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href="#Romano-Byzantine_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Romano-Byzantine era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romano-Byzantine_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_Byzantine_and_Islamic_rivalry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_Byzantine_and_Islamic_rivalry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Period of Byzantine and Islamic rivalry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_Byzantine_and_Islamic_rivalry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadanid_Emirate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadanid_Emirate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Ramadanid Emirate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadanid_Emirate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_and_Egyptian_eras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_and_Egyptian_eras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ottoman and Egyptian eras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_and_Egyptian_eras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adana_massacre_of_1909" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adana_massacre_of_1909"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Adana massacre of 1909</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adana_massacre_of_1909-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Armenian genocide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>French rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Modern Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metropolitan_municipality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metropolitan_municipality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Metropolitan municipality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metropolitan_municipality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Districts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neighbourhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighbourhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Neighbourhoods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighbourhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Local attractions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_attractions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local attractions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mosques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mosques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mosques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mosques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums_and_art_galleries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Museums and art galleries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums_and_art_galleries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkish_Baths_(Hamams)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkish_Baths_(Hamams)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Turkish Baths (Hamams)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkish_Baths_(Hamams)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Parks and gardens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Other Attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Society and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Arts and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arts and entertainment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nightlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nightlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Nightlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nightlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Contemporary life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shopping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shopping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Shopping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shopping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Fairs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Healthcare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intercity_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercity_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Intercity transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercity_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Local transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling_and_walking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling_and_walking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Cycling and walking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling_and_walking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">20</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">21</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adana</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B6%D9%86%D8%A9" title="أضنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أضنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ատանա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ատանա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="আদানা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আদানা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Adana (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Adana (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B4%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Άδανα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άδανα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(Turkia)" title="Adana (Turkia) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adana (Turkia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8B%A4%EB%82%98" title="아다나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아다나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ադանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ադանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אדנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ადანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ადანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edene_(bajar)" title="Edene (bajar) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Edene (bajar)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(Turcia)" title="Adana (Turcia) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adana (Turcia)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Adana (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adana (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="अदना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अदना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ადანა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ადანა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%86%D9%87" title="اضنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اضنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(stad)" title="Adana (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adana (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%80%E3%83%8A" title="アダナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アダナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(Steed)" title="Adana (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Adana (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adan%C3%AB" title="Adanë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adanë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_(mesto_v_Turecku)" title="Adana (mesto v Turecku) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adana (mesto v Turecku)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئادانا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئادانا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="அதனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அதனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อาดานา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาดานา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Одоно – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Одоно" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Адана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="آدانا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آدانا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئادانا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئادانا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%B3" title="阿达纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿达纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%94%E7%B4%8D" title="阿達納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿達納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edene" title="Edene – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Edene" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E7%BA%B3" title="阿达纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿达纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana" title="Adana – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Adana" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38545#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adana&params=37_0_N_35_19.28_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°19.28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.000°N 35.32133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.000; 35.32133</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Turkey</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Turkey. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Adana_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Adana (disambiguation)">Adana (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Mediterranean, Turkey</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Adana</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Seyhan_River.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Adana_Seyhan_River.png/278px-Adana_Seyhan_River.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="129" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg/299px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg/398px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:77px;max-width:77px"><div style="height:132px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_(34360863926).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg/75px-Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg/113px-Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg/150px-Ulu_Cami_mosque_in_Adana9_%2834360863926%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top: aerial view over Adana; <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(Adana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taşköprü (Adana)">Stone Bridge</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ulu_Cami,_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Cami, Adana">Adana Grand Mosque</a>; <a href="/wiki/Merkez_Park" title="Merkez Park">Merkez Park</a>; and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Saat" title="Büyük Saat">Adana Clock Tower</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_city_emblem.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Adana"><img alt="Official logo of Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Adana_city_emblem.png/100px-Adana_city_emblem.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Adana_city_emblem.png/150px-Adana_city_emblem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/Adana_city_emblem.png/200px-Adana_city_emblem.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="296" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem of Adana Metropolitan Municipality</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana is located in Turkey"><img alt="Adana is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/270px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/405px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg/540px-Turkey_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="677" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:78.571%;left:50.619%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Adana"><img alt="Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Adana</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Adana</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkey</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana is located in Asia"><img alt="Adana is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/270px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/405px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/540px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.626%;left:10.681%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Adana"><img alt="Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Adana</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Adana (Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:270px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:270px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:270px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana is located in Earth"><img alt="Adana is located in Earth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/270px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/405px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg/540px-World_location_map_%28equirectangular_180%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.444%;left:59.811%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Adana"><img alt="Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Adana</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Adana (Earth)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Earth</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Adana&params=37_0_N_35_19.28_E_region:TR_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°0′N</span> <span class="longitude">35°19.28′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.000°N 35.32133°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.000; 35.32133</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterranean</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">6000 BC (<span class="currentage"></span>8024 years ago)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">1871 (<span class="currentage"></span>153 years ago)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mayor-council_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor-council government">Mayor-council government</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Adana Metropolitan Municipality</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Zeydan Karalar (<a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,280 km<sup>2</sup> (880 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 m (75 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(end of 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,800,619</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">790/km<sup>2</sup> (2,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Adanalı</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">01xxx</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0322</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_car_number_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish car number plates">Licence plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">01</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adana.bel.tr/">www<wbr />.adana<wbr />.bel<wbr />.tr</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Adana</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a large city in southern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. The city is situated on the <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan River</a>, 35 km (22 mi) inland from the northeastern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. It is the administrative seat of the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana province</a>, and has a population of 1.8 million,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest city in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Region, Turkey">Mediterrenean Region</a> of Turkey. </p><p>Adana lies in the heart of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>, which was once one of the most important regions of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home to six million people, Cilicia is an important agricultural area, owing to the large fertile plain of <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Çukurova</a>. </p><p>Twenty-first century Adana is a centre for regional trade, healthcare, and public and private services. Agriculture and logistics are important parts of the economy. </p><p>The city is connected to Tarsus and Mersin by <a href="/wiki/TCDD_Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1mac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="TCDD Taşımacılık">TCDD</a> train. </p><p>The closest public airport is <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_International_Airport" title="Çukurova International Airport">Çukurova International Airport</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Adana (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[aˈda.na]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/Adana_-_TR.wav\/Adana_-_TR.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Adana - TR.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Adana_-_TR.wav/Adana_-_TR.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_-_TR.wav" title="File:Adana - TR.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Ադանա</span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Άδανα</span>) has been used for over four millennia, making it one of the oldest continuously used place names in the world; the first mention of Adana came in Hittite tablets of around 2000 BC. It has had only minor pronunciation changes despite changing political control.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One theory holds that the city name originates from an <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> expression <i>a danu</i> 'on the river', using the same <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sertkaya_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sertkaya-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Greco-Roman legend suggests that the name of Adana originates from <i>Adanus</i>, the son of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a>, who founded the city next to the river with his brother <i>Sarus</i>, whose name was given to the river.<sup id="cite_ref-Anton_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An older legend, in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> mythologies, attributes the name to the <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">storm and rain god</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad</a>, who lived in the surrounding forests. Hittite manuscripts found in the area reported the legend. The locals had great admiration for the god and called the region <b>Uru Adaniyya</b> ("Adana Region") in his honour. The city inhabitants were called <a href="/wiki/Denyen" title="Denyen">Danuna</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>, the city is mentioned as Adana. For a brief period during the Hellenistic era, it was known as <b>Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Κιλικίας</b> ("Antioch of Cilicia") and as <b>Ἀντιόχεια ἡ πρὸς Σάρον</b> ("Antioch on the Sarus"). On some <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform tablets</a>, the city name was given as <b><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></b>, while some other sources call it <b>Coa</b> which could be the place where <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a> obtained his horses according to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> (I Kings 10:28; II Chronicles 1:16).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is also sometimes suggested that the name is related to the <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Danaoi</a>, the name for Greeks of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian rule</a>, the city was known as <b>Ատանա</b> (Adana) or <b>Ադանա</b> (Atana).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Ali Cevad's <i>Memalik-i Osmaniye Coğrafya Lügat</i> (<i>Ottoman Geographical Dictionary</i>), the Muslims of Adana attributed the city's name to Ebu Süleym Ezene, who was appointed as <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāli">Wāli</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Caliph">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> and Islamic sources call the city <i>Edene</i>, <i>Azana</i> and <i>Batana</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana is considered to be the oldest city of Cilicia, with a history going back for eight millennia, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. The history of the <a href="/wiki/Tepeba%C4%9F" title="Tepebağ">Tepebağ</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a>, to around 6000 BC, the time of the first human settlements. A place called <i>Adana</i> is mentioned by name in the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg/90px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg/135px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg/180px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Hittite_Antropomorphic_terra_cotta_jug_0232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption> Hittite warrior in Adana Archaeological Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first people known to have lived in Adana and the surrounding area were the <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a>. They controlled the Mediterranean coast of Anatolia roughly from 3000 BC to around 1600 BC. </p><p>Then the <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> took over the region which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a>. Inhabited by Luwians and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>, Kizzuwatna had an autonomous governance under Hittite protection, but they had a brief period of independence from the 1500s to 1420s BC. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bo%C4%9Fazkale" title="Boğazkale">Boğazkale</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna</a> was ruling Adana, under the protection of the Hittites, by 1335 BC. With the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Hittite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hittite Empire">Hittite Empire</a> around 1191–1189 BC, native <a href="/wiki/Denyen" title="Denyen">Denyen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea peoples">sea peoples</a> took control of Adana and the plain until around 900 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Philistines_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philistines-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Then <a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Neo-Hittite states</a> were founded in the region with the <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a> state centred on Adana. Quwê and other states were protected by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>, though they had periods of independence too. After the Greek migration into Cilicia in the 8th century BC, the region was unified under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Mopsus" title="Mopsus">Mopsos</a> dynasty<sup id="cite_ref-Fox-211ff_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fox-211ff-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Adana was established as the capital. Bilingual inscriptions of the ninth and eighth centuries found in <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Mopsuestia</a> (modern Yakapınar) were written in <a href="/wiki/Hieroglyphic_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieroglyphic Luwian">hieroglyphic Luwian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a>. The Assyrians took control of the regions several times before their collapse in 612 BC. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_Empire-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Median_Empire-en.svg/225px-Median_Empire-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Median_Empire-en.svg/338px-Median_Empire-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Median_Empire-en.svg/450px-Median_Empire-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Kingdom of Cilicia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cilicians founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Kingdom of Cilicia</a> in 612 BC with the help of <a href="/wiki/Syennesis_(5th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syennesis (5th century)">Syennesis I</a>. The kingdom was independent until the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> in 549 BC, then became an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">satrapy</a> of the Achaemenids until 401 BC. The uncertain loyalty of Syennessis during the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Younger" title="Cyrus the Younger">Cyrus the Younger</a> led <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a> to abolish the Syennesis administration and replace it with a centrally appointed satrap. Archaeological remains of a procession reveal the existence of <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> nobility in Adana.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg/110px-Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg/165px-Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg/220px-Minted_coin_of_Adana_-_250_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Minted coin of Adana, c. 250 BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> the Great entered Cilicia through the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a> in 333 BC. After defeating the Persians at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">Battle of Issus</a>, he installed his own satrap, <a href="/wiki/Balakros" title="Balakros">Balacrus</a>, to oversee the region's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death in 323 BC marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> era, as Greek replaced Luwian as the language of the region. After a short time under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic dominion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> took control of the region in 312 BC. Adanan locals adopted a Greek name - <i>Antioch on Sarus -</i> for the city to demonstrate their loyalty to the Seleucid dynasty. The adopted name and the motifs illustrating the personification of the city seated above the <a href="/wiki/Potamoi" title="Potamoi">river-god</a> <i>Sarus</i> on the city's coins, suggest a special appreciation of the rivers which were a strong part of the Cilician identity.<sup id="cite_ref-MarionMeyer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarionMeyer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Seleucids ruled Adana for more than two centuries until they were weakened by a civil war which led them to offer allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Tigranes_the_Great" title="Tigranes the Great">Tigranes II</a>, the King of Armenia who conquered a vast part of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>. Cilicia became a vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> in 83 BC and new settlements were founded by Armenians in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romano-Byzantine_era">Romano-Byzantine era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Romano-Byzantine era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg/150px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg/225px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg/300px-Istanbul_-_Museo_archeol._-_Adriano_-_Da_Adana_-_sec._II_d.C._-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_28-5-2006_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>The Roman general <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> took over the whole of Cilicia and organised it as a <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Roman province</a> in 64 BC. Adana was of relatively minor importance during this period, while nearby Tarsus and <a href="/wiki/Anazarbus" title="Anazarbus">Anazarbus</a> were more important <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolises</a>. During the era of <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a>, the city was used as a prison for the pirates who frequently ravaged the Cilician coast and disrupted trade. A bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(Adana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taşköprü (Adana)">Sarus</a> (Taşköprü) was built in the early 2nd century, and for several centuries thereafter, the city was a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/way_station" class="extiw" title="wikt:way station">waystation</a> on a Roman military road leading to the East. </p><p>In the early period of Roman rule, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, that had been introduced to the region by the Persians, was still observed in Cilicia as was Judaism which attracted many sympathisers. As home to some of the earliest Christian missionary efforts, Cilicia welcomed Christianity more easily than some other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldHistory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the permanent partitioning of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 395 AD, the Adana area became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, and was probably developed during the time of <a href="/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian the Apostate">Julian the Apostate</a>. With the construction of large bridges, roads, government buildings, irrigation and plantations, Adana and Cilicia became the most developed and important regional trade centres. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg/250px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg/375px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg/500px-Adana_Archaeological_Museum_Achilles%27_Sarcophagus_170-190_AD_0456.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7998" data-file-height="3773" /></a><figcaption>Achilles' Sarcophagus 170–190 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Adana became a Christian <a href="/wiki/Bishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric">bishopric</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_see" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan see">metropolitan see</a> of Tarsus, but was raised to the rank of an autocephalous archdiocese after 680, the year in which its bishop appeared as a simple bishop at the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a>, but before its listing in a 10th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Notitiae_Episcopatuum" title="Notitiae Episcopatuum">Notitiae Episcopatuum</a></i> as an archdiocese. The Bishop Paulinus participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a> in 325. Piso was among the <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arianism</a>-inclined bishops at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Sardica" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Sardica">Council of Sardica</a> (344) who withdrew and set up their own council at Philippopolis; he later returned to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">orthodoxy</a> and signed the profession of <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene faith</a> at a synod in Antioch in 363. Cyriacus was at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> in 381. Anatolius is mentioned in a letter of Saint <a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>. Cyrillus was at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> in 431 and at a synod in Tarsus in 434. Philippus took part in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a signatory of the joint letter of the bishops of <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia Prima</a> to <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Emperor">Byzantine Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> in 458 protesting at the murder of <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a>. Ioannes participated in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> in 680.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No longer a residential bishopric, Adana is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_of_Byzantine_and_Islamic_rivalry">Period of Byzantine and Islamic rivalry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Period of Byzantine and Islamic rivalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png/300px-Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png/450px-Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png/600px-Cilicia_Map_by_Heinrich_Kiepert.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Provincia Cilicia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarus" title="Battle of Sarus">Battle of Sarus</a> in April 625, <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> defeated the forces of <a href="/wiki/Shahrbaraz" title="Shahrbaraz">Shahrbaraz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> that were stationed on the east bank of the river, after a fearless charge across the bridge built by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian</a> (now Taşköprü).<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Omar</a>, Muslims who are commanded by <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Walid" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalid ibn Walid">Khalid ibn Walid</a>, launched columns to raid Cilicia, going as far as Tarsus, in the autumn of 638.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byzantines defended the region from the encroaching <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphates</a> throughout the 7th century, but it was finally conquered in 704 by the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a>. Under Umayyad rule, Cilicia became a <a href="/wiki/No_man%27s_land" title="No man's land">no man's land</a> frontier between Byzantine Christian and Arab Muslim forces.<sup id="cite_ref-Ancient_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ancient-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 746, profiting from the unstable conditions in the Umayyad Caliphate, the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a> took control of Adana. The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> took over rule of the region from the Byzantines after <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a> became caliph in 756. Under Abbasid rule, Muslims started settling in Cilicia for the first time. </p><p>Abandoned for more than fifty years, Adana was garrisoned and re-settled from 758 to 760. So that it could form a <a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim" title="Al-Awasim">thughūr</a> on the Byzantine frontier, Cilicia was colonised by the Turkic Sayābija tribe from <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a>. The city saw rapid economic and cultural growth during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Amin" title="Al-Amin">Al-Amin</a>. Abbasid rule continued for more than two centuries<sup id="cite_ref-AdanaValilik_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdanaValilik-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantines</a> retook control of Adana in 965. The city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucia_(theme)" title="Seleucia (theme)">Seleucia theme</a>. After the great Byzantine defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Battle of Manzikert</a> in 1071, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> was removed from the throne by a coup. He then gathered an army to regain power but was defeated and had to retreat to Adana. There he was forced to surrender after receiving assurances of his personal safety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutulmish" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman ibn Qutulmish">Suleiman ibn Qutulmish</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Seljuk_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate">Anatolian Seljuk Sultanate</a>, annexed Adana in his campaign in 1084. During the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, Cilicia had been criss-crossed by invading armies until it was eventually captured by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Principality of Cilicia</a> in 1132, under its king, <a href="/wiki/Leo_I,_Prince_of_Armenia" title="Leo I, Prince of Armenia">Leo I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was retaken by <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> forces in 1137, but the Armenians regained it again in around 1170. During the Armenian era, Adana continued as a centre for handicrafts and international trade as part of an ancient network from <a href="/wiki/Asia-Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Minor">Asia Minor</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the Near East and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a> merchants frequented the city to sell goods imported through the port at <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Ayas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1268, the devastating <a href="/wiki/1268_Cilicia_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="1268 Cilicia earthquake">Cilicia earthquake</a> destroyed much of the city and eighty years later, in 1348, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> reached the region and caused severe depopulation. Adana remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> until 1359, when the city was lost to the Turkmen supporting the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a> who <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a> captured the plain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramadanid_Emirate">Ramadanid Emirate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ramadanid Emirate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Castle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adana_Castle.jpg/220px-Adana_Castle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adana_Castle.jpg/330px-Adana_Castle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Adana_Castle.jpg/440px-Adana_Castle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Forces of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali of Egypt</a> entering the city. Adana Castle and the city walls seen at back were demolished by them in 1836.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mamluks built garrisons in Tarsus, <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Ayas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarvandikar" title="Sarvandikar">Sarvandikar</a> (Savranda), and left the administration of the plain of Adana to <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks#Üçoks_(Three_Arrows)" title="Oghuz Turks">Yüreğir Turks</a> who had already formed a Mamluk authorised <i>Türkmen Emirate</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Camili,_Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Camili, Yüreğir">Camili</a> area, just southeast of Adana, in 1352. The <a href="/wiki/Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Amir">Emir</a>, Ramazan Bey, designated Adana his capital, and led the Yüreğir Turks as they settled the city. The <a href="/wiki/Ramadanid_Emirate" title="Ramadanid Emirate">Ramadanid Emirate</a>, was <i>de facto</i> independent throughout the 15th century as a result of being a <a href="/wiki/Al-Awasim#Mamluk–Turkmen_frontier" title="Al-Awasim">thughūr</a> in Ottoman-Mamluk relations. In 1517, <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> incorporated the emirate into the Ottoman Empire after his conquest of the Mamluk state. The Ramadanid Beys held onto the administration of the new Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a> of Adana by a hereditary title until 1608. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_and_Egyptian_eras">Ottoman and Egyptian eras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ottoman and Egyptian eras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_(Adana).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg/175px-Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg/263px-Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg/350px-Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_%28Adana%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_(Adana)" title="Surp Asdvadzadzin Cathedral (Adana)">Surp Asdvadzadzin Cathedral</a> (demolished in 1970s)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg/220px-Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg/330px-Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg/440px-Adana_-_River_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Old city centre overlooking Seyhan river</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg/175px-Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg/263px-Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Adana_Armenian_Quarter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="206" /></a><figcaption>Armenian quarter</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> terminated the Ramadanid administration in 1608 after the <a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> and began direct rule from Constantinople through an appointed <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Vali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1832, the Vali of <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a>, invaded <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and reached Cilicia. The <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_K%C3%BCtahya" title="Convention of Kütahya">Convention of Kütahya</a> signed on 14 May 1833 ceded Cilicia to the <i>de facto</i> independent <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a>. At that time, the Sanjak of Adana's population of 68,934 had hardly any urban services.<sup id="cite_ref-Cevdetpaşa_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cevdetpaşa-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first neighbourhood (<a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka,_Adana" title="Karşıyaka, Adana">Verâ-yı Cisr</a>) east of the river was founded and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> were brought from Syria to work in the flourishing agricultural lands. İbrahim Paşa, the son of Muhammad Ali Paşa, demolished Adana Castle and the city walls in 1836. He built the first canals for irrigation and transportation and also built a water system for the residential areas of the town, including wheels that raised the water of the river for public fountains.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Crisis_of_1840" title="Oriental Crisis of 1840">Oriental crisis</a>, the Convention of Alexandria signed on 27 November 1840 required the return of Cilicia to Ottoman sovereignty. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> that broke out in 1861 interrupted the flow of cotton to Europe and European cotton traders turned their attentions to fertile Cilicia. Adana had developed as a hub for cotton trading and had become one of the most prosperous Ottoman cities. New Armenian, Turkish, Greek, <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean</a>, Jewish and Alawite neighbourhoods were founded around what had been a walled city. The <a href="/wiki/Adana%E2%80%93Mersin_railway" title="Adana–Mersin railway">Adana–Mersin railway line</a> opened in 1886, connecting Adana to international ports through the port in Mersin. </p><p>By the turn of the 20th century, further migration attracted by large-scale industrialisation grew Adana's population to over 107,000: That population was made up of 62,250 Muslims (Turks, Alawites, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>, Kurds), 30,000 Armenians, 9,250 <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> (many of whom were <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholics" title="Chaldean Catholics">Chaldean Catholics</a>), 5,000 Greeks, 500 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> and 200 internationals.<sup id="cite_ref-Matossian_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matossian-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adana_massacre_of_1909">Adana massacre of 1909</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adana massacre of 1909"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_City_of_Adana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_City_of_Adana.svg/220px-The_City_of_Adana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_City_of_Adana.svg/330px-The_City_of_Adana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/The_City_of_Adana.svg/440px-The_City_of_Adana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Quarters that were burnt during the massacre of 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 20th century the local economy thrived and the Armenian population doubled as people fled the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidian Massacres">Hamidian massacres</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">revolution</a> of July 1908 brought about the end of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s autocratic rule, the Armenian community felt empowered to imagine an autonomous Cilicia. The <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">CUP's</a> post-revolution mismanagement of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> caused the pro-diversity Vali Bahri Pasha to be removed from office in late 1908. He was replaced by the weak Cevad Bey. Taking advantage of this, Bağdadizade Abdülkadir (later Paksoy), the local leader of the Cemiyet-i Muhammediye, took almost complete control of the local government and led an action plan to "punish" Armenians throughout Cilicia. Rumours of an upcoming Armenian attack, raised tension in the Turkish neighbourhoods. As soon as news of the <a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">countercoup</a> reached Cilicia, enraged members of the Cemiyet-i Muhammediye<sup id="cite_ref-Agos_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agos-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and dissatisfied peasants left out of work by mechanisation flocked to the city on market day. After staying overnight in the city, the groups and their local supporters started attacking Armenian shops on the morning of 14 April 1909. Later in the day the attacks were also directed at Armenian dwellings and spread to the rest of Cilicia. Armed Armenians defended themselves and the clashes lasted until April 17. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg/220px-Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg/330px-Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Survivors_of_the_Adana_Massacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Survivors of the massacre amid ruins of their houses</figcaption></figure> <p>After a week of silence, 850 soldiers from regiments of the Ottoman Army arrived in the city on April 25. Shots were fired at the campground and a rumour immediately spread that the Armenians had opened fire from a church tower. Without even investigating the rumour, the military commander Mustafa Remzi Pasha directed soldiers and <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouks</a> towards the Armenian quarters and for three days they shot people, destroyed buildings and burned down Christian neighbourhoods. The pogroms of 25–27 April were on a much greater scale than the clashes of 14–17 April, and almost all the casualties were Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> of April 1909 resulted in the deaths of 18,839 Armenians, 1,250 Greeks, 850 Assyrians, 422 Chaldeans and 620 Muslims. Adding in the roughly 2,500 <a href="/wiki/Saimbeyli" title="Saimbeyli">Hadjinian</a> and other seasonal workers who disappeared, the death toll in the entire <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Adana">Vilayet</a> is estimated to have been around 25,500. Over the summer 2,000 children died of <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a> and a few thousand adults died of injuries or from epidemics. The massacre orphaned 3,500 children and caused heavy destruction of Christian properties.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kevorkian3_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevorkian3-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cevad Bey and Mustafa Remzi Pasha were sacked and given light sentences for abuse of power, and on 8 August 1909, <a href="/wiki/Djemal_Pasha" title="Djemal Pasha">Djemal Pasha</a> was appointed the new Vali. He quickly rebuilt relations with the surviving Armenian community and gathered financial support to found a new neighbourhood for Armenians called <i>Çarçabuk</i> (now Döşeme). He also ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Adana_D%C3%A2r%C3%BCleyt%C3%A2m" title="Adana Dârüleytâm">two orphanages</a> and the restoration of destroyed buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Agos_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agos-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cilicia section of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin%E2%80%93Baghdad_railway" title="Berlin–Baghdad railway">Berlin–Baghdad railway</a> had opened in 1912, connecting Adana to the Middle East. Within a few years, the city had regained its momentum and by the turn of 1915, the Armenian population numbered up to 30,000, not far short of the figure from before 1909. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_genocide">Armenian genocide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armenian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in May 1915, Vali Ismail Hakkı Bey received an order from <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a>) to deport the Armenians of Adana. The Vali was able to delay the deportations and let the Armenians sell their movable assets to acquire money for the journey. The first convoy of deportees consisting of more than 4,000 Armenians left the city on May 20. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_of_Cilicia" title="Holy See of Cilicia">Catholicos of Cilicia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sahak_II_of_Cilicia" title="Sahak II of Cilicia">Sahak II</a>, wrote a letter to Djemal Pasha, the then Syria-Cilicia General Vali to prevent further deportations and the chief secretary Kerovpe Papazian met the pasha in <a href="/wiki/Aley" title="Aley">Aley</a> in Lebanon in early June and delivered the message of the Catholicos. Djemal Pasha immediately wired the Vali ordering him not to deport more Armenians. As a result of his efforts, the Adana Armenians earned a stay of execution for the summer, while the rest of the Cilician Armenians were being deported and hundreds of thousands of exhausted Armenian deportees from Western Anatolia were passing through the city. Armenian intellectuals <a href="/wiki/Rupen_Zartarian" title="Rupen Zartarian">Rupen Zartarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarkis_Minassian" title="Sarkis Minassian">Sarkis Minassian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazaret_Daghavarian" title="Nazaret Daghavarian">Nazaret Daghavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harutiun_Jang%C3%BClian" title="Harutiun Jangülian">Harutiun Jangülian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karekin_Khajag" title="Karekin Khajag">Karekin Khajag</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Armenian_intellectuals_on_24_April_1915" title="Deportation of Armenian intellectuals on 24 April 1915">deported from Constantinople on April 24th</a>, were kept in custody in the Vilayet offices for a few days. They failed to be able to arrange a meeting with the Catholicos at the <a href="/wiki/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_(Adana)" title="Surp Asdvadzadzin Cathedral (Adana)">Cathedral</a>, their last attempt at survival. Later in June, two prominent leaders, <a href="/wiki/Krikor_Zohrab" title="Krikor Zohrab">Krikor Zohrab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vartkes_Sereng%C3%BClian" title="Vartkes Serengülian">Vartkes Serengülian</a>, were also kept in the city during their final journey towards <a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevorkian2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png/225px-Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png/338px-Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png/450px-Deportation_trains_to_Syria.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Armenians being loaded onto the trains for deportation to Syria</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minister of the Interior, <a href="/wiki/Talaat_Pasha" title="Talaat Pasha">Talaat Pasha</a>, wanted to end the exemption of Adana Armenians and sent his second in command, Ali Munif, to the city in mid-August to order the resumption of the deportations. Ali Munif immediately deported 250 families who were accused of insurrection. Before the remaining Armenians were deported, the Vali again arranged for them to sell their assets. As almost a third of the city's residents were selling their belongings, the city must have seemed like the site of a massive clearance sale. The deportation of 5,000 Armenian families in eight convoys started on 2 September 1915 and continued until the end of October. One thousand craftsmen, state officers and army personnel and their families were exempted from deportation. Unlike the deportees of other Vilayets, many of Adana's Armenians were sent to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> and further south, thereby avoiding the <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir ez-Zor Camps">death camps of Deir ez-Zor</a>, at the request of Djemal Pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevorkian2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the course of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, the death rate of the roughly 25,000 Armenians deported from Adana in 1915 was a lot lower than that of deportees from other regions for three main reasons: there were no reports of direct killings in and around the city; many were deported to the Damascus area; and some had money to keep them going. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_rule">French rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg/200px-Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg/300px-Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg/400px-Senegalese_troops_in_Adana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Senegalese troops arriving in Adana</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg/220px-Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg/330px-Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg/440px-Adana_Task%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_in_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="380" /></a><figcaption>Kalekapısı – entrance to the city from Taşköprü (Stone Bridge) in 1920</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:18em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #B0C4DE;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg/10px-Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg/16px-Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg/21px-Hieroglyph_luwian_za.jpg 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Luwians" title="Luwians">Luwians</a> c.3000–1600 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/17px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/27px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/35px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> 1600s–1500s BC<br /> <a href="/wiki/Kizzuwatna" title="Kizzuwatna">Kizzuwatna (free)</a> 1500s–1420s BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/17px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/27px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg/35px-Hittite_sun_disk.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="268" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> 1420s–1190s BC<br /> <a href="/wiki/Denyen" title="Denyen">Denyen Sea Peoples</a> 1190s–c.900 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg/9px-Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="9" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg/13px-Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg/18px-Cherub_on_a_Neo-Assyrian_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1484" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê / Assyria</a> c.900–612 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg/23px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg/35px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg/46px-CILICIA%2C_Tarsos._Synnesis_III._Circa_425-400_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="252" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cilicia_(ancient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Cilicia (ancient)">Kingdom of Cilicia</a> 612–549 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/15px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/23px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg/30px-Standard_of_Cyrus_the_Great_%28Blue%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia (satrapy)">Achaemenid Empire</a> 549–333 BC<br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/10px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg" decoding="async" width="10" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/15px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg/20px-Nike_of_Samothrake_Louvre_Ma2369_n4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="3485" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)#Empire" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Empire of Alexander</a> 333–323 BC<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_of_Zeus,_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg/12px-Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg/18px-Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg/24px-Eagle_of_Zeus%2C_Ptolemaic_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a> 323–312 BC<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/12px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/18px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/24px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> 312–83 BC<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yervanduni_Armenia,_IV-II_BC.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/15px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/23px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif/30px-Yervanduni_Armenia%2C_IV-II_BC.gif 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="457" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a> 83–64 BC<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/15px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/23px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg/30px-Vexilloid_of_the_Roman_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="343" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Roman Empire</a> 64BC–395AD<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Labarum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/15px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/23px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 395–704<br /> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> 704–746<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Labarum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/15px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/23px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 746–756<br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbasid_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Abbasid_banner.svg/15px-Abbasid_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Abbasid_banner.svg/23px-Abbasid_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Abbasid_banner.svg/30px-Abbasid_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> 756–965<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Labarum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/15px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/23px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 965–1084<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sultanate_of_Rum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="192" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Seljuk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> 1084–1132<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Rubenid_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Principality of Cilicia</a> 1132–1137<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_Labarum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/15px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/23px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Simple_Labarum.svg/30px-Simple_Labarum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="127" data-file-height="178" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> 1137–1170<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg/15px-Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg/23px-Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg/30px-Flag_of_Lusignans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> 1170–1359<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yuregir.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Yuregir.svg/15px-Yuregir.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Yuregir.svg/23px-Yuregir.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Yuregir.svg/30px-Yuregir.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ramadanid_Emirate" title="Ramadanid Emirate">Ramadanid Emirate</a> 1359–1608<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(eight_pointed_star).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%28eight_pointed_star%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Ottoman Empire</a> 1608–1833<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/15px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/30px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt Eyalet</a> 1833–1840<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Ottoman Empire</a> 1840–1918<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cilicia#French_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Cilicia">French Cilicia</a> 1918–1922<br /> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Turkey</a> 1922–present </p> </blockquote> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg/200px-Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg/300px-Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg/400px-Adana_-_Rue_Principale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Rue Principale (now Alimünif St) in Adana's old town centre</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/225px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/338px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg/450px-Adana_Vilayet_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Cilicie Palais de Gouvernement (now Seyhan District Hall) in the town centre</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, signed on 30 October 1918, ended Ottoman participation in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. The terms of the armistice ceded control of Cilicia to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. In December the French government sent four battalions of the <a href="/wiki/French_Armenian_Legion" title="French Armenian Legion">Armenian Legion</a> to take over Adana and oversee the repatriation of more than 170,000 Armenians to Cilicia. Returning Armenians negotiated with France to establish an autonomous <i>State of Cilicia</i> and <a href="/wiki/Mihran_Damadian" title="Mihran Damadian">Mihran Damadian</a>, the chief negotiator for the Armenians, signed a provisional <i>Constitution of Cilicia</i> in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-war life resumed with the re-opening of churches, schools, cultural centres and businesses. </p><p>However, the French forces were spread thinly across Cilicia and the villages to which people returned came under attack from the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Kuva-yi_Milliye" title="Kuva-yi Milliye">Kuva-yi Milliye</a>. The costs and difficulties associated with the repatriation process, and growing Arab nationalism within the Syria mandate forced the French High Commissioners to meet the Turkish leader, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a>, several times in late 1919 and early 1920, resulting in a halt to the deployment of extra forces to Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-Güven_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Güven-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A truce arranged on 28 May 1920 between the French and the Kemalists, led the French forces to retreat south of the <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a> railroad. The subsequent evacuation of thousands of Armenians from <a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Sis</a> and its environs and their migration to Adana raised the number of Armenians in the city to more than 100,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Moumdjian_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moumdjian-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout June, the Armenian Legion, along with repatriated <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a>, committed vengeful acts against the Turks, killing hundreds around <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filoba,_Seyhan" title="Yeşiloba, Seyhan">Kahyaoğlu</a>, Kocavezir, <a href="/wiki/Camili,_Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Camili, Yüreğir">Camili</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ncirlik" title="İncirlik">İncirlik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Çelik_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Çelik-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 July 1920, to ease the overpopulation south of the railroad, a Franco-Armenian operation forced the local Turkish population to escape north. Roughly 40,000 Turks from Adana and around fled to the countryside and to the mountains north, an event known as the <a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident"><i>Kaç Kaç</i> incident</a>, which lasted for four days and claimed hundreds of lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Tricolor_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tricolor-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Turkish Cilician Society (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kilikyalılar Cemiyeti</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Defence_of_National_Rights" title="Association for Defence of National Rights">national defence associations</a> then met at a congress in <a href="/wiki/Pozant%C4%B1" title="Pozantı">Pozantı</a> on 5 August 1920 to re-establish Turkish rule over Cilicia.<sup id="cite_ref-PozantiCongress_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PozantiCongress-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, Mihran Damadian declared the autonomy of Cilicia by coming to an agreement with the city's Christian communities. However, the French government did not recognise its autonomy, expelled the community leaders and disbanded the Armenian Legion in September.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevorkian2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the political environment changed, the French abandoned all claims to Cilicia, which they had originally hoped to attach to their <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">mandate over Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moumdjian_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moumdjian-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 March 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Peace_Treaty" title="Cilicia Peace Treaty">Cilicia Peace Treaty</a> was signed between France and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a>. However, it did not achieve its intended goals and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ankara_(1921)" title="Treaty of Ankara (1921)">Treaty of Ankara</a>, signed on 20 October 1921. Under the terms of this agreement, France recognised the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia War">Cilicia War</a> and agreed to withdraw provided that the Christian communities' rights were protected.<sup id="cite_ref-Ankara_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ankara-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those Armenians who were not satisfied with such guarantees rushed to Mersin port and <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a>, and had evacuated their homeland of two millennia by December 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French troops together with the remaining Armenian volunteers then withdrew from the city on 5 January 1922. </p><p>In 1922, up to 10,000 local Greeks moved to Greece before the policy of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_population_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish population exchange">Greco-Turkish population exchange</a> took effect.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hrant_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hrant-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 172,000 Armenians in the Adana area just before the Cilicia Evacuation, 80,000 took refuge in Syria or Lebanon while up 10,000 of them migrated to Cyprus, Izmir and Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-Üstün_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Üstün-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gauin_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gauin-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remained 82,000 or so Armenians most likely remained in the Adana area and assimilated into Turkish/Muslim society. Armenians who settled in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> founded the <i>Nor Adana</i> (English: New Adana) neighbourhood within the mostly Armenian <a href="/wiki/Bourj_Hammoud" title="Bourj Hammoud">town of Bourj Hammoud</a>, north-east of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1920s onwards, around 60 percent of Cilician Armenians moved to <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>. An informal census of 1941 revealed that 70 percent of all the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Argentine">Armenian Argentines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> had Adana origins.<sup id="cite_ref-Adana’dan_Buenos_Aires’e_uzun_bir_yolculuk:_Arjantin’de_Ermeni_Diasporası_|_Agos_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adana’dan_Buenos_Aires’e_uzun_bir_yolculuk:_Arjantin’de_Ermeni_Diasporası_|_Agos-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Turkey">Modern Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 15 April 1923, just before the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, the Turkish government enacted the "Law of Abandoned Properties" which confiscated the properties of Armenians and Greeks who were not present there. Adana became one of the cities with the most confiscated property, which meant that <a href="/wiki/Muhacir" title="Muhacir">muhacirs</a> (immigrants) from the Balkans and <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, as well as migrants from <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darende" title="Darende">Darende</a> were resettled in the Armenian and Greek neighbourhoods, with more modest pieces of land, houses and workshops distributed to them. The large farms, factories, stores and mansions were granted to Kayseri notables (e.g. Nuh Naci Yazgan, Nuri Has, Mustafa Özgür) and to local nationalists (e.g. Sefa Özler, Ali Münif) as promised at the <a href="/wiki/Sivas_Congress" title="Sivas Congress">Sivas Congress</a> by Mustafa Kemal (later <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cezmi3_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cezmi3-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within a decade, the city experienced drastic demographic change, socially and economically, and turned into an almost entirely Muslim/Turkish city.<sup id="cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HrantAdana-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Jews and Christians were hammered by the burden of the <a href="/wiki/Varl%C4%B1k_Vergisi" title="Varlık Vergisi">Wealth Tax</a> in 1942, causing most to leave Adana, selling their properties at way below their actual value to families like the <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_family" title="Sabancı family">Sabancıs</a>, who built their wealth on such confiscated or undervalued properties. </p><p>On 27 June 1998, the city was hit by a <a href="/wiki/1998_Adana%E2%80%93Ceyhan_earthquake" title="1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake">6.2 magnitude earthquake</a> which killed 145 and left 1500 people wounded and many thousand homeless in the city centre and in Ceyhan district. The economic loss was estimated at about US$1 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-ey_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ey-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 6 February 2023, Adana was one of the major cities in Southern Turkey affected by a <a href="/wiki/2023_Turkey%E2%80%93Syria_earthquake" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake">7.8 magnitude earthquake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seyhan_River,_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg/220px-Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg/330px-Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg/440px-Seyhan_River%2C_%C3%87atalan_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan River</a> in Çatalan (North of Adana)</figcaption></figure> <p>Adana is located on the <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37th parallel north</a> on the northeastern edge of the Mediterranean, occupying the center of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Cilician plain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Çukurova</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'the Trough Plain'); a relatively large stretch of flat, fertile land that lies southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan</a> (likely from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Σάρος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Ancient Greek-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Sáros</i></span>) divides Adana into its two metropolitan districts, and is the main source for Adana's fertile <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvial</a> soils, while also being responsible for the region's proclivity to regular winter and spring floods, which affected the city until embankments were built in the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Dam" title="Seyhan Dam">Seyhan Dam</a>, completed in 1956, was constructed for hydroelectric power, along with plans to irrigate the lower Çukurova plain more regularly than the floodplain could naturally provide. Therefore, two irrigation channels now flow into the plain, crossing the city centre from east to west. </p><p>Heading west across Cilicia from Adana, the path to <a href="/wiki/Tarsus,_Mersin" title="Tarsus, Mersin">Tarsus</a> crosses the foothills of the Taurus Mountains, eventually reaching an altitude of nearly 1,200 metres (4,000 ft) while passing through the <a href="/wiki/Cilician_Gates" title="Cilician Gates">Cilician Gates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Gülek Boğazı</i>), a rocky mountain pass functioning as the main artery to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Anatolia Region">Turkish hinterland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:202px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:-920px; top:-660px; width:2500px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Köppen map of Adana Province and surrounding regions:[48]   BSk   Csa   Csb   Dsa   Dsb   Dsc   ET"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/2500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2500" height="1170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/3750px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/5000px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/2500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="2500" height="1170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/3750px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg/5000px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present_with_provinces.svg" title="File:Koppen-Geiger Map TUR present with provinces.svg"> </a></div>Köppen map of Adana Province and surrounding regions:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394559">.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media(min-width:300px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key,.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}}@media(min-width:450px){.mw-parser-output figure[typeof="mw:File/Thumb"] .image-key-wide{column-count:3}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist image-key image-key-wide"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB63; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cold_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold semi-arid climate">BSk</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hot-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot-summer Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6C700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Warm-summer_Mediterranean_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm-summer Mediterranean climate">Csb</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FE; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dsa</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C600C7; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dsb</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#963295; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dsc</a></div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">ET</a></div></li></ul></div></div> </div></div> <p>Adana has a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<i>Csa</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> classification, and a dry summer subtropical climate (<i>Cs</i>) under the <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a> classification. Winters are mild and wet. Frost does occasionally occur at night almost every winter, but snow is a very rare phenomenon. Summers are long, hot, humid and dry. During heatwaves, the temperature often reaches or exceeds 40 °C (104.0 °F). The highest recorded temperature was on 13 August 2023 at 45.7 °C (114.3 °F). The lowest recorded temperature was on 20 January 1964 at −8.1 °C (17.4 °F). </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Adana (1991–2020, extremes 1929-2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF0100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.3<br />(106.3) </td> <td style="background: #ED0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.8<br />(109.0) </td> <td style="background: #D70000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4<br />(111.9) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.7<br />(114.3) </td> <td style="background: #CD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">45.1<br />(113.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.5<br />(106.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3<br />(93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #C50000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.7<br />(114.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.9<br />(94.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2<br />(91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.5<br />(85.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.6<br />(78.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA449; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.7<br />(63.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6<br />(83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.6<br />(79.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3<br />(43.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE0C2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.9<br />(48.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">14.7<br />(58.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.9<br />(23.2) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB871; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.8<br />(58.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td> <td style="background: #F9F9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(38.3) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.4<br />(24.1) </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−8.1<br />(17.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #59FF59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">111.1<br />(4.37) </td> <td style="background: #79FF79; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.9<br />(3.22) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.2<br />(2.33) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.2<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(0.80) </td> <td style="background: #ECFFEC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(0.48) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4<br />(0.41) </td> <td style="background: #D8FFD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.1<br />(0.99) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.7<br />(1.56) </td> <td style="background: #86FF86; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.4<br />(3.09) </td> <td style="background: #29FF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">143.0<br />(5.63) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">680.8<br />(26.80) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.00 </td> <td style="background: #7C7CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.63 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.13 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.00 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.83 </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.77 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.20 </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.83 </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.87 </td> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.43 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.77 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.03 </td> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">74.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.9 </td> <td style="background: #0101FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #0303FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66.7 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #0505FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.3 </td> <td style="background: #1414FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">61.4 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000FE; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">66.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BFBF2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">139.5 </td> <td style="background: #C7C700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">144.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">186.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">213.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">282.1 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.0 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">334.8 </td> <td style="background: #F3F317; color:#000000;" class="notheme">322.4 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">270.0 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229.4 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177.0 </td> <td style="background: #BDBD33; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.4 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,752.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #BDBD36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3 </td> <td style="background: #C8C800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.6 </td> <td style="background: #F1F111; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #EDED09; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkish State Meteorological Service</a><sup id="cite_ref-TMS_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TMS-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity, 1991-2020)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg/220px-Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg/330px-Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg/440px-Old_City_Hall_Adana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Former City Hall</figcaption></figure> <p>Adana Metropolitan Municipality covers an area of 30 km<sup>2</sup> (12 sq mi) around the City Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four levels of government are involved in the administration of the city; national, provincial, metropolitan and district municipalities.The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Turkey" title="Politics of Turkey">Government of Turkey</a> in Ankara holds most of the power: health, education, the police and many other city-related services are administered by <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> through an appointed Governor. The national government is also the lawmaker, adjudicator and auditor of all the other levels of government and the neighbourhood administration. Municipal governance is run via a two-tier structure: the Metropolitan Municipality forms the upper tier and the district municipalities form the lower tier. The Metropolitan Municipality takes care of construction and the maintenance of major roads and parks, and operates local transit and fire services.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district municipalities are responsible for neighbourhood streets, parks, garbage collections and cemetery services. The district municipalities are further divided into neighbourhoods (<a href="/wiki/Mahalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalle">mahalle</a>) administrations, the smallest administrative units of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metropolitan_municipality">Metropolitan municipality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Metropolitan municipality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG/220px-Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG/330px-Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG/440px-Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre" title="Orhan Kemal Cultural Centre">Orhan Kemal Cultural Centre</a> belonging to Çukurova Municipality </figcaption></figure> <p>Adana Municipality was incorporated in 1871 though the city continued to be governed under the <a href="/wiki/Muhtesip" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhtesip">muhtesip</a> system until 1877 by the first mayor Gözlüklü Süleyman Efendi. Modern municipal governance began with the second mayor <a href="/wiki/Kirkor_Bezdikyan" title="Kirkor Bezdikyan">Kirkor Bezdikyan</a> and his successor Sinyor Artin. Roads were widened and paved with cobblestones, drainage canals and trenches were cut, and the first municipal regulations were put into effect. After the founding of the republic in 1923, major infrastructure projects were carried out and the first planned neighbourhoods were built to the north of the city. Turhan Cemal Beriker served as mayor and governor from 1926 to 1938. With the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Dam" title="Seyhan Dam">Seyhan Dam</a> in 1956, the city saw explosive growth and the then prime minister <a href="/wiki/Adnan_Menderes" title="Adnan Menderes">Adnan Menderes</a> showed special interest in Adana, initiating large-scale infrastructure projects like citywide underground sewer systems and rezoning residential areas. Since 1984, the cityscape has seen great change with the revitalisation of the Seyhan river and the construction of large parks and boulevards.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Metropolitan Municipality Law was introduced in 1989 when municipal governance was split between the metropolitan municipality and the district municipalities. Adana Municipality became the Metropolitan Municipality and two new district municipalities - Seyhan and Yüreğir - were founded. Karaisalı was annexed to the city in 2006, while the Çukurova and Sarıçam districts were founded in 2008 by partitioning the Seyhan and Yüreğir districts. On 3 February 2012, <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a> Municipal Council agreed to amalgamate with Adana, hence <a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a> will become the city's sixth district after the transition process is complete.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Metropolitan Municipality consists of three organs: the Metropolitan Council, the Mayor and the Encümen or Executive Committee. Each district municipal council elects one-fifth of their members to represent it at the metropolitan council. Thus, the metropolitan council consists of 35 councillors, ten from Seyhan district, eight from Yüreğir, eight from Çukurova, six from Sarıçam, two from Karaisalı and the metropolitan mayor who is elected directly by the voters.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The executive committee consists of ten members, five being metropolitan councillors and the other five directors at the metropolitan hall who are appointed by the metropolitan mayor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Districts">Districts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana,_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.,_Seyhan-Adana,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(39).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg/220px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg/330px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg/440px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2839%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Adana park view</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana,_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.,_Seyhan-Adana,_Turkey_-_panoramio_(51).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg/220px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg/330px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg/440px-Adana%2C_Re%C5%9Fatbey_Mh.%2C_Seyhan-Adana%2C_Turkey_-_panoramio_%2851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Adana park view</figcaption></figure> <p>The City of Adana consists of the urban areas of the four metropolitan districts; Seyhan, Yüreğir, Çukurova and Sarıçam. Seyhan district is fully within the city limits whereas the Yüreğir, Çukurova and Sarıçam districts have rural areas outside the city. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan district</a>, west of the Seyhan River, is the city's cultural and business centre. The <a href="/wiki/State_road_D400_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="State road D400 (Turkey)">D-400</a> state road (also called Turhan Cemal Beriker Boulevard within the city limits) divides the district into north and south. Seyhan north of the D-400 is the most economically developed part of the city. Hotels, cultural centres, commercial and public buildings line the D-400. The Old Town to the south of the D-400 is the shopping district with a mixture of traditional and modern shops. South of the old town is a low-income residential area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova district</a> is a modern residential district that lies north of Seyhan district and south of the Seyhan Reservoir. It was planned in the mid-1980s to direct the <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> towards land north of the city. Called <b>New Adana</b>, the project consisted of 200,000 homes including <a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">villas</a> along the lake shore and high-rise apartment blocks along the wide, newly opened boulevards of Turgut Özal, Süleyman Demirel and Kenan Evren.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir district</a>, east of the river, consists mainly of large-scale industry and low-income residential areas. With the construction of new bridges over the river and the extension of the metro line, Yüreğir became increasingly important, with the Adana Court of Justice re-locating to the district and a 47.5-hectare health campus planned for the Kazım Karabekir neighbourhood.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extensive urban redevelopment plan will also convert the Sinanpaşa, Yavuzlar, Köprülü and Kışla neighbourhoods into modern residential areas.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The district of <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a> lies north and east of Yüreğir and consists of former municipalities that were amalgamated into the City of Adana in 2008. Some of the city's larger institutions are in Sarıçam such as <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_University" title="Çukurova University">Çukurova University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">İncirlik Air Base</a> and the Organised Industrial Region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neighbourhoods">Neighbourhoods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neighbourhoods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individual neighbourhoods (<a href="/wiki/Mahalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahalle">mahalle</a>) are administrative units within the district municipalities and are administered by the <a href="/wiki/Muhtar_(title)" title="Muhtar (title)">muhtar</a> (headman) and the Neighborhood Seniors Council. Although elected by the neighbourhood residents, the muhtar is not granted any powers but functions as an administrator of the national government. The muhtar can raise neighbourhood issues with the district municipality and has a seat at the Adana City Assembly, an umbrella organisation for the coordination of public institutions in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though neighbourhood administrations cannot provide social services nor provide funding to increase the involvement of residents in local issues, many residents still identify strongly with their neighbourhoods. </p><p>There are a total of 254 neighbourhoods in the city. <a href="/wiki/Seyhan#Neighborhoods" title="Seyhan">Seyhan has 99 neighbourhoods</a>, 69 of them in the original urban area and 30 in the neighbourhoods of the former municipalities and the former villages that were converted into neighbourhoods. <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir#Neighborhoods" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir has 99 neighbourhoods</a>, 38 in the urban area and 61 in the rural. There are <a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am#Neighborhoods" title="Sarıçam">29 neighbourhoods in Sarıçam</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana#Neighborhoods" title="Çukurova, Adana">16 neighbourhoods in Çukurova</a> and 11 in Karaisalı district. A neighbourhood population can range from 150 to 63,000.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some neighbourhoods, especially in the Çukurova district, are very large—almost the size of a town—making access to muhtars difficult. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tepeba%C4%9F" title="Tepebağ">Tepebağ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kayal%C4%B1ba%C4%9F,_Seyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kayalıbağ, Seyhan (page does not exist)">Kayalıbağ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC,_Seyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuruköprü, Seyhan (page does not exist)">Kuruköprü</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sar%C4%B1yakup,_Seyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarıyakup, Seyhan (page does not exist)">Sarıyakup</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alidede,_Seyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alidede, Seyhan (page does not exist)">Alidede</a> are the historical neighbourhoods of Adana. The planned neighbourhoods of the Republican era - <a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fatbey" title="Reşatbey">Reşatbey</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cemalpa%C5%9Fa,_Seyhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cemalpaşa, Seyhan (page does not exist)">Cemalpaşa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurtulu%C5%9F,_Seyhan" title="Kurtuluş, Seyhan">Kurtuluş</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1narl%C4%B1,_Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Çınarlı, Sarıçam">Çınarlı</a> - form the core of the city's cultural life. <a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCzelyal%C4%B1,_%C3%87ukurova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Güzelyalı, Çukurova (page does not exist)">Güzelyalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karsl%C4%B1lar,_%C3%87ukurova" title="Karslılar, Çukurova">Karslılar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurttepe" title="Kurttepe">Kurttepe</a> are scenic neighbourhoods overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a> reservoir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BDK_(_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik)_Mountain_(3756_m)._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg/220px-BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg/330px-BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg/440px-BDK_%28_Buyuk_Demir_Kazik%29_Mountain_%283756_m%29._Aladaglar_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alada%C4%9Flar_National_Park" title="Aladağlar National Park">Aladağlar National Park</a> in Adana Province is a popular tourism destination.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg/220px-Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg/330px-Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg/440px-Aladaglar_-_Yedigoller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4703" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alada%C4%9Flar_National_Park" title="Aladağlar National Park">Aladağlar National Park</a> during winter</figcaption></figure> <p>A major centre for grain and cotton production in the Ottoman period, Adana was one of Turkey's first industrialised cities and is now one of its most economically developed cities.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mid-size trading city until the mid-1800s, the city attracted European traders after the United States, a major cotton supplier, became embroiled in its <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Cilician farmers exported agricultural products for the first time and started building up capital. By the start of the 20th century, factories, almost all of them processing cotton, began to operate here. The coming of the Republic accelerated industrialisation as closed plants were re-activated and state-owned plants opened. With the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Dam" title="Seyhan Dam">Seyhan Dam</a> and improvements in agricultural techniques, there was an explosive growth in agricultural production during the 1950s. Large-scale industry grew up along the D-400 highway and the Karataş road. A service industry, especially banking, developed during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rapid economic growth continued until the mid-1980s and movie makers were attracted to the region. </p><p>Extensive <a href="/wiki/Neo-liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-liberal">neo-liberal</a> policies adopted by then Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> to centralise Turkey's economy caused almost all the Adana-based companies to move their headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The decline in cotton planting raised the cost of raw material for manufacturing, and the city saw a wave of plant closures starting from the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young professionals fled the city, contributing to Adana's unenviable status as the country's top <a href="/wiki/Brain_drain" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain drain">brain drain</a> city. Financial and human capital flight from Adana has continued to increase since 2002 due to the government's neo-liberal centralisation policies similar to Özal's. In 2010, unemployment in the city reached a record 19.1 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 20 years of stagnation, Adana's economy is starting to pick up again with investments in the tourism and service industries, and the wholesale and retail sectors, and the city is being re-shaped as a regional centre. </p><p>Adana was named among the 25 <i>European Regions of the Future</i> for 2006/2007 by <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Direct_Investment" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Direct Investment">Foreign Direct Investment</a></i> magazine. Chosen alongside <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit" title="İzmit">Kocaeli</a>, Adana scored the highest points for cost effectiveness against Kocaeli's points for infrastructure development, while the two towns tied for points in the categories of human resources and quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commerce">Commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg/220px-Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg/330px-Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg/440px-Adana_Fen_Lisesi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Interior view of Adana Science High School</figcaption></figure> <p>A leading commercial centre in southern Turkey, Adana hosts the regional headquarters of many corporate and public institutions. TÜYAP Exhibition and Congress Center hosts fairs and business conferences, and is currently the main meeting point for businesses in Çukurova.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic oriented 2000-seater Alper Akınoğlu Congress Center is expected to open in 2012 at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_University" title="Çukurova University">Çukurova University</a> campus.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The Adana Chamber of Commerce (ATO)</b> was founded in 1894 to guide and regulate the cotton trade and it is one of the oldest of its kind in Turkey. Today the Chamber has more than 25,000 member companies, and furthers the interests of businesses and advocates on their behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Adana Commodity Exchange</b>, founded in 1913, functions mainly to organise the trade in agricultural produce and livestock. It is located opposite the Metropolitan Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designation of the coastal areas of Ceyhan and <a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a> districts as Energy-specific Industrial Areas has made Adana an attraction for hotel building. Current 5-star hotels of the city, <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Hotels" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Hotels">Hilton</a>, Seyhan and Sürmeli will be complemented by <a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotels_and_Resorts" title="Sheraton Hotels and Resorts">Sheraton</a> and Türkmen hotels on the river bank, <a href="/wiki/Ramada" title="Ramada">Ramada</a> and Divan hotels in the city center, Anemon hotel at the west end which are all currently under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana is the marketing and distribution centre for the Çukurova agricultural region, where cotton, wheat, corn, soy bean, barley, grapes and citrus fruits are produced in great quantities. Adana's farmers produce half of Turkey's corn and soy beans. Thirty-four percent of Turkey's peanuts and 29 percent of Turkey's oranges are harvested in Adana.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the local farming and agricultural-based companies have their offices in Adana. Producer co-operatives play a significant role in the city's economy. Çukobirlik, Turkey's largest co-operative producer, has 36,064 members in ten provinces and does everything from planting to the marketing of cotton, peanuts, soybeans, sunflowers and canola.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The Adana Agriculture Fair</b> is the region's largest fair attracting more than 100,000 visitors from twenty nations. It hosts agriculture, livestock, poultry and dairy businesses. A Greenhouse and Gardening Fair takes place at the same time as the Agriculture Fair which is organised on a 3.5-hectare area of the TÜYAP Exhibition Center every October.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana's large-scale industry is mostly centred on agriculture. Food processing and fabricating metal products are major industries, making up 27 percent of Adana's manufacturing,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but furniture and rubber/plastic product manufacturing plants are also numerous. As of 2008<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Adana has eleven companies in Turkey's top 500 industrial firms.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest company in Adana, <a href="/wiki/Temsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Temsa">Temsa</a> Global, an automotive manufacturer, has more than 2500 employees and manufactures 4000 buses annually. Marsan-Adana is the largest margarine and plant oil factory in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advansa Sasa is Europe's largest polyester manufacturer employing 2650.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Organised Industrial Region of Adana covers an area of 1225 hectare with 300 plants, most of them medium-scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 31 December 2022, the total population of the four districts which comprise the city was 1,810,646.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This total includes 31,183 living in rural areas outside the city, mainly in Sarıçam District. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">District </th> <th colspan="11">City Population </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>2014 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a> </td> <td>779,232 </td> <td>788,722 </td> <td>797,563 </td> <td>800,387 </td> <td>793,480 </td> <td>796,286 </td> <td>792,536 </td> <td>795,012 </td> <td>787,771 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a> </td> <td>419,240 </td> <td>419,011 </td> <td>419,902 </td> <td>424,999 </td> <td>415,198 </td> <td>414,574 </td> <td>407,054 </td> <td>404,726 </td> <td>402,345 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova</a> </td> <td>353,680 </td> <td>359,315 </td> <td>362,351 </td> <td>364,118 </td> <td>365,735 </td> <td>376,390 </td> <td>389,319 </td> <td>389,175 </td> <td>374,205 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a> </td> <td>143,547 </td> <td>150,425 </td> <td>156,748 </td> <td>163,833 </td> <td>173,154 </td> <td>181,610 </td> <td>208,227 </td> <td>221,783 </td> <td>236.298 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td><b>1,695,699</b> </td> <td><b>1,717,473</b> </td> <td><b>1,736,564</b> </td> <td><b>1,753,337</b> </td> <td><b>1,747,567</b> </td> <td><b>1,768,860</b> </td> <td><b>1,797,136</b> </td> <td><b>1,810,646</b> </td> <td><b>1,800,619</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two-thirds of Adana's residents live west of the Seyhan River, where the city was first founded. East of the river <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> has been restricted by large institutions such as Çukurova University and the Incirlik Air Base. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, during the 17th century, the town was mostly composed of Turkomans but also included Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An Ottoman tax register from 1526 records sixteen Turkish and one Armenian residential area.<sup id="cite_ref-Prophets_page_39_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prophets_page_39-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 17th century more Armenians and Greeks settled in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Prophets_page_39_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prophets_page_39-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1885</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">69,266</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1908 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">107,450</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+55.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1927 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,577</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−32.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1955 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">100,367</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">574,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+472.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,130,710</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+96.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,797,136</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+58.9%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The demographics of the city changed significantly in the 1990s after the massive migration of Kurds, many of them having been forced to leave their villages in the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Anatolia_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Anatolia Region">southeast</a> at the peak of the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict#Kurdish–Turkish_conflict_(1978–present)" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Turkey–PKK conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conos, a tribe of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, settled in Adana during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>; today they mainly live around the Sinanpaşa neighbourhood. Around 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> live in Adana Province.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a sizeable community of migrants from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasia</a>, who settled in Adana before and during the Balkan Wars. </p><p>There were 172,000 Armenians in the Adana area in 1921, just before the Cilicia Evacuation. Around 82,000 of them were not sent into exile which explains why they remained in Adana and assimilated into Turkish society.<sup id="cite_ref-Üstün_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Üstün-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten thousand to 15,000 of the descendants, who are known as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Armenians">Crypto-Armenians</a>, still practise their Armenian/Christian culture behind closed doors.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many descendants of the Armenian children given to orphanages or to Muslim families for fostering in 1909 and 1915. Altogether, Adana may have the largest number of assimilated Armenians in contemporary Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adana is home to a community of around 2,000 British and Americans serving at <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">NATO's Incirlik Air Base</a>. Before 2003, the community numbered up to 22,000 but it declined after many troops were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As with other cities on the Mediterranean and Aegean coasts, Adana has a strong <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> population. Amongst the people of faith, the majority of Turks, most of the Kurds and some of the Arabs are Sunni Muslim. Adana is also a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a>, many Alevis having moved to the city from <a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F" title="Kahramanmaraş">Kahramanmaraş</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_massacre" title="Maraş massacre">Maraş Massacre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mara%C5%9F_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraş Massacre">1978</a>. Most of the Arabs of Adana are <a href="/wiki/Alawites_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Turkey">Alawites</a> and often confused with Alevis. Alawite Arabs are known locally as <a href="/wiki/Nusayri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusayri">Nusayri</a> or <i>Fellah</i>. Adana also has a tiny community of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a> and a few <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_attractions">Local attractions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Local attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/700px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="700" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/1050px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg/1400px-Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC%27n%C3%BCn_Panoramik_Foto%C4%9Fraf%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="2169" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panoramic view of Stone Bridge (Taşköprü) in Adana. Built in the Roman era, it is a prominent symbol of the city.</div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_(33592688243).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg/220px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg/330px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg/440px-Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_3_%2833592688243%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>Historic rowhouses, Tepebağ</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_(34271945161)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Adana_old_market_and_clocktower_%2834271945161%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Saat" title="Büyük Saat">The Great Clock Tower</a> (Büyük Saat Kulesi)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first traces of settlement in the quarter of <a href="/wiki/Tepeba%C4%9F" title="Tepebağ">Tepebağ</a>, can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic age">Neolithic Age</a>. The quarter is next to the Taşköprü stone bridge and on a hill which gave it its name Tepebağ, meaning 'garden on the hill'. The city administration has launched a campaign to preserve the Ottoman houses near the river. A house where Atatürk stayed on Seyhan Caddesi now houses the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_(Adana)" title="Atatürk Museum (Adana)">Atatürk Museum</a>. </p><p>Adana's golden age for architecture was the late 15th and 16th centuries when the <a href="/wiki/Ramadanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadanids">Ramadanid principality</a> chose it as their capital. The city grew rapidly during that period with many new neighbourhoods and most of the historical landmarks being built during this period. Thus <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuqid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqid">Seljukid</a> styles of architecture are dominant in Adana's architectural history. <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Adana)" title="Stone Bridge (Adana)">Taşköprü</a> is the only remaining landmark from the Roman-Byzantine era, while a few public buildings were built during Ottoman rule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Mosques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Adana_Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii" title="Sabancı Merkez Camii">Sabancı Central Mosque</a> (Sabancı Merkez Cami)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ulu_Cami_(Adana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Cami (Adana)">Ulu Cami</a>, a <a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">külliye</a> built in 1541 during the Ramadanid era, is the most interesting medieval mosque to survive in Adana along with its <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">medrese</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a>. The mosque is made from black and white marble with decorative window surrounds and is famous for the 16th century <a href="/wiki/Iznik" class="mw-redirect" title="Iznik">Iznik</a> tiles lining the interior. The minaret features unique Mamluk decoration and an orthogonal floor plan. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9F_Camii" class="mw-redirect" title="Yağ Camii">Yağ Camii</a> was originally built as the Church of St. James, then converted into a mosque by Ramazanoğlu Halil Bey in 1501.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor Piri Mehmet Paşa added its <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> in 1525 and its <a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">medrese</a> in 1558. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Seljuqid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuqid">Seljukid</a> Grand Mosque style and has an attractive gate made of yellow stone. </p><p><b>The Yeni Camii (New Mosque)</b> was built in 1724 by Abdülrezzak Antaki, and is still known to some as the Antaki Mosque. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk architecture</a> is visible. A rectangular building, it has interesting stonework on its south walls.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alemdar Mescidi, Şeyh Zülfi Mescidi, Kızıldağ Ramazanoğlu Mosque and Hasan Aga Camii (a 16th-century wooden mosque constructed without using nails) are also of historic value. </p><p>The huge and prominent <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii" title="Sabancı Merkez Camii">Sabancı Merkez Camii</a> (Sabancı Central Mosque) on the west bank of the Seyhan river is Adana's most visited mosque and one of the largest mosques in the Middle East. Built following Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Architecture">architectural traditions</a>, the mosque was opened in 1998 to accommodate up to 28,500 worshippers. It has six minarets, four of them 99 meters high. Its dome has a diameter of 32 meters and is 54 meters above the prayer hall. Near the Seyhan Bridge, the mosque is visible over a wide area.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums_and_art_galleries">Museums and art galleries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Museums and art galleries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adana_Archaeological_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Archaeological Museum">Adana Archaeological Museum</a> originally opened in 1924 as one of Turkey's first ten museums. It moved to the west corner of Seyhan Bridge in 1972. The museum exhibits archeological works from all over the Çukurova. Notable exhibits include two statues of Augustus, the Achilles Sarcophagus depicting the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> and statues found in the ancient cities of <a href="/wiki/Magarsa" title="Magarsa">Magarsus</a> and Augusta. In 2019 it moved to a completely new location in an abandoned textiles factory.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Misis</a> (Yaprakpınar) depicting Noah and twenty-three birds that he took into the Ark during the Flood has been moved into the new museum which also exhibits works excavated from the Misis Tumulus. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adana_Ethnography_Museum" title="Adana Ethnography Museum">Adana Ethnography Museum</a> opened inside a converted church in 1983. The courtyard contains the epitaphs and gravestones of Adana's leading figures of the 17th century. The interiors exhibits clothing, jewellery and weaponry of <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yörük">Yörük</a> (nomadic) villagers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_(Adana)" title="Atatürk Museum (Adana)">Atatürk Museum</a> focuses on the War of Independence and the first years of Republic in a mansion where <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> stayed during his trips to Adana. </p><p>Other museums, several of them in restored historic buildings, include the Karacaoğlan Museum of Literature, the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Cinema_Museum" title="Adana Cinema Museum">Adana Museum of Cinema</a>, the Yeşiloba Martyrs' Museum, the Mehmet Baltacı Museum of Photography and the Adana Urban Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>State Fine Arts Gallery</b> opened in the <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Cultural_Center" title="Sabancı Cultural Center">Sabancı Cultural Centre</a> in 1982. Other public art galleries include the 75.Yıl Art Gallery in Atatürk Park, the Adana City Hall Art Gallery and the Art Gallery in the Seyhan Cultural Centre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the bridges crossing the Seyhan river within the city, the most notable is the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(Adana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taşköprü (Adana)">Taşköprü</a>, a 2nd-century <a href="/wiki/Roman_bridge" title="Roman bridge">Roman bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently used by pedestrians and cyclists, it was, until 2007, the oldest bridge in the world to be open to motorised vehicles. <a href="/wiki/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(bridge)" title="Demirköprü (bridge)">Demirköprü</a> is a railway bridge that was built in 1912 as part of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Baghdad_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Baghdad Railway">Berlin-Baghdad Railway</a> project. Regülatör bridge, at the southern section of the city, is a road bridge as well as a regulator for the river water. There are also three footbridges, Seyhan and Mustafakemalpaşa road bridges, the bridge of the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Metro" title="Adana Metro">metro</a> and the bridge of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Turkey#O-50_–_O-59" title="List of highways in Turkey">motorway</a> spanning the river. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkish_Baths_(Hamams)"><span id="Turkish_Baths_.28Hamams.29"></span>Turkish Baths (Hamams)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Turkish Baths (Hamams)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>The Çarşı Hamam</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">Turkish bath</a> of the Bazaar</i>) was built in 1529 by Ramazanoğlu Piri Pasha and is Adana's largest <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hamam</a>. It has five domes and the interior is faced with marble. At the time it was built, water used to be brought from the Seyhan River using a sequence of canals and water wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><b>The Irmak Hamam</b> (<i>Turkish bath of the River</i>), next to the Seyhan District Hall, was built in 1494 by Ramazanoğlu Halil Bey over the ruins of an ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman bath">Roman bath</a>. Its water comes from the river. Other historical <a href="/wiki/Turkish_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish bath">hamams</a> in the city are Mestenzade Bath and Yeni Bath.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg/220px-Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg/330px-Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg/440px-Adana_Ulu_Camii_8652.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of <a href="/wiki/Ulu_Cami,_Adana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulu Cami, Adana">Ulu Cami</a>, Adana's most important historic mosque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church,_front_view.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG/220px-Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG/330px-Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG/440px-Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Church%2C_front_view.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Kuruköprü Church</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg/220px-Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg/330px-Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg/440px-Adana_Saint_Paul_Church_3040.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Saint Paul Church (Bebekli Kilise)</figcaption></figure> <p>Nineteenth century Adana had four churches, two Armenian, one Greek Orthodox and one Roman Catholic. The Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Church,_Adana" title="Saint Paul Church, Adana">Saint Paul Church (Bebekli Kilise)</a> was built in 1870 and is in the old town, close to 5 Ocak Square. It currently serves the Roman Catholic and Protestant communities.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Agios Nikolaos (St Nicholas) Greek Orthodox Church was built in 1845 in the Kuruköprü area but was converted into a museum in 1950. It was reconsecrated as a church in 2015 and renamed the <a href="/wiki/Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Monumental_Church" title="Kuruköprü Monumental Church">Kuruköprü Monumental Church</a>. </p><p>The Armenian Church on Ali Münif Street, midway between <a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9F_Camii" class="mw-redirect" title="Yağ Camii">the Yağ Camii</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCksaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Büyüksaat">Büyük Saat</a>, was converted into a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ziraat_Bankas%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziraat Bankası">Ziraat Bank</a> during the Republican Era. Surp Asdvadzadzin Armenian Apostolic Church on Abidinpaşa Street, which was in service until 1915, was used as a cinema until 1970 then demolished by the government. The Central Bank (Merkez Bankası) regional headquarters was built in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana has many parks and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owing to the warm climate, they are open all year round without the need for winter maintenance. </p><p>Paths along both banks of the Seyhan river track the city from the south end to the Seyhan Reservoir. The path then joins up with the wide sidewalks of Adnan Menderes Boulevard which follows the southern shores of the Seyhan Reservoir, thereby extending the path to the west end of the reservoir. The most scenic stretch is <b>Dilberler Sekisi</b> on the west bank between the old and new dams. A path along the north side of the Grand Canal goes from the east end to the west end of the city, crossing the Seyhan river. Once completed, the network of paths within the city will cover almost 30 kilometres (19 miles), connecting several parks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG/220px-Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG/330px-Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG/440px-Merkez_Park_Clock_Tower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Clock Tower at Merkez Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Merkez_Park" title="Merkez Park">Merkez Park</a> (Central Park) is a 33-hectare <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a> on both banks of the Seyhan river, just north of the Sabancı Merkez Mosque. With a 2100-seater amphitheatre, a Chinese Garden, a Rowing Club and two cafes, it is the city's main recreational area. </p><p><b>The Süleyman Demirel Arboretum</b> is a large botanical garden containing collections of woody plants intended partly for scientific study by Çukurova University researchers. The arboretum is also used for recreational purposes by city residents. 512 species of plants can be found in the arboretum.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Atatürk Park</b> is a 4.7-hectare city park built during the first years of the Republic in the central commercial district of the city. The park holds a statue of <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a> and hosts public ceremonies. </p><p><b>Çobandede Park</b> is a 16.5-hectare park on a hill overlooking the Seyhan Reservoir. It contains the tomb of Çoban Dede, a wise man from Karslı Village. </p><p><b>The Yaşar Kemal Woods</b> serves as a hiking area on the eastern bank of the Seyhan river opposite Dilberler Sekisi. It is dedicated to the Çukurova-born writer <a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Kemal" title="Yaşar Kemal">Yaşar Kemal</a>. </p><p><b>Çatalan Woods</b> is a large recreational area between the Çatalan and Seyhan reservoirs in the Karaisalı district north of the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Attractions">Other Attractions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCy%C3%BCksaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Büyüksaat">Büyük Saat (<i>Great Clock Tower</i>)</a>, built by the governor of Adana in 1882, is Turkey's tallest clock tower, rising 32 m (104.99 ft) high. It was damaged during the French occupation, but was rebuilt in 1935, and its image appears on the city's coat of arms. The <b>Kazancılar Çarşısı</b> (Cauldron-makers Bazaar) grew up around the Büyük Saat. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ramazano%C4%9Flu_Hall" title="Ramazanoğlu Hall">Ramazanoğlu Hall</a> was built in 1495 during the reign of Halil Bey. A three-story building, made of stone and brick, it is one of the oldest houses to survive in Turkey. The existing hall was the Harem section of the property where the Ramadanid family lived. The Selamlık section, which contained the government offices, has been lost. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Society and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the defining features of Adana is its agriculture-based life and the agriculture-based industrial culture associated with it. However, developments in industrial life, improvements in transportation, the effects of mass communication and large-scale migration have affected Adana's culture. As in other Turkish cities, the culture in different sections of the city is often very different from that in other areas.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_kebab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adana_kebab.jpg/220px-Adana_kebab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adana_kebab.jpg/330px-Adana_kebab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adana_kebab.jpg/440px-Adana_kebab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Adana kebabı</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Adana's cuisine is influenced mainly by Yörük (Nomad), Arabic and Armenian cookery. Spicy, sour and fatty dishes made of meat (usually <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>) and bulghur are common. In almost every home, bulghur and flour, red pepper, spices, tahini, a chopping block and a pastry board can be found. The bulghur used in cooking is made from a dark coloured hard wheat specific to Adana.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr"><a href="/wiki/Adana_kebab%C4%B1" title="Adana kebabı">Adana kebabı</a></i></span>, simply called "kebap" locally, is made from minced meat and is the most popular dining choice in the city. Since it can be found in all kebab restaurants in Turkey and in most Turkish restaurants around the world, the Adana name is still associated with the kebab for many people. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeni3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yeni3.jpg/220px-Yeni3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yeni3.jpg/330px-Yeni3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Yeni3.jpg/440px-Yeni3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>A glass of şalgam</figcaption></figure> <p>Adana kebab is usually served with an onion salad, green salad or a well-chopped tomato salad. <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">Rakı</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turnip_water" title="Turnip water">şalgam</a> (turnip juice) usually accompany it. </p><p>There are many salads typical to Adana. Radish salad with tahini is very popular and is found only in the Çukurova region. <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ealgam" class="mw-redirect" title="Şalgam">Şalgam</a> and pickle juice are the preferred drinks for winter with aşlama (<a href="/wiki/Licorice" class="mw-redirect" title="Licorice">licorice</a> juice) replacing them in summer. </p><p>A sweet called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seker_Sucugu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seker Sucugu (page does not exist)">Seker Sucugu</a> (Sweet Sausage) originated in Adana where it was invented by Sir Duran O. during the First World War, around 1915. </p><p>Alongside tomato paste, pepper paste is used in almost every dish. The city is also famous for its <i>Şırdan</i> a kind of sausage stuffed with rice and eaten with <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>; for <i>paça</i>, boiled sheep's feet; and for <i>bicibici</i> (pronounced as bee-jee-bee-jee) made from jellied starch, rose water and sugar and served with crushed ice especially in the summer. The city also offers a number of famous desserts, such as <i>Halka Tatlı</i>, a round-shaped dessert, and <i>Taş Kadayıf</i>, a bow-shaped dessert. Several types of fruit, including the <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricot</a>, are native to this area. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_entertainment">Arts and entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Arts and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg/220px-Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg/330px-Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Armenian_music_band_of_Adana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Armenian orchestra in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_State_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra">Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra</a> performed its first concert in 1992 and now performs twice weekly from October to May at the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Metropolitan_Theatre" title="Adana Metropolitan Theatre">Metropolitan Theatre Hall</a>. The orchestra consists of thirty-nine musicians and conducts regular tours in Turkey and abroad. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Theatres" title="Turkish State Theatres">Adana State Theatre</a> opened its doors in 1981 at the <a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Cultural_Center" title="Sabancı Cultural Center">Sabancı Cultural Centre</a> and performs regularly from October to May.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <b>Adana Town Theatre</b> was founded in 1880 by governor Ziya Paşa to be the city's first theatre. In 1926, it moved to the newly built Community Centre and currently performs weekly at the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Metropolitan_Theatre" title="Adana Metropolitan Theatre">Metropolitan Theatre Hall</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Ramazano%C4%9Flu_Cultural_Center" title="Ramazanoğlu Cultural Center">Ramazanoğlu Centre</a>. The Seyhan Town Theatre and Seyhan Folkloric Dances hold weekly events in the Theatre Hall of <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Cultural_Center" title="Seyhan Cultural Center">Seyhan Cultural Centre</a>. </p><p> Several <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">Amphitheatres</a> host performances from April to November. The Mimar Sinan Amphitheatre, the largest in Adana, can accommodate 8,000 spectators and hosts concerts and movies. It is located at the west bank of the Seyhan River. The 2,100-seater <a href="/wiki/Adana_Merkez_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Merkez Park">Merkez Park</a> Amphitheater, 3,000-seater Çukurova University Amphitheater and the Doğal Park Amphitheater in Çukurova District also host plays, concerts and movies. Some historic buildings have also been restored and converted into cultural centres. The 515-year-old <a href="/wiki/Ramazano%C4%9Flu_Hall" title="Ramazanoğlu Hall">Ramazanoğlu Hall</a> and 130-year-old former high school for girls (now called the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Center_for_Arts_and_Culture" title="Adana Center for Arts and Culture">Adana Centre for Arts and Culture</a>) serve as cultural centres hosting art exhibitions and cultural events</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MisisMosaik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MisisMosaik.jpg/220px-MisisMosaik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MisisMosaik.jpg/330px-MisisMosaik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/MisisMosaik.jpg/440px-MisisMosaik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic from <a href="/wiki/Misis_Mosaic_Museum" title="Misis Mosaic Museum">Misis</a>, now in Adana Archaeological Museum</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Adana_Golden_Boll_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Golden Boll International Film Festival">Altın Koza International Film Festival</a> is one of Turkey's foremost film festivals, taking place since 1969. At the same time the Long Film Contest, the International Student Film Contest and the Mediterranean Cultures Film Contest are held. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Sabanc%C4%B1_Theater_Festival" title="International Sabancı Theater Festival">International Sabancı Theatre Festival</a> has been held every April since 1999. The opening show was staged on the Seyhan River and the Taşköprü by the Italian ensemble Studio Festi. The "Water Symphony" show was greeted with great enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg/220px-A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg/330px-A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg/440px-A_concert_during_the_Orange_Blossom_Carnival_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="2322" /></a><figcaption>A street concert during the Orange Blossom Carnival in 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Orange_Blossom_Carnival" title="Orange Blossom Carnival">Orange Blossom Carnival</a> is held every April, inspired by the scent of the city's orange-tree-lined streets. The carnival parade of 2015 attracted more than 90.000 people—the highest ever attendance at an outdoor event in Adana.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>The International Çukurova Instrumental Music Festival</b> is a two-week long festival held annually in Adana, <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>. In 2009, the fifth estival took place with an opening concert by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_State_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra">Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">Baritone</a> Marcin Bronikowski, <a href="/wiki/Pianist" title="Pianist">pianist</a> Vania Batchvarova, guitarist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finger" title="Peter Finger">Peter Finger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cellist</a> Ozan Tunca and pianist Zöhrap Adıgüzelzade all performed at the festival.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Çukurova Art Days</b> is a regional festival that has been taking place annually since 2007 in Adana, Mersin, Tarsus, <a href="/wiki/Antakya" title="Antakya">Antakya</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0skenderun" title="İskenderun">İskenderun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silifke" title="Silifke">Silifke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anamur" title="Anamur">Anamur</a> and (in the past) in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 13 Kare Arts Festival began in 1999 as a festival of photography dedicated to 13 Adana photographers who died in an accident during an Adana Photography Amateurs Association trip. Held every December, the festival has since expanded to include other arts such as undersea and architectural photography, puppet shows, shadow theatre and concerts. </p><p><b>The Adana Literature Festival</b> is held every April at the Adana Centre for Arts & Culture. Around 100 writers, poets and critics participate in the festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nightlife">Nightlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nightlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the mid-20th century, Adana was well known for its vibrant nightlife and many <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pavyons</i></span> which mostly functioned as adult entertainment clubs, similar to the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Hostess_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Hostess club">hostess clubs</a>, with live music and a lounge with tables lined up on the ground floor and private rooms upstairs.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pavyons</i></span> opened before 1942 with the arrival of Englishmen who worked on the Adana-<a href="/wiki/Uluk%C4%B1%C5%9Fla" title="Ulukışla">Ulukışla</a> road that was funded by the British Government in an effort to persuade Turkey to join World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1950s landowners who had grown wealthy from the cotton trade opened more and more <i>pavyons</i> along the Seyhan river. In the 1960s, rapid industrialisation brought more patrons from across the country, including from Istanbul and Ankara, and Adana was dubbed the Pavyon Capital of Turkey. Many popular singers owed their fame to the Adana <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pavyons</i></span>. </p><p>The <i>pavyons</i> led the way for Western-style pubs and nightclubs by the late 1980s as Adana underwent big socio-economic changes. The traditional entertainment district was Sular, near the Central Station, but nowadays pubs and clubs are spread throughout the city. The bigger clubs are mostly along the river and around the lake. There are still two active <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">pavyons</i></span>, Afrodit and Maksim, but now most adult entertainment is directed at what is known locally as tele-bars which are licensed as regular pubs but function as places where bargirls entertain customers. There are around twenty tele-bars mainly in the city centre and around the old dam.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hundred-year-long tradition of dining on <a href="/wiki/Adana_Kebab" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Kebab">kebab</a>, liver and <a href="/wiki/Rak%C4%B1" title="Rakı">rakı</a> in the Kazancılar Bazaar, with street music and dancing, turned into a festival with all-night entertainment in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/World_Rak%C4%B1_Festival" title="World Rakı Festival">World Rakı Festival</a>, officially renamed the Adana Kebab and Şalgam Festival, is held on the second Saturday night of December and attracts more than 20,000 people to the old town.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png/200px-Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png/300px-Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png/400px-Adana_Shant_Football_Team.png 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Armenian club Shant, one of the first football clubs of the city</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Adana_Stadium_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/New_Adana_Stadium_II.png/200px-New_Adana_Stadium_II.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/New_Adana_Stadium_II.png/300px-New_Adana_Stadium_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/New_Adana_Stadium_II.png/400px-New_Adana_Stadium_II.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Adana_Stadium" title="New Adana Stadium">New Adana Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Athletic sport life had progressed in Cilicia with the coaches that were invited to Adana from Istanbul in the early 20th century. Varag Pogharian and Mateos Zarifian played an important role in organising the athletic movement and the first sports clubs in the city were founded by the Armenian community. In 1913, Adana Türkgücü was founded by Ahmet Remzi Bey and İsmail Sefa Bey in alliance with the Istanbul Türkgücü club that had been initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Union_and_Progress" title="Committee of Union and Progress">Committee of Union and Progress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmenianSports_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmenianSports-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adana's athletic clubs joined the <b>Cilician Olympic Games</b> held in April 1914 at a venue north of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6rtyol" title="Dörtyol">Dörtyol</a>, a first of its kind for the region.<sup id="cite_ref-ArmenianSports2_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArmenianSports2-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1920s, Adana İdman Yurdu, Adana Türk Ocağı, Seyhanspor and Milli Mensucat clubs were all founded and joined the <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_Football_League" title="Çukurova Football League">Adana Football League</a> that was established in 1924 along with clubs from other Cilician provinces. <a href="/wiki/Adanaspor" title="Adanaspor">Adanaspor</a>, founded in 1932, and <a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a>, founded in 1940, later joined the Adana League. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Football</a> is the most popular sport in Adana although <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">volleyball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Team_handball" class="mw-redirect" title="Team handball">handball</a> are also played widely at professional and amateur levels. Warm weather makes the city a haven for sports like rowing, sailing, swimming and water polo. Horse racing and horse riding are also popular. The biannual <a href="/wiki/European_Wheelchair_Basketball_Championship" title="European Wheelchair Basketball Championship">Men's European Wheelchair Basketball Championship</a> took place in Adana on 5–15 October 2009; twelve countries competed and Italy won the title after a final game against Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adana also hosted the <a href="/wiki/2013_IWBF_Men%27s_U23_Wheelchair_Basketball_World_Championship" title="2013 IWBF Men's U23 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship">2013 IWBF Men's U23 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/1967_Women%27s_European_Volleyball_Championship" title="1967 Women's European Volleyball Championship">1967 Women's European Volleyball Championship</a> was organised in Turkey with Adana a host city along with Istanbul, Ankara and İzmir. Group C games are played in Adana at the <a href="/wiki/Menderes_Sports_Hall" title="Menderes Sports Hall">Menderes Sports Hall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue (capacity) </th> <th>Founded </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCper_Lig" title="Süper Lig">Süper Lig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Adana_Stadium" title="New Adana Stadium">New Adana Stadium</a> (33,543) </td> <td align="center">1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adanaspor" title="Adanaspor">Adanaspor</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_First_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF First League">TFF First League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Adana_Stadium" title="New Adana Stadium">New Adana Stadium</a> (33,543) </td> <td align="center">1954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>01 Adana FK </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football (men)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/TFF_Second_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF Second League">TFF Second League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_City_Stadium" title="Tarsus City Stadium">Tarsus City Stadium</a> (4189) </td> <td align="center">2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu" title="Adana İdman Yurdu">Adana İdman Yurdu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Football_Super_League" title="Turkish Women's Football Super League">Women's Super League</a> </td> <td>Muharrem Gülergin Stadium </td> <td align="center">1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Çukurova Belediyesi Spor </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Volleyball_League" title="Turkish Women's Volleyball League">Turkish Women's Volleyball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adana_Atat%C3%BCrk_Sports_Hall" title="Adana Atatürk Sports Hall">Atatürk Sports Hall</a> (2000) </td> <td align="center">2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>01 Adana Basketbol </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball (women)</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Turkish Women's Basketball League</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menderes_Sports_Hall" title="Menderes Sports Hall">Menderes Sports Hall</a> (2000) </td> <td align="center">2022 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Demirspor panorama"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/600px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/900px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg/1200px-The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5795" data-file-height="2041" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Marathon_-_West_stands_of_Adana_Demirspor.jpg" title="File:The Marathon - West stands of Adana Demirspor.jpg"> </a></div>Adana Demirspor panorama</div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adanaspor" title="Adanaspor">Adanaspor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a> are the two Adana clubs that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_football_league_system" title="Turkish football league system">Turkish Professional Football League</a>. After twelve years, Adanaspor returned to the <a href="/wiki/Super_Lig" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Lig">Super Lig</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which they had competed for twenty-one years and were the runner up in the 1980–81 season. Adanaspor also performed at the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a> for three years. Adana Demirspor, currently performing in the <a href="/wiki/TFF_First_League" class="mw-redirect" title="TFF First League">TFF First League</a>, was the runner up for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cup" title="Turkish Cup">Turkish Cup</a> in the 1977–1978 season and performed in the SuperLig for seventeen years. Both teams use the <a href="/wiki/5_Ocak_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="5 Ocak Stadium">5 Ocak Stadium</a>, and matches between them are known as the <a href="/wiki/Adana_football_derby" title="Adana football derby">Adana derby</a>, creating an arch-rival atmosphere <a href="/wiki/List_of_association_football_club_rivalries_in_Europe#Turkey" title="List of association football club rivalries in Europe">found in only three cities</a> in Turkey. Kiremithanespor of the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a> district compete in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Regional_Amateur_League" title="Turkish Regional Amateur League">Turkish Regional Amateur League</a>. In women's football, <a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor_(women%27s_football)" title="Adana Demirspor (women's football)">Adana Demirspor</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Football_Super_League" title="Turkish Women's Football Super League">Women's Super League</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adana_ASK%C4%B0_SK" title="Adana ASKİ SK">Adana ASKİ</a> is the major club for Women's Pro-Basketball, performing in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Basketball_League" title="Turkish Women's Basketball League">Turkish Women's Basketball League (TKBL)</a>. Adana ASKİ was founded as Ceyhan Belediyespor in 2000, and was renamed and moved to Adana in 2014. After the move, the club had its best season ever (2014–15), playing in the final of the Turkish Women's Cup and the semi-final of the TKBL First Division. Adana ASKİ also play their home games at Menderes Sports Hall. <a href="/wiki/Adanaspor_Basketbol" title="Adanaspor Basketbol">Adanaspor</a>, relegated to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_Second_League" title="Turkish Basketball Second League">third tier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Basketball_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Basketball League">Turkish Men's Basketball League</a> in 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> play their home games at the Menderes Sports Hall. Wheelchair basketball clubs Adana Engelliler and Martı Engelliler play in the first division of the Turkish Wheelchair Basketball League, both playing their home games at the <a href="/wiki/Serinevler_Sports_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Serinevler Sports Hall">Serinevler Sports Hall</a>. </p><p>Professional volleyball club <a href="/wiki/Adana_Toros_BYZ" title="Adana Toros BYZ">Adana Toros</a> was promoted to the top flight of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Men%27s_Volleyball_League" title="Turkish Men's Volleyball League">Turkish Men's Volleyball League</a> on 12 April 2016 at the play-off finals in <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adana Toros play their home games at the Menderes Sports Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a> club, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_HEM" class="mw-redirect" title="Şakirpaşa HEM">Şakirpaşa HEM</a>, was promoted to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Women%27s_Handball_Super_League" title="Turkish Women's Handball Super League">Turkish Women's Handball Super League</a> on 21 April 2016, at the play-off finals in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The venue of Şakirpaşa is <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir_Serinevler_Arena" title="Yüreğir Serinevler Arena">Yüreğir Serinevler Arena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG/220px-Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG/330px-Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG/440px-Adana_Sailing_Club.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Adana Sailing Club</figcaption></figure> <p>Water sports are also popular in Adana. <a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Water_polo" title="Water polo">water polo</a> team is a legend in the community, joining the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye_Sutopu_1._Ligi" title="Türkiye Sutopu 1. Ligi">Turkish Water Polo League</a> in 1942 after Turkey's first modern watersports venue, the <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Swimming_Complex" title="Atatürk Swimming Complex">Atatürk Swimming Complex</a>, opened in Adana in 1936. The team has a record twenty-two years of straight championship titles in the Turkish Men's Water Polo League, seventeen years of it without losing a game, hence their nickname "The Unbeatables". Demirspor has a total of twenty-nine championship titles.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rowing_(sport)" title="Rowing (sport)">Rowing</a> became a popular local sport in the last twenty years. Rowing competitions are held all year long on the Seyhan River and the Seyhan Reservoir. The Metropolitan Rowing Club and Çukurova University SK compete at the national and international level. <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">Sailing</a> competitions<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also held at the Seyhan Reservoir all year round. The Adana Sailing Club competes at regattas in different categories. In swimming, Erdal Acet of Adana Demirspor is a prominent local figure, who broke the record for swimming the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> in nine hours and two minutes in 1976. Recreationally, the lack of swimming pools make the Seyhan River and the irrigation canals attractive for swimmers who want to cool off in the hot, humid summers. With almost one hundred people drowning every year, the Metropolitan Municipality has now opened forty-one swimming pools.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Adana_Half_Marathon" title="Adana Half Marathon">Adana Half Marathon</a> was inaugurated in 2011 on a national level with the participation of 223 athletes. In 2012, the marathon gained <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">IAAF</a> International Marathon status and hosted 610 athletes from ten nations.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marathon takes place on the first Sunday after 5 January, Adana's Independence Day. The route follows Adana's historic streets and the streets along the Seyhan river.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a> is very popular in Adana. <a href="/wiki/Adana_Ye%C5%9Filoba_Hippodrome" title="Adana Yeşiloba Hippodrome">Yeşiloba Hippodrome</a> is one of four Turkish racecourses to host <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> competitions from October to May. <a href="/wiki/Adana_Equestrian_Club" title="Adana Equestrian Club">Adana Equestrian Club</a> is Turkey's biggest <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">horse riding</a> centre, hosting national and international competitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_life">Contemporary life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Contemporary life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The media in Adana is run by national and local agencies. The Çukurova Journalists Union is the umbrella organisation for local media. </p><p>Adana has several daily newspapers, the most popular being the <i>Yeni Adana, Ekspres, Toros, Bölge</i> and <i>5 Ocak</i> papers. The oldest newspaper, <i>Yeni Adana (</i>New Adana)<i>,</i> dates back to 1918<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played a significant role in the independence movement after the First World War. Most Adana newspapers serve not only the city but the whole Çukurova region. Many national newspapers have regional publishing centres in Adana. <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet" title="Hürriyet">Hürriyet</a> publishes a supplement, <i>Hürriyet Çukurova</i>, which is Turkey's most popular regional newspaper with a circulation of 48,000. <a href="/wiki/Sabah_(newspaper)" title="Sabah (newspaper)">Sabah</a>'s regional supplement, <i>Güney (South),</i> is also published in Adana. </p><p>Kanal A is Adana's longest serving TV broadcaster, Çukurova TV, Akdeniz TV, Koza TV and Kent TV are the other major broadcasters. There are numerous local radio channels and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Radio_and_Television_Corporation" title="Turkish Radio and Television Corporation">TRT</a>'s Çukurova Radio can be listened to in the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Shopping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Çakmak Street is the traditional shopping street in the old town. Attempts to pedestrianise it have been unsuccessful because traffic flow can't be diverted. There are several historical bazaars around the Büyük Saat (Clocktower) and Yağ Camii (Oil Mosque). The covered markets around Saydam street, and the Kilis and Mısır bazaars used to be centres for shopping for quality foreign goods. </p><p>Ziyapaşa Boulevard is an elegant street where expensive brand-name shops are located. It runs from the D-400 state road to the Central Train Station with the shops are concentrated towards the north end. The streets around Ziyapaşa and the Özal, Demirel and Evren boulevards in northern Adana also feature high-end shops. </p><p>Adana has four modern shopping malls. Galleria was the first to be built in the early 1990s. The M1 and Carrefour malls were built during the late 1990s at the west end of the city. Recently opened Optimum Outlet is the first mall east of the river and the closest to the city centre. It has a view of the river and the Merkez (Central) Park. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_(Former_Greek_Mansion).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG/220px-%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG/330px-%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG/440px-%C4%B0stiklal_High_School_%28Former_Greek_Mansion%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>İstiklal High School (former Greek mansion)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_American_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Adana_American_College.jpg/220px-Adana_American_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Adana_American_College.jpg/330px-Adana_American_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Adana_American_College.jpg/440px-Adana_American_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Adana_American_College_for_Girls" title="Adana American College for Girls">Adana American College for Girls</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools">Schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Public, private and not-for-profit institutions are located in Adana. Primary and secondary education in the city is regulated by the provincial directorate of the national <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Education_(Turkey)" title="Ministry of National Education (Turkey)">Ministry of Education</a> which also administers the state schools. </p><p>There are 282 public and 12 private primary schools which pupils attend from grades 1 to 8. From grades 9 to 11, pupils go to one of the 85 public and 26 private high schools. Notable high schools of the city with entrance exams include the state-owned Adana Fen and Adana Anadolu High Schools, and the private Gündoğdu and Bilfen High Schools. The <a href="/wiki/Adana_Gundogdu_Schools" title="Adana Gundogdu Schools">Adana Gundogdu Schools</a> is the largest private school in Adana and expands every year. There are six public and six private schools for pupils with special needs. Nine Community Training Centres help adult residents improve their skills.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the city has large Kurdish and Arab communities education in "unofficial" languages is only provided at institutions that do not get government support. Few of them teach Arabic or Kurdish. </p><p>The requirement to pass an entrance exam for admission to high schools and universities and for a career in the civil service led to the opening of more than one hundred <a href="/wiki/Cram_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Cram schools">crammer schools</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">dershane</i>) in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries">Libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ramazanoğlu Library was founded in 1923 by combining two smaller libraries. It moved to its current location in the Sabancı Cultural Centre in 1976 and was renamed the <b>Adana Public Library</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a branch in the Karacaoğlan Museum of Literature. Seyhan, Yüreğir, Sarıçam and Karaisalı also have public libraries administered by each district. <b>Adana City Library</b> specialises in publications about Adana and Çukurova's history and culture, and has a good collection of photography and films about the city. It is located in the Adana Centre for Arts and Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fairs">Fairs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Fairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fifth <b>Çukurova Book Fair</b> took place in 2012, hosting 182,450 visitors from Çukurova and neighbouring regions. More than two hundred publishers and volunteer organisations had stands, more than 50 cultural events were performed and 300 authors were present to meet their readers. At the same time, the <b>Çukurova Education Fair</b> was organised at the Tüyap Exhibition Centre with the participation of 45 education institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg/220px-%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg/330px-%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg/440px-%C3%87ukurova_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Çukurova University Balcalı Campus</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two state universities and one foundation university inside the city and another foundation university just outside it. Universities are regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%96K" class="mw-redirect" title="YÖK">Council of Higher Education (YÖK)</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_University" title="Çukurova University">Çukurova University</a> is a state university located on the eastern shore of the Seyhan Reservoir. In 2008, it was ranked one of the top 500 universities in the world according to research conducted by Blackwell Publishing, <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was founded in 1973 following the merger of the colleges of Agriculture and Medicine. Its campus has many cultural, social and athletic facilities for its 40,000 students.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adana_Science_and_Technology_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Science and Technology University">Adana University for Science and Technology</a> is a newer state university with nine faculties, two institutions and a college.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9F_University" title="Çağ University">Çağ University</a> is a not-for-profit tuition-based university founded in 1997. It is 20 kilometres (12 miles) outside the city centre on the way to Tarsus. Most of its 2,500 students commute from Adana, <a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (city)">Tarsus</a> and Mersin. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kanuni_University" title="Kanuni University">Kanuni University</a> is a recently opened, tuition-based university founded by the Çukurova Education and Culture Foundation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Healthcare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Adana_Hospital.jpg/220px-Adana_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Adana_Hospital.jpg/330px-Adana_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Adana_Hospital.jpg/440px-Adana_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Adana Hospital</figcaption></figure> <p>Adana is a major health centre for a wide area stretching from the Mediterranean to Southeastern Anatolia. It has four university hospitals, eight state hospitals and seven private hospitals. </p><p>In the Hastaneler (Hospitals) part of the Seyhan district hospitals - including the Numune General Hospital, the Çukurova State Hospital, the Hospital for Thoracic Diseases and the Military Hospital - line up on both sides of H. Ömer Sabancı Street. </p><p>Part of Çukurova University, <b>Balcalı Hospital</b> is a research hospital that was founded in 1987 after the Faculty of Medicine moved to the main campus. It has 1050 inpatient beds in 47 service units, a 58-bed intensive care unit and a 17-bed emergency unit. The largest hospital in Southern and Southeastern Anatolia, it is also one of the biggest hospitals of Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new health campus is expected to open in Yüreğir by 2014, which will include a 600-bed General Hospital, 200-bed Heart and Stroke Hospital, 250-bed maternity hospital, 100-bed oncology hospital, 150-bed Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Centre and 100-bed Psychiatry Hospital. The campus will have a capacity of 1400 inpatients and will be connected to the Hastaneler area via a bridge over the Seyhan river which will create one big campus.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_road_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_road_map.png/220px-Adana_road_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_road_map.png/330px-Adana_road_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Adana_road_map.png/440px-Adana_road_map.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Map of the road network of Adana</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 16th century, Adana was a port city where ships could navigate along the <a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan River</a> to the port just south of <a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Adana)" title="Stone Bridge (Adana)">Taşköprü</a>. It is now on the main route connecting Europe to the Middle East. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intercity_transport">Intercity transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Intercity transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png/220px-Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png/330px-Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png/440px-Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_railway_bridge_in_Adana.png 2x" data-file-width="1257" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(bridge)" title="Demirköprü (bridge)">Demirköprü</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Gar%C4%B1(Gece).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg/220px-Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg/330px-Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg/440px-Adana_Gar%C4%B1%28Gece%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adana_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Railway Station">Adana Railway Station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Adana’s closest airport is <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_International_Airport" title="Çukurova International Airport">Çukurova International Airport</a>, located 34km (21mi) from the city centre. It is the sixth busiest airport in Turkey. There are international flights to major cities of Germany, to <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> (<a href="/wiki/TRNC" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNC">TRNC</a>), and frequent domestic flights to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trabzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Railways" title="Turkish State Railways">Turkish State Railways (TCDD)</a> runs five long-distance lines connecting Adana to Ankara, <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaman" title="Karaman">Karaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F" title="Elazığ">Elazığ</a>. All these lines use the <a href="/wiki/Adana_Central_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Central railway station">Central Railway Station</a> while some also use the city's other railway stations—<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitlik_railway_station" title="Şehitlik railway station">Şehitlik</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Şakirpaşa Railway Station">Şakirpaşa</a> stations to the west, <a href="/wiki/Kiremithane_railway_station" title="Kiremithane railway station">Kiremithane</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ncirlik_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="İncirlik Railway Station">İncirlik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakap%C4%B1nar_railway_station" title="Yakapınar railway station">Yakapınar</a> stations o the east. TCDD also runs three regional lines across Çukurova. The <a href="/wiki/Adana%E2%80%93Mersin_Main_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana–Mersin Main Line">Adana-Mersin Line</a> operates as a commuter train with 27 trains daily.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services to <a href="/wiki/Osmaniye" title="Osmaniye">Osmaniye</a>–<a href="/wiki/Islahiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Islahiye">Islahiye</a><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to <a href="/wiki/Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskenderun">İskenderun</a> run once a day. Regional trains stop at all city stations. </p><p>Although they became less popular as private airlines introduced inexpensive flights, buses are still the main form of transport to and from the city. Adana has two intercity bus terminals offering services to almost all Turkey's towns and cities. Bus companies travelling to cities west of Adana depart from the <b>Central Bus Terminal</b> while buses travelling to cities east of Adana depart from <b>Yüreğir Bus Terminal</b>. A shuttle service runs between the two terminals. Regional bus and minibus services from Adana to other places in Çukurova are plentiful. Extra summer bus services operate to the high plains of Tekir, Bürücek and Kızıldağ to enable Adana residents to escape the city heat. </p><p>There is an extensive <a href="/wiki/List_of_highways_in_Turkey#Motorways" title="List of highways in Turkey">motorway network (O50-O59)</a> connecting Adana to as far as <a href="/wiki/Erdemli" title="Erdemli">Erdemli</a> in the west, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde" title="Niğde">Niğde</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Iskenderun" class="mw-redirect" title="Iskenderun">Iskenderun</a> in the south. It can take as little as 40 minutes to get to Mersin and two hours to reach <a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_transport">Local transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Local transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metro_map_Adana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Metro_map_Adana.png/220px-Metro_map_Adana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Metro_map_Adana.png/330px-Metro_map_Adana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Metro_map_Adana.png/440px-Metro_map_Adana.png 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1387" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Adana Metro</figcaption></figure> <p>Local transport is provided by the <b>Adana Transit Corporation</b> (a division of the Metropolitan Municipality) and by <a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">dolmuş</a> and bus co-operatives. The Transit Corporation runs the Metro and the municipal buses. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adana_Metro" title="Adana Metro">Adana Metro</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Transit">rapid transit</a> system that extends 14 kilometres (9 miles) from the north-west to the city centre and Yüreğir.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Metro M1 line has thirteen stations and can transport 21,600 passengers an hour in each direction, a complete journey taking twenty minutes. A planned second line will run from Akıncılar to Çukurova University in the Sarıçam District. It will be 9.5 kilometres (6 miles) long and will have seven stations..The Metro will eventually cover 23.5 kilometres (14.6 miles) and serve 20 stations.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Adana Transit Corporation also operates 229 bus services, eight of them designed specifically for disabled users. Payment is collected via a Kentkart smartcard system. Six Bus Co-operatives (known as Can buses) operate another 411 buses also using the Kentkart. Eighteen <a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">dolmuş</a> co-operatives, with a total of 1,086 minibuses, provide services even to minor streets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling_and_walking">Cycling and walking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cycling and walking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana is mostly flat and the warm weather makes it convenient for year-round cycling and walking. Cycling from one end of the city to the other usually takes less than 40 minutes. Although there are no bike lanes there are two bike paths, one along Fuzuli Street, the other along M. Kemalpaşa Boulevard. When compared to cities like İzmir, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir" title="Eskişehir">Eskişehir</a>, Adana is less bicycle friendly. </p><p>Car-oriented urban planning has become even more extreme since the 1980s, with pedestrians finding parts of the sidewalks of popular streets converted into car parks. Adana has almost no car-free streets or squares. There are plans to convert both ends of Taşköprü (the Stone bridge) into squares and to widen the overcrowded sidewalks in the old town where it is difficult to walk. By far the most <a href="/wiki/Walkability" title="Walkability">pedestrian-friendly</a> street is Turgut Özal Boulevard although Kenan Evren and other major streets in the Çukurova district are also convenient for walking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adana is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <p>Europe </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Córdoba, Andalusia</a>, Spain</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a>, Italy</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, Hungary<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td> <td> <p>Asia </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a>, Israel<sup id="cite_ref-muni-sister_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muni-sister-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a>, Kazakhstan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sapporo" title="Sapporo">Sapporo</a>, Japan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Side view"><img alt="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Side view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg/120px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg/180px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg/240px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_2213.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Side view</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard"><img alt="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg/80px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg/120px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg/160px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard's backside"><img alt="Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard's backside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg/80px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg/120px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg/159px-Adana_Yeni_Camii_8573.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Yeni Camii (New Mosque) – Entrance to courtyard's backside</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Exterior"><img alt="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg/120px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg/180px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg/240px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3570.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Courtyard"><img alt="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Courtyard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg/120px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg/180px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg/240px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Courtyard</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Mihrab and minber"><img alt="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Mihrab and minber" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg/120px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg/180px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg/240px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_3638.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Mihrab and minber</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony"><img alt="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg/120px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg/180px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg/240px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque_5720.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony"><img alt="Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg/120px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg/180px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg/240px-Adana_Hasan_A%C4%9Fa_mosque3645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1118" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Hasan Ağa mosque – Woodwork under balcony</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Tahtalı Cami – From west"><img alt="Adana Tahtalı Cami – From west" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg/80px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg/120px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg/160px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Tahtalı Cami – From west</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Tahtalı Cami – From east"><img alt="Adana Tahtalı Cami – From east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg/80px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg/120px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg/160px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7588.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Tahtalı Cami – From east</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Tahtalı Cami – Interior"><img alt="Adana Tahtalı Cami – Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg/120px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg/180px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg/240px-Adana_Tahtal%C4%B1_Cami_7589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Tahtalı Cami – Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Ağca Mescit – Exterior"><img alt="Adana Ağca Mescit – Exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg/120px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg/180px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg/240px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Ağca Mescit – Exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Ağca Mescit – Interior"><img alt="Adana Ağca Mescit – Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg/120px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg/180px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg/240px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4995.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Ağca Mescit – Interior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Ağca Mescit – Decorative stonework"><img alt="Adana Ağca Mescit – Decorative stonework" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg/120px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg/180px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg/240px-Adana_A%C4%9Fca_Mescit_4993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Ağca Mescit – Decorative stonework</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Yesil Mescit – Exterior"><img alt="Adana Yesil Mescit – Exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg/120px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg/180px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg/240px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Yesil Mescit – Exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Yesil Mescit – Window decoration"><img alt="Adana Yesil Mescit – Window decoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg/120px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg/180px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg/240px-Adana_Yesil_Mescit_4988.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Yesil Mescit – Window decoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Alidede Mosque – Exterior"><img alt="Adana Alidede Mosque – Exterior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg/80px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg/120px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg/160px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_1625.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Alidede Mosque – Exterior</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adana Alidede Mosque – Interior"><img alt="Adana Alidede Mosque – Interior" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg/120px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg/180px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg/240px-Adana_Alidede_Mosque_3591.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adana Alidede Mosque – Interior</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Adana" title="List of people from Adana">List of people from Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Adana" title="List of mayors of Adana">List of mayors of Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Çukurova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Turkish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[aˈda.na]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/7d\/Adana_-_TR.wav\/Adana_-_TR.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Adana - TR.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7d/Adana_-_TR.wav/Adana_-_TR.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_-_TR.wav" title="File:Adana - TR.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nufusu.com/il/adana-nufusu">"Adana Nüfusu"</a>. <i>www.nufusu.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nufusu.com&rft.atitle=Adana+N%C3%BCfusu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nufusu.com%2Fil%2Fadana-nufusu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ancient-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ancient_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mark, Joshua J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cilicia_Campestris/">"Cilicia Campestris"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cilicia+Campestris&rft.btitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCilicia_Campestris%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldHistory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldHistory_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cilicia/">"History of Cilicia"</a>. World History Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Cilicia&rft.pub=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FCilicia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sertkaya-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sertkaya_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osman Fikri Sertkaya, " Adana, Begrek, Beyrek ve Elma Kelimelerinin Kökeni Üzerine", Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Türkoloji Dergisi, S.12, (2012), pages 101-103 (Article)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anton-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anton_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton1841" class="citation book cs1">Anton, Charles (1841). <i>Classical Dictionary: Containing an account of the principal proper names mentioned in ancient authors..</i>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Dictionary%3A+Containing+an+account+of+the+principal+proper+names+mentioned+in+ancient+authors...&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Anton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1977" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen (15 November 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&dq=Danuniyim+adana+danaoi&pg=PA680"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521086912" title="Special:BookSources/9780521086912"><bdi>9780521086912</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977-11-15&rft.isbn=9780521086912&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Iorwerth+Eiddon+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26dq%3DDanuniyim%2Badana%2Bdanaoi%26pg%3DPA680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/memlikiosmaniyen0001al#page/n18/mode/2up">"Memalik-i Osmaniye Tarih ve Coğrafya Lügatı"</a> (in Turkish). 1897<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memalik-i+Osmaniye+Tarih+ve+Co%C4%9Frafya+L%C3%BCgat%C4%B1&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmemlikiosmaniyen0001al%23page%2Fn18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philistines-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philistines_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann E. Killebrew, 2013, <i>The Philistines and Other Sea Peoples in Text and Archaeology</i>, Society of Biblical Literature, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gBCl2IQfNioC&dq=denyen+sea+peoples+cilicia&pg=PA659">page 659</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1589837218" title="Special:BookSources/978-1589837218">978-1589837218</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-211ff-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fox-211ff_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fox, Robin Lane (2009) <i>Travelling Heroes: In the Epic Age of Homer</i> Alfred A. Knopf, New York, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9k8Frkhiq_MC&pg=PA211">pages 211-224</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-44431-2">978-0-679-44431-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Weiskopf" class="citation web cs1">Michael Weiskopf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cilicia-3rd-cent">"Cilicia"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cilicia&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.au=Michael+Weiskopf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fcilicia-3rd-cent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarionMeyer-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MarionMeyer_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2001" class="citation cs2">Meyer, Marion (2001), <i>Cilicia as Part of the Seleucid Empire - The Beginning of Municipal Coinage</i>, Istanbul: Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes-Georges Dumézil, pp. 505–518</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cilicia+as+Part+of+the+Seleucid+Empire+-+The+Beginning+of+Municipal+Coinage&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pages=505-518&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89tudes+Anatoliennes-Georges+Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHye_Etch" class="citation web cs1">Hye Etch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221235257/http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/armenians/prominent_p5.html">"King Tigran II – The Great"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hyeetch.nareg.com.au/armenians/prominent_p5.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King+Tigran+II+%E2%80%93+The+Great&rft.au=Hye+Etch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hyeetch.nareg.com.au%2Farmenians%2Fprominent_p5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceGaddis2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, Richard; Gaddis, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6IUaOOT1G3UC&pg=RA2-PA157"><i>The Acts of the Council of Chalcedon</i></a>. Vol. 1. Liverpool University Press. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85323-039-7"><bdi>978-0-85323-039-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-039-7&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Gaddis%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6IUaOOT1G3UC%26pg%3DRA2-PA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Le_Quien" title="Michel Le Quien">Michel Le Quien</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_86weAemI-e4C"><i>Oriens christianus in quatuor Patriarchatus digestus</i></a>, (Paris 1740), Vol. II, coll. 881–882</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1"><i>Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</i></a>, Leipzig 1931, p. 435</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 825</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Julius_Norwich" title="John Julius Norwich">Norwich, John Julius</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ElLZK1EOjHsC"><i>A Short History of Byzantium</i></a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-77269-3"><bdi>0-679-77269-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Byzantium&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-679-77269-3&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DElLZK1EOjHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.I. Akram, The Sword of Allah: Khalid bin al-Waleed, His Life and Campaigns, Nat. Publishing. House, Rawalpindi (1970) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7101-0104-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7101-0104-X">0-7101-0104-X</a>. chapter no:36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AdanaValilik-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AdanaValilik_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEner" class="citation web cs1">Ener, Kasım. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adana.gov.tr">"Adana İl Yıllığı"</a>. Adana Valiliği<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+%C4%B0l+Y%C4%B1ll%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.pub=Adana+Valili%C4%9Fi&rft.aulast=Ener&rft.aufirst=Kas%C4%B1m&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadana.gov.tr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2020" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Nicholas (2020). <i>The Crusader States and their Neighbours: A Military History, 1099-1187</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192557988" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192557988"><bdi>978-0192557988</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusader+States+and+their+Neighbours%3A+A+Military+History%2C+1099-1187&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0192557988&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreisbusch2019" class="citation book cs1">Dreisbusch, Denis (2019). <i>Ermeni Soykırımı ve İslam (1870-1923)</i>. Dönüşüm Yayınları. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9758286331" title="Special:BookSources/978-9758286331"><bdi>978-9758286331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ermeni+Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1+ve+%C4%B0slam+%281870-1923%29&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BCm+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-9758286331&rft.aulast=Dreisbusch&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Dr. Yılmaz KURT, "Ramazanoğulları’nın Sonu: Adana’da Çemşid Bey İsyȃnı (1606-1607)", Tarihin İçinden, Ankara Üniversitesi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cevdetpaşa-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cevdetpaşa_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaysun1963" class="citation cs2">Baysun, C. (1963), <i>Cevdetpaşa Tezakir</i>, İstanbul: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayın No:11 Seri:17b, pp. 27–35</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cevdetpa%C5%9Fa+Tezakir&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.pages=27-35&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+Yay%C4%B1n+No%3A11+Seri%3A17b&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Baysun&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToksöz2010" class="citation book cs1">Toksöz, Meltem (2010). <i>Nomads, Migrants and Cotton in the Eastern Mediterranean: The Making of the Adana-Mersin Region, 1850-1908</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004191051" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004191051"><bdi>978-9004191051</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomads%2C+Migrants+and+Cotton+in+the+Eastern+Mediterranean%3A+The+Making+of+the+Adana-Mersin+Region%2C+1850-1908&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9004191051&rft.aulast=Toks%C3%B6z&rft.aufirst=Meltem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matossian-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Matossian_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatossian2018" class="citation cs2">Matossian, Bedross Der (2018), <i>1909:The Adana Massacres</i>, New York: Greenhaven Publishing, pp. 25–57, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1534501201" title="Special:BookSources/978-1534501201"><bdi>978-1534501201</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1909%3AThe+Adana+Massacres&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=25-57&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1534501201&rft.aulast=Matossian&rft.aufirst=Bedross+Der&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Agos-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Agos_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Agos_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agos.com.tr/tr/yazi/11235/106-yildonumunde-adana-katliaminin-ardindaki-gercekler">"106. yıldönümünde Adana Katliamı'nın ardındaki gerçekler"</a>. Agos Gazetesi. 4 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=106.+y%C4%B1ld%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BCnde+Adana+Katliam%C4%B1%27n%C4%B1n+ard%C4%B1ndaki+ger%C3%A7ekler&rft.pub=Agos+Gazetesi&rft.date=2015-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agos.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fyazi%2F11235%2F106-yildonumunde-adana-katliaminin-ardindaki-gercekler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeghiayan1970" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yeghiayan, Puzant (1970), <i>Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն [The History of the Armenians of Adana]</i> (in Armenian), Beirut: Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana, pp. 211–272</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6+%5BThe+History+of+the+Armenians+of+Adana%5D&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=211-272&rft.pub=Union+of+Armenian+Compatriots+of+Adana&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Yeghiayan&rft.aufirst=Puzant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond H. Kévorkian, "The Cilician Massacres, April 1909" in <i>Armenian Cilicia</i>, eds. <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richard G. Hovannisian</a> and Simon Payaslian. UCLA Armenian History and Culture Series: Historic Armenian Cities and Provinces, 7. Costa Mesa, California: Mazda Publishers, 2008, pp. 351–353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevorkian3-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kevorkian3_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevorkian2015" class="citation book cs1">Kevorkian, Raymond H. (2015). <i>Ermeni Soykırımı</i>. Istanbul: İletişim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9750517280" title="Special:BookSources/978-9750517280"><bdi>978-9750517280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ermeni+Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1&rft.place=Istanbul&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-9750517280&rft.aulast=Kevorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevorkian2-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kevorkian2_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevorkian2011" class="citation book cs1">Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). <i>The Armenian Genocide: Complete History</i>. London: I.B.Taurus & Co.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848855618" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848855618"><bdi>978-1848855618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide%3A+Complete+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Taurus+%26+Co.Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1848855618&rft.aulast=Kevorkian&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HrantAdana-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HrantAdana_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrantdink.org/attachments/article/1398/Adana_Raporu_new.pdf">"Ermeni Kültür Varlıklarıyla Adana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HDV Yayınları<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ermeni+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Varl%C4%B1klar%C4%B1yla+Adana&rft.pub=HDV+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrantdink.org%2Fattachments%2Farticle%2F1398%2FAdana_Raporu_new.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Güven-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Güven_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cemal Güven, <i>Milli Mücadele'de Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Yabancılarla temas ve görüşmeleri</i>, Eğitim Yayınevi, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-605-4392-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-605-4392-80-3">978-605-4392-80-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moumdjian-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moumdjian_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moumdjian_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moumjian, Garabet K. "Cilicia Under French Administration: Armenian Aspirations, Turkish Resistance, and French Stratagems" in <i>Armenian Cilicia</i>, pp. 457–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Çelik-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Çelik_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kemal Çelik, <i>Milli Mücadele'de Adana ve Havalisi (1918-1922)</i>, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1144-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1144-4">978-975-16-1144-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tricolor-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tricolor_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Farrer Zeidner, <i>The Tricolor over the Taurus: The French in Cilicia and Vicinity, 1918-1922</i>, Atatürk Supreme Council for Culture, Language and History, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-1767-5">978-975-16-1767-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PozantiCongress-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PozantiCongress_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bolgegundem.com/pozanti-kongresi-nedir-pozanti-kongresini-kim-topladi-kongreye-kimler-katildi-1399222h.htm">"Pozantı Kongresi nedir? Pozantı Kongresini kim topladı? Kongreye kimler katıldı?"</a>. Bölge Gündem. 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adana.bel.tr/encumen-uyeleri-sayfa.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adana.bel.tr/yeni-adana-projesi-sayfa.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yeni+Adana+Projesi&rft.pub=Adana+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adana.bel.tr%2Fyeni-adana-projesi-sayfa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122424/http://www.haber01.com/SA%C4%9ELIK-KAMPUSU-YURE%C4%9EIR-E-10039.html">"Sağlık Kampüsü Yüreğir'e"</a>. haber01.com. 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Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adana.bel.tr/ilce-mahalle-ve-muhtarliklar-sayfa.html">the original</a> on 15 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://haber.gazetevatan.com/Adanada_sanayi_tasfiye_oluyor/227177/2/Haber">the original</a> on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Zaman Gazetesi. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=689770">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cuktob.org.tr/uyelerimiz.asp?LnkKId=2">the original</a> on 19 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hotels+in+Adana&rft.pub=%C3%87UKTOB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cuktob.org.tr%2Fuyelerimiz.asp%3FLnkKId%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429072158/http://www.turkcebilgi.net/bilim/cografya/illere-gore-tarim-urunleri-ve-uretim-miktarlari-54480.html">"İllere göre tarım miktarları"</a>. Turkcebilgi.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkcebilgi.net/bilim/cografya/illere-gore-tarim-urunleri-ve-uretim-miktarlari-54480.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0llere+g%C3%B6re+tar%C4%B1m+miktarlar%C4%B1&rft.pub=Turkcebilgi.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkcebilgi.net%2Fbilim%2Fcografya%2Fillere-gore-tarim-urunleri-ve-uretim-miktarlari-54480.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cukobirlik.com.tr/default.asp?tekd=1">"Çukobirlik Tarihçe"</a>. Çukobirlik<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87ukobirlik+Tarih%C3%A7e&rft.pub=%C3%87ukobirlik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cukobirlik.com.tr%2Fdefault.asp%3Ftekd%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/adana-tarim-fuari-na-20-ulkeden-katilimci-geliyor-3051148-haberi/">"Adana Tarım Fuarı'na 20 Ülkeden Katılımcı Geliyor"</a>. Haberler.com. 11 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Tar%C4%B1m+Fuar%C4%B1%27na+20+%C3%9Clkeden+Kat%C4%B1l%C4%B1mc%C4%B1+Geliyor&rft.pub=Haberler.com&rft.date=2011-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fadana-tarim-fuari-na-20-ulkeden-katilimci-geliyor-3051148-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220193943/http://www.adaso.org.tr/WebDosyalar/Yayinlar/RakamlarlaAdana/ADANA%20SANAY%C4%B0%20DURUM%202016%20web.pdf">"Distribution Of Sectors in Adana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish). Adana Chamber of Industry. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adaso.org.tr/WebDosyalar/Yayinlar/RakamlarlaAdana/ADANA%20SANAY%C4%B0%20DURUM%202016%20web.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+Of+Sectors+in+Adana&rft.pub=Adana+Chamber+of+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adaso.org.tr%2FWebDosyalar%2FYayinlar%2FRakamlarlaAdana%2FADANA%2520SANAY%25C4%25B0%2520DURUM%25202016%2520web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyair.com.tr/adana-ucak-bileti/">"Türkiye'nin en büyük 500 sanayi kuruluşu arasına Adana'dan sadece 11 firma girdi (Turkish)"</a>. Zaman Gazetesi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+en+b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk+500+sanayi+kurulu%C5%9Fu+aras%C4%B1na+Adana%27dan+sadece+11+firma+girdi+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Zaman+Gazetesi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyair.com.tr%2Fadana-ucak-bileti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004073131/http://www.marsangida.com/en/sirketimiz.aspx">"Marsan Adana Plant"</a>. Marsan. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/">the original</a> on 8 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biruni.tuik.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Biruni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiruni.tuik.gov.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelebi1896" class="citation book cs1">Çelebi, Evliya (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evliyaelebiseyah09evli/page/338/mode/2up"><i>Evliya Çelebi Seyahatnamesi</i></a>. [stnbl] dm Maba'asi. p. 338<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Ve halkı ekseriya بله dir yani Oğuz tayifesidir(...) Bir alay Türkman kavmidir(...) Ve Arab ve Tat Fellah ve Urum ve Ermeni ve Yahudi var bir şehri kebirdir</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evliya+%C3%87elebi+Seyahatnamesi&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=%5Bstnbl%5D+dm+Maba%27asi&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=%C3%87elebi&rft.aufirst=Evliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevliyaelebiseyah09evli%2Fpage%2F338%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prophets_page_39-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prophets_page_39_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prophets_page_39_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Plain of Saints and Prophets: The Nusayri-Alawi Community of Cilicia</i>, Gisela Procházka-Eisl, Stephan Procházka, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalYazar&ArticleID=1025234&Yazar=SIRRI%20S%DCREYYA%20%D6NDER&Date=24.10.2010&CategoryID=97">"1990'larda kimine göre 2.5 milyon, kimine göre 4.5 milyon Kürt göç ettirildi.(Turkish)"</a>. <i>Radikal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adonisistanbul.com/adonis/page.php?58">the original</a> on 11 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana&rft.pub=Adonis+%C4%B0stanbul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adonisistanbul.com%2Fadonis%2Fpage.php%3F58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091005030129/http://www.kenthaber.com/akdeniz/adana/seyhan/Rehber/cami-ve-mescitler/yeni-cami">"Yeni Camii"</a>. Kenthaber Kültür Kurulu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenthaber.com/akdeniz/adana/seyhan/Rehber/cami-ve-mescitler/yeni-cami">the original</a> on 5 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yeni+Camii&rft.pub=Kenthaber+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Kurulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenthaber.com%2Fakdeniz%2Fadana%2Fseyhan%2FRehber%2Fcami-ve-mescitler%2Fyeni-cami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabancivakfi.org/tr/?kalicieser/sos/adana/sabanci_merkez_cami/adana_sabanci_merkez_cami.html">"Sabancı Merkez Camii"</a>. Sabancı Vakfı.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sabanc%C4%B1+Merkez+Camii&rft.pub=Sabanc%C4%B1+Vakf%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabancivakfi.org%2Ftr%2F%3Fkalicieser%2Fsos%2Fadana%2Fsabanci_merkez_cami%2Fadana_sabanci_merkez_cami.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabah2017" class="citation web cs1">Sabah, Daily (19 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/turkey/2017/05/19/turkeys-largest-museum-complex-unveiled-in-adana">"Turkey's largest museum complex unveiled in Adana"</a>. <i>Daily Sabah</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+largest+museum+complex+unveiled+in+Adana&rft.date=2017-05-19&rft.aulast=Sabah&rft.aufirst=Daily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fturkey%2F2017%2F05%2F19%2Fturkeys-largest-museum-complex-unveiled-in-adana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/muzelere-ogrenci-ilgisi-3353777-haberi/">"Müzelere öğrenci ilgisi (Turkish)"</a>. Haberler.com. 12 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%BCzelere+%C3%B6%C4%9Frenci+ilgisi+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Haberler.com&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fmuzelere-ogrenci-ilgisi-3353777-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adanakultur.gov.tr/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFB0ED0AA5232E402F59FCBAD67E463149">"Adana Taşköprü (Stone Bridge)"</a>. Governorship of Adana Tourism and Culture Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC+%28Stone+Bridge%29&rft.pub=Governorship+of+Adana+Tourism+and+Culture+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adanakultur.gov.tr%2FBelgeGoster.aspx%3FF6E10F8892433CFFB0ED0AA5232E402F59FCBAD67E463149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091004173530/http://www.kenthaber.com/akdeniz/adana/seyhan/Rehber/hamamlar/carsi-hamami---">"Çarşı Hamamı(Turkish)"</a>. Kenthaber Kültür Kurulu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kenthaber.com/akdeniz/adana/seyhan/Rehber/hamamlar/carsi-hamami---">the original</a> on 4 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87ar%C5%9F%C4%B1+Hamam%C4%B1%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Kenthaber+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Kurulu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kenthaber.com%2Fakdeniz%2Fadana%2Fseyhan%2FRehber%2Fhamamlar%2Fcarsi-hamami---&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.anadolukatolikkilisesi.org/adana/tr/">[3]</a>." Adana Catholic Church. Retrieved on 28 September 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurtsever" class="citation web cs1">Yurtsever, Cezmi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133100/http://cezmiyurtsever.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=28">"Kiikya Ermenileri"</a>. Cezmiyurtsever.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cezmiyurtsever.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=28">the original</a> on 8 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kiikya+Ermenileri&rft.pub=Cezmiyurtsever.com&rft.aulast=Yurtsever&rft.aufirst=Cezmi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcezmiyurtsever.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D191%26Itemid%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822193026/http://adana-bld.gov.tr/adanabld.asp?siteID=2&DilID=1&KatID=4&sayfaID=25">"Rekreasyon Çalışmaları"</a>. Adana Metropolitan Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adana-bld.gov.tr/adanabld.asp?siteID=2&DilID=1&KatID=4&sayfaID=25">the original</a> on 22 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rekreasyon+%C3%87al%C4%B1%C5%9Fmalar%C4%B1&rft.pub=Adana+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadana-bld.gov.tr%2Fadanabld.asp%3FsiteID%3D2%26DilID%3D1%26KatID%3D4%26sayfaID%3D25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogm-adanaobm.gov.tr/default.asp?orman=arboretum">"Çukurova Süleyman Demirel Arboretumu (Turkish)"</a>. Adana Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87ukurova+S%C3%BCleyman+Demirel+Arboretumu+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Adana+Orman+B%C3%B6lge+M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogm-adanaobm.gov.tr%2Fdefault.asp%3Forman%3Darboretum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtun" class="citation web cs1">Artun, Erman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/CUKUROVA/makaleler/25.php">"Adana Halk Kültürüne bakış"</a>. Çukurova Üniversitesi Türkoloji Araştırmaları Merkezi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Halk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BCne+bak%C4%B1%C5%9F&rft.pub=%C3%87ukurova+%C3%9Cniversitesi+T%C3%BCrkoloji+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Merkezi&rft.aulast=Artun&rft.aufirst=Erman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fturkoloji.cu.edu.tr%2FCUKUROVA%2Fmakaleler%2F25.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adanadan.biz/icerik.asp?ICID=73">"Adana Mutfağı(Turkish)"</a>. adanadan.biz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=adanadan.biz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adanadan.biz%2Ficerik.asp%3FICID%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909033855/http://www.adanadt.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27">"Adana Devlet Tiyatrosu Tarihçesi(Turkish)"</a>. Adana Devlet Tiyatroları. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adanadt.gov.tr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=27">the original</a> on 9 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Devlet+Tiyatrosu+Tarih%C3%A7esi%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Adana+Devlet+Tiyatrolar%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adanadt.gov.tr%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D12%26Itemid%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404202250/http://www.sabancivakfi.org/eng/?etkinlikler%2Ftiyatro_festivali%2F13%2F13_tiyatro_festivali.html">"13th State Theater-Sabancı International Adana Theater Festival"</a>. Sabancivakfi.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabancivakfi.org/eng/?etkinlikler/tiyatro_festivali/13/13_tiyatro_festivali.html">the original</a> on 4 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13th+State+Theater-Sabanc%C4%B1+International+Adana+Theater+Festival&rft.pub=Sabancivakfi.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabancivakfi.org%2Feng%2F%3Fetkinlikler%2Ftiyatro_festivali%2F13%2F13_tiyatro_festivali.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209181021/http://nisandaadanada.com/WebSite/Display.aspx?MyContentGroupID=6">"Nisan'da Adana'da"</a>. <i>Nisandaadanada.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisandaadanada.com/WebSite/Display.aspx?MyContentGroupID=6">the original</a> on 9 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nisandaadanada.com&rft.atitle=Nisan%27da+Adana%27da&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisandaadanada.com%2FWebSite%2FDisplay.aspx%3FMyContentGroupID%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100105155502/http://www.cumder.org/2009/index.html">"5.Uluslararası Çukurova Çoksesli Müzik Festivali(Turkish)"</a>. Çukurova Müzik Dostları Derneği. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cumder.org/2009/index.html">the original</a> on 5 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5.Uluslararas%C4%B1+%C3%87ukurova+%C3%87oksesli+M%C3%BCzik+Festivali%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=%C3%87ukurova+M%C3%BCzik+Dostlar%C4%B1+Derne%C4%9Fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cumder.org%2F2009%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161018164352/http://www.sondakika.com/haber-6-uluslararasi-cukurova-sanat-gunleri-3472991/">"6. Uluslararası Çukurova Sanat Günleri (Turkish)"</a>. Son Dakika. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sondakika.com/haber-6-uluslararasi-cukurova-sanat-gunleri-3472991/">the original</a> on 18 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.+Uluslararas%C4%B1+%C3%87ukurova+Sanat+G%C3%BCnleri+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Son+Dakika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sondakika.com%2Fhaber-6-uluslararasi-cukurova-sanat-gunleri-3472991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltay" class="citation web cs1">Altay, İbrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/adana_artik_pavyonla_anilmiyor?tc=36&albumId=29729&page=22">"Adana artık pavyonla anılmıyor.(Turkish)"</a>. Sabah Gazetesi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+art%C4%B1k+pavyonla+an%C4%B1lm%C4%B1yor.%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Sabah+Gazetesi&rft.aulast=Altay&rft.aufirst=%C4%B0brahim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabah.com.tr%2Ffotohaber%2Fyasam%2Fadana_artik_pavyonla_anilmiyor%3Ftc%3D36%26albumId%3D29729%26page%3D22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltay" class="citation web cs1">Altay, İbrahim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sabah.com.tr/fotohaber/yasam/adana_artik_pavyonla_anilmiyor?tc=36&albumId=29729&page=19">"Adana'da bar-pavyon hayatı"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pegasus%2C+Adana+merkezli+Diyarbak%C4%B1r+ve+Van+u%C3%A7u%C5%9Flar%C4%B1na+ba%C5%9Flad%C4%B1%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=D%C3%BCnya+Gazetesi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dunyagazetesi.com.tr%2Fpegasus-adana-merkezli-diyarbakir-ve-van-ucuslarina-basladi_104937_haber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091123110119/http://www.haberler.com/adana-mersin-hizli-tren-seferleri-basliyor-haberi">"Adana -Mersin Hızlı Tren Seferleri Başlıyor (Turkish)"</a>. Anadolu Ajansı. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/adana-mersin-hizli-tren-seferleri-basliyor-haberi/">the original</a> on 23 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+-Mersin+H%C4%B1zl%C4%B1+Tren+Seferleri+Ba%C5%9Fl%C4%B1yor+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Anadolu+Ajans%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fadana-mersin-hizli-tren-seferleri-basliyor-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140921042331/http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/Upload/Files/ContentFiles/2010/bolgesel/islahiyeadana.htm">"Islahiye-Adana Regional Train"</a>. Todd.gov.tr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcdd.gov.tr/Upload/Files/ContentFiles/2010/bolgesel/islahiyeadana.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islahiye-Adana+Regional+Train&rft.pub=Todd.gov.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcdd.gov.tr%2FUpload%2FFiles%2FContentFiles%2F2010%2Fbolgesel%2Fislahiyeadana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haberler.com/adana-hafif-rayli-tasima-sistemi-devreye-girdi-haberi/">"Adana Hafif Raylı Taşıma Sistemi Devreye Girdi. (Turkish)"</a>. Anadolu Ajansı. 14 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adana+Hafif+Rayl%C4%B1+Ta%C5%9F%C4%B1ma+Sistemi+Devreye+Girdi.+%28Turkish%29&rft.pub=Anadolu+Ajans%C4%B1&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberler.com%2Fadana-hafif-rayli-tasima-sistemi-devreye-girdi-haberi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?q=adana+metrosu+2.+etap#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:bb622681,vid:oe5HREFLSbc">"adana metrosu 2. etap - Google Search"</a>. <i>www.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com&rft.atitle=adana+metrosu+2.+etap+-+Google+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dadana%2Bmetrosu%2B2.%2Betap%23fpstate%3Dive%26vld%3Dcid%3Abb622681%2Cvid%3Aoe5HREFLSbc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/adana-ve-debrecen-kardes-sehir-oldu-40929419">"Adana ve Debrecen kardeş şehir oldu"</a>. <i>Hürriyet</i>. 15 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=Adana+ve+Debrecen+karde%C5%9F+%C5%9Fehir+oldu&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fadana-ve-debrecen-kardes-sehir-oldu-40929419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muni-sister-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muni-sister_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209131035/http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp">"International Relations of the City of Beersheba"</a> (in Hebrew). Beersheba Municipality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beer-sheva.muni.il/ArimTeomot.asp">the original</a> on 9 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+the+City+of+Beersheba&rft.pub=Beersheba+Municipality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beer-sheva.muni.il%2FArimTeomot.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParpolaPorter2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Parpola, Simo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Porter" title="Michael Porter">Porter, Michael</a> (2001). <i>The Helsinki Atlas of the Near East in the Neo-Assyrian Period</i>. Helsinki, Finland: <a href="/wiki/Gazetteer" title="Gazetteer">Gazetteer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-45-9050-3" title="Special:BookSources/951-45-9050-3"><bdi>951-45-9050-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Helsinki+Atlas+of+the+Near+East+in+the+Neo-Assyrian+Period&rft.place=Helsinki%2C+Finland&rft.pub=Gazetteer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=951-45-9050-3&rft.aulast=Parpola&rft.aufirst=Simo&rft.au=Porter%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMango2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mango" title="Andrew Mango">Mango, Andrew</a> (2004). <i>The Turks Today</i>. New York City: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58567-756-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-58567-756-6"><bdi>1-58567-756-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Turks+Today&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-58567-756-6&rft.aulast=Mango&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbert2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Talbert" title="Richard Talbert">Talbert, Richard</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/Barrington_Atlas_of_the_Greek_and_Roman_World" title="Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World">Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World</a></i>. New York City: The Overlook Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-03169-X"><bdi>0-691-03169-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Barrington+Atlas+of+the+Greek+and+Roman+World&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-691-03169-X&rft.aulast=Talbert&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeghiayan1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yeghiayan, Puzant (1970). <i>Ատանայի Հայոց Պատմութիւն</i> [<i>The History of the Armenians of Adana</i>] (in Armenian). Beirut: Union of Armenian Compatriots of Adana.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB+%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%81+%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pub=Union+of+Armenian+Compatriots+of+Adana&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Yeghiayan&rft.aufirst=Puzant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdana" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adana&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Adana#Q38545" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Adana">Adana</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adana">Adana</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adana.gov.tr/">Governorship of Adana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adana.bel.tr">Adana Metropolitan Municipality</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110730130907/http://www.adana.bel.tr/">Archived</a> 30 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827192954/http://www.adana-to.org.tr/">Adana Trade and Industry Chamber</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Adana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adana" title="Template:Adana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adana" title="Template talk:Adana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Adana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Adana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Govenance">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ncirlik" title="İncirlik">İncirlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar%C5%9F%C4%B1yaka,_Adana" title="Karşıyaka, Adana">Karşıyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mopsuestia" title="Mopsuestia">Misis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahallah" title="Mahallah">Mahalle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0stiklal,_Seyhan" title="İstiklal, Seyhan">İstiklal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurttepe" title="Kurttepe">Kurttepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtulu%C5%9F,_Seyhan" title="Kurtuluş, Seyhan">Kurtuluş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re%C5%9Fatbey" title="Reşatbey">Reşatbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa" title="Şakirpaşa">Şakirpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepeba%C4%9F" title="Tepebağ">Tepebağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Filoba,_Seyhan" title="Yeşiloba, Seyhan">Yeşiloba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%C3%A7_Ka%C3%A7_incident" title="Kaç Kaç incident">Kaç Kaç incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surp_Asdvadzadzin_Cathedral_(Adana)" title="Surp Asdvadzadzin Cathedral (Adana)">Surp Asdvadzadzin Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">Adana Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Adana%E2%80%93Ceyhan_earthquake" title="1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake">1998 Adana–Ceyhan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_5_Ocak_Stadium" title="Adana 5 Ocak Stadium">5 Ocak Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Architecture">Bridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_(bridge)" title="Demirköprü (bridge)">Demirköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misis_Bridge" title="Misis Bridge">Misis Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Bridge_(Adana)" title="Stone Bridge (Adana)">Taşköprü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15_July_Martyrs_Bridge_(Adana)" title="15 July Martyrs Bridge (Adana)">15 July Martyrs Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Architecture">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Archaeology_Museum" title="Adana Archaeology Museum">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Museum_(Adana)" title="Atatürk Museum (Adana)">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Cinema_Museum" title="Adana Cinema Museum">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Ethnography_Museum" title="Adana Ethnography Museum">Ethnography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misis_Mosaic_Museum" title="Misis Mosaic Museum">Misis Mosaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Architecture">Mosques and churches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Adana" title="Great Mosque of Adana">Great Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuruk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC_Monumental_Church" title="Kuruköprü Monumental Church">Kuruköprü Monumental Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Merkez_Camii" title="Sabancı Merkez Camii">Sabancı Merkez Camii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_Church,_Adana" title="Saint Paul Church, Adana">Saint Paul Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C4%9F_Cami" title="Yağ Cami">Yağ Cami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Performing_arts">Arts and<br /> culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Center_for_Arts_and_Culture" title="Adana Center for Arts and Culture">Adana Center for Arts and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Metropolitan_Theatre" title="Adana Metropolitan Theatre">Adana Metropolitan Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Kemal_Cultural_Centre" title="Orhan Kemal Cultural Centre">Orhan Kemal Cultural Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramazano%C4%9Flu_Cultural_Center" title="Ramazanoğlu Cultural Center">Ramazanoğlu Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramazano%C4%9Flu_Hall" title="Ramazanoğlu Hall">Ramazanoğlu Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabanc%C4%B1_Cultural_Center" title="Sabancı Cultural Center">Sabancı Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Cultural_Center" title="Seyhan Cultural Center">Seyhan Cultural Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir_Cultural_Centre" title="Yüreğir Cultural Centre">Yüreğir Cultural Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_State_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra">Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Theatres" title="Turkish State Theatres">Turkish State Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Golden_Boll_Film_Festival" title="Adana Golden Boll Film Festival">Adana Golden Boll Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sabanc%C4%B1_Theater_Festival" title="International Sabancı Theater Festival">International Sabancı Theater Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Blossom_Carnival" title="Orange Blossom Carnival">Orange Blossom Carnival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Rak%C4%B1_Festival" title="World Rakı Festival">World Rakı Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Atat%C3%BCrk_Sports_Hall" title="Adana Atatürk Sports Hall">Adana Atatürk Sports Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Equestrian_Club" title="Adana Equestrian Club">Adana Equestrian Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Stadium">Adana Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Ye%C5%9Filoba_Hippodrome" title="Adana Yeşiloba Hippodrome">Adana Yeşiloba Hippodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk_Swimming_Complex" title="Atatürk Swimming Complex">Atatürk Swimming Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen%C3%A7lik_Stadium" title="Gençlik Stadium">Gençlik Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfullah_Aksungur_Sports_Hall" title="Lütfullah Aksungur Sports Hall">Lütfullah Aksungur Sports Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menderes_Sports_Hall" title="Menderes Sports Hall">Menderes Sports Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serinevler_Athletics_Stadium" title="Serinevler Athletics Stadium">Serinevler Athletics Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir_Serinevler_Arena" title="Yüreğir Serinevler Arena">Yüreğir Serinevler Arena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABB_%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa" title="ABB Şakirpaşa">ABB Şakirpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_ASK%C4%B0_SK" title="Adana ASKİ SK">Adana ASKİ SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Demirspor" title="Adana Demirspor">Adana Demirspor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_%C4%B0dman_Yurdu" title="Adana İdman Yurdu">Adana İdman Yurdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanaspor" title="Adanaspor">Adanaspor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adanaspor_Basketbol" title="Adanaspor Basketbol">Adanaspor Basketbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_football_derby" title="Adana football derby">Adana football derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Half_Marathon" title="Adana Half Marathon">Adana Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_MTB_Cup" title="Adana MTB Cup">Adana MTB Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Adana Alparslan Türkeş University of Science and Technology">Adana Alparslan Türkeş University of Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87a%C4%9F_University" title="Çağ University">Çağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_University" title="Çukurova University">Çukurova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_American_College_for_Girls" title="Adana American College for Girls">Adana American College for Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_D%C3%A2r%C3%BCleyt%C3%A2m" title="Adana Dârüleytâm">Adana Dârüleytâm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova_Regional_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Çukurova Regional Airport">Çukurova</a></li> <li><i>General aviation:</i> <a href="/wiki/Adana_%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_Airport" title="Adana Şakirpaşa Airport">Adana Şakirpaşa</a></li> <li><i>Military:</i> <a href="/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">İncirlik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Railway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_railway_station" title="Adana railway station">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0ncirlik_railway_station" title="İncirlik railway station">İncirlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiremithane_railway_station" title="Kiremithane railway station">Kiremithane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eakirpa%C5%9Fa_railway_station" title="Şakirpaşa railway station">Şakirpaşa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eehitlik_railway_station" title="Şehitlik railway station">Şehitlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakap%C4%B1nar_railway_station" title="Yakapınar railway station">Yakapınar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Metro" title="Adana Metro">Adana Metro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Parks_and_gardens">Parks and nature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan_River" title="Ceyhan River">Ceyhan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkez_Park" title="Merkez Park">Merkez Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_Dam" title="Seyhan Dam">Seyhan Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan_River" title="Seyhan River">Seyhan River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Adana" title="Category:Adana">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adana">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adana_in_Adana_Province_of_Turkey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Template talk:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adana_in_Adana_Province_of_Turkey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Adana in <a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana Province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alada%C4%9F,_Adana" title="Aladağ, Adana">Aladağ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceyhan" title="Ceyhan">Ceyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova,_Adana" title="Çukurova, Adana">Çukurova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feke" title="Feke">Feke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu" title="İmamoğlu">İmamoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaisal%C4%B1" title="Karaisalı">Karaisalı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata%C5%9F" title="Karataş">Karataş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozan,_Adana" title="Kozan, Adana">Kozan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pozant%C4%B1" title="Pozantı">Pozantı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saimbeyli" title="Saimbeyli">Saimbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sar%C4%B1%C3%A7am" title="Sarıçam">Sarıçam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyhan" title="Seyhan">Seyhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufanbeyli" title="Tufanbeyli">Tufanbeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumurtal%C4%B1k" title="Yumurtalık">Yumurtalık</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%BCre%C4%9Fir" title="Yüreğir">Yüreğir</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/100px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/150px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png/200px-NUTS_Map_of_Turkey.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><br /><br /><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adana_districts.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Districts of Adana"><img alt="Districts of Adana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adana_districts.png/100px-Adana_districts.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adana_districts.png/150px-Adana_districts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Adana_districts.png/200px-Adana_districts.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Adana</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_provinces_by_region"><b>List of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">provinces</a> by <a href="/wiki/NUTS_statistical_regions_of_Turkey" title="NUTS statistical regions of Turkey">region</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Region_(statistical)" title="Istanbul Region (statistical)">Istanbul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Marmara_Region_(statistical)" title="West Marmara Region (statistical)">West Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir_Province" title="Balıkesir Province">Balıkesir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_Province" title="Çanakkale Province">Çanakkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_Province" title="Edirne Province">Edirne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1rklareli_Province" title="Kırklareli Province">Kırklareli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F_Province" title="Tekirdağ Province">Tekirdağ</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Region_(statistical)" title="Aegean Region (statistical)">Aegean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar_Province" title="Afyonkarahisar Province">Afyonkarahisar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Province" title="Aydın Province">Aydın</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir_Province" title="İzmir Province">İzmir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCtahya_Province" title="Kütahya Province">Kütahya</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mu%C4%9Fla_Province" title="Muğla Province">Muğla</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Marmara_Region" title="East Marmara Region">East Marmara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilecik_Province" title="Bilecik Province">Bilecik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolu_Province" title="Bolu Province">Bolu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCzce_Province" title="Düzce Province">Düzce</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eski%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Eskişehir Province">Eskişehir</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sakarya_Province" title="Sakarya Province">Sakarya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalova_Province" title="Yalova Province">Yalova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="West Anatolia Region (statistical)">West Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Province" title="Ankara Province">Ankara</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Province" title="Karaman Province">Karaman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Konya_Province" title="Konya Province">Konya</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Region_(statistical)" title="Mediterranean Region (statistical)">Mediterranean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Adana_Province" title="Adana Province">Adana</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Antalya_Province" title="Antalya Province">Antalya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdur_Province" title="Burdur Province">Burdur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isparta_Province" title="Isparta Province">Isparta</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kahramanmara%C5%9F_Province" title="Kahramanmaraş Province">Kahramanmaraş</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mersin_Province" title="Mersin Province">Mersin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmaniye_Province" title="Osmaniye Province">Osmaniye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kayseri_Province" title="Kayseri Province">Kayseri</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C4%B1kkale_Province" title="Kırıkkale Province">Kırıkkale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1r%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Kırşehir Province">Kırşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Province" title="Nevşehir Province">Nevşehir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C4%9Fde_Province" title="Niğde Province">Niğde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Province" title="Sivas Province">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yozgat_Province" title="Yozgat Province">Yozgat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="West Black Sea Region (statistical)">West Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Province" title="Amasya Province">Amasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_Province" title="Bartın Province">Bartın</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ank%C4%B1r%C4%B1_Province" title="Çankırı Province">Çankırı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87orum_Province" title="Çorum Province">Çorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karab%C3%BCk_Province" title="Karabük Province">Karabük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Province" title="Kastamonu Province">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_Province" title="Sinop Province">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonguldak_Province" title="Zonguldak Province">Zonguldak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Black_Sea_Region_(statistical)" title="East Black Sea Region (statistical)">East Black Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artvin_Province" title="Artvin Province">Artvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun_Province" title="Giresun Province">Giresun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane_Province" title="Gümüşhane Province">Gümüşhane</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ordu_Province" title="Ordu Province">Ordu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize_Province" title="Rize Province">Rize</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trabzon_Province" title="Trabzon Province">Trabzon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Northeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Northeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1_Province" title="Ağrı Province">Ağrı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardahan_Province" title="Ardahan Province">Ardahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayburt_Province" title="Bayburt Province">Bayburt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzincan_Province" title="Erzincan Province">Erzincan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Province" title="Erzurum Province">Erzurum</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C4%9Fd%C4%B1r_Province" title="Iğdır Province">Iğdır</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Province" title="Kars Province">Kars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_East_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Central East Anatolia Region (statistical)">Central East Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bing%C3%B6l_Province" title="Bingöl Province">Bingöl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Province" title="Bitlis Province">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province" title="Elazığ Province">Elazığ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_Province" title="Hakkâri Province">Hakkâri</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Malatya_Province" title="Malatya Province">Malatya</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%9F_Province" title="Muş Province">Muş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunceli_Province" title="Tunceli Province">Tunceli</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Van_Province" title="Van Province">Van</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Anatolia_Region_(statistical)" title="Southeast Anatolia Region (statistical)">Southeast Anatolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman_Province" title="Adıyaman Province">Adıyaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batman_Province" title="Batman Province">Batman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province" title="Diyarbakır Province">Diyarbakır</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep_Province" title="Gaziantep Province">Gaziantep</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilis_Province" title="Kilis Province">Kilis</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Province" title="Mardin Province">Mardin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siirt_Province" title="Siirt Province">Siirt</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province" title="Şanlıurfa Province">Şanlıurfa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1rnak_Province" title="Şırnak Province">Şırnak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipalities</a> are bolded.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Template talk:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite_states" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Syro-Hittite states"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Syro-Hittite_states_and_cities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite</a> states and cities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(region)" title="Tabal (region)">Tabal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabal_(state)" title="Tabal (state)">Tabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwana" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuwana">Tuwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atuna_(state)" title="Atuna (state)">Atuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAubi%C5%A1na" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫubišna">Ḫubišna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0inu%E1%B8%ABtu" title="Šinuḫtu">Šinuḫtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1tuanda" title="Ištuanda">Ištuanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kammanu" title="Kammanu">Kammanu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melid" class="mw-redirect" title="Melid">Melid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Kummuh" title="Kummuh">Kummuh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samsat" title="Samsat">Samsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Quw%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quwê">Quwê</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karatepe" title="Karatepe">Karatepe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hilakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilakku">Hilakku</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Gurgum" title="Gurgum">Gurgum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marqas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqas">Marqas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NeoHittiteStates.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE"><img alt="The Neo-Hittite states circa 800 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif/300px-NeoHittiteStates.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/NeoHittiteStates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aramaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaeans">Aramaean</a> states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Palistin" title="Palistin">Palistin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Pattin" title="Pattin">Unqi-Pattina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinalua" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinalua">Kinalua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Bit Gabbari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sam%27al" class="mw-redirect" title="Sam'al">Sam'al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Adini" title="Bit Adini">Bit Adini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Til_Barsip" title="Til Barsip">Til Barsip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Bahiani" title="Bit Bahiani">Bit Bahiani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guzana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzana">Guzana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Bit_Agusi" title="Bit Agusi">Bit Agusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpad,_Syria" title="Arpad, Syria">Arpad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nampigi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nampigi (page does not exist)">Nampigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Halab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Luhuti" title="Luhuti">Luhuti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Afis" title="Tell Afis">Hatarikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.75em"><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hama" title="Hama">Hamath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Template talk:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_in_Turkey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities in Turkey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_or_towns_in_TurkeyTÜİK&#039;s_address-based_calculation_from_31_December_2023_published_at_7th_of_February_2024." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest cities or towns in Turkey<br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Statistical_Institute" title="Turkish Statistical Institute">TÜİK</a>'s address-based calculation from 31 December 2023 published at 7th of February 2024.</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Turkey_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Turkey by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istanbul"><img alt="Istanbul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/120px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/180px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg/240px-Historical_peninsula_and_modern_skyline_of_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="1595" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ankara"><img alt="Ankara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/120px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/180px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg/240px-Ankara_from_bus_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3883" data-file-height="2508" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15,655,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,938,389 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="İzmir"><img alt="İzmir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/120px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/180px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg/240px-Skyscrapers_in_Izmir_-_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4068" data-file-height="2019" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bursa_image.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bursa"><img alt="Bursa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/120px-Bursa_image.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/180px-Bursa_image.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bursa_image.jpg/240px-Bursa_image.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2905" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,803,482</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r" title="Diyarbakır">Diyarbakır</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,818,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,479,525</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hatay" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatay">Hatay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,544,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,214,571</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manisa" title="Manisa">Manisa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,475,716 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,696,249</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Kayseri</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,445,683 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,320,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Samsun</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,377,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adana</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,270,298</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1kesir" title="Balıkesir">Balıkesir</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,273,519 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Şanlıurfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,213,964</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tekirda%C4%9F" title="Tekirdağ">Tekirdağ</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,167,059 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,164,134</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n" title="Aydın">Aydın</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,161,702 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_Province" title="Kocaeli Province">Kocaeli</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,102,907</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Van,_Turkey" title="Van, Turkey">Van</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,127,612 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38545#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38545#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/136070047">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbWtX4G4bQGhyyctvhPwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079621-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82161145">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15166700n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15166700n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Adana (Turecko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge371044&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552798805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c48303a5-857b-4ffb-ad0c-169eee385751">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/648548">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/06683869X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044251">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adana&oldid=1258744328">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adana&oldid=1258744328</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adana" 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