin|last2=Voigt|title=Molecular identification of fungi|year=2010|publisher=Springer|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-642-05042-8}}</ref> <ref name=lichtheim1884>{{cite journal|last=Lichtheim|first=L.|title=Ueber pathogene Mucorineen und die durch sie erzeugten Mykosen des Kaninchens|journal=Zeitschrift für klinische Medizin|year=1884|volume=7|pages=140–177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP81AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA140|access-date=7 December 2013}}</ref> }} {{Taxonbar|from=Q4669739}} [[Category:Fungi described in 1884]] 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