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<span>Toggle Domestic reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Domestic_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Builder_King" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Builder_King"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Builder King</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Builder_King-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Attempted assassination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congo_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congo_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Congo Free State</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congo_Free_State-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Congo Free State subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Congo_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obtaining_the_Congo_Free_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obtaining_the_Congo_Free_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Obtaining the Congo Free State</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obtaining_the_Congo_Free_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lado_Enclave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lado_Enclave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Lado Enclave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lado_Enclave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploitation,_atrocities,_and_death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation,_atrocities,_and_death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Exploitation, atrocities, and death toll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation,_atrocities,_and_death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_management_of_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_management_of_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Criticism of the management of Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_management_of_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relinquishment_of_the_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relinquishment_of_the_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Relinquishment of the Congo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relinquishment_of_the_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Death and legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Statues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Statues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">83 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_van_Belgi%C3%AB" title="Leopold II van België – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leopold II van België" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%93odbald_II_Belga_Cyning" title="Lēodbald II Belga Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lēodbald II Belga Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ليوبولد الثاني ملك بلجيكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليوبولد الثاني ملك بلجيكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II_de_Belchica" title="Leopoldo II de Belchica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leopoldo II de Belchica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldu_II_de_B%C3%A9lxica" title="Leopoldu II de Bélxica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leopoldu II de Bélxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Leopold" title="II Leopold – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Leopold" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_(%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9)" title="ایکینجی لئوپولد (بلژیک) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی لئوپولد (بلژیک)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_(%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F)" title="দ্বিতীয় লিওপোল্ড (বেলজীয় সম্রাট) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় লিওপোল্ড (বেলজীয় সম্রাট)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_2-s%C3%A8_(Pe%CC%8Dk-n%C3%AD-g%C4%AB)" title="Leopold 2-sè (Pe̍k-ní-gī) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leopold 2-sè (Pe̍k-ní-gī)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_II_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%96)" title="Леапольд II (кароль Бельгіі) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Леапольд II (кароль Бельгіі)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_II_(%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Леополд II (Белгия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Леополд II (Белгия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_kralj_Belgijanaca" title="Leopold II, kralj Belgijanaca – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Leopold II, kralj Belgijanaca" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_Belgia" title="Leopold II Belgia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Leopold II Belgia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_de_B%C3%A8lgica" title="Leopold II de Bèlgica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leopold II de Bèlgica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._Belgick%C3%BD" title="Leopold II. Belgický – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leopold II. Belgický" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_brenin_Gwlad_Belg" title="Leopold II, brenin Gwlad Belg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leopold II, brenin Gwlad Belg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_2._af_Belgien" title="Leopold 2. af Belgien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leopold 2. af Belgien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._(Belgien)" title="Leopold II. (Belgien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leopold II. (Belgien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II" title="Léopold II – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Léopold II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Λεοπόλδος Β΄ του Βελγίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λεοπόλδος Β΄ του Βελγίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II_de_B%C3%A9lgica" title="Leopoldo II de Bélgica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leopoldo II de Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_la_2-a_(Belgio)" title="Leopoldo la 2-a (Belgio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leopoldo la 2-a (Belgio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II.a_Belgikakoa" title="Leopoldo II.a Belgikakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leopoldo II.a Belgikakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%84%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لئوپولد دوم، پادشاه بلژیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئوپولد دوم، پادشاه بلژیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II_(roi_des_Belges)" title="Léopold II (roi des Belges) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léopold II (roi des Belges)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_na_Beilge" title="Leopold II na Beilge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leopold II na Beilge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II_de_B%C3%A9lxica" title="Leopoldo II de Bélxica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leopoldo II de Bélxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8F%B4_2%EC%84%B8" title="레오폴 2세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레오폴 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_II" title="Լեոպոլդ II – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեոպոլդ II" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._Belgijski" title="Leopold II. Belgijski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Leopold II. Belgijski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_la_2ma_di_Belgia" title="Léopold la 2ma di Belgia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Léopold la 2ma di Belgia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II_dari_Belgia" title="Léopold II dari Belgia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Léopold II dari Belgia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II" title="Leopold II – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Leopold II" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3pold_2._Belg%C3%ADukonungur" title="Leópold 2. Belgíukonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leópold 2. Belgíukonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II_del_Belgio" title="Leopoldo II del Belgio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leopoldo II del Belgio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9D" title="לאופולד השני, מלך הבלגים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאופולד השני, מלך הבלגים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93_II_(%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90)" title="ლეოპოლდ II (ბელგია) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლეოპოლდ II (ბელგია)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_wa_Ubelgiji" title="Leopold II wa Ubelgiji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Leopold II wa Ubelgiji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldus_II_(rex_Belgarum)" title="Leopoldus II (rex Belgarum) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leopoldus II (rex Belgarum)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopolds_II_(Be%C4%BC%C4%A3ija)" title="Leopolds II (Beļģija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Leopolds II (Beļģija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._vun_der_Belsch" title="Leopold II. vun der Belsch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Leopold II. vun der Belsch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldas_II_Belgas" title="Leopoldas II Belgas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leopoldas II Belgas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opol_II_vaan_%27t_Belsj" title="Léopol II vaan 't Belsj – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Léopol II vaan 't Belsj" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II" title="Léopold II – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Léopold II" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Lip%C3%B3t_belga_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Lipót belga király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Lipót belga király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II,_mpanjakan%27_i_Belzika" title="Leopold II, mpanjakan' i Belzika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Leopold II, mpanjakan' i Belzika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="बेल्जियमचा दुसरा लिओपोल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेल्जियमचा दुसरा लिओपोल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="ليوبولد التانى ملك بلجيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليوبولد التانى ملك بلجيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="لئوپولد دوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لئوپولد دوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_dari_Belgium" title="Leopold II dari Belgium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leopold II dari Belgium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_van_Belgi%C3%AB" title="Leopold II van België – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leopold II van België" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%892%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B)" title="レオポルド2世 (ベルギー王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レオポルド2世 (ベルギー王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_av_Belgia" title="Leopold II av Belgia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leopold II av Belgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_av_Belgia" title="Leopold II av Belgia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leopold II av Belgia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_(r%C3%A8i_dei_B%C3%A8lgas)" title="Leopold II (rèi dei Bèlgas) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leopold II (rèi dei Bèlgas)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II" title="Leopold II – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Leopold II" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_Koburg" title="Leopold II Koburg – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leopold II Koburg" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_II_da_B%C3%A9lgica" title="Leopoldo II da Bélgica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leopoldo II da Bélgica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_al_II-lea_al_Belgiei" title="Leopold al II-lea al Belgiei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leopold al II-lea al Belgiei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8)" title="Леопольд II (король Бельгии) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Леопольд II (король Бельгии)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_o_Belgium" title="Leopold II o Belgium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leopold II o Belgium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_i_Belgjik%C3%ABs" title="Leopold II i Belgjikës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Leopold II i Belgjikës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leopold II of Belgium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._(Belgicko)" title="Leopold II. (Belgicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leopold II. (Belgicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II._Belgijski" title="Leopold II. Belgijski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leopold II. Belgijski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_II_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Леополд II од Белгије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Леополд II од Белгије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_od_Belgije" title="Leopold II od Belgije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Leopold II od Belgije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_(Belgia)" title="Leopold II (Belgia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leopold II (Belgia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_av_Belgien" title="Leopold II av Belgien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leopold II av Belgien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเลออปอลที่ 2 แห่งเบลเยียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระเจ้าเลออปอลที่ 2 แห่งเบลเยียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Leopold_(Bel%C3%A7ika_kral%C4%B1)" title="II. Leopold (Belçika kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Leopold (Belçika kralı)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_II_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Леопольд II (король Бельгії) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Леопольд II (король Бельгії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_II_c%E1%BB%A7a_B%E1%BB%89" title="Léopold II của Bỉ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Léopold II của Bỉ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yop%C3%B4l_II_d%27_Beldjike" title="Yopôl II d' Beldjike – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Yopôl II d' Beldjike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="利奧波德二世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="利奧波德二世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_van_Belgi%C3%AB" title="Leopold II van België – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Leopold II van België" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II_han_Belhika" title="Leopold II han Belhika – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leopold II han Belhika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%A4%E4%B8%96%EF%BC%88%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%EF%BC%89" title="利奥波德两世（比利时） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="利奥波德两世（比利时）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="לעאפאלד דער צווייטער פון בעלגיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לעאפאלד דער צווייטער פון בעלגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_2k_il%E1%BA%B9%CC%80_B%E1%BA%B9%CC%81lj%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Leopold 2k ilẹ̀ Bẹ́ljíọ̀m – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Leopold 2k ilẹ̀ Bẹ́ljíọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82)" title="利奧波德二世 (比利時) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="利奧波德二世 (比利時)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_II" title="Leopold II – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Leopold II" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E6%B3%A2%E5%BE%B7%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6)" title="利奥波德二世 (比利时) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="利奥波德二世 (比利时)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Leopold II</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_II,_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_(1889).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg/220px-Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg/330px-Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg/440px-Leopold_II%2C_King_of_the_Belgians_by_Alexander_Bassano_%281889%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="678" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bassano" title="Alexander Bassano">Alexander Bassano</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1889</span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">17 December 1865</span> – <span class="nowrap">17 December 1909</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Prime ministers</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rogier" title="Charles Rogier">Charles Rogier</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Walth%C3%A8re_Fr%C3%A8re-Orban" title="Walthère Frère-Orban">Walthère Frère-Orban</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jules_d%27Anethan" title="Jules d'Anethan">Baron d'Anethan</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9l%C3%A9my_de_Theux_de_Meylandt" title="Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt">Chevalier de Theux de Meylandt</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Malou" title="Jules Malou">Jules Malou</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Beernaert" title="Auguste Beernaert">Auguste Beernaert</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Burlet" title="Jules de Burlet">Jules de Burlet</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Smet_de_Naeyer" title="Paul de Smet de Naeyer">Paul de Smet de Naeyer</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Vandenpeereboom" title="Jules Vandenpeereboom">Jules Vandenpeereboom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Paul de Smet de Naeyer</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Trooz" title="Jules de Trooz">Jules de Trooz</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Schollaert" class="mw-redirect" title="François Schollaert">François Schollaert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">1 July 1885</span> – <span class="nowrap">15 November 1908</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Governors-general</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Wahis" title="Théophile Wahis">Théophile Wahis</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Camille_Janssen" title="Camille Janssen">Camille Janssen</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Winton" title="Francis de Winton">Francis de Winton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1835-04-09</span>)</span>9 April 1835<br /><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1909<span style="display:none">(1909-12-17)</span> (aged 74)<br /><a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a>, Brussels, Belgium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Laeken" title="Church of Our Lady of Laeken">Church of Our Lady of Laeken</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="22 August 1853">1853</span>; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="19 September 1902">1902</span>)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lacroix" title="Caroline Lacroix">Caroline Lacroix</a> (disputed)</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="12 December 1909">1909</span>)<wbr /></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Family">Detail</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Belgium" title="Princess Louise of Belgium">Louise, Princess Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie,_Crown_Princess_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria">Stéphanie, Crown Princess of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Belgium" title="Princess Clémentine of Belgium">Clémentine, Princess Napoléon</a></li> <li>Lucien, Duke of Tervuren</li> <li>Philippe, Count of Ravenstein</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor</i></li> <li>French: <i lang="fr">Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor</i></li> <li>German: <i lang="de">Leopold Ludwig Philipp Maria Viktor</i></li> <li>English: <span lang="en">Leopold Louis Philip Mary Victor</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Louise of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leopold II's signature"><img alt="Leopold II's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg/125px-Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg/188px-Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg/250px-Signature_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="231" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leopold II</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (9 April 1835 – 17 December 1909) was the second <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a> from 1865 to 1909, and the founder and sole owner of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a> from 1885 to 1908. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> as the second but eldest-surviving son of <a href="/wiki/King_Leopold_I" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold I">King Leopold I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Queen Louise</a>, Leopold succeeded his father to the Belgian throne in 1865 and reigned for 44 years until his death, the longest reign of a Belgian monarch to date. He died without surviving legitimate sons; the current King of the Belgians, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a>, descends from his nephew and successor, <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a>. He is popularly referred to as the <b>Builder King</b> (Dutch: <i lang="nl">Koning-Bouwheer</i>, French: <i lang="fr">Roi-Bâtisseur</i>) in Belgium in reference to the great number of buildings, urban projects and public works he commissioned. </p><p>Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State, a private colonial project undertaken on his own behalf as a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Belgium. He used <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> to help him lay claim to the Congo, the present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorised his claim and committed the Congo Free State to him. Leopold ran the Congo, which he never personally visited, by using the mercenary <a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a> for his personal gain. He extracted a fortune from the territory, initially by the collection of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> and, after a rise in the price of <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a> in the 1890s, by <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> from the native population to harvest and process rubber. </p><p>Leopold's administration was characterized by systematic brutality and <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities in the Congo Free State</a>, including forced labour, torture, murder, kidnapping, and the amputation of the hands of men, women, and children when the quota of rubber was not met. In one of the first uses of the term, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Williams" title="George Washington Williams">George Washington Williams</a> described the practices of Leopold's administration of the Congo Free State as "<a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>" in 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it has proven difficult to accurately estimate the pre-colonial population and the amount by which it changed under the Congo Free State, estimates for the Congolese population decline during Leopold's rule range from 1 million to 15 million. The causes of the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State#Population_decline" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">decline</a> included epidemic disease, a reduced birth rate, and violence and famine caused by the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Renton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oz1rV_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oz1rV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225–233">: 225–233 </span></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant,_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_(by_F._X._Winterhalter)_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg/190px-Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg/285px-Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg/380px-Queen_Louise_of_Belgium_with_her_son_Prince_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%2C_later_Leopold_II_of_Belgium_%28by_F._X._Winterhalter%29_%E2%80%93_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Louise of Orléans</a> with her son Prince Leopold, later Leopold II. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a> (1838)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Partridge_(1790-1872)_-_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant_(1835-1909)_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/190px-John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/285px-John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/380px-John_Partridge_%281790-1872%29_-_Leopold%2C_Duke_of_Brabant_%281835-1909%29_-_RCIN_404600_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Leopold, Duke of Brabant. Painting by <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)" title="John Partridge (artist)">John Partridge</a> (1841)</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold was born in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 9 April 1835, the second child of the reigning Belgian monarch, <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a>, and of his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Louise</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis Philippe">King Louis Philippe</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His eldest brother, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium</a>, died in infancy in 1834. As heir apparent, Leopold was granted the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a> in 1840. The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a> forced his maternal grandfather, Louis Philippe, to flee to the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Philippe died two years later, in 1850. Leopold's fragile mother was deeply affected by the death of her father and her health deteriorated. She died of <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> that same year, when Leopold was 15 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg/190px-Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg/285px-Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg/380px-Leopold_Duke_of_Brabant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Leopold as a child. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a> (1844)</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold's sister Charlotte became Empress <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Mexico">Carlota of Mexico</a> in the 1860s. The British monarch at the time, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, was Leopold II's first cousin, as was Victoria's husband, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert</a>, since Leopold's father, Albert's father, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a>, and Victoria's mother, the then <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Duchess of Kent</a>, were all siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man, Leopold II served in the Belgian military and achieved the rank of lieutenant-general. He also served in the Belgian Senate during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopold_II_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_of_Belgium,_Duke_of_Brabant;_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg/190px-Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg/285px-Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg/380px-Leopold_of_Belgium%2C_Duke_of_Brabant%3B_Nicaise_de_Keyser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>Leopold as a younger man in the uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier" title="Grenadier">Grenadiers</a> (Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Nicaise_de_Keyser" title="Nicaise de Keyser">Nicaise de Keyser</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the age of 18, Leopold married <a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette of Austria</a>, a cousin of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> and granddaughter of the late Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold II</a>, on 22 August 1853 in Brussels. Lively and energetic, Marie Henriette endeared herself to the people by her character and benevolence. Her beauty earned her the <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> "The Rose of Brabant". She was also an accomplished artist and musician.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was passionate about <a href="/wiki/Horseback_riding" class="mw-redirect" title="Horseback riding">horseback riding</a>, to the point that she would care for her horses personally. Some joked about this "marriage of a <a href="/wiki/Hostler" title="Hostler">stableman</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nun</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-SgqGX_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SgqGX-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter referring to the shy and withdrawn Leopold. The marriage produced four children: three daughters and one son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant</a>. The younger Leopold died in 1869 at the age of nine from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> after falling into a pond. His death was a source of great sorrow for King Leopold. The marriage became unhappy, and the couple separated after a last attempt to have another son, a union that resulted in the birth of their last daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Belgium" title="Princess Clémentine of Belgium">Clementine</a>. Marie Henriette retreated to <a href="/wiki/Spa,_Belgium" title="Spa, Belgium">Spa</a> in 1895, and died there in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-monarchie_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monarchie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Your_Majesty!_at_your_age....jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg/190px-Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg/285px-Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg/380px-Your_Majesty%21_at_your_age....jpg 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">political cartoon</a> pillorying Leopold's affair with Caroline Lacroix. <br /> <i><b>The Abbot:</b></i> Oh! Sire, at your age?<br /> <i><b>The King:</b></i> You should try it for yourself!</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold had many <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistresses</a>. In 1899, in his 65th year, Leopold took as a mistress <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lacroix" title="Caroline Lacroix">Caroline Lacroix</a>, a 16-year-old French prostitute, and they remained together until his death ten years later.<sup id="cite_ref-AH221_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH221-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold lavished upon her large sums of money, estates, gifts, and a noble title, Baroness de Vaughan. Owing to these gifts and the unofficial nature of their relationship, their affair ironically lost Leopold more popularity in Belgium than any of his crimes in the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-AH222_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH222-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caroline bore two sons, Lucien Philippe Marie Antoine, Duke of <a href="/wiki/Tervuren" title="Tervuren">Tervuren</a>, and Philippe Henri Marie François, Count of <a href="/wiki/Ravenstein,_Netherlands" title="Ravenstein, Netherlands">Ravenstein</a>. Their second son was born with a deformed <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>, leading a cartoon to depict Leopold holding the child surrounded by Congolese corpses with their hands sliced off: the caption said "Vengeance from on high".<sup id="cite_ref-AH224_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH224-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They married secretly in a religious ceremony five days before his death. Their failure to perform a <a href="/wiki/Civil_ceremony" title="Civil ceremony">civil ceremony</a> rendered the marriage invalid under Belgian law. After the king's death, it soon emerged that he had left his widow a large fortune in Congo securities, only some of which the Belgian government and Leopold's three estranged daughters were able to win back.<sup id="cite_ref-EW138_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EW138-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_(1835-1909);_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant,_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen,_Granzella,_Felixarchief,_12_12732.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg/190px-Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg/285px-Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg/380px-Leopold_Louis_Philippe_Marie_Victor_%281835-1909%29%3B_kroonprins_en_hertog_van_Brabant%2C_later_koning_Leopold_II_der_Belgen%2C_Granzella%2C_Felixarchief%2C_12_12732.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6156" data-file-height="7868" /></a><figcaption>Leopold in 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>As Leopold's older brother, the earlier crown prince <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Louis Philippe</a>, had died the year before Leopold's birth, Leopold was heir to the throne from his birth. When he was 5 years old, Leopold received the title of <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a>, and was appointed a sub-lieutenant in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Armed_Forces" title="Belgian Armed Forces">the army</a>. He served in the army until his accession in 1865, by which time he had reached the rank of lieutenant-general.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold's public career began on his attaining the age of majority in 1855, when he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Senate">Belgian Senate</a>. He took an active interest in the senate, especially in matters concerning the development of Belgium and its trade,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and began to urge Belgium's acquisition of colonies. Leopold traveled abroad extensively from 1854 to 1865, visiting India, China, Egypt, and the countries on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast of Africa. His father died on 10 December 1865, and Leopold took the <a href="/wiki/Swearing-in_of_the_Kings_of_the_Belgians#Leopold_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Swearing-in of the Kings of the Belgians">oath of office</a> on 17 December, at the age of 30.<sup id="cite_ref-monarchie_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monarchie-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served in the Belgian Senate during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Leopold_II_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leopold_II-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_reign">Domestic reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Domestic reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koning_Leopold_II_(1835-1909).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg/190px-Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg/285px-Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg/380px-Koning_Leopold_II_%281835-1909%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3982" /></a><figcaption>Leopold II in 1875. Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Gallait" title="Louis Gallait">Louis Gallait</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg/250px-Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg/375px-Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg/500px-Prestation_de_serment_de_L%C3%A9opold_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1240" /></a><figcaption>Leopold II at his <a href="/wiki/Swearing-in_of_the_Kings_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="Swearing-in of the Kings of the Belgians">accession to the throne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold became king in 1865. He explained his goal for his reign in an 1888 letter addressed to his brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders</a>: "the country must be strong, prosperous, therefore have colonies of her own, beautiful and calm."<sup id="cite_ref-wdvpo_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wdvpo-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold's reign was marked by a number of major political developments. The <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Belgium)" title="Liberal Party (Belgium)">Liberals</a> governed Belgium from 1857 to 1880, and during its final year in power legislated the <a href="/wiki/Walth%C3%A8re_Fr%C3%A8re-Orban" title="Walthère Frère-Orban">Frère-Orban</a> Law of 1879. This law created free, secular, compulsory primary schools supported by the state and withdrew all state support from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> primary schools. The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a> obtained a parliamentary majority in 1880, and four years later restored state support to Catholic schools. In 1885, various socialist and social democratic groups drew together and formed the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Labour Party</a>. Increasing social unrest and the rise of the Labour Party forced the adoption of universal male <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> in 1893. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._(1835-1909),_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_(Zeno_Fotografie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/190px-Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/285px-Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/380px-Atelier_Nadar_-_L%C3%A9opold_II._%281835-1909%29%2C_K%C3%B6nig_von_Belgien_seit_1865_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Leopold II, possibly by <a href="/wiki/Nadar" title="Nadar">Nadar</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1865</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During Leopold's reign other social changes were enacted into law. Among these were the right of workers to form labour unions and the abolition of the <i>livret d'ouvrier</i>, an <a href="/wiki/Employment_record_book" title="Employment record book">employment record book</a>. Laws against child labour were passed. Children younger than 12 were not allowed to work in factories, children younger than 16 were not allowed to work at night, and women younger than 21 years old were not allowed to work underground. Workers gained the right to be compensated for workplace accidents and were given Sundays off. </p><p>Leopold's reluctance to use the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch language</a> in public did little to solve the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium#Linguistic_conflict" title="History of Belgium">linguistic conflict</a> in Belgium and made him more unpopular than his father with the <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a>. However, his nephew and heir, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Prince Baudouin of Belgium">Prince Baudouin</a>, became something of a hero to the Flemings, and Leopold did make some speeches in Dutch shortly before and after Baudouin's premature death in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first revision of the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Constitution">Belgian Constitution</a> came in 1893. <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">Universal male suffrage</a> was introduced, though the effect of this was tempered by <a href="/wiki/Plural_voting" title="Plural voting">plural voting</a>. The eligibility requirements for <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Belgium)" title="Senate (Belgium)">the Senate</a> were reduced, and elections would be based on a system of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, which continues to this day. Leopold pushed strongly to enable a royal referendum, whereby the king would have the power to consult the electorate directly on an issue, and use his veto according to the results of the referendum. The proposal was rejected, as it would have given the king the power to override the elected government. Leopold was so disappointed that he considered <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BMhQe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BMhQe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold emphasized military defence as the basis of neutrality, and strove to make Belgium less vulnerable militarily. He achieved the construction of defensive fortresses <a href="/wiki/Fortified_Position_of_Li%C3%A8ge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified Position of Liège">at Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortified_Position_of_Namur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortified Position of Namur">at Namur</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_redoubt_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="National redoubt of Belgium">at Antwerp</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, he managed to preserve Belgium's neutrality in a period of unusual difficulty and danger.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold pushed for a reform in military service, but he was unable to obtain one until he was on his deathbed. The Belgian army was a combination of volunteers and a lottery, and it was possible for men to <a href="/wiki/Remplacement" title="Remplacement">pay for substitutes</a> for service. This was replaced by a system in which one son in every family would have to serve in the military. According to historian Jean Stengers, Leopold II’s imperialism was driven by economic advantage rather than political grandeur. Leopold sought to maximize profit through efficient exploitation, including forced labor and direct revenue. However, Stengers emphasizes that Leopold’s voracity was not solely for personal enrichment; it was also rooted in patriotism—a desire to ensure Belgium’s prosperity and embellishment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Builder_King">Builder King</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Builder King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg/250px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg/375px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg/500px-Brussels_Cinquantenaire_R02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3692" data-file-height="2561" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire_Arcade" title="Cinquantenaire Arcade">memorial arcade</a> and museums in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, commissioned by Leopold II</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold commissioned a great number of buildings, urban projects and public works. According to the historians <a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Wm. Roger Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a>, this was largely possible thanks to the profits generated from the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, though this is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These projects earned him the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of "Builder King" (Dutch: <i lang="nl">Koning-Bouwheer</i>, French: <i lang="fr">Roi-Bâtisseur</i>). The public buildings were mainly in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tervuren" title="Tervuren">Tervuren</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, and include the <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire" title="Cinquantenaire">Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark</a> (1852–1880), <a href="/wiki/Cinquantenaire_Arcade" title="Cinquantenaire Arcade">memorial arcade</a> and complex, the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> (1905–1969)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Duden_Park" title="Duden Park">Duden Park</a> in Brussels (1881); the <a href="/wiki/Hippodrome_Wellington" title="Hippodrome Wellington">Hippodrome Wellington</a> racetrack (1883), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Galleries_of_Ostend" title="Royal Galleries of Ostend">Royal Galleries</a> and Maria Hendrikapark in Ostend (1902); the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum_for_Central_Africa" title="Royal Museum for Central Africa">Royal Museum for Central Africa</a> and its surrounding park in Tervuren (1898); and <a href="/wiki/Antwerpen-Centraal_railway_station" title="Antwerpen-Centraal railway station">Antwerpen-Centraal railway station</a> in Antwerp (1895–1905). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg/190px-Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg/285px-Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg/380px-Cartoon_depicting_King_Leopold_2_of_the_Belgians_laying_the_first_stone_of_the_Basilica_of_Koekelberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon depicting Leopold II laying the first stone of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Sacred_Heart,_Brussels" title="Basilica of the Sacred Heart, Brussels">Basilica of the Sacred Heart</a> in Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to his public works, Leopold acquired and built numerous private properties for himself inside and outside Belgium. He expanded the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle_of_Laeken" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Castle of Laeken">Royal Castle of Laeken</a>, and built the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Greenhouses_of_Laeken" title="Royal Greenhouses of Laeken">Royal Greenhouses</a>, as well as the Japanese Tower and the Chinese Pavilion near the palace (now the <a href="/wiki/Museums_of_the_Far_East" title="Museums of the Far East">Museums of the Far East</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>, his domains consisted of 6,700 hectares (17,000 acres) of forests and agricultural lands and the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Châteaux">châteaux</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_royal_d%27Ardenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Château royal d'Ardenne">Ardenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciergnon_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciergnon Castle">Ciergnon</a>, Fenffe, Villers-sur-Lesse and Ferage. He also built important <a href="/wiki/Country_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Country estate">country estates</a> on the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_botanique_%22Les_C%C3%A8dres%22" title="Jardin botanique "Les Cèdres"">Villa des Cèdres</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Leopolda" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Leopolda">Villa Leopolda</a>. </p><p>Thinking of the future after his death, Leopold did not want the collection of estates, lands and heritage buildings he had privately amassed to be scattered among his daughters, each of whom was married to a foreign prince. In 1900, he created the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Trust_(Belgium)" title="Royal Trust (Belgium)">Royal Trust</a>, by means of which he donated most of his properties to the Belgian nation in perpetuity, and arranged for the royal family to continue using them after his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempted_assassination">Attempted assassination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempted assassination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist <a href="/wiki/Gennaro_Rubino" title="Gennaro Rubino">Gennaro Rubino</a> attempted to <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">assassinate</a> Leopold, who was riding in a royal cortege from a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_St._Michael_and_St._Gudula" title="Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula">Church of St. Michael and St. Gudula</a> in memory of his recently deceased wife, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette</a>. After Leopold's carriage passed, Rubino fired three shots at the procession. The shots missed the king but almost killed his <a href="/wiki/Grand_marshal" title="Grand marshal">grand marshal</a>, Count Charles John d'Oultremont. Rubino was immediately arrested and subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment; he died in prison in 1918.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Belgians rejoiced that the king was safe: later in the day, in the <a href="/wiki/La_Monnaie" title="La Monnaie">Royal Theatre of La Monnaie</a> before <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a></i> was performed, the orchestra played <a href="/wiki/La_Braban%C3%A7onne" title="La Brabançonne"><i>The Brabançonne</i></a>, which was sung loudly and ended with loud cheers and applause.<sup id="cite_ref-Meuse_La_17-11-1902_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuse_La_17-11-1902-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heads of state and the pope sent telegrams to the king congratulating him for surviving the assassination attempt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the attack, Leopold replied to a senator: "My dear senator, if fate wants me shot, too bad! (<i>Mon cher Sénateur, si la fatalité veut que je sois atteint, tant pis</i>!).<sup id="cite_ref-Meuse_La_17-11-1902_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meuse_La_17-11-1902-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congo_Free_State">Congo Free State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Congo Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kongovrijstaat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kongovrijstaat.jpg/220px-Kongovrijstaat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kongovrijstaat.jpg/330px-Kongovrijstaat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kongovrijstaat.jpg/440px-Kongovrijstaat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Congo Free State, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold was the founder and sole owner of the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, a private project undertaken on his own behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-ewans_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewans-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 136">: 136 </span></sup> He used explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Morton Stanley</a> to help him lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–1885, the colonial nations of Europe authorised his claim by committing the Congo Free State to improving the lives of the people.<sup id="cite_ref-ewans_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewans-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122–124">: 122–124 </span></sup>The central services of the state were located in Brussels. All officials within the Congo were Belgian, including those in administration, the army, and the courts. Belgian officers from the army played an essential role in the Congo’s governance. Even religious missions, especially Catholic ones, had a distinctly Belgian character.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold extracted a fortune from the Congo, initially by the collection of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, and after a rise in the price of rubber in the 1890s, by forced labour from the people to harvest and process rubber. He ran the Congo using the mercenary <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i> for his personal enrichment.<sup id="cite_ref-H8tSk_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H8tSk-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failure to meet rubber collection quotas was punishable by death. Meanwhile, the Force Publique were required to provide a hand of their victim as proof when they had shot and killed someone, as it was believed that they would otherwise use the munitions (imported from Europe at considerable cost) for hunting. As a consequence, the rubber quotas were in part paid off in chopped-off hands. </p><p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Anti-Slavery_Conference_1889%E2%80%9390" title="Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90">Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference</a> (1889–1890), Leopold issued a new decree mandating that Africans in a large part of the Free State could sell their harvested products (mostly ivory and rubber) only to the state. This law extended an earlier decree declaring that all "unoccupied" land belonged to the state. Any ivory or rubber collected from the state-owned land, the reasoning went, must belong to the state, thus creating a de facto state-controlled monopoly. Therefore, a large share of the local population could sell only to the state, which could set prices and thereby control the income the Congolese could receive for their work. For local elites, however, this system presented new opportunities, as the Free State and concession companies paid them with guns to tax their subjects in kind. </p><p>Under his regime, millions of Congolese inhabitants, including children, were mutilated, killed or died from disease and famine.<sup id="cite_ref-ewans_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ewans-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 115, 118, 127">: 115, 118, 127 </span></sup> In addition, the birth rate rapidly declined during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Renton_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Renton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates for the total population decline range from 1 million to 15 million, with a consensus growing around 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-jalata13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jalata13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 25">: 25 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1TcDG_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1TcDG-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several historians argue against this figure due to the absence of reliable censuses, the enormous mortality of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_sickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleeping sickness">sleeping sickness</a> and the fact that there were only 175 administrative agents in charge of rubber exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-JeuQ0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JeuQ0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sophie_Mignon_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sophie_Mignon-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reports of deaths and abuse led to a major international scandal in the early 20th century, and Leopold was forced by the Belgian government to relinquish control of the colony to the civil administration in 1908. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obtaining_the_Congo_Free_State">Obtaining the Congo Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Obtaining the Congo Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg/220px-Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg/330px-Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg/440px-Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="4095" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon depicting Leopold II and other imperial powers at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold fervently believed that overseas colonies were the key to a country's greatness, and he worked tirelessly to acquire colonial territory for Belgium. He envisioned "our little Belgium" as the capital of a large overseas empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold eventually began to acquire a colony as a private citizen. The Belgian government lent him money for this venture. </p><p>During his reign, Leopold saw the empires of the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain as being in a state of decline and expressed interest in buying their territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Looking_Back_pp_54-57-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866, Leopold instructed the Belgian ambassador in Madrid to speak to Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II of Spain</a> about ceding the Philippines to Belgium, but the ambassador did nothing. Leopold quickly replaced the ambassador with a more sympathetic individual to carry out his plan.<sup id="cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Looking_Back_pp_54-57-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1868, when Isabella II was deposed as queen of Spain, Leopold tried to press his original plan to acquire the Philippines. But without funds, he was unsuccessful. Leopold then devised another unsuccessful plan to establish the Philippines as an independent state, which could then be ruled by a Belgian. When both of these plans failed, Leopold shifted his aspirations of colonisation to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Looking_Back_pp_54-57-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After numerous unsuccessful schemes to acquire colonies in Africa and Asia, in 1876 Leopold organized a private <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a> disguised as an international scientific and philanthropic association, which he called the <a href="/wiki/International_African_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="International African Society">International African Society</a>, or the International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of the Congo. In 1878, under the auspices of the holding company, he hired explorer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Henry Stanley</a> to explore and establish a colony in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Congo</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> Much diplomatic maneuvering among European nations resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> of 1884–1885 regarding African affairs, at which representatives of 14 European countries and the United States recognized Leopold as sovereign of most of the area to which he and Stanley had laid claim.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84–87">: 84–87 </span></sup> On 5 February 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State" title="Congo Free State">Congo Free State</a>, an area 76 times larger than Belgium, was established under Leopold II's personal rule and <a href="/wiki/Private_army" title="Private army">private army</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 123–124">: 123–124 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lado_Enclave">Lado Enclave</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lado Enclave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lado_Enclave" title="Lado Enclave">Lado Enclave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rejaf" title="Battle of Rejaf">Battle of Rejaf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg/220px-Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg/330px-Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg/440px-Obverse_of_a_Belgian_Congo_5_Franc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2627" data-file-height="2593" /></a><figcaption>Leopold II's effigy on a Congo Free State 5 Franc, with the unabridged and translated lettering of "Leopold II, King of the Belgians, Sovereign of the Independent State of the Congo".</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, King Leopold signed a treaty with Great Britain which conceded a strip of land on the Congo Free State's eastern border in exchange for a lifetime lease of the <a href="/wiki/Lado_Enclave" title="Lado Enclave">Lado Enclave</a>, which provided access to the navigable Nile and extended the Free State's sphere of influence northwards into Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-fWpet_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fWpet-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After rubber profits soared in 1895, Leopold ordered the organization of an expedition into the Lado Enclave, which had been overrun by <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist Sudan">Mahdist</a> rebels since the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_War" title="Mahdist War">Mahdist War</a> in 1881. The expedition was composed of two columns: the first, under Belgian <a href="/wiki/Baron_Dhanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Dhanis">Baron Dhanis</a>, consisted of a sizable force, numbering around 3,000, and was to strike north through the jungle and attack the rebels at their base at Rejaf. The second, a much smaller force of 800, was led by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on_Chaltin" title="Louis-Napoléon Chaltin">Louis-Napoléon Chaltin</a> and took the main road towards Rejaf. Both expeditions set out in December 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-zGK8R_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zGK8R-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Leopold had initially planned for the expedition to carry on much farther than the Lado Enclave, hoping indeed to take <a href="/wiki/Fashoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashoda">Fashoda</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SGF4H_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGF4H-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dhanis' column mutinied in February 1897, resulting in the death of several Belgian officers and the loss of his entire force. Nonetheless, Chaltin continued his advance, and on 17 February 1897, his outnumbered forces defeated the rebels in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rejaf" title="Battle of Rejaf">Battle of Rejaf</a>, securing the Lado Enclave as Free State territory until Leopold's death in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-sMdrW_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sMdrW-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation,_atrocities,_and_death_toll"><span id="Exploitation.2C_atrocities.2C_and_death_toll"></span>Exploitation, atrocities, and death toll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Exploitation, atrocities, and death toll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg/250px-Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg/375px-Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg/500px-Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2666" data-file-height="1513" /></a><figcaption>A Congolese man, <a href="/wiki/Nsala_of_Wala_in_the_Nsongo_District" title="Nsala of Wala in the Nsongo District">Nsala</a>, looking at the severed hand and foot of his five-year-old daughter who was killed, cooked, and <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalized</a> by members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Force_Publique" title="Force Publique">Force Publique</a></i> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-lotdc_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lotdc-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold amassed a huge personal fortune by exploiting the natural resources of the Congo. At first, ivory was exported, but this did not yield the expected levels of revenue. When the global demand for rubber exploded, attention shifted to the labour-intensive collection of sap from rubber plants. Abandoning the promises of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> in the late 1890s, the Free State government restricted foreign access and extorted <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labour</a> from the natives. Abuses, especially in the collection of rubber, included forced labour of the native population, beatings, widespread killings, and frequent mutilation when production quotas were not met. One practice used to force workers to collect rubber included taking wives and family members hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERentonSeddonZeilig200731_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERentonSeddonZeilig200731-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg/220px-MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg/330px-MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg/440px-MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption>Mutilated Congolese children and adults</figcaption></figure> <p>Missionary <a href="/wiki/John_Hobbis_Harris" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hobbis Harris">John Harris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baringa,_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Baringa, Democratic Republic of the Congo">Baringa</a> was so shocked by what he had encountered that he wrote to Leopold's chief agent in the Congo, saying: </p> <blockquote><p>I have just returned from a journey inland to the village of Insongo Mboyo. The abject misery and utter abandon is positively indescribable. I was so moved, Your Excellency, by the people's stories that I took the liberty of promising them that in future you will only kill them for crimes they commit.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Estimates of the death toll range from one million to fifteen million,<sup id="cite_ref-oz1rV_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oz1rV-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93xD7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93xD7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since accurate records were not kept. Historians Louis and Stengers in 1968 stated that population figures at the start of Leopold's control are only "wild guesses", and that attempts by <a href="/wiki/E._D._Morel" title="E. D. Morel">E. D. Morel</a> and others to determine a figure for the loss of population were "but figments of the imagination".<sup id="cite_ref-z8Rg3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z8Rg3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wjUFe_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wjUFe-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Adam Hochschild</a> devotes a chapter of his 1998 book <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost" title="King Leopold's Ghost">King Leopold's Ghost</a></i> to the problem of estimating the death toll. He cites several recent lines of investigation, by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jan_Vansina" title="Jan Vansina">Jan Vansina</a> and others, that examine local sources (police records, religious records, oral traditions, genealogies, personal diaries, and "many others"), which generally agree with the assessment of the 1919 Belgian government commission: roughly half the population were killed or died during the Free State period. Hochschild points out that since the first official census by the Belgian authorities in 1924 put the population at about 10 million, these various approaches suggest a rough estimate of a population decline by 10 million.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225–233">: 225–233 </span></sup> </p><p>Smallpox epidemics and sleeping sickness also devastated the deeply traumatized population.<sup id="cite_ref-vsyvv_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vsyvv-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1896, <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African trypanosomiasis</a> had killed up to 5,000 people in the village of Lukolela on the <a href="/wiki/Congo_River" title="Congo River">Congo River</a>. The mortality statistics were collected through the efforts of British consul <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a>, who found, for example, only 600 survivors of the disease in Lukolela in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-WLzS7_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WLzS7-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research by Lowes and Montero found King Leopold II's coercive labor practices for rubber extraction in the Congo Free State had long-lasting negative impacts. Ethnic groups subjected to more intensive rubber exploitation exhibited significantly lower economic development over a century later, driven by disruptions to traditional economic systems and human capital accumulation. Their work also examined how colonial co-option of local chiefs during the rubber era may have undermined leader accountability, linking to broader critiques of indirect rule strategies across Africa. The oppressive policies under Leopold's personal rule are seen as engendering entrenched underdevelopment with enduring economic and political consequences in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_the_management_of_Congo">Criticism of the management of Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism of the management of Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg/190px-Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg/285px-Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg/380px-Punch_congo_rubber_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>A 1906 <i><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a></i> cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Linley_Sambourne" title="Edward Linley Sambourne">Edward Linley Sambourne</a> depicting Leopold II as a rubber snake entangling a Congolese rubber collector</figcaption></figure> <p>Inspired by works such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Conrad" title="Joseph Conrad">Joseph Conrad</a>’s <i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Darkness" title="Heart of Darkness">Heart of Darkness</a></i> (1902), originally published as a three-part series in <i><a href="/wiki/Blackwood%E2%80%99s_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwood’s Magazine">Blackwood’s Magazine</a></i> (1899) and based on Conrad's experience as a steamer captain on the Congo 12 years earlier, international criticism of Leopold’s rule increased and mobilized. Reports of outrageous exploitation and widespread human rights abuses led the British Crown to appoint their consul <a href="/wiki/Roger_Casement" title="Roger Casement">Roger Casement</a> to investigate conditions there. His extensive travels and interviews in the region resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Casement_Report" title="Casement Report">Casement Report</a>, which detailed the extensive abuses under Leopold's regime.<sup id="cite_ref-5F5Iz_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5F5Iz-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/The_Congo_Free_State_Propaganda_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Congo Free State Propaganda War">widespread war of words</a> ensued. In Britain, former shipping clerk <a href="/wiki/E._D._Morel" title="E. D. Morel">E. D. Morel</a> with Casement's support founded the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Reform_Association" title="Congo Reform Association">Congo Reform Association</a>, the first mass human rights movement.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_news_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_news-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters included American writer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, whose stinging <a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">political satire</a> entitled <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Soliloquy" title="King Leopold's Soliloquy">King Leopold's Soliloquy</a></i> portrays the king arguing that bringing Christianity to the country outweighs a little starvation, and uses many of Leopold's own words against him.<sup id="cite_ref-hV3me_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hV3me-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writer <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conan_Doyle" title="Arthur Conan Doyle">Arthur Conan Doyle</a> also criticised the "rubber regime" in his 1908 work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crime_of_the_Congo" title="The Crime of the Congo">The Crime of the Congo</a></i>, written to aid the work of the Congo Reform Association. Doyle contrasted Leopold's rule with <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">British rule in Nigeria</a>, arguing that decency required those who ruled primitive peoples to be concerned first with their uplift, not how much could be extracted from them. As Hochschild describes in <i>King Leopold's Ghost</i>, many of Leopold's policies, in particular those of colonial monopolies and forced labour, were influenced by Dutch practice in the East Indies.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 37">: 37 </span></sup> Similar methods of forced labour were employed to some degree by Germany, France, and Portugal where natural rubber occurred in their own colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 280">: 280 </span></sup> </p><p>Efforts by Leopold to dampen international criticism of human rights abuses included the sponsoring of an author, <a href="/wiki/May_French_Sheldon" title="May French Sheldon">May French Sheldon</a>, by his British consule Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lewis_Jones" title="Alfred Lewis Jones">Alfred Lewis Jones</a> on an expedition of the Congo Free State in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the Congo, she traveled on steamboats owned by the state and its company allies, who controlled where she went and what she saw. When she returned to England, Jones placed her articles in the newspapers. She stated "I have witnessed more atrocities in London streets than I have ever seen in the Congo." Thereafter, the king paid her a monthly salary to lobby members of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relinquishment_of_the_Congo">Relinquishment of the Congo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relinquishment of the Congo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/250px--Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="250" height="188" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Leopold_II_and_Princess_Clémentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_'Antwerp'_in_1909.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv/Leopold_II_and_Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_Of_Belgium_make_Joyous_Entry_into_the_city_of_%27Antwerp%27_in_1909.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>King Leopold II and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Belgium" title="Princess Clémentine of Belgium">Princess Clémentine</a> visit colonial celebrations in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> on the occasion of the Congo's annexation to Belgium in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>International opposition and criticism at home from the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Party_(Belgium)" title="Catholic Party (Belgium)">Catholic Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Belgium)" title="Progressive Party (Belgium)">Progressive Liberals</a><sup id="cite_ref-ghcZ6_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghcZ6-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Labour_Party" title="Belgian Labour Party">Labour Party</a> caused the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Parliament">Belgian Parliament</a> to compel the king to cede the Congo Free State to Belgium in 1908. The deal that led to the handover cost Belgium the considerable sum of 215.5 million Francs. This was used to discharge the debt of the Congo Free State and to pay out its bond holders as well as 45.5 million for Leopold's pet building projects in Belgium and a personal payment of 50 million to him.<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 259">: 259 </span></sup> The Congo Free State was transformed into a Belgian colony under parliamentary control known as the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>. Leopold went to great lengths to conceal potential evidence of wrongdoing during his time as ruler of his private colony. The entire archive of the Congo Free State was burned and he told his aide that even though the Congo had been taken from him, "they have no right to know what I did there".<sup id="cite_ref-ghost_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 294">: 294 </span></sup> </p><p>When the Belgian government took over the administration in 1908, the situation in the Congo improved in certain respects. The brutal exploitation and arbitrary use of violence, in which some of the concessionary companies had excelled, were curbed. Article 3 of the new <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Charter_on_the_Belgian_annexation_of_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State">Colonial Charter</a> of 18 October 1908 stated that: "Nobody can be forced to work on behalf of and for the profit of companies or privates", but this was not enforced, and the Belgian government continued to impose forced labour on the natives, albeit by less obvious methods.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo_(L%C3%A9opoldville)" title="Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)">Republic of the Congo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_ii_belgien.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Leopold_ii_belgien.jpg/190px-Leopold_ii_belgien.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Leopold_ii_belgien.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>The last picture of Leopold II</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png/250px-Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png/375px-Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png/500px-Le_Roi_sur_sa_couche_fun%C3%A8bre.png 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Leopold II on his deathbed, published by the newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 17 December 1909, Leopold II died at <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a> from an <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Belgian crown passed to <a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a>, the son of Leopold's brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Philippe, Count of Flanders</a>. His funeral cortege was booed by the crowd<sup id="cite_ref-fDLTh_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fDLTh-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in expression of disapproval of his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-keating_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keating-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold's reign of exactly 44 years remains the longest in Belgian history. He was interred in the royal vault at the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Laeken" title="Church of Our Lady of Laeken">Church of Our Lady of Laeken</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg/250px-Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg/375px-Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg/500px-Solemn_Funeral_of_the_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Leopold II's <a href="/wiki/Funeral_procession" title="Funeral procession">funeral procession</a> passes the unfinished <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Brussels" title="Royal Palace of Brussels">Royal Palace of Brussels</a>, 22 December 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>Attention to the Congo atrocities subsided in the years after Leopold's death. <a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="List of statues of Leopold II of Belgium">Statues of him</a> were erected in the 1930s at the initiative of Albert I, while the Belgian government celebrated his accomplishments in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-keating_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keating-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate over Leopold's legacy was reignited in 1999 with the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost" title="King Leopold's Ghost">King Leopold's Ghost</a></i> by American historian Adam Hochschild,<sup id="cite_ref-keating_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keating-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which recounts Leopold's plan to acquire the colony, the exploitation, and the large death toll.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SSHOw_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SSHOw-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ae7Fp_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ae7Fp-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sPzdb_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sPzdb-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The debate then periodically resurfaced over the following 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-keating_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keating-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Michel" title="Louis Michel">Louis Michel</a>, a Belgian member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and former Belgian foreign minister, called Leopold II a "visionary hero." According to Michel, "To use the word 'genocide' in relation to the Congo is absolutely unacceptable and inappropriate. ... maybe colonisation was domineering and acquiring more power, but at a certain moment, it brought civilisation."<sup id="cite_ref-EUobserver2010_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUobserver2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michel's remarks were countered by several Belgian politicians. Senator <a href="/wiki/Pol_Van_Den_Driessche" title="Pol Van Den Driessche">Pol Van Den Driessche</a> replied, "[A] great visionary? Absolutely not. What happened then was shameful. If we measured him against 21st century standards, it is likely that Leopold would be hauled before the International Criminal Court in The Hague."<sup id="cite_ref-EUobserver2010_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUobserver2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2020, a <a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter" title="Black Lives Matter">Black Lives Matter</a> demonstration in Brussels protested the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd" title="Murder of George Floyd">murder of George Floyd</a>, causing Leopold II's legacy to become once again the subject of debate.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPs agreed to set up a parliamentary commission to examine Belgium's colonial past, a step likened to the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth and Reconciliation Committee">Truth and Reconciliation Committee</a> set up in South Africa after the <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> regime was abolished. On 30 June, the 60th anniversary of the Democratic Republic of the Congo's independence, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe</a> released a statement expressing his "deepest regret" for the wounds of the colonial past, and the "acts of violence and cruelty committed" in the Congo during colonisation<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but did not explicitly mention Leopold's role in the atrocities. Some activists accused him of not making a full apology.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statues">Statues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Statues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="List of statues of Leopold II of Belgium">List of statues of Leopold II of Belgium</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg/190px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg/285px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg/380px-Belgique_-_Bruxelles_-_Statue_%C3%A9questre_de_L%C3%A9opold_II_-_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2402" data-file-height="3603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Leopold_II,_Brussels" title="Equestrian statue of Leopold II, Brussels">Equestrian statue of Leopold II</a>, <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;">Place du Trône</span></span>/<span title="Dutch-language text"><span lang="nl" style="font-style: normal;">Troonplein</span></span>, Brussels</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold II remains a controversial figure in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the capital <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Kinshasa</a> (known until 1966 as Leopoldville in his honor) his statue was removed after independence. Congolese culture minister <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Muzungu" title="Christophe Muzungu">Christophe Muzungu</a> decided to reinstate the statue in 2005. He noted that the beginning of the Free State had been a time of some economic and social progress. He argued that people should recognize some positive aspects of the king as well as the negative, but hours after the six-metre (20<span class="nowrap"> </span>ft) statue was erected near Kinshasa's central station, it was officially removed.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several statues have been erected to honour the legacy of Leopold II in Belgium. According to Professor of Colonial History Idesbald Goddeeris of the <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">University of Leuven</a> (2018), most of the statues date from the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the peak of colonial-patriotic propaganda. The monuments were supposed to help get rid of the scandal after international commotion about the <a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">atrocities in the Congo Free State</a> during Leopold II's rule, and to raise people's enthusiasm for the colonial enterprise in <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo" title="Belgian Congo">Belgian Congo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leopold's controversial regime in the Congo Free State has motivated proposals for these statues to be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the international <a href="/wiki/George_Floyd_protests" title="George Floyd protests">George Floyd protests</a> against racism (May–July 2020), several statues of Leopold II were vandalised, and petitions calling for the removal of some or all statues were signed by tens of thousands of Belgians.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HLN_3-6-20_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLN_3-6-20-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HLN_6-6-20_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HLN_6-6-20-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other petitions, signed by hundreds, called for the statues to remain.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early June 2020, a majority in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Parliament">Brussels Parliament</a> requested a committee to be set up to 'decolonise the public sphere' in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels-Capital Region">Brussels-Capital Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruzz_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruzz-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 9 June 2020 onwards, authorities in Belgium began removing some of the statues of Leopold, beginning with ones in <a href="/wiki/Ekeren" title="Ekeren">Ekeren</a> in the municipality of Antwerp<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warocqu%C3%A9_Faculty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warocqué Faculty (page does not exist)">Warocqué Faculty</a> of Economics and Management of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mons" title="University of Mons">University of Mons</a> on that day.<sup id="cite_ref-UMons_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMons-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg/190px-Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg/285px-Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg/380px-Maria_Hendrika_of_Austria_and_Leopold_of_Belgium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="1036" /></a><figcaption>Leopold and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria" title="Marie Henriette of Austria">Marie Henriette</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg/190px-Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg/285px-Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg/380px-Blanche_Delacroix_and_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Caroline Lacroix and her children, Lucien, Duke of Tervuren and Philippe, Count of Ravenstein.</figcaption></figure> <p>Leopold's sister became the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Carlota of Mexico">Empress Carlota of Mexico</a>. His first cousins included both <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_II_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernando II of Portugal">King Fernando II of Portugal</a>. </p><p>He had four children with Queen Marie Henriette, of whom the youngest two have descendants living as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Belgium" title="Princess Louise of Belgium">Princess Louise of Belgium</a>, born in Brussels on 18 February 1858, and died at <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a> on 1 March 1924. She married <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> on 4 February 1875, they had two children and divorced on 15 January 1906.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant</a>, Count of Hainaut (as eldest son of the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a>), later Duke of Brabant (as heir apparent), born at <a href="/wiki/Laeken" title="Laeken">Laeken</a> on 12 June 1859, and died at Laeken on 22 January 1869, from pneumonia, after falling into a pond.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_St%C3%A9phanie_of_Belgium" title="Princess Stéphanie of Belgium">Princess Stéphanie of Belgium</a>, born at Laeken on 21 May 1864, and died at the <a href="/wiki/Archabbey_of_Pannonhalma" class="mw-redirect" title="Archabbey of Pannonhalma">Archabbey of Pannonhalma</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r-Moson-Sopron" class="mw-redirect" title="Győr-Moson-Sopron">Győr-Moson-Sopron</a>, Hungary, on 23 August 1945. She married (1) <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_Rudolf_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria">Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to the throne of Austria-Hungary. In 1889, he died in a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_pact" title="Suicide pact">suicide pact</a> with his <a href="/wiki/Mistress_(lover)" title="Mistress (lover)">mistress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Mary_Vetsera" title="Baroness Mary Vetsera">Baroness Mary Vetsera</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Mayerling_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayerling Incident">Mayerling hunting lodge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OnI5V_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OnI5V-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stéphanie's second husband was (2) Elemér Edmund Graf Lónyay de Nagy-Lónya et Vásáros-Namény (created, in 1917, Prince Lónyay de Nagy-Lónya et Vásáros-Namény).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Belgium" title="Princess Clémentine of Belgium">Princess Clémentine of Belgium</a>, born at Laeken on 30 July 1872, and died at <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> on 8 March 1955. She married Prince <a href="/wiki/Napol%C3%A9on_Victor_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte">Napoléon Victor Jérôme Frédéric Bonaparte</a> (1862–1926), head of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a> family. The current head of the Imperial family, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon</a> is a direct descendant of King Leopold II.</li></ul> <p>Leopold also fathered two sons by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lacroix" title="Caroline Lacroix">Caroline Lacroix</a>. They were adopted in 1910 by Lacroix's second husband, Antoine Durrieux.<sup id="cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePetitGotha-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leopold granted them courtesy titles that were honorary, as the parliament would not have supported any official act or decree: </p> <ul><li>Lucien Philippe Marie Antoine (9 February 1906 – 15 November 1984) Duke of Tervuren; he married Lucie Gracieuse Mundutey (30 October 1900 – 8 February 2005) on 1 March 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePetitGotha-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Philippe Henri Marie François (16 October 1907 – 21 August 1914) Count of Ravenstein<sup id="cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LePetitGotha-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Leopold II of Belgium</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Sophie_Antoinette_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Duchess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XXIV,_Count_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf">Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Karoline_Ernestine_of_Erbach-Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg">Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Leopold II of Belgium</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe I of France">Louis Philippe I of France</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon">Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Princess Louise of Orléans</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Archduchess_Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria">Archduchess Maria Carolina of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span 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<li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Banning" title="Émile Banning">Émile Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State_propaganda_war" title="Congo Free State propaganda war">Congo Free State propaganda war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_of_Belgium" title="Crown Council of Belgium">Crown Council of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Belgium_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Belgium family tree">Kings of Belgium family tree</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pre-regnal name: Leopold Louis Philip Mary Victor;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French: <i lang="fr">Léopold Louis Philippe Marie Victor</i>; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: <i lang="nl">Leopold Lodewijk Filips Maria Victor</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaydn1851" class="citation book cs1">Haydn, Joseph (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buoKAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Book of Dignities: Containing Rolls of the Official Personages of the British Empire ... from the Earliest Periods to the Present Time ... Together with the Sovereigns of Europe, from the Foundation of Their Respective States; the Peerage of England and Great Britain ...</i></a> Longmans, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Dignities%3A+Containing+Rolls+of+the+Official+Personages+of+the+British+Empire+...+from+the+Earliest+Periods+to+the+Present+Time+...+Together+with+the+Sovereigns+of+Europe%2C+from+the+Foundation+of+Their+Respective+States%3B+the+Peerage+of+England+and+Great+Britain+...&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+and+Longmans&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Haydn&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuoKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, A. <i>King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa</i>. Houghton Mifflin, 1999. pp. 111–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2020/06/05/leopold-ii-portret-en-controverse/">"Controverse over standbeelden van Leopold II: Waarom is de Belgische koning zo omstreden?"</a>. <i>VRT</i> (in Dutch). 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VRT&rft.atitle=Controverse+over+standbeelden+van+Leopold+II%3A+Waarom+is+de+Belgische+koning+zo+omstreden%3F&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrt.be%2Fvrtnws%2Fnl%2F2020%2F06%2F05%2Fleopold-ii-portret-en-controverse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Renton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Renton_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Renton_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRentonSeddonZeilig2007" class="citation book cs1">Renton, David; Seddon, David; Zeilig, Leo (2007). <i>The Congo: Plunder and Resistance</i>. London: Zed Books. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-485-4"><bdi>978-1-84277-485-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Congo%3A+Plunder+and+Resistance&rft.place=London&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-485-4&rft.aulast=Renton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Seddon%2C+David&rft.au=Zeilig%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oz1rV-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oz1rV_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oz1rV_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbath1977" class="citation book cs1">Forbath, Peter (1977). <i>The River Congo: The Discovery, Exploration and Exploitation of the World's Most Dramatic Rivers</i>. Harper & Row. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122490-4"><bdi>978-0-06-122490-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+Congo%3A+The+Discovery%2C+Exploration+and+Exploitation+of+the+World%27s+Most+Dramatic+Rivers&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122490-4&rft.aulast=Forbath&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghost-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ghost_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild1998" class="citation book cs1">Hochschild, Adam (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsghos00adam"><i>King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa</i></a>. Mariner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49233-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49233-1"><bdi>978-0-330-49233-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50527720">50527720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.pub=Mariner&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50527720&rft.isbn=978-0-330-49233-1&rft.aulast=Hochschild&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingleopoldsghos00adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson, pp 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson, p 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emerson, p 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aronson, p 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leopold_II-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leopold_II_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leopold_II_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historycrunch.com/leopold-ii.html">"Leopold II"</a>. <i>HISTORY CRUNCH – History Articles, Biographies, Infographics, Resources and More</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY+CRUNCH+%E2%80%93+History+Articles%2C+Biographies%2C+Infographics%2C+Resources+and+More&rft.atitle=Leopold+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycrunch.com%2Fleopold-ii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Leopold_II.,_King_of_the_Belgians" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Leopold II., King of the Belgians">Leopold II.</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leopold+II.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=461&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SgqGX-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SgqGX_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> « mariage d'un palefrenier et d'une religieuse »</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monarchie-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monarchie_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monarchie_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchie.be/history/leopold-ii">"Leopold II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Belgian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Belgian Monarchy">The Belgian Monarchy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leopold+II&rft.pub=The+Belgian+Monarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monarchie.be%2Fhistory%2Fleopold-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH221-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH221_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochschild,_Adam1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Hochschild" title="Adam Hochschild">Hochschild, Adam</a> (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost:_A_Story_of_Greed,_Terror,_and_Heroism_in_Colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa">King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Mariner_Books" title="Mariner Books">Mariner Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingleopoldsghos00adam/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49233-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49233-0"><bdi>0-330-49233-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost%3A+A+Story+of+Greed%2C+Terror%2C+and+Heroism+in+Colonial+Africa&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-330-49233-0&rft.au=Hochschild%2C+Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH222-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH222_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AH224-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AH224_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, p. 224.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rappoport, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EW138-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EW138_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler1910" class="citation book cs1">Wheeler, Edward (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5LPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Current Literature, Volume 48</i></a>. New York: The Current Literature Publishing Company. p. 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Literature%2C+Volume+48&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=The+Current+Literature+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5LPAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdvpo-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wdvpo_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> « la patrie doit être forte, prospère, par conséquent posséder des débouchés à elle, belle et calme. » <i>The King to the Count of Flanders</i>, 26 January 1888; The Count of Flanders's papers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Goethem2011" class="citation book cs1">van Goethem, Herman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W5hfnuo9jH4C&pg=PA49"><i>Belgium and the Monarchy: From National Independence to National Disintegration</i></a>. Brussels: ASP nv. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9054876984" title="Special:BookSources/978-9054876984"><bdi>978-9054876984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium+and+the+Monarchy%3A+From+National+Independence+to+National+Disintegration&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.pub=ASP+nv&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9054876984&rft.aulast=van+Goethem&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW5hfnuo9jH4C%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMhQe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BMhQe_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStengers2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stengers, Jean (2008). <i>L'action du Roi en Belgique depuis 1831: pouvoir et influence</i> [<i>The action of the King in Belgium since 1831: power and influence</i>] (in French) (3rd ed.). Brussels: Racine. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-87386-567-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-87386-567-2"><bdi>978-2-87386-567-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27action+du+Roi+en+Belgique+depuis+1831%3A+pouvoir+et+influence&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Racine&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-87386-567-2&rft.aulast=Stengers&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Mesquita, B. B. (2007). Leopold II and the Selectorate: An Account in Contrast to a Racial Explanation. Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung, 32(4 (122)), 203–221. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20762247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew G. Stanard, "King Leopold's Bust. A Story of Monuments, Culture, and Memory in Colonial Europe", in: <i>Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History</i>, 2011, no. 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcch.2011.0020">10.1353/cch.2011.0020</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vandenbreeden. p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meuse_La_17-11-1902-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meuse_La_17-11-1902_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meuse_La_17-11-1902_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meuse (La) 17 November 1902</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ewans-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ewans_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewans_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ewans_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwans2017" class="citation book cs1">Ewans, Sir Martin (2017). <i>European Atrocity, African Catastrophe: Leopold II, the Congo Free State and its Aftermath</i>. Abingdon, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315829173">10.4324/9781315829173</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317849070" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317849070"><bdi>978-1317849070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Atrocity%2C+African+Catastrophe%3A+Leopold+II%2C+the+Congo+Free+State+and+its+Aftermath&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+England&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315829173&rft.isbn=978-1317849070&rft.aulast=Ewans&rft.aufirst=Sir+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stengers, J., & Vansina, J. (1985). King Leopold’s Congo, 1886–1908. In R. Oliver & G. N. Sanderson (Eds.), <i>The Cambridge History of Africa</i> (pp. 315–358). chapter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H8tSk-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H8tSk_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ascherson (1999), p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jalata13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jalata13_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalata2013" class="citation journal cs1">Jalata, Asafa (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://works.bepress.com/asafa_jalata/57/download/">"Colonial Terrorism, Global Capitalism and African Underdevelopment: 500 Years of Crimes Against African Peoples"</a>. <i>Journal of Pan African Studies</i>. <b>5</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0888-6601">0888-6601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+Terrorism%2C+Global+Capitalism+and+African+Underdevelopment%3A+500+Years+of+Crimes+Against+African+Peoples&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2013-03&rft.issn=0888-6601&rft.aulast=Jalata&rft.aufirst=Asafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fasafa_jalata%2F57%2Fdownload%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1TcDG-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1TcDG_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Tim (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/tim-stanley/belgiums-heart-darkness">"Belgium's Heart of Darkness"</a>. <i>History Today</i>. <b>62</b> (10): 49. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2012-10&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Ftim-stanley%2Fbelgiums-heart-darkness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span><span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JeuQ0-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JeuQ0_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStengers" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stengers, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urome.be/fr2/ouvrag/hochschild.pdf">"Critique de Livre de Hochschild"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Critique+de+Livre+de+Hochschild&rft.aulast=Stengers&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urome.be%2Ffr2%2Fouvrag%2Fhochschild.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sophie_Mignon-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sophie_Mignon_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSophie_Mignon2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sophie Mignon (22 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lalibre.be/debats/opinions/non-leopold-ii-n-est-pas-un-genocidaire-567922033570ed3894b6608a">"Non, Léopold II n'est pas un génocidaire!"</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Non%2C+L%C3%A9opold+II+n%27est+pas+un+g%C3%A9nocidaire%21&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.au=Sophie+Mignon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lalibre.be%2Fdebats%2Fopinions%2Fnon-leopold-ii-n-est-pas-un-genocidaire-567922033570ed3894b6608a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Looking_Back_pp_54-57-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looking_Back_pp_54-57_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOcampo2009" class="citation book cs1">Ocampo, Ambeth (2009). <i>Looking Back</i>. Mandaluyong, Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Anvil_Publishing" title="Anvil Publishing">Anvil Publishing</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2336-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-2336-0"><bdi>978-971-27-2336-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looking+Back&rft.place=Mandaluyong%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Anvil+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-971-27-2336-0&rft.aulast=Ocampo&rft.aufirst=Ambeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fWpet-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fWpet_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Louis, William (2006). <i>Ends of British Imperialism</i>. I.B. Tauris. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-347-6">978-1-84511-347-6</a>. p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zGK8R-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zGK8R_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles de Kavanagh Boulger, Demetrius (1898). <i>The Congo State: Or, The Growth of Civilisation in Central Africa</i>. Congo: W. Thacker & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-217-57889-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-217-57889-6">0-217-57889-6</a>. p. 214.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGF4H-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SGF4H_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakenham, Thomas (1992). <i>The Scramble for Africa</i>. Avon Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-71999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-71999-0">978-0-380-71999-0</a>. pp. 525–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sMdrW-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sMdrW_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Lado-Enclave">"Lado Enclave"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. 19 July 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lotdc-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lotdc_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, T. Jack (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Light+on+the+dark+continent%3a+the+photography+of+Alice+Seely+Harris...-a093009102">"Light on the Dark Continent: The Photography of Alice Seely Harris and the Congo Atrocities of the Early Twentieth Century"</a>. <i>International Bulletin of Missionary Research</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">146–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F239693930202600401">10.1177/239693930202600401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146866987">146866987</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721145329/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Light+on+the+dark+continent:+the+photography+of+Alice+Seely+Harris...-a093009102">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Bulletin+of+Missionary+Research&rft.atitle=Light+on+the+Dark+Continent%3A+The+Photography+of+Alice+Seely+Harris+and+the+Congo+Atrocities+of+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E146-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F239693930202600401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146866987%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=T.+Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FLight%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bdark%2Bcontinent%253a%2Bthe%2Bphotography%2Bof%2BAlice%2BSeely%2BHarris...-a093009102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERentonSeddonZeilig200731-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERentonSeddonZeilig200731_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRentonSeddonZeilig2007">Renton, Seddon & Zeilig 2007</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_news-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_news_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_news_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDummett2004" class="citation news cs1">Dummett, Mark (24 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3516965.stm">"King Leopold's legacy of DR Congo violence"</a>. BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=King+Leopold%27s+legacy+of+DR+Congo+violence&rft.date=2004-02-24&rft.aulast=Dummett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F3516965.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93xD7-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93xD7_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWertham1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Wertham" title="Fredric Wertham">Wertham, Fredric</a> (1968). <i>A Sign For Cain: An Exploration of Human Violence</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-0232-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-0232-8"><bdi>978-0-7091-0232-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sign+For+Cain%3A+An+Exploration+of+Human+Violence&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-7091-0232-8&rft.aulast=Wertham&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-z8Rg3-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-z8Rg3_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisStengers1968" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger; Stengers, Jean (1968). <i>E. D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement</i>. London: Clarendon. pp. <span class="nowrap">252–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685226763">685226763</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+D.+Morel%27s+History+of+the+Congo+Reform+Movement&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685226763&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=William+Roger&rft.au=Stengers%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wjUFe-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wjUFe_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy_Vanthemsche2012" class="citation book cs1">Guy Vanthemsche (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ImNjdlBHzukC&pg=PA10"><i>Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521194211" title="Special:BookSources/9780521194211"><bdi>9780521194211</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belgium+and+the+Congo%2C+1885%E2%80%931980&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780521194211&rft.au=Guy+Vanthemsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DImNjdlBHzukC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vsyvv-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vsyvv_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327165128/http://www.flwi.ugent.be/btng-rbhc/pdf/BTNG-RBHC%2C%2036%2C%202006%2C%203-4%2C%20pp%20323-372.pdf">"The 'Leopold II' concession system exported to French Congo with as example the Mpoko Company"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Leopold+II%27+concession+system+exported+to+French+Congo+with+as+example+the+Mpoko+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flwi.ugent.be%2Fbtng-rbhc%2Fpdf%2FBTNG-RBHC%2C%252036%2C%25202006%2C%25203-4%2C%2520pp%2520323-372.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WLzS7-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WLzS7_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201016114606/http://www.urome.be/fr2/reflexions/casemrepo.pdf">"Le rapport Casement annoté par A. Schorochoff"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Royal Union for Overseas Colonies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urome.be/fr2/reflexions/casemrepo.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+rapport+Casement+annot%C3%A9+par+A.+Schorochoff&rft.pub=Royal+Union+for+Overseas+Colonies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.urome.be%2Ffr2%2Freflexions%2Fcasemrepo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowes, Sara; Montero, Eduardo (2017). "King Leopold’s ghost: The legacy of labour coercion in the DRC" (PDF). Harvard University. Retrieved 8 May 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5F5Iz-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5F5Iz_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ascherson, pp. 250–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hV3me-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hV3me_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221104922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866343-2,00.html">"CONGO: Boom in the Jungle"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 16 May 1955. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866343-2,00.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=CONGO%3A+Boom+in+the+Jungle&rft.date=1955-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C866343-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Olusanya, G.O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41856792?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">"Reviewed Work: Affairs of West Africa by E. D. Morel"</a>. <i>Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria</i>. Volume 4, No. 4, June 1969. pp. 639–641.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghcZ6-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghcZ6_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauwers Nathan; Georges Lorand (1860–1918): Een transnationale progressieve liberaal; VUB; 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Citations: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchal1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jules_Marchal" title="Jules Marchal">Marchal, Jules</a> (1999). <i>Forced labor in the gold and copper mines: a history of Congo under Belgian rule, 1910–1945</i>. Translated by Ayi Kwei Armah (reprint ed.). Per Ankh Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forced+labor+in+the+gold+and+copper+mines%3A+a+history+of+Congo+under+Belgian+rule%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Per+Ankh+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Marchal&rft.aufirst=Jules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchal2008" class="citation book cs1">Marchal, Jules (2008). <i>Lord Leverhulme's Ghosts: Colonial Exploitation in the Congo</i>. Translated by Martin Thom. Introduced by Adam Hochschild. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dewereldmorgen.be/long-read/2016/01/09/congolese-oorlogstranen-deportatie-en-dwangarbeid-voor-de-geallieerde-oorlogsindustrie-1940-1945">the original</a> on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+autre+regard+sur+l%27Histoire+Congolaise%3A+Guide+alternatif+de+l%27exposition+de+Tervuren&rft.pages=14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deboutcongolais.info%2Fhistoire-du-congo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5208771">"DEATH OF KING LEOPOLD"</a>. <i>Advertiser</i>. 18 December 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Horrors+of+Belgium%27s+Congo&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.aulast=Dargis&rft.aufirst=Manohla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F21%2Fmovies%2Fthe-horrors-of-belgiums-congo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keating-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keating_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keating_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keating_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keating_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2020" class="citation web cs1">Keating, Dave (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newstatesman.com/world/europe/2020/06/belgium-king-leopold-congo-statue-atrocities-belgian-colonialism">"How Belgium is being forced to confront the bloody legacy of King Leopold II"</a>. <i>New Statesman</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Statesman&rft.atitle=How+Belgium+is+being+forced+to+confront+the+bloody+legacy+of+King+Leopold+II&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newstatesman.com%2Fworld%2Feurope%2F2020%2F06%2Fbelgium-king-leopold-congo-statue-atrocities-belgian-colonialism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harding_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Harding1998" class="citation news cs1">Jeremy Harding (20 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010913021042/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/reviews/980920.20hardint.html">"Into Africa"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/09/20/reviews/980920.20hardint.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>a superb synoptic history of European misdemeanor in central Africa</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Into+Africa&rft.date=1998-09-20&rft.au=Jeremy+Harding&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F09%2F20%2Freviews%2F980920.20hardint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSHOw-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SSHOw_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichiko_Kakutani1998" class="citation news cs1">Michiko Kakutani (1 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010418010702/http://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/30/daily/leopold-book-review.html">"Genocide With Spin Control"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/08/30/daily/leopold-book-review.html">the original</a> on 18 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Hochschild has stitched it together into a vivid, novelistic narrative</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Genocide+With+Spin+Control&rft.date=1998-09-01&rft.au=Michiko+Kakutani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F98%2F08%2F30%2Fdaily%2Fleopold-book-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ae7Fp-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ae7Fp_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuc_Sante1998" class="citation news cs1">Luc Sante (27 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/default/article/Leopold-s-Heart-of-Darkness-Adam-Hochschild-2988734.php">"Leopold's Heart of Darkness"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'King Leopold's Ghost' is an absorbing and horrifying account</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Leopold%27s+Heart+of+Darkness&rft.date=1998-09-27&rft.au=Luc+Sante&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fdefault%2Farticle%2FLeopold-s-Heart-of-Darkness-Adam-Hochschild-2988734.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sPzdb-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sPzdb_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGodwin_Rapando_Murunga1999" class="citation journal cs1">Godwin Rapando Murunga (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618115733/http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v3/v3i2a12.htm">"King Leopold's Ghost (review)"</a>. <i>African Studies Quarterly</i>. <b>3</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>King Leopold's Ghost tells the story of the Congo with fresh and critical insights, bringing new analysis to this topic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=King+Leopold%27s+Ghost+%28review%29&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Godwin+Rapando+Murunga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.africa.ufl.edu%2Fasq%2Fv3%2Fv3i2a12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUobserver2010-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUobserver2010_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUobserver2010_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2010" class="citation web cs1">Phillips, Leigh (22 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/30345">"Ex-commissioner calls Congo's colonial master a 'visionary hero'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>EU Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EU+Observer&rft.atitle=Ex-commissioner+calls+Congo%27s+colonial+master+a+%27visionary+hero%27&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F30345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inews.co.uk/news/world/king-leopold-ii-congo-belgium-genocide-slave-state-legacy-statue-455658">"King Leopold II ruled Congo as a private slave state and brutal legacy is finally acknowledged"</a>. 26 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Leopold+II+ruled+Congo+as+a+private+slave+state+and+brutal+legacy+is+finally+acknowledged&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fking-leopold-ii-congo-belgium-genocide-slave-state-legacy-statue-455658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53232105">"Belgian king expresses regrets for colonial abuses"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 30 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belgian+king+expresses+regrets+for+colonial+abuses&rft.date=2020-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-53232105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicheta2020" class="citation web cs1">Picheta, Rob (1 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/30/europe/belgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl/index.html">"Belgium's King sends 'regrets' to Congo for Leopold II atrocities – but doesn't apologize"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Belgium%27s+King+sends+%27regrets%27+to+Congo+for+Leopold+II+atrocities+%E2%80%93+but+doesn%27t+apologize&rft.date=2020-07-01&rft.aulast=Picheta&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F06%2F30%2Feurope%2Fbelgium-drc-leopold-ii-regrets-scli-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasagar2005" class="citation news cs1">Vasagar, Jeevan (4 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/feb/04/congo.jeevanvasagar">"Leopold reigns for a day in Kinshasa"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Leopold+reigns+for+a+day+in+Kinshasa&rft.date=2005-02-04&rft.aulast=Vasagar&rft.aufirst=Jeevan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2005%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fcongo.jeevanvasagar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYolan_Devriendt2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yolan Devriendt (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/002/508/246/RUG01-002508246_2018_0001_AC.pdf">"Belgische koloniale geschiedenis in het katholiek middelbaar onderwijs: vergeten verhaal of kritisch discours?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Dutch). <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent University</a>. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belgische+koloniale+geschiedenis+in+het+katholiek+middelbaar+onderwijs%3A+vergeten+verhaal+of+kritisch+discours%3F&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Ghent+University&rft.date=2018&rft.au=Yolan+Devriendt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.ugent.be%2Ffulltxt%2FRUG01%2F002%2F508%2F246%2FRUG01-002508246_2018_0001_AC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPR_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeri_Schultz2020" class="citation news cs1">Teri Schultz (5 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/live-updates-protests-for-racial-justice/2020/06/05/871278150/belgians-target-some-royal-monuments-in-black-lives-matter-protest">"Belgians Target Some Royal Monuments In Black Lives Matter Protest"</a>. <i>NPR</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Belgians+Target+Some+Royal+Monuments+In+Black+Lives+Matter+Protest&rft.date=2020-06-05&rft.au=Teri+Schultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Flive-updates-protests-for-racial-justice%2F2020%2F06%2F05%2F871278150%2Fbelgians-target-some-royal-monuments-in-black-lives-matter-protest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/115940/burned-leopold-ii-statue-moves-to-antwerp-museum/">"Burned Leopold II statue removed from Antwerp square"</a>. <i>The Brussels Times</i>. 9 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Brussels+Times&rft.atitle=Burned+Leopold+II+statue+removed+from+Antwerp+square&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brusselstimes.com%2Fall-news%2Fbelgium-all-news%2F115940%2Fburned-leopold-ii-statue-moves-to-antwerp-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLN_3-6-20-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HLN_3-6-20_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/al-meer-dan-16-000-handtekeningen-voor-petitie-om-standbeelden-leopold-ii-uit-brussel-weg-te-nemen-tommelein-wil-beeld-in-oostende-niet-verwijderen~a2e5beac/">"Al meer dan 16.000 handtekeningen voor petitie om standbeelden Leopold II uit Brussel weg te nemen, Tommelein wil beeld in Oostende niet verwijderen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Laatste_Nieuws" title="Het Laatste Nieuws">Het Laatste Nieuws</a></i> (in Dutch). 3 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+Laatste+Nieuws&rft.atitle=Al+meer+dan+16.000+handtekeningen+voor+petitie+om+standbeelden+Leopold+II+uit+Brussel+weg+te+nemen%2C+Tommelein+wil+beeld+in+Oostende+niet+verwijderen&rft.date=2020-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fnieuws%2Fbinnenland%2Fal-meer-dan-16-000-handtekeningen-voor-petitie-om-standbeelden-leopold-ii-uit-brussel-weg-te-nemen-tommelein-wil-beeld-in-oostende-niet-verwijderen~a2e5beac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HLN_6-6-20-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HLN_6-6-20_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hln.be/nieuws/binnenland/het-debat-moeten-standbeelden-van-leopold-ii-en-andere-bedenkelijke-historische-figuren-verdwijnen-uit-het-straatbeeld~acf39b09/">"Het Debat. Moeten standbeelden van Leopold II en andere bedenkelijke historische figuren verdwijnen uit het straatbeeld?"</a>. <i>Het Laatste Nieuws</i> (in Dutch). 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Het+Laatste+Nieuws&rft.atitle=Het+Debat.+Moeten+standbeelden+van+Leopold+II+en+andere+bedenkelijke+historische+figuren+verdwijnen+uit+het+straatbeeld%3F&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hln.be%2Fnieuws%2Fbinnenland%2Fhet-debat-moeten-standbeelden-van-leopold-ii-en-andere-bedenkelijke-historische-figuren-verdwijnen-uit-het-straatbeeld~acf39b09%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurno_Struys2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burno Struys (6 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.demorgen.be/nieuws/dit-zijn-de-organisatoren-van-de-belgische-black-lives-matter-betogingen~bdcf687b/">"Dit zijn de organisatoren van de Belgische Black Lives Matter-betogingen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Morgen" title="De Morgen">De Morgen</a></i> (in Dutch)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Morgen&rft.atitle=Dit+zijn+de+organisatoren+van+de+Belgische+Black+Lives+Matter-betogingen&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft.au=Burno+Struys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.demorgen.be%2Fnieuws%2Fdit-zijn-de-organisatoren-van-de-belgische-black-lives-matter-betogingen~bdcf687b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/info/societe/detail_pourquoi-les-opposants-a-leopold-ii-continuent-de-vandaliser-de-l-ancien-roi?id=10516786">"Pourquoi les opposants à Léopold II continuent-ils à vandaliser les statues de l'ancien Roi ?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RTBF" title="RTBF">RTBF</a></i> (in French). 6 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTBF&rft.atitle=Pourquoi+les+opposants+%C3%A0+L%C3%A9opold+II+continuent-ils+%C3%A0+vandaliser+les+statues+de+l%27ancien+Roi+%3F&rft.date=2020-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Finfo%2Fsociete%2Fdetail_pourquoi-les-opposants-a-leopold-ii-continuent-de-vandaliser-de-l-ancien-roi%3Fid%3D10516786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Luc_Bodeux2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jean-Luc Bodeux (18 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesoir.be/308085/article/2020-06-18/arlon-petition-et-contre-petition-autour-de-leopold-ii">"Arlon: pétition et contre-pétition autour de Léopold II"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Soir" title="Le Soir">Le Soir</a></i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Soir&rft.atitle=Arlon%3A+p%C3%A9tition+et+contre-p%C3%A9tition+autour+de+L%C3%A9opold+II&rft.date=2020-06-18&rft.au=Jean-Luc+Bodeux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesoir.be%2F308085%2Farticle%2F2020-06-18%2Farlon-petition-et-contre-petition-autour-de-leopold-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruzz-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruzz_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bruzz.be/samenleving/brusselse-meerderheid-vraagt-dekolonisering-van-openbare-ruimte-2020-06-04">"Brusselse meerderheid vraagt dekolonisering van openbare ruimte"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bruzz" title="Bruzz">Bruzz</a></i> (in Dutch). 4 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bruzz&rft.atitle=Brusselse+meerderheid+vraagt+dekolonisering+van+openbare+ruimte&rft.date=2020-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bruzz.be%2Fsamenleving%2Fbrusselse-meerderheid-vraagt-dekolonisering-van-openbare-ruimte-2020-06-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMons-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMons_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabelle_Palmitessa2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Isabelle Palmitessa (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rtbf.be/info/regions/detail_l-umons-retire-un-buste-de-leopold-ii-suite-a-une-petition?id=10518654">"L'UMons retire un buste de Léopold II suite à une pétition"</a>. <i>RTBF</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RTBF&rft.atitle=L%27UMons+retire+un+buste+de+L%C3%A9opold+II+suite+%C3%A0+une+p%C3%A9tition&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.au=Isabelle+Palmitessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtbf.be%2Finfo%2Fregions%2Fdetail_l-umons-retire-un-buste-de-leopold-ii-suite-a-une-petition%3Fid%3D10518654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OnI5V-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OnI5V_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As documented in several autograph letters by the two unfortunate lovers <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/nuova_europa/it/notizie/nazioni/austria/2015/08/05/mistero-mayerling-lettere-inedite-fu-doppio-suicidio_11c9f597-3b87-4867-aa50-d1effde27b4e.html">ANSA newsbrief (in Italian)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LePetitGotha-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LePetitGotha_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Le Petit Gotha"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Ascherson" title="Neal Ascherson">Ascherson, Neal</a>: <i>The King Incorporated</i>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin" title="Allen & Unwin">Allen & Unwin</a>, 1963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86207-290-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-86207-290-6">1-86207-290-6</a> (<i>1999 Granta edition</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Aronson" title="Theo Aronson">Aronson, Theo</a>: <i>Defiant Dynasty: The Coburgs of Belgium</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobbs-Merrill">Bobbs-Merrill</a>, 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Emerson" title="Barbara Emerson">Emerson, Barbara</a>: <i>Leopold II of the Belgians</i>, <a href="/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson" title="Weidenfeld & Nicolson">Weidenfeld & Nicolson</a>, 1979, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77569-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77569-3">0-297-77569-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hochschild,_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hochschild, Adam">Hochschild, Adam</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/King_Leopold%27s_Ghost" title="King Leopold's Ghost">King Leopold’s Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_Books" title="Mariner Books">Mariner Books</a>, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-49233-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-49233-0">0-330-49233-0</a>.</li> <li>Petringa, Maria: <i>Brazza, A Life for Africa</i>, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-1198-0">978-1-4259-1198-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Wm. Roger Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stengers" title="Jean Stengers">Jean Stengers</a>: <i>E.D. Morel's History of the Congo Reform Movement</i>, Clarendon Press Oxford, 1968.</li> <li>Ó Síocháin, Séamas and Michael O’Sullivan, eds: <i>The Eyes of Another Race: Roger Casement's Congo Report and 1903 Diary</i>. University College Dublin Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900621-99-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-900621-99-1">1-900621-99-1</a>.</li> <li>Ó Síocháin, Séamas: <i>Roger Casement: Imperialist, Rebel, Revolutionary</i>. Dublin: Lilliput Press, 2008.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoes2010" class="citation journal cs1">Roes, Aldwin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/74340/2/roesAW2.pdf">"Towards a History of Mass Violence in the Etat Indépendant du Congo, 1885–1908"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South African Historical Journal</i>. <b>62</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">634–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02582473.2010.519937">10.1080/02582473.2010.519937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144843155">144843155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=Towards+a+History+of+Mass+Violence+in+the+Etat+Ind%C3%A9pendant+du+Congo%2C+1885%E2%80%931908&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E634-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02582473.2010.519937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144843155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Roes&rft.aufirst=Aldwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.whiterose.ac.uk%2F74340%2F2%2FroesAW2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stanard, Matthew G. <i>Selling the Congo: A history of European pro-empire propaganda and the making of Belgian imperialism</i> (U of Nebraska Press, 2012)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandenbreedende_Puydt2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vandenbreeden, Jos; de Puydt, Raoul Maria (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlXdfaluwzsC"><i>Basilique Koekelberg: monument art déco</i></a> (in French and Dutch). Bruxelles: Editions Racine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-209-6144-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-209-6144-6"><bdi>90-209-6144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basilique+Koekelberg%3A+monument+art+d%C3%A9co&rft.place=Bruxelles&rft.pub=Editions+Racine&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-209-6144-6&rft.aulast=Vandenbreeden&rft.aufirst=Jos&rft.au=de+Puydt%2C+Raoul+Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlXdfaluwzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vanthemsche, Guy (2012). <i>Belgium and the Congo, 1885–1980</i> (Cambridge UP, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521194211" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521194211">978-0521194211</a>).</li> <li>Vanthemsche, Guy (2006) 'The historiography of Belgian colonialism in the Congo" in C Levai ed., <i>Europe and the World in European Historiography</i> (Pisa University Press), pp. 89–119. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191021014923/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0e36/51468d36b7328a48df7d933651ca0278325f.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Viaene, Vincent. "King Leopold's imperialism and the origins of the Belgian colonial party, 1860–1905." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 80.4 (2008): 741–90.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leopold_II_of_Belgium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Leopold_II_of_Belgium" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.africamuseum.be/agents/people/127">Archive Léopold II</a>, Royal museum of central Africa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monarchie.be/history/leopold-ii">Official biography from the Belgian Royal Family website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econtalk.org/archives/2006/08/the_political_e.html">"The Political Economy of Power"</a> Interview with political scientist Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, with a discussion of Leopold halfway through</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://congostate.blogspot.com/2006/01/interview-with-king-leopold-ii.html">Interview with King Leopold II</a> Publishers' Press, 1906</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crimeofcongo00doyliala">The Crime of the Congo, 1909, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Archive.org</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2001" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Kevin (2001). "Christian critics of empire: Missionaries, lantern lectures, and the Congo reform campaign in Britain". <i>The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History</i>. <b>29</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03086530108583118">10.1080/03086530108583118</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159607969">159607969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Imperial+and+Commonwealth+History&rft.atitle=Christian+critics+of+empire%3A+Missionaries%2C+lantern+lectures%2C+and+the+Congo+reform+campaign+in+Britain&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03086530108583118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159607969%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeffer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Peffer, John (2008). "Snap of the Whip/Crossroads of Shame: Flogging, Photography, and the Representation of Atrocity in the Congo Reform Campaign". <i>Visual Anthropology Review</i>. <b>24</b>: <span class="nowrap">55–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-7458.2008.00005.x">10.1111/j.1548-7458.2008.00005.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Anthropology+Review&rft.atitle=Snap+of+the+Whip%2FCrossroads+of+Shame%3A+Flogging%2C+Photography%2C+and+the+Representation+of+Atrocity+in+the+Congo+Reform+Campaign&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-7458.2008.00005.x&rft.aulast=Peffer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Braembussche2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antoon_Van_den_Braembussche" title="Antoon Van den Braembussche">van den Braembussche, Antoon</a> (2002). 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"The Development of British Overseas Humanitarianism and the Congo Reform Campaign". <i>Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History</i>. <b>11</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcch.0.0102">10.1353/cch.0.0102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162285976">162285976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Colonialism+and+Colonial+History&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+British+Overseas+Humanitarianism+and+the+Congo+Reform+Campaign&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcch.0.0102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162285976%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pavlakis&rft.aufirst=Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeopold+II+of+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011280">Newspaper clippings about Leopold II of Belgium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Leopold II of Belgium </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 9 April 1835</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 17 December 1909</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a> </b><br />1865–1909 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgian royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New title</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a> </b><br />1840–1865 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Leopold</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Generations are numbered by descent from King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Crown Prince Louis-Philippe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Prince Baudouin of Belgium">Prince Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles, Count of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">King Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexandre_of_Belgium" title="Prince Alexandre of Belgium">Prince Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Lorenz_of_Belgium" title="Prince Lorenz of Belgium">Prince Lorenz, Archduke of Austria-Este</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Laurent_of_Belgium" title="Prince Laurent of Belgium">Prince Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Gabriel of Belgium">Prince Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Emmanuel of Belgium">Prince Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Amedeo_of_Belgium" title="Prince Amedeo of Belgium">Prince Amedeo</a>*</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Joachim_of_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Joachim of Belgium (page does not exist)">Prince Joachim</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*The <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium#Members_of_the_Belgian_royal_family" title="Monarchy of Belgium"> Royal Decree of 2 December 1991</a> gave titles to husbands and children of any Princess of Belgium by birth</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template talk:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forefather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Duke Francis I</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ferdinand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I of the Belgians</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha-Koh%C3%A1ry" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry">Koháry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Crown Prince Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Prince Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Alfred I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">King Pedro V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">King Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Augusto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Prince Baudouin of Belgium">Prince Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Charles Edward I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">King Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Infante Afonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_Clement_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Peter_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Peter August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Peter August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Joseph Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig Gaston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Tsar Boris III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kiril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kiril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Alastair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Josias,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Friedrich Josias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Luís Filipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">King Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainer_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Rainer of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1901%E2%80%931985)" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1985)">Prince Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Tsar Simeon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">King Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexandre_of_Belgium" title="Prince Alexandre of Belgium">Prince Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Andreas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes Heinrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardam,_Prince_of_Tarnovo" title="Kardam, Prince of Tarnovo">Prince Kardam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kyril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kyril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Laurent_of_Belgium" title="Prince Laurent of Belgium">Prince Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hubertus,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Hubertus, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Hubertus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha#_Life" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Boris Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Boris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Gabriel of Belgium">Prince Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Emmanuel of Belgium">Prince Emmanuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Belgium48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belgian_monarchs" title="Template:Belgian monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belgian_monarchs" title="Template talk:Belgian monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belgian monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Belgium48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_monarchs" title="List of Belgian monarchs">Monarchs of Belgium</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erasme_Louis_Surlet_de_Chokier" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasme Louis Surlet de Chokier">Baron Surlet de Chokier</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">Albert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold III</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Charles</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Prince Regent</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_and_Duchesses_of_Brabant67" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Brabant" title="Template:Dukes of Brabant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Brabant" title="Template talk:Dukes of Brabant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Brabant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Brabant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_and_Duchesses_of_Brabant67" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant#Dynastic_context" title="Duke of Brabant">Dukes and Duchesses of Brabant</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leopold</a> <i>(1840–1865)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Leopold</a> <i>(1865–1869)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">Leopold</a> <i>(1909–1934)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">Baudouin</a> <i>(1934–1951)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">Philippe</a> <i>(1993–2013)</i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Princess_Elisabeth,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Princess Elisabeth, Duchess of Brabant">Elisabeth</a></b> <i>(2013–present)</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Duke of Brabant"><img alt="Coat of arms of Duke of Brabant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg/90px-Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg/135px-Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg/180px-Arms_of_the_Duchess_of_Brabant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="358" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Duke of Brabant</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3310" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3310" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12967#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000382048376">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/264072032">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40490/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3vGqc77VXFff4r38jYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118727648">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79088906">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054676b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12054676b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620958">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Léopold II <re dei Belgi>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MUSV038483">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100601001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX932536">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070116016">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=145036">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/mkz27rf55h84znj">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810581877605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/145538">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007264869405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058620331506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/10038567">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14288875">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/460470">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/bf6fede8-b96f-49b2-a423-2f9dc4b14cba">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118727648.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118727648">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027328414">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581521">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68712">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/165963">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&oldid=1273361583">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leopold_II_of_Belgium&oldid=1273361583</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belgian_royal_princes" title="Category:Belgian royal princes">Belgian royal princes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Category:Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1835_births" title="Category:1835 births">1835 births</a></li><li><a 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