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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goals_and_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals_and_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Goals and objectives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals_and_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_structure_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_structure_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organisation structure and facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation_structure_and_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organisation structure and facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation_structure_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Research facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Test_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Test_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Test facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Test_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_and_launch_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_and_launch_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Construction and launch facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_and_launch_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking_and_control_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking_and_control_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Tracking and control facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking_and_control_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_resource_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_resource_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Human resource development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_resource_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antrix_Corporation_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antrix_Corporation_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antrix_Corporation_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NewSpace_India_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NewSpace_India_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NewSpace_India_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_Technology_Incubation_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_Technology_Incubation_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Space Technology Incubation Centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_Technology_Incubation_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_Space_Research_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_Space_Research_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Advanced Space Research Group </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_Space_Research_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directorate_of_Space_Situational_Awareness_and_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directorate_of_Space_Situational_Awareness_and_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directorate_of_Space_Situational_Awareness_and_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISRO_System_for_Safe_and_Sustainable_Space_Operations_Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISRO_System_for_Safe_and_Sustainable_Space_Operations_Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10.1 ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISRO_System_for_Safe_and_Sustainable_Space_Operations_Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Other facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_satellite_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_satellite_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 General satellite programmes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-General_satellite_programmes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle General satellite programmes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-General_satellite_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_IRS_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_IRS_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 The IRS series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_IRS_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_INSAT_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_INSAT_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The INSAT series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_INSAT_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gagan_Satellite_Navigation_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gagan_Satellite_Navigation_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Gagan Satellite Navigation System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gagan_Satellite_Navigation_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Launch vehicles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Launch vehicles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Satellite Launch Vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_Launch_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_Vehicle_Mark-3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_Vehicle_Mark-3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Launch Vehicle Mark-3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_Vehicle_Mark-3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Small Satellite Launch Vehicle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rohini_Sounding_Rockets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rohini_Sounding_Rockets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Rohini Sounding Rockets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rohini_Sounding_Rockets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Launch_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Launch facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_spaceflight_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_spaceflight_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Human spaceflight programme </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_spaceflight_programme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human spaceflight programme subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_spaceflight_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronaut_training_and_other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronaut_training_and_other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Astronaut training and other facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronaut_training_and_other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crewed_spacecraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Crewed spacecraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crewed_spacecraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Space station </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planetary_sciences_and_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planetary_sciences_and_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Planetary sciences and astronomy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planetary_sciences_and_astronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Planetary sciences and astronomy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Planetary_sciences_and_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astrosat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrosat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Astrosat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrosat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-XPoSat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#XPoSat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 XPoSat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-XPoSat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Extraterrestrial exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extraterrestrial_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Extraterrestrial exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lunar_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Lunar exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Mars exploration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mars_and_Moon_analogue_research_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mars_and_Moon_analogue_research_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Mars and Moon analogue research station </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mars_and_Moon_analogue_research_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solar_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solar_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Solar probes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Future projects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Future projects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Future_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Engines_and_launch_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engines_and_launch_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Engines and launch vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engines_and_launch_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_propulsion_and_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_propulsion_and_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Spacecraft propulsion and power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_propulsion_and_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantum_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantum_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Quantum technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantum_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_probes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_probes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Extraterrestrial probes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_probes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space_telescopes_and_observatories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space_telescopes_and_observatories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Space telescopes and observatories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space_telescopes_and_observatories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_Spectroscopic_and_Imaging_Space_Telescope_(INSIST)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_Spectroscopic_and_Imaging_Space_Telescope_(INSIST)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5.1 Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_Spectroscopic_and_Imaging_Space_Telescope_(INSIST)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forthcoming_satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forthcoming_satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Forthcoming satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forthcoming_satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upcoming_launch_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upcoming_launch_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.7 Upcoming launch facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upcoming_launch_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telecommunication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Telecommunication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Academic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telemedicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telemedicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Telemedicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telemedicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_Information_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_Information_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Biodiversity Information System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_Information_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cartography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cartography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Cartography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cartography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spin-offs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spin-offs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Spin-offs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spin-offs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_cooperations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_cooperations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 International cooperations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_cooperations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International cooperations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_cooperations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_collaborative_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_collaborative_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notable collaborative projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_collaborative_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Statistics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Statistics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget_for_the_Department_of_Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_for_the_Department_of_Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Budget for the Department of Space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_for_the_Department_of_Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Corporate affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-S-band_spectrum_scam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#S-band_spectrum_scam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 S-band spectrum scam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-S-band_spectrum_scam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heads_of_ISRO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heads_of_ISRO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Heads of ISRO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heads_of_ISRO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">ISRO</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" > 69 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="المنظمة الهندية لأبحاث الفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المنظمة الهندية لأبحاث الفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="ISRO" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতীয় মহাকাশ গৱেষণা সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axencia_India_d%27Investigaci%C3%B3n_Espacial" title="Axencia India d'Investigación Espacial – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Axencia India d'Investigación Espacial" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindistan_Kosmik_T%C9%99dqiqatlar_T%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1" title="Hindistan Kosmik Tədqiqatlar Təşkilatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hindistan Kosmik Tədqiqatlar Təşkilatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="ভারতীয় মহাকাশ গবেষণা সংস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতীয় মহাকাশ গবেষণা সংস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="इसरो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इसरो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Индийска организация за космически изследвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Индийска организация за космически изследвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_organizacija_za_istra%C5%BEivanje_svemira" title="Indijska organizacija za istraživanje svemira – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Indijska organizacija za istraživanje svemira" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%A8ncia_%C3%8Dndia_d%27Investigaci%C3%B3_Espacial" title="Agència Índia d'Investigació Espacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agència Índia d'Investigació Espacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indick%C3%A1_kosmick%C3%A1_agentura" title="Indická kosmická agentura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Indická kosmická agentura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="ISRO" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indische_Weltraumforschungsorganisation" title="Indische Weltraumforschungsorganisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indische Weltraumforschungsorganisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%88%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ινδικός Οργανισμός Διαστημικής Έρευνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ινδικός Οργανισμός Διαστημικής Έρευνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_India_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Espacial" title="Agencia India de Investigación Espacial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia India de Investigación Espacial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barata_Organiza%C4%B5o_por_Kosmo-Esplorado" title="Barata Organizaĵo por Kosmo-Esplorado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barata Organizaĵo por Kosmo-Esplorado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="سازمان پژوهش‌های فضایی هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان پژوهش‌های فضایی هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="ISRO" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_indienne_de_recherche_spatiale" title="Organisation indienne de recherche spatiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organisation indienne de recherche spatiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="ઇસરો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇસરો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="인도우주연구기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인도우주연구기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारतीय अंतरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_svemirska_istra%C5%BEiva%C4%8Dka_organizacija" title="Indijska svemirska istraživačka organizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Indijska svemirska istraživačka organizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisasi_Riset_Antariksa_India" title="Organisasi Riset Antariksa India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organisasi Riset Antariksa India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Indian_de_Recercar_Spatial" title="Organisation Indian de Recercar Spatial – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Organisation Indian de Recercar Spatial" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geimranns%C3%B3knastofnun_Indlands" title="Geimrannsóknastofnun Indlands – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geimrannsóknastofnun Indlands" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="הארגון ההודי לחקר החלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הארגון ההודי לחקר החלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%86" title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶ ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಭಾರತೀಯ ಬಾಹ್ಯಾಕಾಶ ಸಂಶೋಧನಾ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86" title="انڈین اسپیس ریسرچ آرگنایزیشن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="انڈین اسپیس ریسرچ آرگنایزیشن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijas_Kosmosa_p%C4%93t%C4%ABjumu_organiz%C4%81cija" title="Indijas Kosmosa pētījumu organizācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Indijas Kosmosa pētījumu organizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiai_%C5%B0rkutat%C3%A1si_Szervezet" title="Indiai Űrkutatási Szervezet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Indiai Űrkutatási Szervezet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सङ्गठन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Индиска организација за вселенско истражување – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Индиска организација за вселенско истражување" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സ്പേസ് റിസർച്ച് ഓർഗനൈസേഷൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇന്ത്യൻ സ്പേസ് റിസർച്ച് ഓർഗനൈസേഷൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE" title="भारतीय अंतराळ संशोधन संस्था – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="भारतीय अंतराळ संशोधन संस्था" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertubuhan_Penyelidikan_Angkasa_Lepas_India" title="Pertubuhan Penyelidikan Angkasa Lepas India – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertubuhan Penyelidikan Angkasa Lepas India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%A8" title="भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सङ्गठन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसन्धान सङ्गठन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="インド宇宙研究機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="インド宇宙研究機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%80%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6_%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%82%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE" title="ଭାରତୀୟ ମହାକାଶ ଗବେଷଣା ସଂସ୍ଥା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଭାରତୀୟ ମହାକାଶ ଗବେଷଣା ସଂସ୍ଥା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਪੁਲਾੜ ਖੋਜ ਸੰਸਥਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਭਾਰਤੀ ਪੁਲਾੜ ਖੋਜ ਸੰਸਥਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ہندوستانی فضائی تحقیقی تنظیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہندوستانی فضائی تحقیقی تنظیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indyjska_Organizacja_Bada%C5%84_Kosmicznych" title="Indyjska Organizacja Badań Kosmicznych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Indyjska Organizacja Badań Kosmicznych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Indiana_de_Pesquisa_Espacial" title="Organização Indiana de Pesquisa Espacial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organização Indiana de Pesquisa Espacial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Индийская организация космических исследований – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индийская организация космических исследований" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="भारतीय-अन्तरिक्ष-अनुसन्धान-सङ्घटनम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="भारतीय-अन्तरिक्ष-अनुसन्धान-सङ्घटनम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱤᱥᱨᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱥᱨᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉන්දියානු අභ්‍යවකාශ පර්යේෂණ සංවිධානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉන්දියානු අභ්‍යවකාශ පර්යේෂණ සංවිධානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" title="Indian Space Research Organisation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indian Space Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%27ada_baartaanda_cirka_ee_hindiya" title="Hay'ada baartaanda cirka ee hindiya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Hay'ada baartaanda cirka ee hindiya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ھیند – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەزگای بۆشاییی ھیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Индијска организацији за свемирска истраживања – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Индијска организацији за свемирска истраживања" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijska_svemirska_istra%C5%BEiva%C4%8Dka_organizacija" title="Indijska svemirska istraživačka organizacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijska svemirska istraživačka organizacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ISRO&params=13_2_7_N_77_34_16_E_type:landmark_region:IN-KA">13°2′7″N 77°34′16″E / 13.03528°N 77.57111°E / 13.03528; 77.57111</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indian_Space_Research_Organisation&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian national space and aeronautics agency</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Indian Space Research Organisation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Bhāratīya Aṃtarikṣa Anusaṃdhāna Saṃgaṭhana</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/200px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/300px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/400px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg/300px-ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg/450px-ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg/600px-ISRO_Headquarters_Bengaluru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1224" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">ISRO Headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">15 August 1969; 55 years ago (1969-08-15)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="Indian National Committee for Space Research">INCOSPAR</a> (1962–1969)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Government space agency</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=ISRO&params=13_2_7_N_77_34_16_E_type:landmark_region:IN-KA">13°2′7″N 77°34′16″E / 13.03528°N 77.57111°E / 13.03528; 77.57111</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation">Chairman</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/V_Narayanan" title="V Narayanan">V Narayanan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Primary spaceports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekarapattinam_Spaceport" title="Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport">Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">19,247 (as on 1 March 2022)<a href="#cite_note-annualreport2022-2023-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>13,042 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$1.5 billion) (2024-2025)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/">www.isro.gov.in</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229058#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪsroʊ/</a>)<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> is India's national <a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">space agency</a>. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a> (DoS), overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_ISRO" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of ISRO">Chairman of ISRO</a> also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a>, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> The agency maintains a constellation of <a href="/wiki/Imaging_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging satellite">imaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication satellite">communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote sensing satellites">remote sensing satellites</a>. It operates the <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation" title="Satellite navigation">satellite navigation</a> systems. It has sent <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">three missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">one mission</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. Formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="Indian National Committee for Space Research">Indian National Committee for Space Research</a> (INCOSPAR), ISRO was set up in 1962 by then-Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> on the recommendation of scientist <a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a>. It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a> (DAE).<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> The establishment of ISRO institutionalised space research activities in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhargavaChakrabarti200339-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadeh2013303--7">[6]</a> In 1972, the Government set up a Space Commission and the DoS, bringing ISRO under its purview. It has since then been managed by the DoS, which also governs various other institutions in the domain of astronomy and space technology.<a href="#cite_note-DOSHQ-8">[7]</a> ISRO built India's first satellite <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a> which was launched by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> space agency <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Aryabhatta-9">[8]</a> In 1980, it launched the satellite <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-1</a> onboard the indigenously built launch vehicle <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV-3</a>, making India the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">seventh country</a> to undertake orbital launches. It has subsequently developed various <a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">small-lift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicles</a>, enabling the agency to launch various satellites and deep space missions. It is one of the six government space agencies in the world that possess full launch capabilities with the ability to deploy <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic_rocket_engine" title="Cryogenic rocket engine">cryogenic engines</a>, launch <a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">extraterrestrial missions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">artificial satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarveySmidPirard2011144–-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[b]</a> It is also the only one of four governmental space agencies to have demonstrated unmanned <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing" title="Soft landing">soft landing</a> capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in socio-economic development. It has supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects such as <a href="/wiki/Emergency_management" title="Emergency management">disaster management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telehealth" title="Telehealth">telemedicine</a>, navigation and reconnaissance. <a href="/wiki/ISRO_spin-off_technologies" title="ISRO spin-off technologies">ISRO's spin-off technologies</a> have also aided in new innovations in engineering and other allied domains.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formative_years">Formative years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formative years">edit</a>]</div> Modern space research in India can be traced to the 1920s, when scientist <a href="/wiki/Sisir_Kumar_Mitra" title="Sisir Kumar Mitra">S. K. Mitra</a> conducted a series of experiments sounding the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a> through ground-based radio in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992486-16">[13]</a> Later, Indian scientists like <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghnad_Saha" title="Meghnad Saha">Meghnad Saha</a> contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992486-16">[13]</a> After 1945, important developments were made in coordinated space research in India<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992486-16">[13]</a> by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homi_J._Bhabha" title="Homi J. Bhabha">Homi Bhabha</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992486-16">[13]</a> Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic radiation</a>, high-altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the <a href="/wiki/Particle_experiments_at_Kolar_Gold_Fields" title="Particle experiments at Kolar Gold Fields">Kolar mines</a>—one of the deepest mining sites in the world—and studies of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">upper atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992487-17">[14]</a> These studies were done at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992487-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992488-18">[15]</a> In 1950, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was founded with Bhabha as its <a href="/wiki/Secretary_to_the_Government_of_India" title="Secretary to the Government of India">secretary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992488-18">[15]</a> It provided funding for space research throughout India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992489-19">[16]</a> During this time, tests continued on aspects of <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field" title="Earth's magnetic field">Earth's magnetic field</a>, a topic that had been studied in India since the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Colaba_Observatory" title="Colaba Observatory">Colaba Observatory</a> in 1823. In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Aryabhatta_Research_Institute_of_Observational_Sciences" title="Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences">Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences</a> (ARIES) was established in the foothills of the Himalayas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992488-18">[15]</a> The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at <a href="/wiki/Osmania_University" title="Osmania University">Osmania University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a>. Space research was further encouraged by the government of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992489-19">[16]</a> In 1957, the Soviet Union launched <a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik 1</a> and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1992489-19">[16]</a> The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was set up in 1962 by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the suggestion of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadeh2013303--7">[6]</a> Initially there was no dedicated ministry for the space programme and all activities of INCOSPAR relating to space technology continued to function within the DAE.<a href="#cite_note-DAE-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhargavaChakrabarti200339-6">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ordnance_Factories_Service" title="Indian Ordnance Factories Service">IOFS</a> officers were drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Ordnance_(Coordination_%26_Services)" title="Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)">Indian Ordnance Factories</a> to harness their knowledge of propellants and advanced light materials used to build rockets.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/H._G._S._Murthy" title="H. G. S. Murthy">H. G. S. Murthy</a>, an IOFS officer, was appointed the first director of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rockets</a> were fired, marking the start of upper atmospheric research in India.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> An indigenous series of sounding rockets named <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a> was subsequently developed and started undergoing launches from 1967 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Waman_Dattatreya_Patwardhan" title="Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan">Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan</a>, another IOFS officer, developed the propellant for the rockets. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970's_and_1980's">1970's and 1980's</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1970's and 1980's">edit</a>]</div> Under the government of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, INCOSPAR was superseded by ISRO. Later in 1972, a space commission and Department of Space (DoS) were set up to oversee space technology development in India specifically. ISRO was brought under DoS, institutionalising space research in India and forging the Indian space programme into its existing form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhargavaChakrabarti200339-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-DOSHQ-8">[7]</a> India joined the Soviet Interkosmos programme for space cooperation<a href="#cite_note-Sheehan-25">[22]</a> and got its first satellite Aryabhata in orbit through a Soviet rocket.<a href="#cite_note-Aryabhatta-9">[8]</a> Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after mastering sounding rocket technology. The concept was to develop a launcher capable of providing sufficient velocity for a mass of 35 kg (77 lb) to enter <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. It took 7 years for ISRO to develop <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">Satellite Launch Vehicle</a> capable of putting 40 kg (88 lb) into a 400-kilometre (250 mi) orbit. An SLV Launch Pad, <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground stations</a>, tracking networks, radars and other communications were set up for a launch campaign. The SLV's first launch in 1979 carried a <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini technology payload</a> but could not inject the satellite into its desired orbit. It was followed by a successful launch in 1980 carrying a Rohini Series-I satellite, making India the seventh country to reach Earth's orbit after the USSR, the US, France, the <a href="/wiki/Prospero_(spacecraft)" title="Prospero (spacecraft)">UK</a>, China and Japan. RS-1 was the third Indian satellite to reach orbit as <a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellites)" title="Bhaskara (satellites)">Bhaskara</a> had been launched from the USSR in 1979. Efforts to develop a <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicle</a> capable of putting 600-kilogram (1,300 lb) class spacecrafts into 1,000-kilometre (620 mi) <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> had already begun in 1978.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> They would later lead to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SLVFlipbook-27">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/SLV-3" class="mw-redirect" title="SLV-3">SLV-3</a> later had two more launches before discontinuation in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-slv-28">[25]</a> ISRO's <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a> (LPSC) was set up in 1985 and started working on a more powerful engine, <a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a>, based upon the French <a href="/wiki/Viking_(rocket_engine)" title="Viking (rocket engine)">Viking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> Two years later, facilities to test liquid-fuelled rocket engines were established and development and testing of various rocket engines <a href="/wiki/Thrusters_(spacecraft)" title="Thrusters (spacecraft)">thrusters</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-lpsctimeline-30">[27]</a> At the same time, another solid-fuelled rocket, the <a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)</a>, whose design was based upon SLV-3 was being developed, with technologies to launch satellites into <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> (GTO). The ASLV had limited success and multiple launch failures; it was soon discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-ITASLV-31">[28]</a> Alongside these developments, communication satellite technologies for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite System</a><a href="#cite_note-isro-comsats-32">[29]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">Indian Remote Sensing Programme</a> for earth observation satellites<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> were developed and launches from overseas were initiated. The number of satellites eventually grew and the systems were established as among the largest satellite constellations in the world, with multi-band communication, radar imaging, optical imaging and meteorological satellites.<a href="#cite_note-IRSSaga-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s">edit</a>]</div> The arrival of the PSLV in 1990s was a major boost for the Indian space programme. With the exception of its first flight in 1994 and two partial failures later, the PSLV had a streak of more than 50 successful flights. The PSLV enabled India to launch all of its <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> satellites, small payloads to GTO and hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_satellites_launched_by_India" title="List of foreign satellites launched by India">foreign satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gsp-pslv-1-35">[32]</a> Along with the PSLV flights, development of a new rocket, a <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</a> (GSLV) was going on. India tried to obtain upper-stage cryogenic engines from Russia's <a href="/wiki/Glavkosmos" title="Glavkosmos">Glavkosmos</a> but was blocked by the US from doing so. As a result, <a href="/wiki/KVD-1" title="KVD-1">KVD-1</a> engines were imported from Russia under a new agreement which had limited success<a href="#cite_note-flGSLVQuest-36">[33]</a> and a project to develop indigenous cryogenic technology was launched in 1994, taking two decades to reach fulfillment.<a href="#cite_note-GSLVGopalRaj-37">[34]</a> A new agreement was signed with Russia for seven KVD-1 cryogenic stages and a ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of five cryogenic stages along with the technology and design in the earlier agreement.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk.1.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> ISRO was under US government sanctions between 6 May 1992 to 6 May 1994.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> After the United States refused to help India with <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) technology during the <a href="/wiki/Kargil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Kargil war">Kargil war</a>, ISRO was prompted to develop its own satellite navigation system <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a> (now NaVIC i.e. Navigation with Indian Constellation) which it is now expanding further.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In 2003, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> urged scientists to develop technologies to land humans on the Moon<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> and programmes for lunar, planetary and crewed missions were started. ISRO launched <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> aboard PSLV in 2008, purportedly the first probe to verify the presence of water on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-THMoon-43">[40]</a> ISRO launched the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> (or Mangalyaan) aboard a PSLV in 2013, which later became the first Asian spacecraft to enter Martian orbit, making India the first country to succeed at this on its first attempt.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Subsequently, the cryogenic upper stage for GSLV rocket became operational, making India the sixth country to have full launch capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-Cryo14-45">[42]</a> A new heavier-lift launcher <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a> was introduced in 2014 for heavier satellites and future human space missions.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST,_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_(without_text).webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp/220px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp/330px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp/440px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Image_of_Vikram_lander_on_lunar_surface_taken_by_Pragyan_rover_navcam_at_1104_IST%2C_30_August_2023_from_15_meters_away_%28without_text%29.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> Lander on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> surface imaged by rover <a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a> 15 meters away</figcaption></figure> On 23 August 2023, India achieved its first soft landing on an extraterrestrial body and became the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> and fourth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon with ISRO's Chandrayaan-3, the third Moon mission.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-20230823-47">[44]</a> Indian moon mission, <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (lit. "Mooncraft"), saw the successful soft landing of its Vikram lander at 6.04 pm IST (12:34 pm GMT) near the little-explored southern pole of the Moon in a world's first for any space programme.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> India then successfully launched its first solar probe, the <a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a>, aboard a PSLV on 2 September 2023.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> On 30 December 2024, ISRO successfully launched the <a href="/wiki/SpaDeX" title="SpaDeX">SpaDeX</a> mission, pioneering <a href="/wiki/Space_rendezvous" title="Space rendezvous">spacecraft rendezvous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Docking_and_berthing_of_spacecraft" title="Docking and berthing of spacecraft">docking</a>, and undocking using two small satellites.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> On 16 January 2025, the <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a>'s Mission Operations Complex verified that the docking process was successful. India became the 4th country — after USA, Russia and China — to achieve successful Space Docking.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> ISRO also successfully managed to control two satellites as a single entity after docking.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agency_logo">Agency logo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agency logo">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has an official logo since 2002. It consists of an orange arrow shooting upwards attached with two blue coloured satellite panels with the name of ISRO written in two sets of text, orange-coloured <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> on the left and blue-coloured English in the Prakrta typeface on the right.<a href="#cite_note-SpaceIndia_Q2_2002-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-logo-58">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goals_and_objectives">Goals and objectives</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Goals and objectives">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg/180px-Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg/270px-Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Vikram_Sarabhai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="353" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a>, first chairperson of <a href="/wiki/INCOSPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="INCOSPAR">INCOSPAR</a>, ISRO's predecessor organization</figcaption></figure> As the national space agency of India, ISRO's purpose is the pursuit of all space-based applications such as research, reconnaissance, and communications. It undertakes the design and development of space rockets and satellites, and undertakes explores upper atmosphere and deep space exploration missions. ISRO has also incubated technologies in India's private space sector, boosting its growth.<a href="#cite_note-isro_aboutus-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERajagopalanPrasad20171–2-60">[57]</a> On the topic of the importance of a space programme to India as a developing nation, Vikram Sarabhai as INCOSPAR chairman said in 1969:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson2005136-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarabhai_compilation-63">[60]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms.</blockquote> The former <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> and chairman of <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">DRDO</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a>, said:<a href="#cite_note-apj_autobiography-64">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were to play a meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might.</blockquote> India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater <a href="/wiki/Self-sustainability" title="Self-sustainability">self-reliance</a> in space technology.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1-65">[62]</a> In 2008, India launched as many as 11 satellites, including nine from other countries, and went on to become the first nation to launch 10 satellites on one rocket.<a href="#cite_note-newsweek1-65">[62]</a> ISRO has put into operation two major satellite systems: the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite System</a> (INSAT) for communication services, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">Indian Remote Sensing Programme</a> (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-isro-comsats-32">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-IRSSaga-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation_structure_and_facilities">Organisation structure and facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Organisation structure and facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Department_of_Space_(India)_-_organization_chart.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png/290px-Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png/435px-Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png/580px-Department_of_Space_%28India%29_-_organization_chart.png 2x" data-file-width="8680" data-file-height="5790" /></a><figcaption>The organisational structure of the Indian <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/ISRO_facilities" title="ISRO facilities">ISRO facilities</a></div> ISRO is managed by the DOS, which itself falls under the authority of the Space Commission and manages the following agencies and institutes:<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-isro-20190130-68">[65]</a> <ul><li>Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a> – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bengaluru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a> (PRL), Ahmedabad</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory</a> (NARL), Gadanki, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited</a> – Commercial wing, Bengaluru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Space_Applications_Centre" title="North-Eastern Space Applications Centre">North-Eastern Space Applications Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> (NE-SAC), Umiam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_facilities">Research facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research facilities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Facility</th> <th style="width:15%;">Location</th> <th style="width:67%;">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td>The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue for development of the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASLV" class="mw-redirect" title="ASLV">ASLV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PSLV" class="mw-redirect" title="PSLV">PSLV</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The base supports TERLS and the <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini Sounding Rocket</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> It is also developing the <a href="/wiki/GSLV" class="mw-redirect" title="GSLV">GSLV</a> series.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td>The LPSC handles design, development, testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid stages and liquid engines for launch vehicles and satellites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The testing of these systems is largely conducted at <a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">IPRC</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahendragiri,_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu">Mahendragiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The LPSC, Bengaluru also produces precision transducers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram414-71">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td> <td>Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrology</a> are some of the branches of study at this institute.;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> it also operates the observatory at <a href="/wiki/Udaipur" title="Udaipur">Udaipur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Radar_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="National Atmospheric Radar Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a></td> <td>The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in atmospheric and space sciences.<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td> <td>The SAC deals with the various aspects of the practical use of space technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> Among the fields of research at the SAC are <a href="/wiki/Geodesy" title="Geodesy">geodesy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">satellite based telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, environment monitoring etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The SAC also operates the Delhi Earth Station, which is located in Delhi and is used for demonstration of various SATCOM experiments in addition to normal SATCOM operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram415-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Space_Applications_Centre" title="North-Eastern Space Applications Centre">North-Eastern Space Applications Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a></td> <td>Providing developmental support to North East by undertaking specific application projects using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Test_facilities">Test facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Test facilities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Facility</th> <th style="width:15%;">Location</th> <th style="width:67%;">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mahendragiri,_Tamil_Nadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu">Mahendragiri</a></td> <td>Formerly called LPSC-Mahendragiri, was declared a separate centre. It handles testing and assembly of liquid propulsion control packages, liquid engines, and stages for launch vehicles and satellites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_and_launch_facilities">Construction and launch facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Construction and launch facilities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Facility</th> <th style="width:15%;">Location</th> <th style="width:67%;">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td>The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecraft in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The satellites Aaryabhata, Bhaskara, APPLE, and IRS-1A were built at this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under development here. This centre was formerly known as ISRO Satellite Centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram414-71">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td>The Unit of ISRO responsible for the development of altitude sensors for all satellites. The high precision optics for all cameras and payloads in all ISRO satellites are developed at this laboratory, located at Peenya Industrial Estate, Bengaluru. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a></td> <td>With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram414-71">[68]</a> The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram414-71">[68]</a> The Second Vehicle Assembly Building (SVAB) at Sriharikota is being realised as an additional integration facility, with suitable interfacing to a second launch pad.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td>TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking_and_control_facilities">Tracking and control facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tracking and control facilities">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Facility</th> <th style="width:15%;">Location</th> <th style="width:67%;">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a> (IDSN)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a></td> <td>This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real-time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Andhra_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh">Hyderabad</a></td> <td>The NRSC applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> With centres at <a href="/wiki/Balanagar,_Ranga_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanagar, Ranga Reddy">Balanagar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahbubnagar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahbubnagar district">Shadnagar</a> it also has training facilities at <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a> acting as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> (headquarters) and a number of ground stations throughout India and the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram415-73">[70]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a>, ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in <a href="/wiki/Port_Louis" title="Port Louis">Port Louis</a> (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia), <a href="/wiki/Biak" title="Biak">Biak</a> (Indonesia) and <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility" title="Master Control Facility">Master Control Facility</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hassan,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan, India">Hassan</a></td> <td>Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram416-80">[77]</a> The MCF has Earth stations and the Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram416-80">[77]</a> A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram416-80">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Situational Awareness Control Centre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Peenya" title="Peenya">Peenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengaluru" title="Bengaluru">Bengaluru</a> </td> <td>A network of telescopes and radars are being set up under the Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management to monitor space debris and to safeguard space-based assets. The new facility will end ISRO's dependence on <a href="/wiki/NORAD" title="NORAD">NORAD</a>. The sophisticated multi-object tracking radar installed in Nellore, a radar in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> and telescopes in <a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a> and North India will be part of this network.<a href="#cite_note-timesind-20190805-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_resource_development">Human resource development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Human resource development">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:18%;">Facility</th> <th style="width:15%;">Location</th> <th style="width:67%;">Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing</a> (IIRS)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a></td> <td>The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) is a premier training and educational institute set up for developing trained professionals (P.G. and PhD level) in the field of remote sensing, geoinformatics and GPS technology for natural resources, environmental and disaster management. IIRS is also executing many R&D projects on remote sensing and GIS for societal applications. IIRS also runs various outreach programmes (Live & Interactive and e-learning) to build trained skilled human resources in the field of remote sensing and geospatial technologies.<a href="#cite_note-IIRSInfo-83">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> (IIST)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram" title="Thiruvananthapuram">Thiruvananthapuram</a></td> <td>The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in Aerospace Engineering, Electronics and Communication Engineering (Avionics), and Engineering Physics. The students of the first three batches of IIST were inducted into different ISRO centres.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></td> <td>The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/INSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="INSAT">INSAT</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOjha142-70">[67]</a> The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and <a href="/wiki/GSAT-3" title="GSAT-3">EDUSAT</a> projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram414-71">[68]</a> The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram415-73">[70]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TICs) at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dr._B._R._Ambedkar_National_Institute_of_Technology_Jalandhar" title="Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar">Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maulana_Azad_National_Institute_of_Technology" title="Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology">Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Agartala" title="National Institute of Technology Agartala">National Institute of Technology Agartala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Rourkela" title="National Institute of Technology, Rourkela">National Institute of Technology, Rourkela</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visvesvaraya_National_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology">Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhopal" title="Bhopal">Bhopal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agartala" title="Agartala">Agartala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rourkela" title="Rourkela">Rourkela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagpur" title="Nagpur">Nagpur</a> </td> <td>The S-TICs opened at premier technical universities in India to promote startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and would be used for future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-87">[84]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Space Innovation Centre at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Surendra_Sai_University_of_Technology" title="Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology">Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burla,_India" title="Burla, India">Burla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a> </td> <td>In line with its ongoing effort to promote R&D in space technology through industry as well as academia, ISRO in collaboration with Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology (VSSUT), Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, has set up Veer Surendra Sai Space Innovation Centre (VSSSIC) within its campus at Sambalpur. The objective of its Space Innovation Research Lab is to promote and encourage the students in research and development in the area of space science and technology at VSSUT and other institutes within this region.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) at: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauhati_University" title="Gauhati University">Gauhati University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra_University" title="Kurukshetra University">Kurukshetra University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaviya_National_Institute_of_Technology,_Jaipur" title="Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur">Malaviya National Institute of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Karnataka" title="National Institute of Technology Karnataka">National Institute of Technology Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Patna" title="National Institute of Technology, Patna">National Institute of Technology Patna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_(BHU)_Varanasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi">Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a></li></ul> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurukshetra" title="Kurukshetra">Kurukshetra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaipur" title="Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangaluru" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangaluru">Mangaluru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a> </td> <td>All these centres are set up in tier-2 cities to create awareness, strengthen academic collaboration and act as incubators for space technology, space science and space applications. The activities of RAC-S will maximise the use of research potential, infrastructure, expertise, experience and facilitate capacity building. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antrix_Corporation_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)">Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></div> Set up as the marketing arm of ISRO, <a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix</a>'s job is to promote products, services and technology developed by ISRO.<a href="#cite_note-AntrixISRO-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-AntrixNewChief-92">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NewSpace_India_Limited_(Commercial_Wing)">NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited</a></div> Set up for marketing spin-off technologies, tech transfers through industry interface and scale up industry participation in the space programmes.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_Technology_Incubation_Centre">Space Technology Incubation Centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Space Technology Incubation Centre">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has opened Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) at premier technical universities in India which will incubate startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and for use in future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme. S-TICs are at the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology_Agartala" title="National Institute of Technology Agartala">National Institute of Technology, Agartala</a> serving for east region, <a href="/wiki/Dr._B._R._Ambedkar_National_Institute_of_Technology_Jalandhar" title="Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar">National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar</a> for the north region, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Technology,_Tiruchirappalli" title="National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli">National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli</a> for the south region of India.<a href="#cite_note-:1a-87">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_Space_Research_Group">Advanced Space Research Group</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Advanced Space Research Group">edit</a>]</div> Similar to NASA's <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">CalTech</a>-operated <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, ISRO and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a> (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021, wherein ISRO will approve all short-, medium- and long-term space research projects of common interest between the two. In return, an Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of the EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. This was done with the aim of "transforming" the IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute with the capability of leading future space exploration missions for ISRO.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directorate_of_Space_Situational_Awareness_and_Management">Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management">edit</a>]</div> To reduce dependency on <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">North American Aerospace Defense Command</a> (NORAD) for space situational awareness and protect the civilian and military assets, ISRO is setting up telescopes and radars in four locations to cover each direction. <a href="/wiki/Leh" title="Leh">Leh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Abu" title="Mount Abu">Mount Abu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponmudi" title="Ponmudi">Ponmudi</a> were selected to station the telescopes and radars that will cover North, West and South of Indian territory. The last one will be in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> to cover the entire eastern region. <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> at Sriharikota already supports Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR).<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a> All the telescopes and radars will come under Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) in Bengaluru. It will collect tracking data on inactive satellites and will also perform research on active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> For early warning, ISRO began a ₹400 crore (4 billion; US$53 million) project called Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA). It will help the country track <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">atmospheric entry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM), <a href="/wiki/Anti-satellite_weapon" title="Anti-satellite weapon">anti-satellite weapon</a> and other space-based attacks. All the radars and telescopes will be connected through NETRA. The system will support <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote</a> and scheduled operations. NETRA will follow the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a> (IASDCC) and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs</a> (UNOSA) guidelines. The objective of NETRA is to track objects at a distance of 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) in GTO.<a href="#cite_note-timesind-20190805-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> India signed a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> on the Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Pact with the US in April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> It will enable <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a> to collaborate with the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Space_Operations_Center" title="Combined Space Operations Center">Combined Space Operation Center</a> (CSpOC) to protect the space-based assets of both nations from natural and man-made threats.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> On 11 July 2022, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) at Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, in Peenya was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Jitendra_Singh_(politician,_born_1956)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)">Jitender Singh</a>. It will help provide information on on-orbit collision, fragmentation, atmospheric re-entry risk, space-based strategic information, hazardous asteroids, and space weather forecast. IS4OM will safeguard all the operational space assets, identify and monitor other operational spacecraft with close approaches which have overpasses over <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and those which conduct intentional manoeuvres with suspicious motives or seek re-entry within <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISRO_System_for_Safe_and_Sustainable_Space_Operations_Management">ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management">edit</a>]</div> On 7 March 2023, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) conducted successful controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite <a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a> after firing four on-board 11 Newton thrusters for 20 minutes each. A series of 20 manoeuvres were performed since August 2022 by spending 120 kg fuel. The final telemetry data confirmed disintegtration over Pacific Ocean. It was part of a compliance effort following international guidelines on space debris mitigation.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> Speaking at the 42nd annual meeting of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) in Bengaluru, <a href="/wiki/S._Somanath" title="S. Somanath">S. Somanath</a> stated that the long-term goal is for all Indian space actors—both governmental and non-governmental—to accomplish debris-free space missions by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_facilities">Other facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other facilities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) – <a href="/wiki/Balasore" title="Balasore">Balasore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskaracharya_Institute_For_Space_Applications_and_Geo-Informatics" title="Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics">Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics</a> (BISAG), Gandhinagar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a> (HSFC), Bengaluru</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</a> (IRNSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a> (ISSDC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a> (IUCAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a> (IISU) – Thiruvananthapuram</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility" title="Master Control Facility">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">National Deep Space Observation Centre</a> (NDSPO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres</a> (RRSSC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_satellite_programmes">General satellite programmes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: General satellite programmes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Insat-1B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/220px-Insat-1B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/330px-Insat-1B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Insat-1B.jpg/440px-Insat-1B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Insat" class="mw-redirect" title="Insat">INSAT-1B</a></figcaption></figure> Since the launch of Aryabhata in 1975,<a href="#cite_note-Aryabhatta-9">[8]</a> a number of satellite series and constellations have been deployed by Indian and foreign launchers. At present, ISRO operates one of the largest constellations of active communication and earth imaging satellites for military and civilian uses.<a href="#cite_note-IRSSaga-34">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_IRS_series">The IRS series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The IRS series">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing satellite">Indian Remote Sensing satellite</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing satellite">Indian Remote Sensing satellites</a> (IRS) are India's earth observation satellites. They are the largest collection of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today, providing remote sensing services.<a href="#cite_note-IRSSaga-34">[31]</a> All the satellites are placed in polar <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> (except <a href="/wiki/GISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GISAT">GISATs</a>) and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are composed of the 1 (<a href="/wiki/IRS-1A" title="IRS-1A">A</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">B</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">D</a>) nomenclature while the later versions were divided into sub-classes named based on their functioning and uses including <a href="/wiki/Oceansat" title="Oceansat">Oceansat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a>, <a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a> and ResourceSat etc. Their names were unified under the prefix "EOS" regardless of functioning in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> They support a wide range of applications including optical, radar and electronic <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a> for Indian agencies, city planning, oceanography and environmental studies.<a href="#cite_note-IRSSaga-34">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/220px-Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/330px-Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/440px-Render_of_Cartosat-3_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Render of <a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">Cartosat-3</a> satellite in deployed configuration.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_INSAT_series">The INSAT series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The INSAT series">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:STS008-44-611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/220px-STS008-44-611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/330px-STS008-44-611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/STS008-44-611.jpg/440px-STS008-44-611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>INSAT-1B satellite: The broadcasting sector in India is highly dependent on <a href="/wiki/INSAT" class="mw-redirect" title="INSAT">INSAT</a> system.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">Indian National Satellite System</a> (INSAT) is the country's telecommunication system. It is a series of multipurpose <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_satellite" title="Geosynchronous satellite">geostationary satellites</a> built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs. Since the introduction of the first one in 1983, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication system in the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> Region. It is a joint venture of DOS, the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Telecommunications" title="Department of Telecommunications">Department of Telecommunications</a>, <a href="/wiki/India_Meteorological_Department" title="India Meteorological Department">India Meteorological Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.<a href="#cite_note-isro-comsats-32">[29]</a> The nomenclature of the series was changed to "<a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a>" from "INSAT", then further changed to "CMS" from 2020 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-THCMS-106">[103]</a> These satellites have been used by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/GSAT-9" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-9">GSAT-9</a> or "SAARC Satellite" provides communication services for India's smaller neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gagan_Satellite_Navigation_System">Gagan Satellite Navigation System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gagan Satellite Navigation System">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_geo-augmented_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation">GPS-aided geo-augmented navigation</a></div> The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as <a href="/wiki/GNSS_augmentation" title="GNSS augmentation">Space-Based Augmentation System (SBAS)</a> as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given the acronym <a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN – GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation</a>. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of a Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over Indian airspace as a <a href="/wiki/Proof_of_concept" title="Proof of concept">proof of concept</a> has been prepared jointly by <a href="/wiki/Airports_Authority_of_India" title="Airports Authority of India">Airports Authority of India</a> and ISRO. The TDS was completed during 2007 with the installation of eight Indian Reference Stations at different airports linked to the Master Control Centre located near Bengaluru.<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigation_with_Indian_Constellation_(NavIC)">Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System</a></div> IRNSS with an operational name NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1,500 km (930 mi) from its borders, which is its primary service area. IRNSS provides two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS), providing a position accuracy of better than 20 m (66 ft) in the primary service area.<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRNSS_Series_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/220px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/330px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/440px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_satellites">Other satellites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other satellites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Dynamic_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">dynamic list</a> and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/ISRO" title="Special:EditPage/ISRO">adding missing items</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a>.</div> <a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a> (MetSat-1) was ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite.<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> Indo-French satellite <a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a> on 25 February 2013. SARAL (or "Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa") is a cooperative altimetry technology mission, used for monitoring the oceans' surface and sea levels. AltiKa measures ocean surface topography with an accuracy of 8 mm (0.31 in), compared to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) on average using altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of 2 km (1.2 mi).<a href="#cite_note-iex25f13-114">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-nasa-gsfc-sara-115">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_vehicles">Launch vehicles</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Launch vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_carrier_rockets.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Indian_carrier_rockets.svg/300px-Indian_carrier_rockets.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Indian_carrier_rockets.svg/450px-Indian_carrier_rockets.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Indian_carrier_rockets.svg/600px-Indian_carrier_rockets.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Indian carrier rockets. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></figcaption></figure> During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country developed a <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a>, and by the 1980s, research had yielded the <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">Satellite Launch Vehicle</a>-3 and the more advanced <a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle</a> (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuptaSureshSivan20071697-116">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_Launch_Vehicle">Satellite Launch Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Satellite Launch Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_India_-_1981_-_Colnect_505879_-_Launch_of_Rohini_Satellite.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Stamp_of_India_-_1981_-_Colnect_505879_-_Launch_of_Rohini_Satellite.jpeg/220px-Stamp_of_India_-_1981_-_Colnect_505879_-_Launch_of_Rohini_Satellite.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Stamp_of_India_-_1981_-_Colnect_505879_-_Launch_of_Rohini_Satellite.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Stamp depicting SLV-3 D1 carrying <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D1</a> satellite to orbit</figcaption></figure> The Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making India the sixth country in world with orbital launch capability. The development of bigger rockets began afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-SLVFlipbook-27">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle">Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div> Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle released in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a>. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project.<a href="#cite_note-bharat-rakshak.com-117">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITASLV-31">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/220px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/330px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg/440px-PSLV-C11_launch2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>PSLV-C11 lifts off carrying <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a>, first Indian mission to the moon.</figcaption></figure> Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first <a href="/wiki/Medium-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Medium-lift launch vehicle">medium-lift launch vehicle</a> from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a>. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides two other partial failures, PSLV has become the primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit.<a href="#cite_note-gsp-pslv-1-35">[32]</a> Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decade </th> <th>Successful </th> <th>Partial success </th> <th>Failure </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1990s </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000s </td> <td>11 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010s </td> <td>33 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020s </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>57 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg/220px-GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg/330px-GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg/440px-GSLV-F08_Liftoff_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2533" data-file-height="3800" /></a><figcaption>GSLV-F08 launches <a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">GSAT-6A</a> into <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a> (2018).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle</a> was envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had a great problem realising GSLV as the development of <a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a> in India took a decade. The US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia, leading India to develop its own cryogenic engines.<a href="#cite_note-flGSLVQuest-36">[33]</a> Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decade </th> <th>Successful </th> <th>Partial success </th> <th>Failure </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000s </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010s </td> <td>6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020s </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>11 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>17 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_Vehicle_Mark-3">Launch Vehicle Mark-3</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Launch Vehicle Mark-3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LVM3_M4,_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_(SLP)_of_SDSC-SHAR,_Sriharikota_03.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp/220px-LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp/330px-LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp/440px-LVM3_M4%2C_Chandrayaan-3_-_Launch_vehicle_lifting_off_from_the_Second_Launch_Pad_%28SLP%29_of_SDSC-SHAR%2C_Sriharikota_03.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>LVM3 M4 lifting off from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre#Second_Launch_Pad" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">SDSC SLP</a>, carrying <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (2023)</figcaption></figure> Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), previously known as GSLV Mk III, is the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher payload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> LVM3 is expected to carry <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">India's first crewed mission to space</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> and will be the testbed for <a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a> engine which will power India's <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy-lift rockets</a> in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Episode_90-120">[117]</a> Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decade </th> <th>Successful </th> <th>Partial success </th> <th>Failure </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010s </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>4<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020s </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>7 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle">Small Satellite Launch Vehicle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">Small Satellite Launch Vehicle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg/220px-Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg/330px-Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg/440px-Mrm7669_Launch_of_SSLV-D1_from_Satish_Dhawan_FLP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>SSLV D1 lifting off from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre#First_Launch_Pad" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">SDSC FLP</a></figcaption></figure> The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a <a href="/wiki/Small-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Small-lift launch vehicle">small-lift launch vehicle</a> developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver 500 kg (1,100 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a> (500 km (310 mi)) or 300 kg (660 lb) to <a href="/wiki/Sun-synchronous_orbit" title="Sun-synchronous orbit">Sun-synchronous orbit</a> (500 km (310 mi))<a href="#cite_note-SSLV_UMv2-123">[120]</a> for launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1b-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoS_20190118-126">[123]</a> Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Decade </th> <th>Successful </th> <th>Partial success </th> <th>Failure </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>2020s </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rohini_Sounding_Rockets">Rohini Sounding Rockets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Rohini Sounding Rockets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini (rocket family)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg/220px-Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg/330px-Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg/440px-Rohini_rockets_family_shapes-03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Rohini rocket family</figcaption></figure> Rohini is a series of <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Sounding rockets">sounding rockets</a> developed by ISRO<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> for <a href="/wiki/Meteorological" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteorological">meteorological</a> and atmospheric study. These sounding rockets are capable of carrying <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payloads</a> of 2 to 200 kilograms (4.4 to 440.9 lb) between altitudes of 100 to 500 kilometres (62 to 311 mi).<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the <a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a> (TERLS) in <a href="/wiki/Thumba" title="Thumba">Thumba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sriharikota" title="Sriharikota">Sriharikota</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Launch_facilities">Launch facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Launch facilities">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekarapattinam_Spaceport" title="Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport">Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:352px"><div style="position:relative;width:350px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of India and its subdivisions with the locations of its spaceport facilities"><img alt="Map of India and its subdivisions with the locations of its spaceport facilities" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/350px-India_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="377" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/525px-India_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/India_location_map.svg/700px-India_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1615" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.176%;left:41.25%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Sriharikota" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Sriharikota</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.538%;left:34.531%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Kulasekarapattinam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Kulasekarapattinam_Spaceport" title="Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport">Kulasekarapattinam</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.179%;left:30.833%;font-size:90%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Thumba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location of India's spaceports</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_spaceflight_programme">Human spaceflight programme</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Human spaceflight programme">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_astronauts" title="List of Indian astronauts">List of Indian astronauts</a></div> The first proposal to send humans into space was discussed by ISRO in 2006, leading to work on the required infrastructure and spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600-kilogram (1,300 lb) <a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">Space Capsule Recovery Experiment</a> (SRE), launched using the <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle</a> (PSLV) rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> In 2009, the Indian Space Research Organisation proposed a budget of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>124 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a> (equivalent to ₹310 billion or US$3.6 billion in 2023) for its human spaceflight programme. An unmanned demonstration flight was expected after seven years from the final approval and a crewed mission was to be launched after seven years of funding.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> A crewed mission initially was not a priority and left on the backburner for several years.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">space capsule recovery experiment</a> in 2014<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> and a pad abort test in 2018<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> were followed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s announcement in his 2018 <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a> address that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> To date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed, such as the crew module and crew escape system, space food, and life support systems. The project would cost less than ₹100 billion (US$1.3 billion) and would include sending two or three Indians to space, at an altitude of 300–400 km (190–250 mi), for at least seven days, using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronaut_training_and_other_facilities">Astronaut training and other facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Astronaut training and other facilities">edit</a>]</div> The newly established <a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a> (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-isro-20190130-68">[65]</a> ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights in the crewed vehicle. It will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in <a href="/wiki/Microgravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Microgravity">microgravity</a>, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build <a href="/wiki/High-G_training" class="mw-redirect" title="High-G training">centrifuges</a> to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities at <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a> will have to be upgraded for the Indian human spaceflight campaign.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glavcosmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Glavcosmos">Glavcosmos</a> signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Four <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">Indian Air Force</a> personnel finished training at <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin_Cosmonaut_Training_Center" title="Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center">Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center</a> in March 2021.<a href="#cite_note-Trainingok-144">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crewed_spacecraft">Crewed spacecraft</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Crewed spacecraft">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a></div> ISRO is working towards an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_spaceflight" title="Orbital spaceflight">orbital</a> crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. The spacecraft, called <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a>, will be the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a>. The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its first crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-tonne (3.3-short-ton; 3.0-long-ton) spacecraft will orbit the Earth at 400 km (250 mi) altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew on board. A source in April 2023 suggested that ISRO was aiming for a 2025 launch.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_station">Space station</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Space station">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></div> India plans to build a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> as a follow-up programme to <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a>. ISRO chairman <a href="/wiki/K._Sivan" title="K. Sivan">K. Sivan</a> has said that India will not join the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station programme</a> and will instead build a 20-tonne (22-short-ton; 20-long-ton) space station on its own.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> It is expected to be placed in a low Earth orbit at 400 kilometres (250 mi) altitude and be capable of harbouring three humans for 15–20 days. The rough time-frame is five to seven years after completion of the Gaganyaan project.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> "Giving out broad contours of the planned space station, Dr. Sivan said it has been envisaged to weigh 20 tonnes and will be placed in an orbit of 400 km above earth where astronauts can stay for 15-20 days. The time frame is 5-7 years after Gaganyaan," he stated.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-150">[147]</a> As per <a href="/wiki/S._Somanath" title="S. Somanath">S. Somanath</a>, the Phase1 will be ready by 2028 and the entire space station will be completed by 2035. The space station will be an international platform for collaborative research on future interplanetary missions, microgravity studies, space biology, medicine and research.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planetary_sciences_and_astronomy">Planetary sciences and astronomy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Planetary sciences and astronomy">edit</a>]</div> ISRO and <a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a> have operated a balloon launch base at Hyderabad since 1967.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_balloon-152">[149]</a> Its proximity to the geo-magnetic equator,<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> where both primary and secondary <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic ray</a> fluxes are low, makes it an ideal location to study <a href="/wiki/Diffuse_X-ray_background" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse X-ray background">diffuse cosmic X-ray background</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISRO_balloon-152">[149]</a> ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude between 20–40 km (12–25 mi). The bacteria, highly resistant to <a href="/wiki/Ultra-violet_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-violet radiation">ultra-violet radiation</a>, are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> They are considered <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>, and named as Bacillus isronensis in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, Bacillus aryabhata after India's celebrated ancient astronomer <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janibacter_hoylei" title="Janibacter hoylei">Janibacter hoylei</a> after the distinguished astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hoyle" title="Fred Hoyle">Fred Hoyle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrosat">Astrosat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Astrosat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png/220px-Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png/330px-Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png/440px-Astrosat-1_in_deployed_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Astrosat-1 in deployed configuration</figcaption></figure> Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength <a href="/wiki/Space_observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Space observatory">space observatory</a>. Its observation study includes <a href="/wiki/Active_galactic_nuclei" class="mw-redirect" title="Active galactic nuclei">active galactic nuclei</a>, hot <a href="/wiki/White_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarfs">white dwarfs</a>, pulsations of <a href="/wiki/Pulsars" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsars">pulsars</a>, binary star systems, and <a href="/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole" title="Supermassive black hole">supermassive black holes</a> located at the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy" title="Galaxy">galaxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="XPoSat">XPoSat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: XPoSat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PSLV-C58,_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/220px-PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/330px-PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png/440px-PSLV-C58%2C_XPoSat_-_Render_of_XPoSat_satellite_in_deployed_configuration.png 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="971" /></a><figcaption>XPoSat</figcaption></figure> The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is a satellite for studying black holes and <a href="/wiki/Polarization_(waves)" title="Polarization (waves)">polarisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annadurai_2019-158">[155]</a> The spacecraft carries the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> sources in the energy range 5–30 keV.<a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a> It launched on 1 January 2024 on a <a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle#PSLV-DL" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV-DL</a> rocket,<a href="#cite_note-indiatv-20231226-160">[157]</a> and it has an expected operational lifespan of at least five years.<a href="#cite_note-Annadurai_2019-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-dos-qa-20230405-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_exploration">Extraterrestrial exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial exploration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_exploration">Lunar exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Lunar exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan programme</a></div> Chandryaan (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Mooncraft') are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions.<a href="#cite_note-Episode_90-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> <dl><dt>Chandrayaan-1</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CY1_2007_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-CY1_2007_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Rendering of Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft</figcaption></figure> Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the <a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a>. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible <a href="/wiki/Lunar_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar ice">ice</a> deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including <a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="National Aeronautics and Space Administration">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a> and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics">American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a> SPACE 2009 award,<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> the <a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Exploration_Working_Group" title="International Lunar Exploration Working Group">International Lunar Exploration Working Group</a>'s International Co-operation award in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Society" title="National Space Society">National Space Society</a>'s 2009 <a href="/wiki/Space_Pioneer_Awards" title="Space Pioneer Awards">Space Pioneer Award</a> in the science and engineering category.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> <dl><dt>Chandrayaan-2</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg/220px-Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg/330px-Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Chandrayaan-2_lander_and_orbiter_integrated_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="590" /></a><figcaption>Vikram lander mounted on top of the orbiter of Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft</figcaption></figure> Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, which included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III</a> (GSLV Mk III) on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-gslv3-168">[165]</a> It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The Vikram lander, carrying the Pragyan rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50 am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of 2.1 km (1.3 mi), and <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> was lost seconds before touchdown was expected.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> glitch.<a href="#cite_note-Failure_report-172">[169]</a> The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter.<a href="#cite_note-tie-20220104-174">[171]</a> <dl><dt>Chandrayaan-3</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp/300px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp/450px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp/600px-Chandrayaan-3_%E2%80%93_Integrated_Module.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>Integrated Module of Chandrayaan-3 spacecraft</figcaption></figure> Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission. On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_south_pole" title="Lunar south pole">lunar south pole</a>. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_exploration">Mars exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Mars exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mars_exploration_missions" title="Indian Mars exploration missions">Indian Mars exploration missions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_(30055660701).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/220px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/330px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png/440px-Tharsis_and_Valles_Marineris_-_Mars_Orbiter_Mission_%2830055660701%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Valles Marineris</a> as captured by <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or (Mangalyaan-1)</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_(15237158879).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg/220px-Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg/330px-Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg/440px-Mars_Orbiter_Mission_Over_Mars_%2815237158879%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="3453" /></a><figcaption>Artist's rendering of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a> spacecraft, with <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as Mangalyaan (eng: ''MarsCraft'' ) was launched into Earth <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> on 5 November 2013 by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014.<a href="#cite_note-prelaunch_Oct_2013-176">[173]</a> India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of 1,337 kg (2,948 lb), with 15 kg (33 lb) of five scientific instruments as payload.<a href="#cite_note-MOMIsro-178">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-MOMSpacecraft-179">[176]</a> The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mars_and_Moon_analogue_research_station">Mars and Moon analogue research station</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Mars and Moon analogue research station">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Human_Analogue_Mission" title="Ladakh Human Analogue Mission">Ladakh Human Analogue Mission</a></div> Researchers from the <a href="/wiki/Birbal_Sahni_Institute_of_Palaeosciences" title="Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences">Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences</a> (BSIP) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a> (IISc) have determined that <a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a> is the best site for India's first <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> analogue research station. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> astronaut <a href="/wiki/Shubhanshu_Shukla" title="Shubhanshu Shukla">Shubhanshu Shukla</a>. An analog research station is a location where plans and exercises intended for the Moon and Mars are made. The projected research station would be used for geological and <a href="/wiki/Astrobiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrobiological">astrobiological</a> research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a> In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a>. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in <a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a> in 2023, simulating lunar conditions.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solar_probes">Solar probes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Solar probes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Aditya-L1</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></div> On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the 400 kg (880 lb) Aditya-L1 mission to study the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> It is the first Indian space-based solar <a href="/wiki/Coronagraph" title="Coronagraph">coronagraph</a> to study the corona in visible and near-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> bands. The main objective of the mission is to study <a href="/wiki/Coronal_mass_ejection" title="Coronal mass ejection">coronal mass ejections</a> (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect <a href="/wiki/Space_weather" title="Space weather">space weather</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AdityaISRO-188">[185]</a> On 6 January 2024, <a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a> spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian point</a> (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isro-20240106-189">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_projects">Future projects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Future projects">edit</a>]</div> ISRO is developing and operationalising more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines so it can eventually develop much heavier rockets. It also plans km above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan, he stated.<a href="#cite_note-The_Hindu-150">[147]</a> to develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecraft to reduce their weight and extend their service lives.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Long-term plans may include crewed landings on Moon and other planets as well.<a href="#cite_note-HTSep20-191">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engines_and_launch_vehicles">Engines and launch vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Engines and launch vehicles">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Semi-cryogenic engine</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></div> SCE-200 is a rocket-grade <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> (dubbed "ISROsene") and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a> (LOX)-based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired by <a href="/wiki/RD-120" title="RD-120">RD-120</a>. The engine will be less polluting and far more powerful. When combined with the LVM3, it will boost its payload capacity; it will be clustered in future to power India's heavy rockets.<a href="#cite_note-WIONMar21-192">[189]</a> <dl><dt>Methalox engine</dt></dl> Reusable <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and LOX-based engines are under development. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence the engine needs very little <a href="/wiki/Remanufacturing" title="Remanufacturing">refurbishment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WIONMar21-192">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">LPSC</a> began cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-lpsctimeline-30">[27]</a> <dl><dt>Modular heavy rockets</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">Next Generation Launch Vehicle</a></div> India's own rockets lack the capacity for launching very heavy satellites to the <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary orbit</a> beyond 4 ton class, a problem that is planned to be fixed with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> ISRO is studying <a href="/wiki/Heavy-lift_launch_vehicle" title="Heavy-lift launch vehicle">heavy</a> (HLV) and <a href="/wiki/Super-heavy_lift_launch_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-heavy lift launch vehicle">super-heavy lift launch vehicles</a> (SHLV). Modular launchers are being designed, with interchangeable parts, to reduce production time. A 10-tonne (11-short-ton; 9.8-long-ton) capacity HLV and an SHLV capable of delivering 50–100 tonnes (55–110 short tons; 49–98 long tons) into orbit have been mentioned in statements and presentations from ISRO officials.<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-somanath-20200803-196">[193]</a> The agency intends to develop a launcher in the 2020s which can carry nearly 16 t (18 short tons; 16 long tons) to <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_transfer_orbit" title="Geostationary transfer orbit">geostationary transfer orbit</a>, nearly four times the capacity of the existing LVM3.<a href="#cite_note-WIONMar21-192">[189]</a> A rocket family of five medium to heavy-lift class modular rockets described as "Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV"<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> (initially planned as Unified Modular Launch Vehicle or Unified Launch Vehicle) are being planned which will share parts and will replace ISRO's existing PSLV, GSLV and LVM3 rockets completely. The rocket family will be powered by <a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a> cryogenic engine and will have a capacity of lifting from 4.9 t (5.4 short tons; 4.8 long tons) to 16 t (18 short tons; 16 long tons) to geostationary transfer orbit.<a href="#cite_note-WIONSep21-198">[195]</a> <dl><dt>Reusable launch vehicles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre,_Sriharikota_(SDSC_SHAR)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg/220px-Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg/330px-Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg/440px-Launch_of_RLV-TD_HEX01_from_First_Launch_Pad_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre%2C_Sriharikota_%28SDSC_SHAR%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>RLV-TD HEX01 from <a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_First_Launch_Pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad">Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad</a> (SDSC SHAR) on 23 May 2016</figcaption></figure> There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is the ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a <a href="/wiki/VTVL" title="VTVL">VTVL</a> system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop an autonomous spacecraft which will be <a href="/wiki/VTHL" class="mw-redirect" title="VTHL">launched vertically but land like a plane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> To realise a fully re-usable <a href="/wiki/Two-stage-to-orbit" title="Two-stage-to-orbit">two-stage-to-orbit</a> (TSTO) launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (<a href="/wiki/RLV-TD" class="mw-redirect" title="RLV-TD">RLV-TD</a>) has been configured. The RLV-TD acts as a flying <a href="/wiki/Testbed" title="Testbed">testbed</a> to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_Flight_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic Flight Experiment">Hypersonic Flight Experiment</a> (HEX). ISRO launched the prototype's test flight, RLV-TD, from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. It weighs around 1.5 t (1.7 short tons; 1.5 long tons) and flew up to a height of 70 km (43 mi).<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> HEX was completed five months later. A scaled-up version of it could serve as fly-back booster stage for the winged TSTO concept.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> HEX will be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX).<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_propulsion_and_power">Spacecraft propulsion and power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Spacecraft propulsion and power">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Electric thrusters</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft_electric_propulsion" title="Spacecraft electric propulsion">Spacecraft electric propulsion</a></div> India has been working on replacing conventional chemical propulsion with <a href="/wiki/Hall-effect_thruster" title="Hall-effect thruster">Hall-effect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster" title="Pulsed plasma thruster">plasma</a> thrusters which would make spacecraft lighter.<a href="#cite_note-WIONMar21-192">[189]</a> <a href="/wiki/GSAT-4" title="GSAT-4">GSAT-4</a> was the first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters, but it failed to reach orbit.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/GSAT-9" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-9">GSAT-9</a> launched later in 2017, had <a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a>-based electric propulsion system for in-orbit functions of the spacecraft. <a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">GSAT-20</a> is expected to be the first fully electric satellite from India.<a href="#cite_note-newsexpress-204">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a> <dl><dt>Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">Radioisotope thermoelectric generator</a></div> Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_battery" title="Atomic battery">atomic battery</a> which uses nuclear <a href="/wiki/Decay_heat" title="Decay heat">decay heat</a> from radioactive material to power the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-NPE3-206">[203]</a> In January 2021, the <a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a> issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100-<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a> RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long-duration deep space missions to the outer planets.<a href="#cite_note-RTEG-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> Radioisotope heater unit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_heater_unit" title="Radioisotope heater unit">Radioisotope heater unit</a></div> ISRO included two radioisotope heater units developed by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy" title="Department of Atomic Energy">Department of Atomic Energy</a> (DAE) in the propulsion module of <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> on a trial basis which worked flawlessly.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[148]</a> Nuclear propulsion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_propulsion" title="Nuclear propulsion">Nuclear propulsion</a></div> ISRO has plans for collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy to power future space missions using nuclear propulsion technology.<a href="#cite_note-:1-151">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantum_technology">Quantum technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Quantum technology">edit</a>]</div> Satellite-based quantum communication At the <a href="/wiki/India_Mobile_Congress" title="India Mobile Congress">Indian Mobile Congress</a> (IMC) 2023, ISRO presented its satellite-based quantum communication technology. It's called <a href="/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">quantum key distribution</a> (QKD) technology. According to ISRO, it is creating technologies to thwart <a href="/wiki/Quantum_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum computers">quantum computers</a>, which have the ability to readily breach the current generation of encrypted secure communication. A significant milestone for unconditionally secured satellite data communication was reached in September 2023 when ISRO demonstrated free-space quantum communication across a 300-meter distance, including live video conferencing using quantum-key encrypted signals.<a href="#cite_note-news18-20231030-209">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraterrestrial_probes">Extraterrestrial probes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial probes">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Destination</th> <th>Craft name</th> <th>Launch vehicle</th> <th>Year </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3</a> </td> <td>2028-29 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> </td> <td>2 × <a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a> </td> <td>2027 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a></td> <td>March 2028<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars_Lander_Mission" title="Mars Lander Mission">Mars Lander Mission</a> (Mangalyaan-2)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></td> <td>2026 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Lunar exploration</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></div> The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a planned robotic lunar mission concept by Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) that would send a lunar rover and lander to explore the south pole region of the Moon no earlier than 2026. JAXA is likely to provide the under-development <a href="/wiki/H3_(rocket)" title="H3 (rocket)">H3 launch vehicle</a> and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander.<a href="#cite_note-:0-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPGU2019-212">[209]</a> Crewed Lunar Landing ISRO aims to put an astronaut on the lunar surface by 2040.<a href="#cite_note-spacecom-20231018-213">[210]</a> <dl><dt>Mars exploration</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mars_Lander_Mission" title="Mars Lander Mission">Mars Lander Mission</a></div> The next Mars mission, Mars Lander Mission or Mangalyaan 2, has been proposed for launch in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-RS_20190718-214">[211]</a> The new mission plan includes a <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">rover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mars_aircraft" title="Mars aircraft">helicopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_crane_(landing_system)" title="Sky crane (landing system)">sky crane</a> and a supersonic parachute.<a href="#cite_note-space2024-215">[212]</a> <dl><dt>Venus exploration</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a></div> ISRO is considering an orbiter mission to Venus called Venus Orbiter Mission, that could launch as early as 2023 to study <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Venus" title="Atmosphere of Venus">the planet's atmosphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Venorb-216">[213]</a> Some funds for preliminary studies were allocated in the 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences;<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-indiabudget.gov.in-219">[216]</a> solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017<a href="#cite_note-A_of_O-220">[217]</a> and 2018. A mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which has been co-developed with the <a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_atmosph%C3%A8res,_milieux,_observations_spatiales" title="Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales">Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales</a> (LATMOS) under <a href="/wiki/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research" title="French National Centre for Scientific Research">French National Centre for Scientific Research</a> (CNRS) and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Union_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Cabinet">Union Cabinet</a> on September 18, 2024, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets.<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[207]</a> A total of <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>1,236 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$140 million) has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>824 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a> (US$95 million) would go toward the spacecraft.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <dl><dt>Asteroids and outer solar system</dt></dl> Conceptual studies are underway for spacecraft destined for the asteroids and <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, as well, in the long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> is launched, a flyby of <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> would be required.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Development of <a href="/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator" title="Radioisotope thermoelectric generator">RTEG</a> power might allow the agency to further undertake deeper space missions to the other outer planets.<a href="#cite_note-RTEG-207">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Space_telescopes_and_observatories">Space telescopes and observatories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Space telescopes and observatories">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>AstroSat-2</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a></div> <a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> is the successor to the <a href="/wiki/AstroSat" title="AstroSat">AstroSat</a> mission.<a href="#cite_note-TOI1-225">[222]</a> <dl><dt>Exoworlds</dt></dl> Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">IIST</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanets</a>, planned for 2025.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> ExoWorlds is proposed as a dedicated mission for exoplanet spectroscopy in the NUV-VISIBLE-IR ranges. It would be placed in a stable orbit around the earth-sun L2 point.<a href="#cite_note-:2-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indian_Spectroscopic_and_Imaging_Space_Telescope_(INSIST)">Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST)">edit</a>]</div> The Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) will produce high-resolution deep UV-optical images, and will also have capabilities to carry out low to medium resolution spectroscopy.The INSIST proposal was recommended by ISRO for pre-project phase with seed funding in March 2019.Collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">Canadian Space Agency</a> is also being proposed.<a href="#cite_note-:2-228">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forthcoming_satellites">Forthcoming satellites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Forthcoming satellites">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Satellite name </th> <th>Launch vehicle </th> <th>Year</th> <th>Purpose </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">GSAT-20</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falcon_9" title="Falcon 9">Falcon 9</a> </td> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Communications</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/GISAT" class="mw-redirect" title="GISAT">GISAT</a> 2 </td> <td>GSLV </td> <td>2024 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">Earth observation</a> </td> <td>Geospatial imagery to facilitate continuous observation of Indian sub-continent, quick monitoring of natural hazards and disaster.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indian_Data_Relay_Satellite_System" title="Indian Data Relay Satellite System">IDRSS</a> </td> <td>GSLV </td> <td>2024</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Data relay and satellite tracking constellation</a> </td> <td>Facilitates continuous real-time communication between <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">Low Earth orbit</a> bound spacecraft to the <a href="/wiki/Ground_station" title="Ground station">ground station</a> as well as inter-satellite communication. Such a satellite in geostationary orbit can track a low altitude spacecraft up to almost half of its orbit.<a href="#cite_note-indiatoday-20181217-230">[227]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DISHA_(spacecraft)" title="DISHA (spacecraft)">DISHA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> </td> <td>2024–25<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aeronomy" title="Aeronomy">Aeronomy</a> </td> <td>Disturbed and quite-type Ionosphere System at High Altitude (DISHA) satellite constellation with two satellites in 450 km (280 mi) <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">LEO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-RS_20190718-214">[211]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AHySIS-2 </td> <td>PSLV </td> <td>2024 </td> <td>Earth observation </td> <td>Follow-up to <a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a> hyperspectral Earth imaging satellite.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a> </td> <td>GSLV </td> <td>2025<a href="#cite_note-roses25-a33-233">[230]</a> </td> <td>Earth observation </td> <td>NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint project between NASA and ISRO to co-develop and launch a dual frequency <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_aperture_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> satellite to be used for <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>. It is notable for being the first dual band <a href="/wiki/Radar_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar imaging">radar imaging</a> satellite.<a href="#cite_note-NISARJPL-234">[231]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Geospatial intelligence satellites A family of 50 <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> based satellites will be launched by ISRO between 2024 and 2028 to collect <a href="/wiki/Geospatial_intelligence" title="Geospatial intelligence">geospatial intelligence</a> (GEOINT) in different orbits to track military movements and photograph areas of interest. For the sake of national security, the satellites will monitor the neighboring areas and the international border. It will use thermal, optical, <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar</a> (SAR), among other technologies, for GEOINT application. Each satellite using artificial intelligence will have the ability to communicate and collaborate with the remaining satellites in space at different orbits to monitor the environment for intelligence gathering operations.<a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-20231228-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-timesofindia-20231230-236">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upcoming_launch_facilities">Upcoming launch facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Upcoming launch facilities">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></div> Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport is an under-development spaceport in <a href="/wiki/Thoothukudi" title="Thoothukudi">Thoothukudi</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>. After completion, it would serve as the second launch facility of ISRO. This spaceport will mainly be used by ISRO for launching small payloads.<a href="#cite_note-hindu-20231010-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Telecommunication">edit</a>]</div> India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarnarayanaBhatiaBandyopadhyayJain20071738–1746-238">[235]</a> Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarnarayanaBhatiaBandyopadhyayJain20071738-239">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Defence_Staff" title="Integrated Defence Staff">Integrated Defence Staff</a> headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-iss-240">[237]</a> has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> This command will leverage space technology including <a href="/wiki/Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Satellites">satellites</a>. Unlike an aerospace command, where the Air Force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space.<a href="#cite_note-iss-240">[237]</a> With 14 satellites, including <a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">GSAT-7A</a> for exclusive military use and the rest as dual-use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of its <a href="/wiki/Indian_Air_Force" title="Indian Air Force">air force</a> (IAF) and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-howmany-243">[240]</a> GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite built exclusively for the Air Force,<a href="#cite_note-:0-211">[208]</a> is similar to the Navy's <a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">GSAT-7</a>, and GSAT-7A will enhance the IAF's <a href="/wiki/Network-centric_warfare" title="Network-centric warfare">network-centric warfare</a> capabilities by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbases and <a href="/wiki/Airborne_early_warning_and_control" title="Airborne early warning and control">airborne early warning and control</a> (AWACS) aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-50" title="Beriev A-50">Beriev A-50</a> <a href="/wiki/EL/W-2090" title="EL/W-2090">Phalcon</a> and <a href="/wiki/DRDO_AEW%26CS" title="DRDO AEW&CS">DRDO AEW&CS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-skymil1-244">[241]</a> GSAT-7A will also be used by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Army</a>'s Aviation Corps for its helicopters and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicle</a> (UAV) operations.<a href="#cite_note-:0-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-skymil1-244">[241]</a> In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the Navy to monitor the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> Region (IOR) with the satellite's 2,000-nautical-mile (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-howmany-243">[240]</a> To boost the network-centric operations of the IAF, ISRO launched <a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">GSAT-7A</a> in December 2018.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-howmany-243">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Radar_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar imaging">radar-imaging</a> <a href="/wiki/Earth_observation_satellite" title="Earth observation satellite">earth observation satellites</a> is also meant for Military use.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> ISRO launched <a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a> on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is a 436-kilogram (961 lb) electronic intelligence (<a href="/wiki/ELINT" class="mw-redirect" title="ELINT">ELINT</a>) satellite. It will improve the situational awareness of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forces" title="Indian Armed Forces">Indian Armed Forces</a> by providing information and the location of hostile radars.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's 150–200-kilometre (93–124 <a href="/wiki/Mile" title="Mile">mi</a>) range <a href="/wiki/Prithvi_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prithvi missile">Prithvi missile</a> is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range <a href="/wiki/Agni_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Agni missile">Agni missile</a> is derived from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, under Sarabhai and Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the <a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a> (DRDO)-based missile programme borrowed staff and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist <a href="/wiki/A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="A.P.J. Abdul Kalam">A.P.J. Abdul Kalam</a> (later elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president</a>), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, took over as missile programme at DRDO. About a dozen scientists accompanied him, helping to design the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended, and used, for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(India)" title="Ministry of Defence (India)">Ministry of Defence</a> temporarily blocked the use of <a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">IRS-1C</a> by India's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment,_Forest_and_Climate_Change" title="Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change">environmental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Farmers%27_Welfare" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare">agricultural ministries</a> in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the Air Force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management.<a href="#cite_note-mistry94-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic">Academic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Academic">edit</a>]</div> Institutions like the <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University" title="Indira Gandhi National Open University">Indira Gandhi National Open University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Institutes_of_Technology" title="Indian Institutes of Technology">Indian Institutes of Technology</a> use satellites for educational applications.<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2,400 villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via <a href="/wiki/ATS-6" title="ATS-6">ATS-6</a> technology developed by NASA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarnarayanaBhatiaBandyopadhyayJain20071737-250">[247]</a> This experiment—named <a href="/wiki/Satellite_Instructional_Television_Experiment" title="Satellite Instructional Television Experiment">Satellite Instructional Television Experiment</a> (SITE)—conducted large-scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhaskarnarayanaBhatiaBandyopadhyayJain20071737-250">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Telemedicine">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has applied its technology for <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a>, directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellite.<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, patients in those areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">video conferencing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> The patient is then advised on medicine and treatment,<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> and treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' per instructions from those doctors.<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.<a href="#cite_note-Bhaskaranarayana1744-249">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_Information_System">Biodiversity Information System</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Biodiversity Information System">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002.<a href="#cite_note-sen490-251">[248]</a> Nirupa Sen details the programme: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database that links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely <a href="/wiki/North-East_India" class="mw-redirect" title="North-East India">northeastern India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Western Himalayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</a>. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO."<a href="#cite_note-sen490-251">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cartography">Cartography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Cartography">edit</a>]</div> The Indian IRS-P5 (<a href="/wiki/CARTOSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="CARTOSAT-1">CARTOSAT-1</a>) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson2005136-61">[58]</a> IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson2005136-61">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CARTOSAT-2" class="mw-redirect" title="CARTOSAT-2">CARTOSAT-2</a> project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurleson2005143-252">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spin-offs">Spin-offs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Spin-offs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ISRO_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO spinoff technologies">ISRO spinoff technologies</a></div> ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">bionic limbs</a> for people without limbs, <a href="/wiki/Silica_aerogel" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica aerogel">silica aerogel</a> to keep Indian soldiers serving in extremely cold areas warm, distress alert transmitters for accidents, <a href="/wiki/Doppler_weather_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler weather radar">Doppler weather radar</a> and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_cooperations">International cooperations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: International cooperations">edit</a>]</div> ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, Norway, Peru, Portugal, South Korea, Russia, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Oman, Sweden, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Netherlands, Tunisia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Vietnam. Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including <a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts" title="European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts">European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts</a> (ECMWF), <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites</a> (EUMETSAT), <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) and <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a> (SAARC).<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_collaborative_projects">Notable collaborative projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Notable collaborative projects">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> also carried scientific payloads to the Moon from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Space Agency">Bulgarian Space Agency</a>, and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe.<a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a></li> <li>For the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) with ESA to provide ground station support.<a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Indo-French satellite missions</dt></dl> ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with France's <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>, namely the now retired <a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> in the tropical atmosphere<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram447-258">[255]</a> and the presently avtive <a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a> for <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_titration" title="Acid–base titration">altimetry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-gsfc-sara-115">[112]</a> A third mission consisting of an Earth observation satellite with a <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">thermal infrared</a> imager, <a href="/wiki/TRISHNA" title="TRISHNA">TRISHNA</a> (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned by the two countries.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <dl><dt>LUPEX</dt></dl> The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the polar surface of the Moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies.<a href="#cite_note-Episode_82-260">[257]</a> <dl><dt>NISAR</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar</a> (NISAR) is a joint Indo-US radar project carrying an <a href="/wiki/L_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="L Band">L Band</a> and an <a href="/wiki/S_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="S Band">S Band</a> radar. It will be world's first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Some other notable collaborations include: <ul><li>ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue.<a href="#cite_note-LUT1-262">[259]</a></li> <li>India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-CSSTEAP1-263">[260]</a></li> <li>India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, <a href="/wiki/Cospas-Sarsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cospas-Sarsat">Cospas-Sarsat</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Astronautical_Federation" title="International Astronautical Federation">International Astronautical Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/COSPAR" class="mw-redirect" title="COSPAR">Committee on Space Research</a> (COSPAR), <a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee</a> (IADC), <a href="/wiki/International_Space_University" title="International Space University">International Space University</a>, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuriRajaram447-258">[255]</a></li> <li>Contributing to planned <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> virtual constellation for <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-ria-20190628-265">[262]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> Last updated: 26 March 2023 <ul><li>Total number of foreign satellites launched by ISRO: 417 (34 countries)<a href="#cite_note-isro-listforeignsats-266">[263]</a></li> <li>Spacecraft missions: 116<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a></li> <li>Launch missions: 86</li> <li>Student satellites: 13 <a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a></li> <li>Re-entry missions: 2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_for_the_Department_of_Space">Budget for the Department of Space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Budget for the Department of Space">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Calendar Year </th> <th rowspan="2">GDP (2011–12 base year) in crores(₹)<a href="#cite_note-EcoSurStats_2021-22-269">[266]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Total Expenditure in crores (₹) </th> <th colspan="4">Budget of Department of Space<a href="#cite_note-DoS_DDG-270">[267]</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes and references </th></tr> <tr> <th style="border-color:inherit;">Nominal <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">INR</a> (crore) </th> <th>% of GDP </th> <th>% of Total Expenditure </th> <th>2020 Constant INR (crore) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1972–73 </td> <td>55245 </td> <td> </td> <td>18.2325000 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td> </td> <td>696.489 </td> <td>Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1973-74-271">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1974-75-272">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973–74 </td> <td>67241 </td> <td> </td> <td>19.0922000 </td> <td>0.03% </td> <td> </td> <td>624.381 </td> <td>Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1974-75-272">[269]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1975-76-273">[270]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974–75 </td> <td>79378 </td> <td> </td> <td>30.7287000 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td> </td> <td>781.901 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1976-77-274">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975–76 </td> <td>85212 </td> <td> </td> <td>36.8379000 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td> </td> <td>879.281 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1977-78-275">[272]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976–77 </td> <td>91812 </td> <td> </td> <td>41.1400000 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,062.174 </td> <td>Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available <a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1977-78-275">[272]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977–78 </td> <td>104024 </td> <td> </td> <td>37.3670000 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td> </td> <td>890.726 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1979-80-276">[273]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978–79 </td> <td>112671 </td> <td> </td> <td>51.4518000 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,196.291 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1980-81-277">[274]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979–80 </td> <td>123562 </td> <td> </td> <td>57.0062000 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,247.563 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1981-82-278">[275]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980–81 </td> <td>147063 </td> <td> </td> <td>82.1087000 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,613.259 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1982-83-279">[276]</a>: 39  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981–82 </td> <td>172776 </td> <td> </td> <td>109.132100 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,896.051 </td> <td>Revised Estimate as Actuals are not available<a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1982-83-279">[276]</a>: 38 <a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1983-84-280">[277]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982–83 </td> <td>193255 </td> <td> </td> <td>94.8898000 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td> </td> <td>1,527.408 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1984-85-281">[278]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983–84 </td> <td>225074 </td> <td> </td> <td>163.365600 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td> </td> <td>2,351.37 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1985-86-282">[279]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984–85 </td> <td>252188 </td> <td> </td> <td>181.601000 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td> </td> <td>2,410.543 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1986-87-283">[280]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985–86 </td> <td>284534 </td> <td> </td> <td>229.102300 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td> </td> <td>2,881.303 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1987-88-284">[281]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986–87 </td> <td>318366 </td> <td> </td> <td>309.990900 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td> </td> <td>3,585.645 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1988-89-285">[282]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987–88 </td> <td>361865 </td> <td> </td> <td>347.084600 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td> </td> <td>3,690.41 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1989-90-286">[283]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988–89 </td> <td>429363 </td> <td> </td> <td>422.367000 </td> <td>0.1% </td> <td> </td> <td>4,105.274 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1990-91-287">[284]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989–90 </td> <td>493278 </td> <td> </td> <td>398.559500 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td> </td> <td>3,616.972 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1991-92-288">[285]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990–91 </td> <td>576109 </td> <td>105298 </td> <td>386.221800 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>3,217.774 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1992-93-289">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991–92 </td> <td>662260 </td> <td>111414 </td> <td>460.101000 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>3,366.237 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1993-94-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992–93 </td> <td>761196 </td> <td>122618 </td> <td>490.920400 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>3,210.258 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1994-95-292">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993–94 </td> <td>875992 </td> <td>141853 </td> <td>695.335000 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.49% </td> <td>4,277.163 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1995-96-293">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994–95 </td> <td>1027570 </td> <td>160739 </td> <td>759.079300 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.47% </td> <td>4,237.768 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1996-97-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995–96 </td> <td>1205583 </td> <td>178275 </td> <td>755.778596 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>3,826.031 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1997-98-296">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996–97 </td> <td>1394816 </td> <td>201007 </td> <td>1062.44660 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>4,935.415 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1998-99-297">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997–98 </td> <td>1545294 </td> <td>232053 </td> <td>1050.50250 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.45% </td> <td>4,550.066 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_1999-2000-298">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998–99 </td> <td>1772297 </td> <td>279340 </td> <td>1401.70260 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.5% </td> <td>5,364.608 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2000-2001-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999–00 </td> <td>1988262 </td> <td>298053 </td> <td>1677.38580 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.56% </td> <td>6,123.403 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2001-02-301">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000–01 </td> <td>2139886 </td> <td>325592 </td> <td>1905.39970 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>6,686.851 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2002-2003-302">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1994-2002-295">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001–02 </td> <td>2315243 </td> <td>362310 </td> <td>1900.97370 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>6,429.035 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2003-2004-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002–03 </td> <td>2492614 </td> <td>413248 </td> <td>2162.22480 </td> <td>0.09% </td> <td>0.52% </td> <td>7,010.441 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2004-2005-305">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003–04 </td> <td>2792530 </td> <td>471203 </td> <td>2268.80470 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>7,085.999 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2005-2006-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004–05 </td> <td>3186332 </td> <td>498252 </td> <td>2534.34860 </td> <td>0.08% </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>7,627.942 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2006-2007-307">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005–06 </td> <td>3632125 </td> <td>505738 </td> <td>2667.60440 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.53% </td> <td>7,701.599 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2007-2008-308">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006–07 </td> <td>4254629 </td> <td>583387 </td> <td>2988.66550 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>8,156.366 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2008-2009-309">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007–08 </td> <td>4898662 </td> <td>712671 </td> <td>3278.00440 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>8,408.668 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2009-2010-311">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008–09 </td> <td>5514152 </td> <td>883956 </td> <td>3493.57150 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>8,273.225 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2010-2011-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2001-2009-304">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009–10 </td> <td>6366407 </td> <td>1024487 </td> <td>4162.95990 </td> <td>0.07% </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>8,894.965 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2011-2012-313">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010–11 </td> <td>7634472 </td> <td>1197328 </td> <td>4482.23150 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.37% </td> <td>8,542.8 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2012-2013-314">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011–12 </td> <td>8736329 </td> <td>1304365 </td> <td>3790.78880 </td> <td>0.04% </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>6,636.301 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2013-2014-315">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012–13 </td> <td>9944013 </td> <td>1410372 </td> <td>4856.28390 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>7,778.216 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2014-2015-316">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013–14 </td> <td>11233522 </td> <td>1559447 </td> <td>5168.95140 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>7,464 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2015-2016-317">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2006-2014-310">[307]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014–15 </td> <td>12467960 </td> <td>1663673 </td> <td>5821.36630 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.35% </td> <td>7,902.702 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2016-2017-318">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2014-2015-319">[316]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015–16 </td> <td>13771874 </td> <td>1790783 </td> <td>6920.00520 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.39% </td> <td>8,872.483 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2017-2018-320">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2015-2016-321">[318]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016–17 </td> <td>15391669 </td> <td>1975194 </td> <td>8039.99680 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>9,820.512 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2018_-2019-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2016-2017-323">[320]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017–18 </td> <td>17090042 </td> <td>2141975 </td> <td>9130.56640 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>10,881.647 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2019-2020-324">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2017-2018-325">[322]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018–19 </td> <td>18899668 </td> <td>2315113 </td> <td>11192.6566 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.48% </td> <td>12,722.226 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2020-2021-326">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2018-2019-327">[324]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019–20 </td> <td>20074856 </td> <td>2686330 </td> <td>13033.2917 </td> <td>0.06% </td> <td>0.49% </td> <td>13,760.472 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2021-22-328">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2019-2020-329">[326]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020–21 </td> <td>19800914 </td> <td>3509836 </td> <td>9490.05390 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>9,490.054 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-DDGDOS_2022-23-330">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2020-2021-331">[328]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021–22 </td> <td>23664637 </td> <td>3793801 </td> <td>12473.84 </td> <td>0.05% </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>12,473.84 </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-ib-gdpcp-332">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-TrendsEx_2020-2021-331">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-ib-ebudget2324-333">[330]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S-band_spectrum_scam">S-band spectrum scam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: S-band spectrum scam">edit</a>]</div> In India, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a> of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> spectrum was <a href="/wiki/Indian_Telecom_Spectrum_Auction" title="Indian Telecom Spectrum Auction">auctioned</a> for ₹677 billion (US$7.8 billion). This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of <a href="/wiki/S_band" title="S band">S band</a> transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of ₹14 billion (US$160 million), to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over ₹2,000 billion (US$23 billion). This was a hypothetical situation. However, the <a href="/wiki/Comptroller_and_Auditor_General_of_India" title="Comptroller and Auditor General of India">Comptroller and Auditor-General</a> considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government.<a href="#cite_note-Thakur,_Pradeep-334">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behind_the_S-band_spectrum_scandal-335">[332]</a> There were lapses on implementing official procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites exclusively to Devas Multimedia, while the rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of India">Cabinet</a> was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was not informed when approving the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending ₹7.66 billion (US$89 million) of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas.<a href="#cite_note-ETDevdas-336">[333]</a> In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal,<a href="#cite_note-Behind_the_S-band_spectrum_scandal-335">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> and the ensuing investigations led to the deal's annulment. <a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a> (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages.<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Revenue_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Revenue (India)">Department of Revenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Corporate_Affairs" title="Ministry of Corporate Affairs">Ministry of Corporate Affairs</a> began an inquiry into Devas shareholding.<a href="#cite_note-ETDevdas-336">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Central Bureau of Investigation">Central Bureau of Investigation</a> registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 in March 2015 against the then executive director of <a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a>, two officials of a USA-based company, a Bengaluru-based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of the Antrix Corporation or the Department of Space.<a href="#cite_note-339">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[337]</a> Devas Multimedia started <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a> proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Arbitration" title="International Court of Arbitration">International Court of Arbitration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a> Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_High_Court" title="Delhi High Court">Delhi High Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heads_of_ISRO">Heads of ISRO</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Heads of ISRO">edit</a>]</div> List of Chairmen (since 1963) of ISRO. <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a> (1963–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a> (1973–1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">U. R. Rao</a> (1984–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">K. Kasturirangan</a> (1994–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a> (2003–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Radhakrishnan">K. Radhakrishnan</a> (2009–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shailesh_Nayak" title="Shailesh Nayak">Shailesh Nayak</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._S._Kiran_Kumar" title="A. S. Kiran Kumar">A. S. Kiran Kumar</a> (2015–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Sivan" title="K. Sivan">K. Sivan</a> (2018–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Somanath" title="S. Somanath">S. Somanath</a> (2022–2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_Narayanan" title="V Narayanan">V. Narayanan</a> (2025–present)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/21px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/32px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Rocktet_icon201001.svg/42px-Rocktet_icon201001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="160" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rocketry" title="Portal:Rocketry">Rocketry</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/19px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/29px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RocketSunIcon.svg/38px-RocketSunIcon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Spaceflight" title="Portal:Spaceflight">Spaceflight</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Ocean_mission" title="Deep Ocean mission">Deep Ocean mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">List of government space agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">IN–SPACe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Association" title="Indian Space Association">Indian Space Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Vigyan_Puraskar" title="Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar">Rashtriya Vigyan Puraskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">Science and technology in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_industry_of_India" title="Space industry of India">Space industry of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda_Planetarium" title="Swami Vivekananda Planetarium">Swami Vivekananda Planetarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">Telecommunications in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">Timeline of Solar System exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Symposium" title="National Space Science Symposium">National Space Science Symposium</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=73" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">ISO 15919</a>: Bhāratīya Antarikṣa Anusandhāna Saṅgaṭhana </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="/wiki/CNSA" class="mw-redirect" title="CNSA">CNSA</a> (China), <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> (most of Europe), ISRO, (India), <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> (Japan), <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> (United States) and <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a> (Russia) are the six space agencies with full launch capabilities. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a>), The United States (NASA), China (CNSA) and India (ISRO) are the only four nations to have successfully achieved <a href="/wiki/Soft_landing" title="Soft landing">soft landing</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=74" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-annualreport2022-2023-1"><a href="#cite_ref-annualreport2022-2023_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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London: Routledge. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39917-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-39917-3"><bdi>978-0-415-39917-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211452/https://books.google.com/books?id=V-Z0kfqPHy8C">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. 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July–September 2005. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112000426/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/58-SI-Jul-Sep-05/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Successful+Launch+of+SLV-3+%E2%80%93+Silver+Jubilee&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=ISRO&rft.date=2005-07%2F2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fflipping_book%2F58-SI-Jul-Sep-05%2Ffiles%2Fassets%2Fcommon%2Fdownloads%2Fpublication.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-slv-28"><a href="#cite_ref-slv_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv">"SLV"</a>. isro.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529133357/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/slv">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2017. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/isro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html">the original</a> on 16 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=ISRO+successfully+docks+SpaDeX+satellites+in+space%2C+creates+history&rft.date=2025-01-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fisro-successfully-docks-spadex-two-satellites-in-space-101737003035346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaceIndia_Q2_2002-57"><a href="#cite_ref-SpaceIndia_Q2_2002_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/47-SI-Apr-Jun-2002/files/assets/basic-html/page-15.html">"ISRO gets new identity"</a>. 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Times of India. 19 August 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909102134/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/A-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro/articleshow/19567123.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+%27vibrant%27+new+logo+for+ISRO&rft.date=2002-08-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FA-vibrant-new-logo-for-Isro%2Farticleshow%2F19567123.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isro_aboutus-59"><a href="#cite_ref-isro_aboutus_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/vision-and-mission-statements">"ISRO – Vision and Mission Statements"</a>. 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The Hindu. 9 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200912/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2022. 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Retrieved 11 January 2019. <q>Initially, the plan was the construct a new launch pad for the human space flight, but Sivan told the Express that due to paucity of time one of the two existing launch pads is being modified to meet the requirement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=India%27s+human+space+programme+gets+a+fillip&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newindianexpress.com%2Fnation%2F2018%2Fnov%2F15%2Findias-human-space-programme-gets-a-fillip-1898396.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/its-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts/articleshow/70031169.cms">"Gaganyaan: India chooses Russia to pick & train astronauts"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Gaganyaan%3A+India+chooses+Russia+to+pick+%26+train+astronauts&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2Fits-official-india-picks-russia-to-pick-train-astronauts%2Farticleshow%2F70031169.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2019" class="citation web cs1">Singh, Surendra (31 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms">"Isro will set up unit in Moscow to develop technology needed for Gaganyaan mission"</a>. The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820164300/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-will-set-up-unit-in-moscow-to-develop-technology-needed-for-gaganyaan-mission/articleshow/70471565.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2019. 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The Times of India. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210320132145/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/astronauts-clear-all-tests-russia-training-to-end-this-month/articleshow/81575438.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2021. 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Retrieved 22 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN-SPIDER&rft.atitle=Center+for+Space+Science+and+Technology+Education+in+Asia+and+the+Pacific+%28CSSTEAP%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-spider.org%2Fcenter-space-science-and-technology-education-asia-and-pacific-cssteap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunhikrishnan2019" class="citation web cs1">Kunhikrishnan, P. 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Retrieved 30 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Update+on+ISRO%27s+International+Cooperation&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2019-06-20&rft.aulast=Kunhikrishnan&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unoosa.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fcopuos%2F2019%2Fcopuos2019tech44E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ria-20190628-265"><a href="#cite_ref-ria-20190628_265-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html">"V orbital'nuyu gruppirovku stran BRIKS voidut pyat' kosmicheskikh apparatov" <bdi lang="ru">В орбитальную группировку стран БРИКС войдут пять космических аппаратов</bdi></a> [Five spacecraft will join the orbital grouping of BRICS countries]. <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%90_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="РИА Новости">РИА Новости</a> (in Russian). Moscow. 28 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190707194515/https://ria.ru/20190628/1555995527.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2019. 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ISRO. 23 October 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221024134415/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/ForeignSatellites/381_foreign_satellites.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+International+Customer+Satellites+Launched+by+ISRO&rft.pub=ISRO&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FForeignSatellites%2F381_foreign_satellites.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission.html">"Missions accomplished"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221014133052/https://www.isro.gov.in/Mission.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isro.gov.in&rft.atitle=Missions+accomplished&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2FMission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-university-academic-institute-satellites">"List of University / Academic Institute Satellites – ISRO"</a>. www.isro.gov.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819011224/https://www.isro.gov.in/spacecraft/list-of-university-academic-institute-satellites">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019. 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Retrieved 29 May 2022. <q>Table 1.6: Components of Gross Domestic Product at Current Prices</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economic+Survey+2021%E2%80%9322+Statistical+Appendix&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiabudget.gov.in%2Feconomicsurvey%2Fdoc%2FStatistical-Appendix-in-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DoS_DDG-270"><a href="#cite_ref-DoS_DDG_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html">"Archive of Demands for Grants"</a>. ISRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072734/https://www.isro.gov.in/archive_of_demands_grants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 29 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+of+Demands+for+Grants&rft.pub=ISRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Farchive_of_demands_grants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1973-74-271"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1973-74_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1973–74"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072754/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1973_74.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1973%E2%80%9374&rft.pages=06&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1973_74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1974-75-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1974-75_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1974-75_272-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1974_75.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1974–75"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072900/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1974_75.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1974%E2%80%9375&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1974_75.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1975-76-273"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1975-76_273-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1975_76.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1975–76"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072909/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1975_76.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. 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Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1991%E2%80%9392&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1991_92.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1992-93-289"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1992-93_289-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1992–93"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 52. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226073103/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1992_93.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1992%E2%80%9393&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1992_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrendsEx_1990-1998-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1990-1998_290-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf">"1999–2000 Expenditure Budget Vol. I: Trends in Expenditure"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520165656/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub1999-2000/eb/trend.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1999%E2%80%932000+Expenditure+Budget+Vol.+I%3A+Trends+in+Expenditure&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiabudget.gov.in%2Fbudget_archive%2Fub1999-2000%2Feb%2Ftrend.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1993-94-291"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1993-94_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1993–94"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072855/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1993_94.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. 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Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1995%E2%80%9396&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1995_96.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1996-97-294"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1996-97_294-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1996–97"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072843/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1996_97.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. 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Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1998%E2%80%9399&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1998_99.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_1999-2000-298"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_1999-2000_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 1999–2000"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072821/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_1999_2000.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+1999%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_1999_2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_2000-2001-299"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_2000-2001_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2000–2001"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072837/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2000_2001.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+2000%E2%80%932001&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_2000_2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrendsEx_1998-2006-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_1998-2006_300-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf">"Expenditure Budget Vol. I, 2007–2008: Trends in Expenditure"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530200920/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget_archive/ub2007-08/eb/trend.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2022. 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Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+2015%E2%80%932016&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_2015_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_2016-2017-318"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_2016-2017_318-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2016–2017"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072903/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2016_2017.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_2016_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrendsEx_2014-2015-319"><a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_2014-2015_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf">"Budget at a Glance 2016–2017"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520182832/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2016-2017/ub2016-17/bag/bag11.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 May 2022. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Budget+at+a+Glance+2016%E2%80%932017&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiabudget.gov.in%2Fbudget2016-2017%2Fub2016-17%2Fbag%2Fbag11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDGDOS_2017-2018-320"><a href="#cite_ref-DDGDOS_2017-2018_320-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf">"Detailed Demands of Grants of Department of Space for 2017–2018"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a>. p. 83. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240226072827/https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/RTI/ddg_2017_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Detailed+Demands+of+Grants+of+Department+of+Space+for+2017%E2%80%932018&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Department+of+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isro.gov.in%2Fmedia_isro%2Fpdf%2FRTI%2Fddg_2017_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TrendsEx_2015-2016-321"><a href="#cite_ref-TrendsEx_2015-2016_321-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf">"Budget at a Glance 2017–2018"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(India)" title="Ministry of Finance (India)">Ministry of Finance</a>. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220309024549/https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/budget2017-2018/ub2017-18/bag/bag1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 March 2022. 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The Economic Times. 30 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151105072143/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/isros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract/articleshow/49158235.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=ISRO%27s+Antrix+to+pay+Rs+44.32+billion+damages+to+Devas+for+unlawfully+cancelling+contract&rft.date=2015-09-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fisros-antrix-to-pay-rs-4432-crore-damages-to-devas-for-unlawfully-cancelling-contract%2Farticleshow%2F49158235.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathur2015" class="citation news cs1">Mathur, Aneesha (10 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/">"Antrix opposes Devas plea over tribunal award in HC"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153015/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/antrix-opposes-devas-plea-over-tribunal-award-in-hc/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015. 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New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy" title="Indian National Science Academy">Indian National Science Academy</a>: 485–499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Space+Science+in+India&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E485-%3C%2Fspan%3E499&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaSureshSivan2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, S.C.; Suresh, B.N.; Sivan, K. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf">"Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>. 93 (12). Bangalore: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>: 1697–1714. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806235710/https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+Indian+launch+vehicle+technologies&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1697-%3C%2Fspan%3E1714&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft.au=Suresh%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Sivan%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_093_12_1697_1714_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjha" class="citation book cs1">Ojha, N.N. "India in Space". Science & Technology. New Delhi: Chronicle Books. pp. 110–143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+in+Space&rft.btitle=Science+%26+Technology&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.aulast=Ojha&rft.aufirst=N.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMistryWolpert2006" class="citation book cs1">Mistry, Dinshaw; Wolpert, Stanley (2006). "Space Programme". Encyclopedia of India. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Gale_(publisher)" title="Gale (publisher)">Thomson Gale</a>. pp. 93–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-31353-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-31353-7"><bdi>0-684-31353-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Programme&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.pub=Thomson+Gale&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-684-31353-7&rft.aulast=Mistry&rft.aufirst=Dinshaw&rft.au=Wolpert%2C+Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarasimha2002" class="citation journal cs1">Narasimha, Roddam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_082_02_0222_0225_0.pdf">"Satish Dhawan"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>. 82 (2). Bangalore: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>: 222–225.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Satish+Dhawan&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E222-%3C%2Fspan%3E225&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Narasimha&rft.aufirst=Roddam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_082_02_0222_0225_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Nirupa (2003). "Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development". <a href="/wiki/Current_Science" title="Current Science">Current Science</a>. 84 (4). Bangalore: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Indian Academy of Sciences">Indian Academy of Sciences</a>: 489–90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Indian+success+stories+in+use+of+Space+tools+for+social+development&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Nirupa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuriRajaram" class="citation book cs1">Suri, R.K.; Rajaram, Kalpana. "Space Research". Science and Technology in India. New Delhi: Spectrum. pp. 411–448. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7930-294-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-7930-294-6"><bdi>81-7930-294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Research&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+in+India&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.pub=Spectrum&rft.isbn=81-7930-294-6&rft.aulast=Suri&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Rajaram%2C+Kalpana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliberti2018" class="citation cs2">Aliberti, Marco (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">India in Space: Between Utility and Geopolitics</a>, Springer, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018isbu.book.....A">2018isbu.book.....A</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71652-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-71652-7"><bdi>978-3-319-71652-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160347/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYtHDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA12">archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020, retrieved 14 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+Space%3A+Between+Utility+and+Geopolitics&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018isbu.book.....A&rft.isbn=978-3-319-71652-7&rft.aulast=Aliberti&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNYtHDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Launius2018" class="citation cs2">D. Launius, Roger (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">The Smithsonian History of Space Exploration: From the Ancient World to the Extraterrestrial Future</a>, Smithsonian Institution, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-637-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-637-7"><bdi>978-1-58834-637-7</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160323/https://books.google.com/books?id=4j9wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA196">archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020, retrieved 14 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Smithsonian+History+of+Space+Exploration%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Extraterrestrial+Future&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-637-7&rft.aulast=D.+Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4j9wDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayananRam2018" class="citation cs2">Narayanan, Nambi; Ram, Arun (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">Ready To Fire: How India and I Survived the ISRO Spy Case</a>, Bloomsbury Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-86826-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-86826-27-5"><bdi>978-93-86826-27-5</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508160324/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ks1SDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020, retrieved 14 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ready+To+Fire%3A+How+India+and+I+Survived+the+ISRO+Spy+Case&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-93-86826-27-5&rft.aulast=Narayanan&rft.aufirst=Nambi&rft.au=Ram%2C+Arun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKs1SDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveySmidPirard2011" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Brian; Smid, Henk H. F.; Pirard, Theo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA144">Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programmes of Asia, the Middle East and South-America</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 144–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0874-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012092733/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 14 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Space+Powers%3A+The+New+Space+Programmes+of+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+South-America&rft.pages=144-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Smid%2C+Henk+H.+F.&rft.au=Pirard%2C+Theo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD1ZaYbiWwMC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhargavaChakrabarti2003" class="citation book cs1">Bhargava, Pushpa M.; Chakrabarti, Chandana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39">The Saga of Indian Science Since Independence: In a Nutshell</a>. Universities Press. pp. 39–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-435-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7371-435-1"><bdi>978-81-7371-435-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513184438/https://books.google.com/books?id=g7crHmSeI5kC&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saga+of+Indian+Science+Since+Independence%3A+In+a+Nutshell&rft.pages=39-&rft.pub=Universities+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7371-435-1&rft.aulast=Bhargava&rft.aufirst=Pushpa+M.&rft.au=Chakrabarti%2C+Chandana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg7crHmSeI5kC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadeh2013" class="citation book cs1">Sadeh, Eligar (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303">Space Strategy in the 21st Century: Theory and Policy</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22623-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22623-6"><bdi>978-1-136-22623-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306161252/https://books.google.com/books?id=u4nXqDvgGrIC&pg=PA303">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+Strategy+in+the+21st+Century%3A+Theory+and+Policy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22623-6&rft.aulast=Sadeh&rft.aufirst=Eligar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du4nXqDvgGrIC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajagopalanPrasad2017" class="citation book cs1">Rajagopalan, Rajeshwari Pillai; Prasad, Narayan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Space India 2.0: Commerce, Policy, Security and Governance Perspectives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Observer_Research_Foundation" title="Observer Research Foundation">Observer Research Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86818-28-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86818-28-2"><bdi>978-81-86818-28-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413211431/https://books.google.com/books?id=iwtNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+India+2.0%3A+Commerce%2C+Policy%2C+Security+and+Governance+Perspectives&rft.pub=Observer+Research+Foundation&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-81-86818-28-2&rft.aulast=Rajagopalan&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari+Pillai&rft.au=Prasad%2C+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiwtNDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=76" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Economics of India's Space Programme, by U. Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568345-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-568345-5">978-0-19-568345-5</a></li> <li>The Indian Space Programme, by Gurbir Singh, Astrotalkuk Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0956933737" title="Special:BookSources/978-0956933737">978-0956933737</a></li> <li>Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme, by Gopal Raj, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0670899500" title="Special:BookSources/978-0670899500">978-0670899500</a></li> <li>From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey, by ISRO, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9351776895" title="Special:BookSources/978-9351776895">978-9351776895</a></li> <li>Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO, by P V Manoranjan Rao and P Radhakrishnan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173717642" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173717642">978-8173717642</a></li> <li>India's Rise as a Space Power, by U R Rao, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9382993483" title="Special:BookSources/978-9382993483">978-9382993483</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISRO&action=edit&section=77" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isro.gov.in">Official website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dos.gov.in">"Official website of the Department of Space of the Government of India"</a>. dos.gov.in.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+website+of+the+Department+of+Space+of+the+Government+of+India&rft.pub=dos.gov.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dos.gov.in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AISRO" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Template talk:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Department_of_Space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Department of Space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Indian_space_programme593" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_space_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian space programme">Indian space programme</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space (DoS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Remote_Sensing" title="Indian Institute of Remote Sensing">Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewSpace_India_Limited" title="NewSpace India Limited">NewSpace India Limited (NSIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory (PRL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Space_Cell" title="Integrated Space Cell">Integrated Space Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">Defence Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Space_Promotion_and_Authorisation_Centre" title="Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre">Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN–SPACe)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="14" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/120px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/180px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg/240px-Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="290" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programmes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation" title="GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation">GAGAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing_Programme" title="Indian Remote Sensing Programme">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT" title="RISAT">RISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Human Spaceflight Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">South Asia Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpana-1" title="Kalpana-1">Kalpana-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space observatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lunar and planetary spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan rover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (upcoming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_human_spaceflight_programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian human spaceflight programme">Indian human spaceflight programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Space_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="ISRO Space Station">ISRO Space Station</a> (proposed)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">Launch vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Orbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle">PSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PSLV_launches" title="List of PSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle">GSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GSLV_launches" title="List of GSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVM3" title="LVM3">LVM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Small Satellite Launch Vehicle">SSLV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SSLV_launches" title="List of SSLV launches">Launches</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Suborbital <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(rocket_family)" title="Rohini (rocket family)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Technology_Vehicle" title="Advanced Technology Vehicle">ATV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RLV_Technology_Demonstration_Programme" title="RLV Technology Demonstration Programme">RLV Technology Demonstration Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle" title="Next Generation Launch Vehicle">NGLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retired</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Satellite Launch Vehicle">SLV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle" title="Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle">ASLV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE-7.5" title="CE-7.5">CE-7.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CE-20" title="CE-20">CE-20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikas_(rocket_engine)" title="Vikas (rocket engine)">Vikas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCE-200" title="SCE-200">SCE-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">Spaceports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li></ul> <ul><li>under development <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekharapatnam_Spaceport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport">Kulasekharapatnam Spaceport</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation and policy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Activities_Bill" title="Space Activities Bill">Space Activities Bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pixxel" title="Pixxel">Pixxel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyroot_Aerospace" title="Skyroot Aerospace">Skyroot Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellize" title="Satellize">Satellize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgniKul_Cosmos" title="AgniKul Cosmos">AgniKul Cosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhruva_Space" title="Dhruva Space">Dhruva Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellatrix_Aerospace" title="Bellatrix Aerospace">Bellatrix Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamIndus" title="TeamIndus">TeamIndus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Space_Day" title="National Space Day">National Space Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGA-220" title="SAGA-220">SAGA-220</a> (supercomputer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statio_Shiv_Shakti" title="Statio Shiv Shakti">Statio Shiv Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RESPOND" title="RESPOND">RESPOND</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chairmen of the Indian Space Research Organisation">List of ISRO chairpersons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_spacecraft243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_spacecraft243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian spacecraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_satellites" title="List of Indian satellites">List of Indian satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_launches" title="List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches">List of Satish Dhawan Space Centre launches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISRO_missions" title="List of ISRO missions">List of ISRO missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communication</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CMS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMS-01" title="CMS-01">01</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CMS-02" title="CMS-02">02</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT" title="GSAT">GSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-1" title="GSAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-2" title="GSAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-3" title="GSAT-3">3 (EDUSAT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-4" title="GSAT-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-5P" title="GSAT-5P">5P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-6A" title="GSAT-6A">6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7A" title="GSAT-7A">7A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia_Satellite" title="South Asia Satellite">9 (South Asia Satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-10" title="GSAT-10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-11" title="GSAT-11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-12" title="GSAT-12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-14" title="GSAT-14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-16" title="GSAT-16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-17" title="GSAT-17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-18" title="GSAT-18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-19" title="GSAT-19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-29" title="GSAT-29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-30" title="GSAT-30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-31" title="GSAT-31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMSAT" title="HAMSAT">HAMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Satellite_System" title="Indian National Satellite System">INSAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1A" title="INSAT-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1B" title="INSAT-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1C" title="INSAT-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-1D" title="INSAT-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2A" title="INSAT-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2B" title="INSAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2C" title="INSAT-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2D" title="INSAT-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2DT" title="INSAT-2DT">2DT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-2E" title="INSAT-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3A" title="INSAT-3A">3A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3B" title="INSAT-3B">3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3C" title="INSAT-3C">3C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3D" title="INSAT-3D">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DR" title="INSAT-3DR">3DR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3DS" title="INSAT-3DS">3DS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-3E" title="INSAT-3E">3E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4A" title="INSAT-4A">4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">4B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4C" title="INSAT-4C">4C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4CR" title="INSAT-4CR">4CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSAT-4E" title="INSAT-4E">4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-7" title="GSAT-7">4F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-8" title="GSAT-8">4G</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planned: GSAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-20" title="GSAT-20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-22 (page does not exist)">22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSAT-23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSAT-23 (page does not exist)">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSAT-24" class="mw-redirect" title="GSAT-24">24</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth observation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">Bhaskara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_(satellite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara (satellite)">II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat" title="Cartosat">Cartosat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-1" title="Cartosat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2" title="Cartosat-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2A" title="Cartosat-2A">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2B" title="Cartosat-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2C" title="Cartosat-2C">2C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2D" title="Cartosat-2D">2D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2E" title="Cartosat-2E">2E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-2F" title="Cartosat-2F">2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartosat-3" title="Cartosat-3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMISAT" title="EMISAT">EMISAT</a></li> <li>EOS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EOS-01" title="EOS-01">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-02" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-02">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-04" title="EOS-04">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-07" class="mw-redirect" title="EOS-07">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EOS-08" title="EOS-08">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HySIS" title="HySIS">HySIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMS-1" title="IMS-1">IMS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Remote Sensing">IRS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1A" title="IRS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1B" title="IRS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1C" title="IRS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-1D" title="IRS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P1" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS-P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P2" title="IRS-P2">P2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRS-P3" title="IRS-P3">P3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megha-Tropiques" title="Megha-Tropiques">Megha-Tropiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsat_(ISRO)" title="Microsat (ISRO)">Microsat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsat-R" title="Microsat-R">Microsat-R</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceansat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-1" title="Oceansat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-2" title="Oceansat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>Resourcesat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-1" title="Resourcesat-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resourcesat-2" title="Resourcesat-2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li>RISAT <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1" title="RISAT-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2" title="RISAT-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2B" title="RISAT-2B">2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-2BR1" title="RISAT-2BR1">2BR1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-D2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARAL" title="SARAL">SARAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCATSAT-1" class="mw-redirect" title="SCATSAT-1">SCATSAT-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Experiment_Satellite" title="Technology Experiment Satellite">Technology Experiment Satellite (TESS)</a></li> <li>Planned: <a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_Imaging_Satellite" title="GEO Imaging Satellite">GISAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceansat-3" title="Oceansat-3">Oceansat-3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Resourcesat-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Resourcesat-3 (page does not exist)">Resourcesat-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RISAT-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="RISAT-1A">RISAT-1A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_Passenger_Payload_Experiment" title="Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment">APPLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_(satellite)" title="Aryabhata (satellite)">Aryabhata</a></li> <li>Rohini <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">RS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(satellite)" title="Rohini (satellite)">Rohini Technology Payload (RTP)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navigation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System" title="Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System">IRNSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1A" title="IRNSS-1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1B" title="IRNSS-1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1C" title="IRNSS-1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1D" title="IRNSS-1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1E" title="IRNSS-1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1F" title="IRNSS-1F">1F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1G" title="IRNSS-1G">1G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRNSS-1I" title="IRNSS-1I">1I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVS-01" title="NVS-01">NVS-01</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANUSAT" title="ANUSAT">ANUSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugnu_(satellite)" title="Jugnu (satellite)">Jugnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRMSAT" title="SRMSAT">SRMSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudSat" title="StudSat">StudSat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/StudSat-2" title="StudSat-2">StudSat-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouthSat" title="YouthSat">YouthSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratham_(satellite)" title="Pratham (satellite)">Pratham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aryabhata Satellite"><img alt="Aryabhata Satellite" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/115px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/173px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg/230px-Aryabhata_Satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="381" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Space probes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">SROSS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretched_Rohini_Satellite_Series" title="Stretched Rohini Satellite Series">C2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrosat" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrosat">Astrosat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aditya-L1" title="Aditya-L1">Aditya-L1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XPoSat" title="XPoSat">XPoSat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstroSat-2" title="AstroSat-2">AstroSat-2</a> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Lunar programme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3#Lander:" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Lunar Polar Exploration Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrayaan-5">Chandrayaan-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chandrayaan-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chandrayaan-6 (page does not exist)">Chandrayaan-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interplanetary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission" title="Mars Orbiter Mission">Mars Orbiter Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Mission_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Orbiter Mission 2">Mars Orbiter Mission 2</a> (planned)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_Orbiter_Mission" title="Venus Orbiter Mission">Venus Orbiter Mission</a> (planned)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human spaceflight</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Human_Spaceflight_Programme" title="Indian Human Spaceflight Programme">Indian Human Spaceflight Programme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment">SRE-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Capsule_Recovery_Experiment_II" title="Space Capsule Recovery Experiment II">SRE-II</a></li> <li>SRE-III</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaganyaan" title="Gaganyaan">Gaganyaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crew_Module_Atmospheric_Re-entry_Experiment" title="Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment">CARE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Antariksha_Station" title="Bharatiya Antariksha Station">Bharatiya Antariksha Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Future spacecraft in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_(ISRO)_facilities208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:ISRO_facilities" title="Template:ISRO facilities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ISRO_facilities" title="Template talk:ISRO facilities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ISRO_facilities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ISRO facilities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_Space_Research_Organisation_(ISRO)_facilities208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO)</a> facilities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research and construction facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_and_Educational_Communication_Unit" title="Development and Educational Communication Unit">Development and Educational Communication Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_R_Rao_Satellite_Centre" title="U R Rao Satellite Centre">U R Rao Satellite Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Propulsion_Complex" title="ISRO Propulsion Complex">ISRO Propulsion Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Applications_Centre" title="Space Applications Centre">Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Inertial_Systems_Unit" title="ISRO Inertial Systems Unit">ISRO Inertial Systems Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Eastern_Space_Applications_Centre" title="North-Eastern Space Applications Centre">North-Eastern Space Applications Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_for_Electro-Optics_Systems" title="Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems">Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Space_Flight_Centre" title="Human Space Flight Centre">Human Space Flight Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tracking and control facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network" title="Indian Deep Space Network">Indian Deep Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO_Telemetry,_Tracking_and_Command_Network" title="ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network">ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network (ISTRAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Science_Data_Centre" title="Indian Space Science Data Centre">Indian Space Science Data Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Control_Facility_(ISRO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Control Facility (ISRO)">Master Control Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">National Remote Sensing Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_(research_station)" title="Bharati (research station)">Antarctica Ground Station for Earth Observation Satellites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre" title="Satish Dhawan Space Centre">Satish Dhawan Space Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumba_Equatorial_Rocket_Launching_Station" title="Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station">Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulasekarapattinam_Spaceport" title="Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport">Kulasekarapattinam Spaceport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Atmospheric_Research_Laboratory" title="National Atmospheric Research Laboratory">National Atmospheric Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Astrophysics" title="Indian Institute of Astrophysics">Indian Institute of Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_Research_Laboratory" title="Physical Research Laboratory">Physical Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-University_Centre_for_Astronomy_and_Astrophysics" title="Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics">Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">Tata Institute of Fundamental Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Natural_Resources_Management_System" title="National Natural Resources Management System">National Natural Resources Management System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_Research_Institute" title="Raman Research Institute">Raman Research Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">Department of Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Research_and_Development_Organisation" title="Defence Research and Development Organisation">Defence Research and Development Organisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Template talk:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies312" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Kenya.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kenya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kenya_Space_Agency" title="Kenya Space Agency">KSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> 2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li>1 Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li>2 Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gandhi_Peace_Prize_laureates51" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gandhi_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gandhi_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Template talk:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhi_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gandhi Peace Prize laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gandhi_Peace_Prize_laureates51" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Peace_Prize" title="Gandhi Peace Prize">Gandhi Peace Prize laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nyerere" title="Julius Nyerere">Julius Nyerere</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Ariyaratne" title="A. T. Ariyaratne">A. T. Ariyaratne</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Fischer_(diplomat)" title="Gerhard Fischer (diplomat)">Gerhard Fischer</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission" title="Ramakrishna Mission">Ramakrishna Mission</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grameen_Bank" title="Grameen Bank">Grameen Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hume" title="John Hume">John Hume</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandi_Prasad_Bhatt" title="Chandi Prasad Bhatt">Chandi Prasad Bhatt</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivekananda_Kendra" title="Vivekananda Kendra">Vivekananda Kendra</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Patra_Foundation" title="Akshaya Patra Foundation">Akshaya Patra Foundation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulabh_International" title="Sulabh International">Sulabh International</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dhei_Sasakawa" title="Yōhei Sasakawa">Yōhei Sasakawa</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboos_bin_Said" title="Qaboos bin Said">Qaboos bin Said</a> (2019) </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Press" title="Gita Press">Gita Press</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229058#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata651" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229058#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata651" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405009274">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133195349">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2078014-X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78092155">United States</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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