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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>European exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_protectorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>German protectorate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_protectorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_mandate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_mandate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Japanese mandate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_mandate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Trust_Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Trust_Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>U.S. Trust Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Trust_Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shark_sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shark_sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Shark sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shark_sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territorial_claim_on_Wake_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territorial_claim_on_Wake_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Territorial claim on Wake Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territorial_claim_on_Wake_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Marine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthropods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthropods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Arthropods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthropods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs_and_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs_and_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foreign affairs and defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs_and_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Association football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marshall_Islands_Baseball_/_Softball_Federation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marshall_Islands_Baseball_/_Softball_Federation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Marshall Islands Baseball / Softball Federation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marshall_Islands_Baseball_/_Softball_Federation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Foreign assistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Media and communications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Media and communications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.2</span> <span>General information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.3</span> <span>News media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.4</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marshall Islands</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 196 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-196" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">196 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo-pulo_Marshall" title="Pulo-pulo Marshall – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pulo-pulo Marshall" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalleilande" title="Marshalleilande – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marshalleilande" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallinseln" title="Marshallinseln – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Marshallinseln" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%BB%E1%88%8D_%E1%8B%B0%E1%88%B4%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD" title="ማርሻል ደሴቶች – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማርሻል ደሴቶች" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallsuolluuh" title="Marshallsuolluuh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Marshallsuolluuh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="मार्शल द्वीप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मार्शल द्वीप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Маршаллтәи адгьылбжьахақәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Маршаллтәи адгьылбжьахақәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جزر مارشال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزر مارشال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marshall" title="Islas Marshall – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Islas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/March%C2%B7al_(payis)" title="March·al (payis) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="March·al (payis)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islles_M%C3%A1rxal" title="Islles Márxal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islles Márxal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ypa%27%C5%A9ngu%C3%A9ra_Marshall" title="Ypa'ũnguéra Marshall – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ypa'ũnguéra Marshall" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fall_adalar%C4%B1" title="Marşall adaları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marşall adaları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مارشال آدالاری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مارشال آدالاری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Marshall" title="Kapuloan Marshall – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kapuloan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="মার্শাল দ্বীপপুঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্শাল দ্বীপপুঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_K%C3%BBn-t%C3%B3" title="Marshall Kûn-tó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Marshall Kûn-tó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Маршалл Утрауҙары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Маршалл Утрауҙары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Маршалавы Астравы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Маршалавы Астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Маршалавы астравы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Маршалавы астравы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="मार्शल दीप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मार्शल दीप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marshall" title="Islas Marshall – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Islas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masal_Aelan" title="Masal Aelan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Masal Aelan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Маршалови острови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маршалови острови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="མར་ཤལ་གླིང་ཕྲན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མར་ཤལ་གླིང་ཕྲན་རྒྱལ་ཁབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alska_Ostrva" title="Maršalska Ostrva – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maršalska Ostrva" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inizi_Marshall" title="Inizi Marshall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Inizi Marshall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Маршаллай аралнууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Маршаллай аралнууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illes_Marshall" title="Illes Marshall – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illes Marshall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapupud-ang_Marshall" title="Kapupud-ang Marshall – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kapupud-ang Marshall" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallovy_ostrovy" title="Marshallovy ostrovy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marshallovy ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marshall" title="Islas Marshall – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Islas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isule_Marshall" title="Isule Marshall – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Isule Marshall" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysoedd_Marshall" title="Ynysoedd Marshall – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynysoedd Marshall" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C3%B8erne" title="Marshalløerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marshalløerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جزر مارشال – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جزر مارشال" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallsullot" title="Marshallsullot – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Marshallsullot" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallinseln" title="Marshallinseln – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marshallinseln" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%A7%DE%9D%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%B0_%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A7" title="މާޝަލް ޖަޒީރާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މާޝަލް ޖަޒީރާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="मार्सल आइल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मार्सल आइल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mh mw-list-item"><a href="https://mh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj%C3%B5l" title="Majõl – Marshallese" lang="mh" hreflang="mh" data-title="Majõl" data-language-autonym="Ebon" data-language-local-name="Marshallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ebon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalli_Saared" title="Marshalli Saared – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marshalli Saared" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Νήσοι Μάρσαλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσοι Μάρσαλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marshall" title="Islas Marshall – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Islas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Dala_Insularo" title="Marŝala Insularo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marŝala Insularo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islas_Marshall" title="Islas Marshall – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Islas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Uharteak" title="Marshall Uharteak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marshall Uharteak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جزایر مارشال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزایر مارشال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalloyggjar" title="Marshalloyggjar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marshalloyggjar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Marshall" title="Îles Marshall – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Îles Marshall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalleilannen" title="Marshalleilannen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Marshalleilannen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1in_Marshall" title="Oileáin Marshall – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileáin Marshall" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellanyn_Varshyl" title="Ellanyn Varshyl – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellanyn Varshyl" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fall_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Marşall Adaları – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Marşall Adaları" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_Mharshall" title="Na h-Eileanan Mharshall – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Na h-Eileanan Mharshall" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Marshall" title="Illas Marshall – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Khi%C3%B9n-t%C3%B3" title="Marshall Khiùn-tó – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Marshall Khiùn-tó" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%85%9C_%EC%A0%9C%EB%8F%84" title="마셜 제도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마셜 제도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibiran_Mashal" title="Tsibiran Mashal – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsibiran Mashal" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարշալյան կղզիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարշալյան կղզիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallowe_kupy" title="Marshallowe kupy – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Marshallowe kupy" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alovi_Otoci" title="Maršalovi Otoci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maršalovi Otoci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insuli_Marshall" title="Insuli Marshall – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Insuli Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is-isla_ti_Marshall" title="Is-isla ti Marshall – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Is-isla ti Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="মার্শাল দ্বীপমালা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মার্শাল দ্বীপমালা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepulauan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-Insules" title="Marshall-Insules – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Marshall-Insules" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasalaq_Qikiqtat" title="Maasalaq Qikiqtat – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Maasalaq Qikiqtat" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D1%85%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Маршаллы Сакъадæхтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Маршаллы Сакъадæхтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalleyjar" title="Marshalleyjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marshalleyjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isole_Marshall" title="Isole Marshall – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isole Marshall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="איי מרשל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איי מרשל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Marsyal" title="Kapuloan Marsyal – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapuloan Marsyal" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮಾರ್ಶಲ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾರ್ಶಲ್ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარშალის კუნძულები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარშალის კუნძულები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Маршалл аралдары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маршалл аралдары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynysow_Marshall" title="Ynysow Marshall – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ynysow Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirwa_bya_Marishali" title="Ibirwa bya Marishali – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibirwa bya Marishali" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visiwa_vya_Marshall" title="Visiwa vya Marshall – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Visiwa vya Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsalla" title="Marsalla – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Marsalla" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machal" title="Machal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Machal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zil_Marshall" title="Zil Marshall – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zil Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girav%C3%AAn_Mar%C5%9Fal" title="Giravên Marşal – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Giravên Marşal" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Маршалл аралдары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Маршалл аралдары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijules_Marshall" title="Ijules Marshall – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ijules Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulae_Marsalienses" title="Insulae Marsalienses – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insulae Marsalienses" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81r%C5%A1ala_Salas" title="Māršala Salas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Māršala Salas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallinselen" title="Marshallinselen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marshallinselen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alo_Salos" title="Maršalo Salos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maršalo Salos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoe_Marshall" title="Isoe Marshall – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isoe Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalleilen" title="Marshalleilen – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Marshalleilen" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolas_Majel" title="Isolas Majel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Isolas Majel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1allansuaret" title="Maršallansuaret – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Maršallansuaret" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isol_Marshall" title="Isol Marshall – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isol Marshall" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-szigetek" title="Marshall-szigetek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marshall-szigetek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Маршалски Острови – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маршалски Острови" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosy_Marsaly" title="Nosy Marsaly – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nosy Marsaly" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="മാർഷൽ ദ്വീപുകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാർഷൽ ദ്വീപുകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%BCejjer_Marshall" title="Gżejjer Marshall – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Gżejjer Marshall" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81_Motu_M%C4%81hara" title="Ngā Motu Māhara – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ngā Motu Māhara" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मार्शल द्वीपसमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მარშალიშ კოკეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარშალიშ კოკეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جزر مارشال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزر مارشال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مارشال – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارشال" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Marshall" title="Kepulauan Marshall – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepulauan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯃꯥꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯏꯊꯠꯁꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯥꯔꯁꯦꯜ ꯏꯊꯠꯁꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapulauan_Marshall" title="Kapulauan Marshall – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kapulauan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_G%C3%B9ng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Marshall Gùng-dō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Marshall Gùng-dō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Маршаллын арлууд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маршаллын арлууд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မာရှယ်အိုင်းလန်းနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာရှယ်အိုင်းလန်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalleilanden" title="Marshalleilanden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Marshalleilanden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="मार्सल टापु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मार्सल टापु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6" title="マーシャル諸島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーシャル諸島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%93%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Маршаллан ГӀайренаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Маршаллан ГӀайренаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-Eilunen" title="Marshall-Eilunen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Marshall-Eilunen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maashal_Ailen" title="Maashal Ailen – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maashal Ailen" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C3%B8yene" title="Marshalløyene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marshalløyene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C3%B8yane" title="Marshalløyane – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marshalløyane" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illas_Marshall" title="Illas Marshall – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_orollari" title="Marshall orollari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marshall orollari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%82" title="ਮਾਰਸ਼ਲ ਟਾਪੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਰਸ਼ਲ ਟਾਪੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="मार्शल द्वीप – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मार्शल द्वीप" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Island" title="Marshall Island – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Marshall Island" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%92" title="مارشل جزیرے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارشل جزیرے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islanan_Marshall" title="Islanan Marshall – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Islanan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مارشال ټاپوګان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مارشال ټاپوګان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maashal_Ailanz" title="Maashal Ailanz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Maashal Ailanz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_Masol_Ailan" title="Ol Masol Ailan – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol Masol Ailan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallinseln" title="Marshallinseln – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Marshallinseln" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Marshalla" title="Wyspy Marshalla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspy Marshalla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilhas_Marshall" title="Ilhas Marshall – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilhas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Atawlar%C4%B1" title="Marshall Atawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Marshall Atawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fall_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Marşall Adaları – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Marşall Adaları" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tiharo" title="Mātiharo – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Mātiharo" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Marshall" title="Insulele Marshall – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insulele Marshall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Wat%27akuna" title="Marshall Wat'akuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Marshall Wat'akuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маршалловы Острова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маршалловы Острова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Маршалл арыылара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Маршалл арыылара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-saw-al_kasasubalan" title="Ma-saw-al kasasubalan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ma-saw-al kasasubalan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motu_Masolo" title="Motu Masolo – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Motu Masolo" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%83" title="मार्शलद्वीपः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मार्शलद्वीपः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csulas_Marshall" title="Ìsulas Marshall – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ìsulas Marshall" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishujt_Marshall" title="Ishujt Marshall – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ishujt Marshall" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Csuli_Marshall" title="Ìsuli Marshall – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ìsuli Marshall" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="මාෂල් දූපත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාෂල් දූපත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B2" title="مارشل آئلينڊز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مارشل آئلينڊز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallove_ostrovy" title="Marshallove ostrovy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marshallove ostrovy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallovi_otoki" title="Marshallovi otoki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marshallovi otoki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspy_Marshalla" title="Wyspy Marshalla – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wyspy Marshalla" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasiirada_Marshall" title="Jasiirada Marshall – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jasiirada Marshall" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="دوورگەکانی مارشاڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دوورگەکانی مارشاڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маршалска Острва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маршалска Острва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alovi_Otoci" title="Maršalovi Otoci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maršalovi Otoci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuloan_Marshall" title="Kapuloan Marshall – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kapuloan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallinsaaret" title="Marshallinsaaret – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marshallinsaaret" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C3%B6arna" title="Marshallöarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marshallöarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuluang_Marshall" title="Kapuluang Marshall – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kapuluang Marshall" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்சல் தீவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்சல் தீவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Маршалл утраулары – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Маршалл утраулары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%82%84%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းမူႇၵုၼ် မႃးသျႄႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမူႇၵုၼ် မႃးသျႄႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="మార్షల్ దీవులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మార్షల్ దీవులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="สาธารณรัฐหมู่เกาะมาร์แชลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สาธารณรัฐหมู่เกาะมาร์แชลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ҷазираҳои Маршал – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷазираҳои Маршал" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOtumotu_M%C4%81solo" title="ʻOtumotu Māsolo – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻOtumotu Māsolo" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Marshall Islands" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Adalar%C4%B1" title="Marshall Adaları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marshall Adaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fall_adalary" title="Marşall adalary – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Marşall adalary" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D3%B5%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Маршалл шормуӵъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Маршалл шормуӵъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Маршаллові Острови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Маршаллові Острови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84" title="جزائر مارشل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزائر مارشل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89%D9%85_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89" title="مارشال تاقىم ئاراللىرى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مارشال تاقىم ئاراللىرى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Ginzdauj" title="Marshall Ginzdauj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Marshall Ginzdauj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cxo%C5%82e_Mar%C5%A1al" title="Ìxołe Maršal – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ìxołe Maršal" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alan_Sared" title="Maršalan Sared – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Maršalan Sared" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%91%E1%BA%A3o_Marshall" title="Quần đảo Marshall – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quần đảo Marshall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjalu%C3%A4ns" title="Marjaluäns – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Marjaluäns" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalli_Saar%C3%B5q" title="Marshalli Saarõq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Marshalli Saarõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬紹爾群島" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuropod-an_Marshall" title="Kapuropod-an Marshall – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropod-an Marshall" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duni_Marshall" title="Duni Marshall – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Duni Marshall" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="馬紹爾群島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Marshall" title="Àwọn Erékùṣù Marshall – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn Erékùṣù Marshall" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="馬紹爾群島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adey%C3%AA_Mar%C5%9Fali" title="Adeyê Marşali – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Adeyê Marşali" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marshall_Islands&params=9.82_N_169.29_E_type:country_region:MH_dim:500000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">169°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.82°N 169.29°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.82; 169.29</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country near the equator in the Pacific Ocean</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Marshall Islands</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands"><img alt="Flag of the Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the Marshall Islands"><img alt="Seal of the Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/85px-Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/128px-Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/170px-Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="294" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Seal of the Marshall Islands"> Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b>"<span title="Marshallese-language text"><i lang="mh">Jepilpilin ke ejukaan</i></span>"<br />"Accomplishment through joint effort"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Forever_Marshall_Islands" title="Forever Marshall Islands">Forever Marshall Islands</a>"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;" class="center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="139" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/National_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/National_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=az&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="az" label="azərbaycanca ‪(az)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ch&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ch" label="Chamoru ‪(ch)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=el&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="el" label="Ελληνικά ‪(el)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=lt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lt" label="lietuvių ‪(lt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=mh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mh" label="Ebon ‪(mh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Anthem_of_Marshall_Islands_by_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_(small_islands_magnified)_(Polynesia_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of the Marshall Islands"><img alt="Location of the Marshall Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/250px-Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/375px-Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg/500px-Marshall_Islands_on_the_globe_%28small_islands_magnified%29_%28Polynesia_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="861" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marshall_Islands&params=7_7_N_171_4_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°7′N</span> <span class="longitude">171°4′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.117°N 171.067°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">7.117; 171.067</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>95.6% <a href="/wiki/Micronesians#Marshallese_people" title="Micronesians">Marshallese</a></li><li><span class="nowrap">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipino</a></span></li><li>3.3% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2021<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>96.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li>79.9% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li>9.3% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li>7.0% other <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></li><li style="white-space;">1.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">2.7% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese people">Marshallese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the Marshall Islands">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic_with_an_executive_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency">parliamentary republic with an executive presidency</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Marshall Islands">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brenson_S._Wase" class="mw-redirect" title="Brenson S. Wase">Brenson S. Wase</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Nitijela</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Self-government </div></th><td class="infobox-data">May 1, 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 21, 1986</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Geography of the Marshall Islands">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">181.43 km<sup>2</sup> (70.05 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">189th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">n/a (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:gray">negligible</span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2021 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">42,418<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">233/km<sup>2</sup> (603.5/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$215 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$3,789<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2019 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$220 million</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$3,866<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.731<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">102nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">USD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+12</span> (MHT)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>not observed</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">MM/DD/YYYY</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telephone numbers in the Marshall Islands">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B692" class="mw-redirect" title="+692">+692</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MH" title="ISO 3166-2:MH">MH</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.mh" title=".mh">.mh</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Marshall Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>: <i lang="mh">Ṃajeḷ</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Republic of the Marshall Islands</b> (<a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>: <i lang="mh">Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> west of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a> and north of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> region of the Northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. </p><p>The territory consists of 29 coral <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> and five main islands as well as 1,220 other very small ones,<sup id="cite_ref-ciafact_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciafact-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> divided across two <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">island chains</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ratak" title="Ratak">Ratak</a> in the east and <a href="/wiki/Ralik" title="Ralik">Ralik</a> in the west. 97.87% of its territory is water, the largest proportion of water to land of any sovereign state. The country shares <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundaries</a> with <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> to the north,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> to the west. The <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, home to approximately half of the country's population. The Marshall Islands are one of only four atoll based nations in the entire world. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesian</a> settlers reached the Marshall Islands as early as the <a href="/wiki/2nd_millennium_BC" title="2nd millennium BC">2nd millennium BC</a> and introduced Southeast Asian crops, including <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">giant swamp taro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, as well as domesticated chickens, which made the islands permanently habitable. Several <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> expeditions visited the islands in the mid-16th century, but Spanish galleons usually sailed a Pacific route farther north and avoided the Marshalls. European maps and charts named the group for British captain <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1748)" title="John Marshall (Royal Navy officer, born 1748)">John Marshall</a>, who explored the region in 1788. <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Protestant missionaries</a> and Western business interests began arriving in the 1850s. German <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> traders dominated the economy in the 1870s and 1880s, and the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> annexed the Marshalls as <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">a protectorate</a> in 1885. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> occupied the islands in the autumn of 1914 at the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">beginning of World War I</a>. After the war, the Marshalls and other former German Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a>. The United States occupied the islands during <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">World War II</a> and administered them as part of the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a> after the war. Between 1946 and 1958, the United States conducted 67<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">nuclear tests at Bikini Atoll</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. government formed the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Congress of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Congress of Micronesia</a> in 1965, a plan for increased self-governance of Pacific islands. In May 1979, the United States gave the Marshall Islands independence by recognizing its constitution and president, <a href="/wiki/Amata_Kabua" title="Amata Kabua">Amata Kabua</a>. Full sovereignty or <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a> was achieved in a <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with the United States. Marshall Islands has been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> (PC) since 1983 and a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> member state since 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically, the Marshall Islands is a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic_with_an_executive_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency">parliamentary republic with an executive presidency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with the United States, with the U.S. providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S.-based agencies such as the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a>. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a>, as well as fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>, and although most financial aid from the Compact of Free Association was set to expire in 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was extended for another 20 years that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country uses the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a> as its currency. In 2018, it also announced plans for a new <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> to be used as legal tender.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The majority of the citizens of the Republic of Marshall Islands are of Marshallese descent, though there are small numbers of immigrants from the United States, China, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and other Pacific islands. The two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> are <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>, which is one of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Almost the entire population of the islands practices some religion: three-quarters of the country follows either the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_%E2%80%93_Congregational_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands">United Church of Christ – Congregational in the Marshall Islands</a> (UCCCMI) or the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">History of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack,_Jaliut_Lagoon,_Marshall_Islands_(1899-1900).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg/220px-Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg/330px-Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg/440px-Sailing_Canoe_brailed_on_starboard_tack%2C_Jaliut_Lagoon%2C_Marshall_Islands_%281899-1900%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Marshall Islanders sailing, with sails <a href="/wiki/Brail" title="Brail">brailed</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reefing" title="Reefing">reefed</a>), c. 1899–1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Linguistic and anthropological studies have suggested that the first <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a> settlers of the Marshall Islands arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_(archipelago)" title="Solomon Islands (archipelago)">Solomon Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weisler113_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weisler113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> suggests that <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> may have been inhabited as early as 1200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though samples may not have been collected from secure <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> contexts and older driftwood samples may have affected results.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological digs on other atolls have found evidence of human habitation dating around the 1st century CE at the village of <a href="/wiki/Laura,_Marshall_Islands" title="Laura, Marshall Islands">Laura</a> on <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a> and on <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Austronesian settlers <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">introduced Southeast Asian crops</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">giant swamp taro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, as well as domesticated chickens throughout the Marshall Islands. They possibly seeded the islands by leaving coconuts at seasonal fishing camps before permanently settling years later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern islands receive heavier rainfall than the north, so communities in the wet south subsisted on prevalent taro and breadfruit, while northerners were more likely to subsist on <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> and coconuts. Southern atolls probably supported larger, more dense populations.<sup id="cite_ref-weisler113_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weisler113-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG/220px-Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG/330px-Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG/440px-Stick_chart-BHM_1920.530.0032-P8260228.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A Marshallese <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">stick chart</a>. Most were made from a grid of coconut frond midribs with small shells representing the relative location of islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Finney479_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finney479-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Marshallese sailed between islands on <a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">walaps</a> made from breadfruit-tree wood and coconut-fiber rope.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They navigated by using the stars for orientation and initial course setting, but also developed a <a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">piloting</a> technique of interpreting disruptions in <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">ocean swells</a> to determine the location of low coral atolls below the horizon.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noticed that swells refracted around the undersea slope of atolls. When refracted swells from different directions met, they created noticeable disruption patterns, which Marshallese pilots could read to determine the direction of an island.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When interviewed by anthropologists, some Marshallese sailors noted that they piloted their canoes by both sight and feeling changes in the motion of the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Finney479_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finney479-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sailors also invented <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">stick charts</a> to map the swell patterns, but unlike western navigational charts, the Marshallese stick charts were tools for teaching students and for consultation before embarking on a voyage; navigators did not take charts with them when they set sail.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Kotzebue" title="Otto von Kotzebue">Otto von Kotzebue</a> visited the Marshalls in 1817, the islanders still showed few signs of western influence. He observed that the Marshallese lived in thatched-roof huts, but their villages did not include the large ornate meeting houses found in other parts of Micronesia. They did not have furniture, except for woven mats, which they used for both floor coverings and clothing. The Marshallese had pierced ears and <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>. He learned that Marshallese families practiced <a href="/wiki/Infanticide" title="Infanticide">infanticide</a> after the birth of a third child as a form of population planning due to frequent <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>. He also noted that Marshallese <a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">iroij</a> held considerable authority and rights to all property, though he had a more favorable view of the condition of Marshallese commoners than of that of <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> commoners.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshalls' two island groups, the <a href="/wiki/Ratak" title="Ratak">Ratak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralik" title="Ralik">Ralik</a> chains, were each ruled by a paramount chief, or iroijlaplap, who held authority over the individual island iroij.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune287_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune287-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_exploration">European exploration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands,_ca._1590.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/280px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/420px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg/560px-Reception_of_the_Manila_Galleon_by_the_Chamorro_in_the_Ladrones_Islands%2C_ca._1590.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila Galleon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Marianas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolines</a>, c. 1590 <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On August 21, 1526, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a> was the first European to sight the Marshall Islands. While commanding the <i><a href="/wiki/Loa%C3%ADsa_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Loaísa Expedition">Santa Maria de la Victoria</a></i>, he sighted an atoll with a green lagoon, which may have been <a href="/wiki/Bokak_Atoll" title="Bokak Atoll">Taongi</a>. The crew could not land, because of strong currents and water too deep for the ship's anchor, so the ship sailed for <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> two days later.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 2, 1528, the expedition of <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Saavedra_Cer%C3%B3n" title="Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón">Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón</a> landed on an uninhabited island, possibly in <a href="/wiki/Ailinginae_Atoll" title="Ailinginae Atoll">Ailinginae Atoll</a>, where they resupplied and stayed for six days. Natives from a neighboring island briefly met the Spanish. This expedition named the islands 'Los Pintados' or "the Painted Ones" for the natives who wore tattoos.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Spanish explorers of the Marshalls included <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Arellano" title="Alonso de Arellano">Alonso de Arellano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Menda%C3%B1a_de_Neira" title="Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira">Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira</a>, though coordinates and geographic descriptions in 16th century Spanish logs are sometimes imprecise, leaving uncertainty about the specific islands they sighted and visited.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 6, 1565, the Spanish ship <i>San Jeronimo</i> nearly wrecked at <a href="/wiki/Ujelang_Atoll" title="Ujelang Atoll">Ujelang Atoll</a> after the ship's pilot <a href="/wiki/Lope_Mart%C3%ADn" title="Lope Martín">Lope Martín</a> led a mutiny.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the mutineers were resupplying at Ujelang, several crew members took back control of the ship and marooned Martín and twenty-six other mutineers in the Marshalls.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 16th century, Spanish galleons sailing between the Americas and the Philippines kept to a sea lane at 13°N and provisioned at Guam, avoiding the Marshalls, which Spanish sailors saw as unprofitable islands amid hazardous waters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British sea captains <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1748)" title="John Marshall (Royal Navy officer, born 1748)">John Marshall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gilbert_(sea_captain)" title="Thomas Gilbert (sea captain)">Thomas Gilbert</a> visited the islands in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their vessels had been part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> taking convicts from England to <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, and were en route to <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> when they passed through the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Islands" title="Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a> and Marshall Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 25, 1788, the British ships had peaceful interactions and traded with islanders at <a href="/wiki/Mili_Atoll" title="Mili Atoll">Mili Atoll</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel6465_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel6465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their meeting may have been the first contact between Europeans and Marshallese since the Mendaña expedition of 1568.<sup id="cite_ref-Fortune287_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fortune287-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent navigational charts and maps named the islands for John Marshall.<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel6465_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel6465-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1820s through the 1850s, the Marshall Islanders became increasingly hostile to western vessels, possibly because of violent punishments that sea captains exacted for theft as well as the <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">abduction</a> of Marshallese people for sale into slavery on Pacific plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel200_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel200-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the earliest violent encounters occurred in February 1824, when the inhabitants of Mili Atoll massacred marooned sailors from the American <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Globe_(1815_whaleship)" title="Globe (1815 whaleship)">Globe</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar encounters occurred as late as 1851 and 1852, when three separate Marshallese attacks on ships occurred at <a href="/wiki/Ebon_Atoll" title="Ebon Atoll">Ebon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Namdrik_Atoll" title="Namdrik Atoll">Namdrik Atolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel200_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel200-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg/220px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg/330px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg/440px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Offices of the Pacific Navigation Co. at Jaluit Atoll in the late 1880s</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1857, <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> sent two families to establish a mission church and school at <a href="/wiki/Ebon_Atoll" title="Ebon Atoll">Ebon</a>. By 1875, the missionaries had established churches on five atolls and had baptized more than 200 islanders,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one traveler noted that most women on Ebon wore western clothes and many men wore trousers by the mid-1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1859, Adolph Capelle and another merchant arrived at Ebon and set up a trading post for the German company Hoffschlaeger & Stapenhorst.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the firm went bankrupt in 1863, Capelle partnered with Portuguese ex-whaler Anton Jose DeBrum to establish a <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a> trading firm: Capelle & Co.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873, the company moved its headquarters to <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit</a>, the home of <a href="/wiki/Kabua_the_Great" title="Kabua the Great">Kabua</a>, a powerful <a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">iroij</a> and disputed successor for the <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chieftainship</a> of the southern <a href="/wiki/Ralik" title="Ralik">Ralik Chain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1870s, various other companies from Germany, Hawaii, New Zealand, and the United States engaged in the copra trade in the Marshall Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1885, the German firms <a href="/wiki/Hernsheim_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Hernsheim & Co">Hernsheim & Co</a>. and Deutsche Handels- und Plantagen-Gesellschaft Der Südsee Inseln zu Hamburg controlled two-thirds of the trade.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contact between the Marshallese and westerners led to sometimes lethal outbreaks of western diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased access to alcohol led to social problems in some Marshallese communities,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on several atolls conflicts erupted between rival iroij with access to firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_protectorate">German protectorate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: German protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg/220px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg/330px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg/440px-German_colonial_album_1880s_img12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>German colonial administration building at Jaluit Atoll in 1886</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1875, the British and German governments conducted a series of secret negotiations to divide the Western Pacific into <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>. The German sphere included the Marshall Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 26, 1878, the German warship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Ariadne_(1871)" title="SMS Ariadne (1871)">SMS <i>Ariadne</i></a> anchored at Jaluit to begin treaty negotiations with the chiefs to grant the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> "<a href="/wiki/Most_favoured_nation" title="Most favoured nation">most favored nation</a>" status in the Ralik Chain. During the second day of negotiations, Captain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bartholom%C3%A4us_von_Werner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bartholomäus von Werner (page does not exist)">Bartholomäus von Werner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartholom%C3%A4us_von_Werner" class="extiw" title="de:Bartholomäus von Werner">de</a>]</span> ordered his men to give military demonstrations which he later said were intended to "show the islanders, who have not seen anything like it before, the power of the Europeans."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 29, Werner signed a treaty with Kabua and several other Ralik Chain iroij which secured a German <a href="/wiki/Fuelling_station" title="Fuelling station">fuelling station</a> at Jaluit and free use of the atoll's harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hezel47_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel47-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 29, 1885, <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> authorized the annexation of the Marshall Islands as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following repeated petitions by German business interests.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German gunboat <a href="/wiki/SMS_Nautilus_(1871)" title="SMS Nautilus (1871)"><i>Nautilus</i></a> docked at Jaluit on October 13 to take control.<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel305_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel305-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 15, iroij Kabua, Loeak, Nelu, Lagajime, and Launa signed a protection treaty in German and Marshallese at the German consulate. While the Marshallese text made no distinction of rank among the five chiefs, the German text recognized Kabua as the King of the Marshall Islands, despite an ongoing dispute between Kabua and Loeak over the <a href="/wiki/Iroijlaplap" title="Iroijlaplap">paramount chieftainship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A company of German marines hoisted the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_German_Empire" title="Flag of the German Empire">flag of the German Empire</a> over Jaluit, and performed similar ceremonies at seven other atolls in the Marshalls,<sup id="cite_ref-Hezel305_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hezel305-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though several pro-American iroij refused to recognize the German protectorate until threatened with German naval force in mid-1886.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> was incorporated into the German Protectorate of the Marshall Islands in 1888, following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-German_Declarations_about_the_Western_Pacific_Ocean" title="Anglo-German Declarations about the Western Pacific Ocean">Anglo-German Declarations</a> of April 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German commercial interests formed the <a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">joint-stock</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Company" title="Jaluit Company">Jaluit Company</a>, which was responsible for financing the colony's administration. In addition to controlling two-thirds of the Marshallese copra trade, the company had the authority to collect commercial license fees and an annual <a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll tax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also had the right to be consulted on all new laws and ordinances and nominated all colonial administrative staff.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's licensing fees and legal advantages pushed out American and British competition, creating a monopoly in the German Pacific colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government protested the regulations benefiting the Jaluit Company as a violation of the Anglo-German Declarations' free-trade provision.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 31, 1906, the German government assumed direct control and reorganized the Marshall Islands and Nauru as part of the protectorate of <a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese_mandate">Japanese mandate</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japanese mandate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG/220px-Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG/330px-Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG/440px-Nan%27yo-cho_Jaluit_Branch_Office.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>South Seas Government branch office, Jaluit, c. 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak</a> on September 29, 1914, and <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit</a> on September 30 at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">World War I</a>. An occupation force was stationed on Jaluit on October 3.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> in 1919, Germany's Pacific colonies north of the equator became the Japanese <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a> under the system of <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany ceded the Marshall Islands to Japan with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> on June 28, 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Japanese navy administered the islands from late 1914 through 1921. The civilian South Seas Government<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">南洋廳</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nan'yō-chō</i></span>)</span> set up its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> in April 1922 and administered the Marshalls until World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese surveys determined that the Marshalls' value was primarily strategic, because they could enable future <a href="/wiki/Nanshin-ron" title="Nanshin-ron">southward expansion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshalls also continued to be a major producer of copra during the Japanese period, with the South Seas Trading Company<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">南洋貿易会社</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Nan'yō Bōeki Kaisha</i></span>)</span> taking over the Jaluit Company's operations and building upon the German colonial infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other parts of the South Seas Mandate experienced heavy Japanese settlement, shifting the population to majority Japanese in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> and Palau, but Japanese settlers remained a minority under 1,000 people in the Marshall Islands throughout the Japanese period, because the islands were distant from Japan and had the most limited economic potential in Micronesia.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg/220px-Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg/330px-Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg/440px-Kwajalein-Invasion_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein" title="Battle of Kwajalein">Battle of Kwajalein</a> in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>On March 27, 1933, Japan declared its intentions to withdraw from the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>, officially withdrawing in 1935 but continuing to control the territory of the South Seas Mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese military planners initially discounted the Marshalls as too distant and indefensible for extensive fortification, but as Japan developed long-range bombers, the islands became useful as a forward base to attack Australia, British colonies, and the United States. In 1939 and 1940, the navy built military airfields on <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maloelap_Atoll" title="Maloelap Atoll">Maloelap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wotje_Atoll" title="Wotje Atoll">Wotje Atolls</a> as well as seaplane facilities at Jaluit.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> carried out the <a href="/wiki/Marshalls%E2%80%93Gilberts_raids" title="Marshalls–Gilberts raids">Marshalls–Gilberts raids</a>, which struck Jaluit, Kwajalein, Maloelap, and Wotje on February 1, 1942. They were the first American air raids on Japanese territory.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States invaded the Marshall Islands on January 31, 1944, during the <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a>. The Americans simultaneously invaded Majuro and Kwajalein.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By autumn 1944, the Americans controlled all of the Marshall Islands, except for Jaluit, Maloelap, Mili, and Wotje.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the American campaign advanced through Micronesia and <a href="/wiki/Volcano_and_Ryukyu_Islands_campaign" title="Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign">into the Ryukyu Islands</a>, the four Japanese-held atolls were cut off from supplies and subject to American bombardment. The garrisons began running out of provisions in late 1944, leading to high casualties from starvation and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="U.S._Trust_Territory">U.S. Trust Territory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: U.S. Trust Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leaving-bikini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/220px-Leaving-bikini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/330px-Leaving-bikini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Leaving-bikini.jpg/440px-Leaving-bikini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Bikini Islanders being forcibly relocated from <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> in March 1946 before the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> atomic bomb testing commenced</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/220px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/330px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg/440px-Castle_Bravo_Blast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Mushroom cloud from the largest atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear test</a> the United States ever conducted, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, the United States entered into an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a> to administer much of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, including the Marshall Islands, as the <a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1946 to 1958, it served as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a> for the United States and was the site of 67 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear tests</a> on various atolls.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossroads" title="Operation Crossroads">Operation Crossroads</a> atomic bomb testing began in 1946 on <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> after some of the residents were forcibly evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's first <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Ivy_Mike" title="Ivy Mike">Mike</a>", was tested at the <a href="/wiki/Enewetak_atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Enewetak atoll">Enewetak atoll</a> in the Marshall Islands on November 1 (local date) in 1952, which produced significant fallout in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years just one of over 60 islands was cleaned by the U.S. government, and the inhabitants are still waiting for the 2 billion dollars in compensation assessed by the Nuclear Claims Tribunal. Many of the islanders and their descendants still live in exile, as the islands remain contaminated with high levels of radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-theguardian.com_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A significant <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> installation was constructed on <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein">Kwajalein</a> atoll.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Runit_Dome_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Runit_Dome_001.jpg/220px-Runit_Dome_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Runit_Dome_001.jpg/330px-Runit_Dome_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Runit_Dome_001.jpg/440px-Runit_Dome_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>The Runit Dome, built to contain radioactive debris</figcaption></figure> <p>On May 1, 1979, in recognition of the evolving political status of the Marshall Islands, the United States recognized the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Constitution of the Marshall Islands">constitution of the Marshall Islands</a> and the establishment of the Government of the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The constitution incorporates both American and British constitutional concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been a number of local and national elections since the Republic of the Marshall Islands was founded. The United Democratic Party, running on a reform platform, won the 1999 parliamentary election, taking control of the presidency and cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The islands signed a <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with the United States in 1986. Trusteeship was ended under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_683" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 683">United Nations Security Council Resolution 683</a> of December 22, 1990. Until 1999 the islanders received <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>180 million for continued American use of Kwajalein atoll, US$250 million in compensation for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear test">nuclear testing</a>, and US$600 million in other payments under the compact.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the constitution, the government was largely controlled by Iroij. It was not until 1999, following <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a> allegations, that the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristocracy (government)">aristocratic</a> government was overthrown, with <a href="/wiki/Imata_Kabua" title="Imata Kabua">Imata Kabua</a> replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a> <a href="/wiki/Kessai_Note" title="Kessai Note">Kessai Note</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Runit Dome was built on <a href="/wiki/Runit_Island" title="Runit Island">Runit Island</a> to deposit U.S.-produced <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> soil and debris, including lethal amounts of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>. There are ongoing concerns about deterioration of the waste site and a potential <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_contamination" title="Radioactive contamination">radioactive spill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg/220px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg/330px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg/440px-2008_Summer_Olympics_-_Marshall_Islands_eniras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3172" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Marshallese enter the 2008 Olympic Games</figcaption></figure> <p>In February 2018, the Marshall Islands became the first country in the world to recognize its <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> as its own legal tender for <a href="/wiki/Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">digital currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/David_Kabua" title="David Kabua">David Kabua</a>, son of founding president <a href="/wiki/Amata_Kabua" title="Amata Kabua">Amata Kabua</a>, was elected as the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Marshall Islands">President of the Marshall Islands</a>. His predecessor <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a> lost the position after a vote.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the late 1980s, Marshallese have migrated to the US, with over 4,000 in Arkansas and over 7,000 in Hawaii in the 2010 US Census.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following independence, the Marshall Islands continued to play a prominent role in the testing and launches of missiles and rockets for both military and commercial space purposes. All five of the <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a> <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> rocket flights were carried out on <a href="/wiki/Omelek_Island" title="Omelek Island">Omelek Island</a> within the Kwajalein Atoll. The fourth launch of the <a href="/wiki/Falcon_1" title="Falcon 1">Falcon 1</a> was successful, marking the first time in history a privately developed, fully liquid-fueled launch vehicle achieved orbit. SpaceX founder <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> was present in Kwajalein for select launches.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Geography of the Marshall Islands">Geography of the Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Marshall Islands">Administrative divisions of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MH_-map_A.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MH_-map_A.png/220px-MH_-map_A.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MH_-map_A.png/330px-MH_-map_A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/MH_-map_A.png/440px-MH_-map_A.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="770" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ7V2741_(40325750).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg/220px-JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg/330px-JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg/440px-JJ7V2741_%2840325750%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, one of the many <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> that make up the Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eneko_Islet_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eneko_Islet_12.JPG/220px-Eneko_Islet_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eneko_Islet_12.JPG/330px-Eneko_Islet_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Eneko_Islet_12.JPG/440px-Eneko_Islet_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Beach scenery at the islet of Eneko, Majuro</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/220px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/330px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg/440px-Bikini_Atoll_Nuclear_Test_Site-115017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>View of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a> from above</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_(10700720174).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_%2810700720174%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="2802" /></a><figcaption>View of Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png/220px-Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png/330px-Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png/440px-Kwajalein_Atoll_2003-02-07_-_Landsat_7_-_30m.png 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2876" /></a><figcaption>Kwajalein atoll is another important population center for the Marshall islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The Marshall Islands sit atop ancient submerged volcanoes rising from the ocean floor, about halfway between <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pacificrisa_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacificrisa-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> north of <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, east of the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a>, and south of the disputed U.S. territory of <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, to which it also lays claim.<sup id="cite_ref-rmiembassyus.org_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmiembassyus.org-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atolls and islands form two groups: the <a href="/wiki/Ratak_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratak Chain">Ratak (sunrise)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ralik_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralik Chain">Ralik (sunset)</a>. The two island chains lie approximately parallel to one another, running northwest to southeast, comprising about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of ocean but only about 70 square miles (180 km<sup>2</sup>) of land mass.<sup id="cite_ref-pacificrisa_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pacificrisa-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each includes 15 to 18 islands and atolls.<sup id="cite_ref-beardslee_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beardslee-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country consists of a total of 29 <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> and five individual islands situated in about 180,000 square miles (470,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-rmiembassyus.org_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmiembassyus.org-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest atoll with a land area of 6 square miles (16 km<sup>2</sup>) is Kwajalein. It surrounds a 655-square-mile (1,700 km<sup>2</sup>) lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twenty-four of the atolls and islands are inhabited. The remaining atolls are uninhabited due to poor living conditions, lack of rain, or nuclear contamination. The uninhabited atolls are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailinginae_Atoll" title="Ailinginae Atoll">Ailinginae Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikar_Atoll" title="Bikar Atoll">Bikar (Bikaar) Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokak_Atoll" title="Bokak Atoll">Bokak Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikub_Atoll" title="Erikub Atoll">Erikub Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemo_Island" title="Jemo Island">Jemo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadikdik_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadikdik Atoll">Nadikdik Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongerik_Atoll" title="Rongerik Atoll">Rongerik Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toke_Atoll" title="Toke Atoll">Toke Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujelang_Atoll" title="Ujelang Atoll">Ujelang Atoll</a></li></ul> <p>The average altitude above sea level for the entire country is 7 feet (2.1 m).<sup id="cite_ref-rmiembassyus.org_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmiembassyus.org-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shark_sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shark sanctuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2011, the government declared that an area covering nearly 2,000,000 square kilometers (772,000 sq mi) of ocean shall be reserved as a <a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">shark sanctuary</a>. This is the world's largest shark sanctuary, extending the worldwide ocean area in which sharks are protected from 2,700,000 to 4,600,000 square kilometers (1,042,000 to 1,776,000 sq mi). In protected waters, all shark fishing is banned and all <a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">by-catch</a> must be released. However, some have questioned the ability of the Marshall Islands to enforce this zone.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territorial_claim_on_Wake_Island">Territorial claim on Wake Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Territorial claim on Wake Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marshall Islands also lays claim to <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> based on oral legends.<sup id="cite_ref-Wake_Island_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake_Island-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Wake Island has been administered by the United States since 1899, the Marshallese government refers to it by the name <i>Ānen Kio</i> (new orthography) or <i>Enen-kio</i> (old orthography).<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States does not recognize this claim.<sup id="cite_ref-Wake_Island_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wake_Island-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG/150px-ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG/225px-ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG/300px-ClimateMajuroMarshallIslands.PNG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Average monthly temperatures (red) and precipitation (blue) on <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The climate has a relatively dry season from December to April and a <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> from May to November. Many Pacific <a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">typhoons</a> begin as tropical storms in the Marshall Islands region and grow stronger as they move west toward the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. </p><p>Population has outstripped the supply of fresh water, usually from rainfall. The northern atolls get 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rainfall annually; the southern atolls about twice that. The threat of drought is commonplace throughout the island chains.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Climate change in the Marshall Islands">Climate change in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>Climate change is a threat to the Marshall Islands, with typhoons becoming stronger and sea levels rising. The sea around the Pacific islands has risen 0.13 inches (3.4 mm) a year since 1993, which is more than twice the worldwide average rate. In <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein</a>, there is a high risk of permanent flooding; when <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rises</a> by 3.3 feet (1 m), 37% of buildings will be permanently flooded. In <a href="/wiki/Ebeye_Island" title="Ebeye Island">Ebeye</a>, the risk from sea level rise is even higher, with 50% of buildings being permanently flooded in the same scenario. With 3.3 feet (1 m) of sea level rise, parts of the <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro atoll</a> will be permanently flooded and other parts will have a high risk of flooding especially the eastern part of the atoll would be significantly at risk. With 6.6 feet (2 m) sea level rise all the buildings of Majuro will be permanently flooded or will be at a high risk of being flooded.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The per capita CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> emissions were 2.56 t in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of Marshall Islands pledged to be net zero in 2050, with a decrease of 32% in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">GHGs</a> in 2025, 45% in 2030 and 58% in 2035, all compared to 2010 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of mammals of the Marshall Islands">List of mammals of the Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_butterflies_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of butterflies of the Marshall Islands">List of butterflies of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds">Birds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of birds of the Marshall Islands">List of birds of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>Most birds found in the Marshall Islands, with the exception of those few introduced by humans, are either sea birds or migratory species.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are about 70 species of birds, including 31 seabirds. 15 of these species actually nest locally. Sea birds include the <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only land bird is the <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, introduced by humans.<sup id="cite_ref-cause_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cause-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine">Marine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about 300 species of fish, 250 of which are <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">reef fish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Turtles: <a href="/wiki/Chelonia_mydas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelonia mydas">green turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eretmochelys_imbricata" class="mw-redirect" title="Eretmochelys imbricata">hawksbill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">Leatherback sea turtles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Olive ridley sea turtle">Olive ridley sea turtles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sharks: There are at least 22 shark species including: <a href="/wiki/Blue_shark" title="Blue shark">Blue shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silky_shark" title="Silky shark">Silky shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigeye_thresher" title="Bigeye thresher">Bigeye thresher</a> shark, <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_thresher" title="Pelagic thresher">Pelagic thresher</a> shark, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_whitetip_shark" title="Oceanic whitetip shark">Oceanic whitetip shark</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tawny_nurse_shark" title="Tawny nurse shark">Tawny nurse shark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dos_reis_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos_reis-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthropods">Arthropods</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arthropods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Scorpions: <a href="/wiki/Liocheles_australasiae" title="Liocheles australasiae">dwarf wood scorpion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isometrus_maculatus" title="Isometrus maculatus">Common house scorpion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscorpion" title="Pseudoscorpion">Pseudoscorpions</a> are occasionally found.<sup id="cite_ref-mii_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spiders: Two: a <a href="/wiki/Scytodes" title="Scytodes">scytodes</a>, <i>Dictis striatipes</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-mii_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jaluiticola" title="Jaluiticola">Jaluiticola</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salticidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Salticidae">jumping spiders</a> endemic to the Marshall Islands. Its only species is <i>Jaluiticola hesslei</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMBE_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMBE-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">Amphipod</a>: One – <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talorchestia_spinipalma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talorchestia spinipalma (page does not exist)">Talorchestia spinipalma</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mii_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthoptera" title="Orthoptera">Orthoptera</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blattidae" title="Blattidae">cockroaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_cockroach" title="American cockroach">American cockroaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-horned_grasshopper" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-horned grasshopper">short-horned grasshopper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gryllidae" title="Gryllidae">crickets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mii_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mii-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Crabs include <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_crab" title="Coconut crab">coconut crabs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cause_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cause-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Demographics of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg/220px-Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg/330px-Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg/440px-Population_distribution_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2203" data-file-height="1533" /></a><figcaption>Population distribution in the 2010s</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,800</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1925 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,644</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,412</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1935 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,446</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1958 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">13,928</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+33.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1967 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,925</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+35.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1973 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">24,135</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">30,873</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1988 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,380</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+40.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1999 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">50,840</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+17.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,158</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,418</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−20.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-2011census_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2011census-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic groups in the Marshall Islands (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic groups</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Marshallese</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:95.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">95.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:4.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <p>Historical population figures for the Marshall Islands are unknown. In 1862, the population of the Islands was estimated at 10,000.<sup id="cite_ref-beardslee_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beardslee-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1960, the population of the Islands was approximately 15,000. The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> counted 42,418 residents, 23,156 of whom (approximately 54.6%) lived on <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>. 77.7% of the population lived in an urban setting on Majuro or <a href="/wiki/Ebeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebeye">Ebeye</a>, the country's secondary urban center. This figure excludes Marshall Islands natives who have relocated elsewhere; the <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> allows them to freely relocate to the United States and obtain work there.<sup id="cite_ref-gwynne_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gwynne-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maie_V._Garland-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 4,300 Marshall Islands natives relocated to <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Arkansas" title="Springdale, Arkansas">Springdale, Arkansas</a>, in the United States. This figure represents the largest population concentration of Marshall Islands natives outside their island home.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most residents of the Marshall Islands are Marshallese. <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese people">Marshallese people</a> are of <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a> origin and are believed to have migrated from <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to the Marshall Islands several thousand years ago. A minority of the Marshallese have <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">European</a> ancestry such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Japanese settlement in the Marshall Islands">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>. A Majority have <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> ancestry. About one-half of the nation's population lives in Majuro and Ebeye Atolls.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vine2011_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vine2011-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official languages of the Marshall Islands are <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>. Both languages are widely spoken.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Religion in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_(4776527881).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0669_%284776527881%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Christians in the Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>At the September 2021 census, approximately 96.2% of the population identified with one of fourteen <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> in the Marshall Islands. The denominations with more than 1,000 adherents included the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_-_Congregational_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United Church of Christ - Congregational in the Marshall Islands">United Church of Christ - Congregational in the Marshall Islands</a> (47.9%), the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> (14.1%), the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> (9.3%), <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Marshall Islands">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (5.7%), the Full Gospel Church of the Marshall Islands (5%), and Bukot nan Jesus (3%). </p><p>The remainder of denominations primarily included Protestant churches as well as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>. 1,128 people, or 2.7% of respondents identified as belonging to a religion other than one of the fourteen denominations listed on the census form. 444 people, or 1.1% of respondents claimed to be <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2021census_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majuro also has a <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Baháʼí Faith in the Marshall Islands">Baháʼí community</a><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Islam in the Marshall Islands">Muslim community</a>. The country's <a href="/wiki/Baet-Ul-Ahad_Mosque" title="Baet-Ul-Ahad Mosque">sole mosque</a> is aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Father A. Erdland,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Catholic priest of the <a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> of Hiltrup (German Empire, called in German <i>Herz-Jesu-Missionare</i> and in Latin <i>Missionarii Sacratissimi Cordis</i>), lived in <a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit</a> between 1904 and 1914. After doing considerable research on Marshallese culture and language, he published a 376-page <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> on the islands in 1914. Father H. Linckens,<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another Sacred Heart missionary, visited the Marshall Islands in 1904 and 1911 for several weeks. In 1912, he published a small work on Catholic missionary activities and the people of the Marshall Islands. The Catholics are under the responsibility of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Prefecture_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Apostolic Prefecture of the Marshall Islands">Apostolic Prefecture of the Marshall Islands</a> (<i>Praefectura Apostolica Insularum Marshallensium</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with headquarters at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption,_Majuro" title="Cathedral of the Assumption, Majuro">Cathedral of the Assumption</a> in Majuro, which was created by Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">John Paul II</a> in 1993 through the papal <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">bull</a> <i>Quo expeditius</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Health in the Marshall Islands">Health in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bravo" title="Castle Bravo">Castle Bravo</a> test of the first deployable thermonuclear bomb had an unforeseen additional nuclear reactions involving <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">lithium-7</a> that resulted in the explosion being over twice as large as predicted. Resulting in a much larger <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">nuclear fallout</a> than expected. The nuclear fallout spread eastward onto the inhabited <a href="/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll" title="Rongelap Atoll">Rongelap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rongerik_Atoll" title="Rongerik Atoll">Rongerik Atolls</a>. These islands were not evacuated before the explosion. Many of the Marshall Islands natives have since suffered from radiation burns and radioactive dusting, suffering similar fates as the Japanese fishermen aboard the <i><a href="/wiki/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru" title="Daigo Fukuryū Maru">Daigo Fukuryū Maru</a></i>, but have received little, if any, compensation from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._government" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. government">federal government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, it was noted the Marshallese were having a problem finding land to bury their dead due to limited land. One solution they developed was to make a double grave by burying another on the same plot.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Government of the Marshall Islands">Government of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Capitol_Building.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Capitol_Building.gif/290px-Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Capitol_Building.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Capitol_Building.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="116" /></a><figcaption>The former Marshall Islands Capitol Building</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands,_H.E._Hilda_C._Heine,_Participates_in_a_Public_Wreath-Laying_Ceremony_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_(37004671006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands%2C_H.E._Hilda_C._Heine%2C_Participates_in_a_Public_Wreath-Laying_Ceremony_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_%2837004671006%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands%2C_H.E._Hilda_C._Heine%2C_Participates_in_a_Public_Wreath-Laying_Ceremony_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_%2837004671006%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/President_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands%2C_H.E._Hilda_C._Heine%2C_Participates_in_a_Public_Wreath-Laying_Ceremony_at_Arlington_National_Cemetery_%2837004671006%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">H.E. Hilda C. Heine</a>, first female president the Marshall Islands, walking through the Memorial Amphitheater at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>, 2017</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_(4615391754).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg/220px-Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg/330px-Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg/440px-Secretary_Clinton_Holds_a_Bilateral_With_President_of_the_Marshall_Islands_Iroij_Jurelang_Zedkaia_%284615391754%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a><figcaption>Former Marshallese President Iroij Jurelang Zedkaia meets with Secretary Clinton, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>The government of the Marshall Islands operates under a mixed parliamentary-presidential system as set forth in its <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Constitution of the Marshall Islands">1979 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elections are held every four years in <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> (for all citizens above 18), with each of the twenty-four constituencies (see below) electing one or more representatives (senators) to the lower house of RMI's unicameral legislature, the <a href="/wiki/Nitijela" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitijela">Nitijela</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, the capital atoll, elects five senators.) The President, who is head of state as well as head of government, is elected by the 33 senators of the Nitijela. Four of the five Marshallese presidents who have been elected since the Constitution was adopted in 1979 have been traditional <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chiefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mv_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mv-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.30_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A6%AE%EF%BC%88Hilda_C._Heine%EF%BC%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%99%AA%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BF%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%AF%AF%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%85%A9%E5%81%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%84%80%E9%9A%8A%E8%87%B4%E6%95%AC_(37980845986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/10.30_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A6%AE%EF%BC%88Hilda_C._Heine%EF%BC%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%99%AA%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BF%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%AF%AF%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%85%A9%E5%81%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%84%80%E9%9A%8A%E8%87%B4%E6%95%AC_%2837980845986%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/10.30_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A6%AE%EF%BC%88Hilda_C._Heine%EF%BC%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%99%AA%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BF%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%AF%AF%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%85%A9%E5%81%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%84%80%E9%9A%8A%E8%87%B4%E6%95%AC_%2837980845986%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/10.30_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E6%8A%B5%E9%81%94%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%94%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%A6%AE%EF%BC%88Hilda_C._Heine%EF%BC%89%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E9%99%AA%E5%90%8C%E6%B2%BF%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E6%AF%AF%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%EF%BC%8C%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E5%85%A9%E5%81%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F%E5%84%80%E9%9A%8A%E8%87%B4%E6%95%AC_%2837980845986%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Former President Hilda Heine with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> in October 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>In January 2016, senator Hilda Heine was elected by Parliament as the first female president of the Marshall Islands; previous president <a href="/wiki/Casten_Nemra" title="Casten Nemra">Casten Nemra</a> lost office in a <a href="/wiki/Vote_of_no_confidence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> after serving two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legislative power lies with the Nitijela. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Iroij" title="Council of Iroij">Council of Iroij</a> is an advisory body comprising twelve paramount chiefs. The executive branch consists of the President and the Presidential Cabinet, which consists of ten ministers appointed by the President with the approval of the Nitijela. The twenty-four electoral districts into which the country is divided correspond to the inhabited islands and <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>. There are currently four political parties in the Marshall Islands: <a href="/wiki/Aelon%CC%84_Kein_Ad" title="Aelon̄ Kein Ad">Aelon̄ Kein Ad</a> (AKA), <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_People%27s_Party_(Marshall_Islands)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United People's Party (Marshall Islands) (page does not exist)">United People's Party</a> (UPP), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kien_Eo_Am&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kien Eo Am (page does not exist)">Kien Eo Am</a> (KEA), and <a href="/wiki/United_Democratic_Party_(Marshall_Islands)" title="United Democratic Party (Marshall Islands)">United Democratic Party</a> (UDP). The AKA and the UDP share rulership. The following senators are in the legislative body: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ailinglaplap_Atoll" title="Ailinglaplap Atoll">Ailinglaplap Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Loeak" title="Christopher Loeak">Christopher Loeak</a> (AKA), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Alfred_Jr." title="Alfred Alfred Jr.">Alfred Alfred Jr.</a> (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailuk_Atoll" title="Ailuk Atoll">Ailuk Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Maynard_Alfred" title="Maynard Alfred">Maynard Alfred</a> (UDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arno_Atoll" title="Arno Atoll">Arno Atoll</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Halferty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Halferty (page does not exist)">Mike Halferty</a> (KEA), Jejwadrik H. Anton (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aur_Atoll" title="Aur Atoll">Aur Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Heine" title="Hilda Heine">Hilda Heine</a> (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebon_Atoll" title="Ebon Atoll">Ebon Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/John_M._Silk" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Silk">John M. Silk</a> (UDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jack_J._Ading" class="mw-redirect" title="Jack J. Ading">Jack J. Ading</a> (UPP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabat_Island" title="Jabat Island">Jabat Island</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kessai_Note" title="Kessai Note">Kessai Note</a> (UDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Casten_Nemra" title="Casten Nemra">Casten Nemra</a> (IND), <a href="/wiki/Daisy_Alik_Momotaro" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy Alik Momotaro">Daisy Alik Momotaro</a> (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kili_Island" title="Kili Island">Kili Island</a> – Eldon H. Note (UDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein Atoll</a> – Michael Kabua (AKA), <a href="/wiki/David_Paul_(politician)" title="David Paul (politician)">David Paul</a> (KEA), <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Jacklick" title="Alvin Jacklick">Alvin Jacklick</a> (KEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lae_Atoll" title="Lae Atoll">Lae Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heine" title="Thomas Heine">Thomas Heine</a> (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib_Island" title="Lib Island">Lib Island</a> – Jerakoj Jerry Bejang (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likiep_Atoll" title="Likiep Atoll">Likiep Atoll</a> – Leander Leander, Jr. (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuro_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuro Atoll">Majuro Atoll</a> – Sherwood M. Tibon (KEA), Anthony Muller (KEA), <a href="/wiki/Brenson_Wase" title="Brenson Wase">Brenson Wase</a> (UDP), <a href="/wiki/David_Kramer_(politician)" title="David Kramer (politician)">David Kramer</a> (KEA), Kalani Kaneko (KEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maloelap_Atoll" title="Maloelap Atoll">Maloelap Atoll</a> – Bruce Bilimon (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mejit">Mejit Island</a> – <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Momotaro" title="Dennis Momotaro">Dennis Momotaro</a> (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mili_Atoll" title="Mili Atoll">Mili Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Heine" title="Wilbur Heine">Wilbur Heine</a> (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdrik_Atoll" title="Namdrik Atoll">Namdrik Atoll</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wisely_Zackhras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wisely Zackhras (page does not exist)">Wisely Zackhras</a> (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namu_Atoll" title="Namu Atoll">Namu Atoll</a> – Tony Aiseia (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll" title="Rongelap Atoll">Rongelap Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Kedi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth A. Kedi">Kenneth A. Kedi</a> (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujae_Atoll" title="Ujae Atoll">Ujae Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Atbi_Riklon" title="Atbi Riklon">Atbi Riklon</a> (IND)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utirik_Atoll" title="Utirik Atoll">Utirik Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Amenta_Matthew" title="Amenta Matthew">Amenta Matthew</a> (KEA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotho_Atoll" title="Wotho Atoll">Wotho Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/David_Kabua" title="David Kabua">David Kabua</a> (AKA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotje_Atoll" title="Wotje Atoll">Wotje Atoll</a> – <a href="/wiki/Litokwa_Tomeing" title="Litokwa Tomeing">Litokwa Tomeing</a> (UPP)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs_and_defense">Foreign affairs and defense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Foreign affairs and defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_Police_patrol_vessel_Lomor_and_USCGC_Oliver_Berry_-_180703-G-CA140-115.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/USCGC_Oliver_F._Berry_(WPC_1124)" class="mw-redirect" title="USCGC Oliver F. Berry (WPC 1124)">USCGC <i>Oliver Berry</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/RMIS_Lomor_(03)" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIS Lomor (03)">RMIS <i>Lomor</i></a> on a joint patrol<sup id="cite_ref-Dvids2018-08-01_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dvids2018-08-01-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll,_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg/220px-Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg/330px-Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg/440px-Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site_at_Kwajalein_Atoll%2C_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The Marshall Islands host Missile Defense Site</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg/220px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg/330px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg/440px-Embassy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Marshall_Islands_in_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands in Japan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands">Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a> with the United States gives the U.S. sole responsibility for international defense of the Marshall Islands. It gives the islanders (the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a>) the right to <a href="/wiki/Emigrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrate">emigrate</a> to the United States without any visa.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maie_V._Garland-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as <a href="/wiki/Alien_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alien (United States)">aliens</a>, they can be placed in <a href="/wiki/Removal_proceedings" title="Removal proceedings">removal proceedings</a> if convicted of certain criminal offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maie_V._Garland-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marshall Islands was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">Security Council</a>'s recommendation on August 9, 1991, in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_704" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 704">Resolution 704</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>'s approval on September 17, 1991, in Resolution 46/3.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In international politics within the United Nations, the Marshall Islands has often voted consistently with the United States with respect to General Assembly resolutions.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28, 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian navy">Iranian navy</a> seized the Marshall Island-flagged <a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV <i>Maersk Tigris</i></a> near the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. The ship had been chartered by Germany's Rickmers Ship Management, which stated that the ship contained no special cargo and no military weapons. The ship was reported to be under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolutionary_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolutionary Guard">Iranian Revolutionary Guard</a> according to <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a>. Tensions escalated in the region due to the intensifying of <a href="/wiki/Saudi-led_intervention_in_the_Yemeni_civil_war" title="Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war">Saudi-led coalition attacks in Yemen</a>. The Pentagon reported that the destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Farragut_(DDG-99)" title="USS Farragut (DDG-99)">USS <i>Farragut</i></a> and a maritime reconnaissance aircraft were dispatched upon receiving a distress call from the ship <i>Tigris</i> and it was also reported that all 34 crew members were detained. <a href="/wiki/US_Defense_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US Defense Department">US defense</a> officials have said that they would review U.S. defense obligations to the Government of the Marshall Islands in the wake of recent events and also condemned the shots fired at the bridge as "inappropriate". It was reported in May 2015 that <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> would release the ship after it paid a penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2017, at the 34th regular session of the UN Human Rights Council, <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> made a joint statement on behalf of the Marshall Islands and some other Pacific nations raising human rights violations in the <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Western New Guinea</a>, which has been occupied by <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> since 1963,<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and requested that the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights produce a report.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SBSMar17_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBSMar17-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia rejected allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-SBSMar17_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SBSMar17-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1991 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Marshall_Islands_Sea_Patrol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republic of Marshall Islands Sea Patrol (page does not exist)">Republic of Marshall Islands Sea Patrol</a>, a division of <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Islands Police">Marshall Islands Police</a>, has operated the 160-ton patrol vessel <a href="/wiki/RMIS_Lomor_(03)" class="mw-redirect" title="RMIS Lomor (03)">RMIS <i>Lomor</i></a>. <i>Lomor</i> is one of 22 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Forum_patrol_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Forum patrol vessel">Pacific Forum patrol vessels</a> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> provided to smaller nations in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Forum</a>. While some other nations' missions for their vessels include sovereignty and protection, the terms of the Compact of Free Association restrict <i>Lomor</i> to civilian missions, like fishery protection and <a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">search and rescue</a>. </p><p>In 2021, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> decided to fund two major law enforcement developments in the Marshall Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, the Marshall Islands announced it would be formally withdrawing from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a> in a joint statement with <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a> after a dispute regarding <a href="/wiki/Henry_Puna" title="Henry Puna">Henry Puna</a>'s election as the forum's secretary-general.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Culture of the Marshall Islands">Culture of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg/220px-Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg/330px-Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg/440px-Marshallese_Rito_Fans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Marshallese <a href="/wiki/Hand_fan" title="Hand fan">fans</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_(4745369944).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0409_%284745369944%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Marshalese cuisine</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the ancient skills are now in decline, the Marshallese were once able <a href="/wiki/Navigation" title="Navigation">navigators</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">stick-and-shell charts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_Athletics" title="Marshall Islands Athletics">Marshall Islands Athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_at_the_Olympics" title="Marshall Islands at the Olympics">Marshall Islands at the Olympics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Category:Sports in the Marshall Islands">Category: Sports in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>Major sports played in the Marshall Islands include volleyball, basketball (primarily by men), baseball, soccer and a number of water sports. The Marshall Islands has been represented at the Olympics at all games since the 2008 Beijing Olympics. In the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the Marshall Islands were represented by two swimmers.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Association_football">Association football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Association football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_association_football_clubs_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of association football clubs in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">List of association football clubs in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>The Marshall Islands have a small club league, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobeer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobeer (page does not exist)">Kobeer</a> as the most successful club. One tournament was held by <i>Play Soccer Make Peace</i>. There is a small <a href="/wiki/Football_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Association">Football Association</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>. The sport of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> is new to the Marshall Islands. The Marshall Islands is the only country in the world that does not have a <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_Soccer_Federation" title="Marshall Islands Soccer Federation">national football team</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshall Islands is therefore the only sovereign country in the world that does not have a record of a national football match.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marshall_Islands_Baseball_/_Softball_Federation"><span id="Marshall_Islands_Baseball_.2F_Softball_Federation"></span>Marshall Islands Baseball / Softball Federation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Marshall Islands Baseball / Softball Federation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Softball" title="Softball">Softball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> are held under one sports federation in the Marshall Islands. The President is Jeimata Nokko Kabua. Both sports are growing at a fast pace, with hundreds of Marshallese people behind the Marshall Islands Baseball / Softball Federation. The Marshall Islands achieved a <a href="/wiki/Silver_medal" title="Silver medal">silver medal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Games" title="Micronesian Games">Micronesian Games</a> in 2012, as well as medals in the SPG Games.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Economy of the Marshall Islands">Economy of the Marshall Islands</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_(4776559907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0943_%284776559907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Sailboat in the Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>The islands have few natural resources, and their imports far exceed exports. According to the CIA, the value of exports in 2013 was approximately $53.7 million while estimated imports were $133.7 million. Agricultural products include coconuts, tomatoes, melons, taro, breadfruit, fruits, pigs and chickens. Industry is made of the production of copra and craft items, tuna processing and tourism. The GDP in 2016 was an estimated $180 million, with a real growth rate of 1.7%. The GDP per capita was $3,300.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> reported in mid-2016 that the economy of the Republic had expanded by about 0.5 percent in the Fiscal Year 2015 thanks to an improved fisheries sector. A surplus of 3% of GDP was recorded "owing to record-high fishing license fees. Growth is expected to rise to about 1.5 percent and inflation to about 0.5 percent in FY2016, as the effects of the drought in earlier 2016 are offset by the resumption of infrastructure projects."<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the Republic of Marshall Islands passed the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Currency_Act_of_2018" title="Sovereign Currency Act of 2018">Sovereign Currency Act</a>, which made it the first country to issue their own <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">cryptocurrency</a> and certify it as legal tender; the currency is called the "Sovereign".<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marshall Islands has signed a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">bilateral trade agreement</a> with Taiwan in 2019, this agreement has been approved in 2023 and will take effect at a future date.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping">Shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marshall Islands plays a vital role in the international shipping industry as a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a> for commercial vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshallese registry began operations in 1990, and is managed through a joint venture with International Registries, Inc., a US-based corporation that has offices in major shipping centers worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, the Marshallese ship registry was the second largest in the world, after that of <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike some flag countries, there is no requirement that a Marshallese flag vessel be owned by a Marshallese individual or corporation. Following the 2015 seizure of the <i><a href="/wiki/MV_Maersk_Tigris" title="MV Maersk Tigris">MV Maersk Tigris</a></i>, the United States announced that its treaty obligation to defend the Marshall Islands did not extend to foreign-owned Marshallese flag vessels at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of ship-to-ship transfers by Marshallese flag tanker vessels, the Marshall Islands have statistically been one of the largest importers of crude oil from the United States, despite the fact that the islands have no oil refining capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour">Labour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, the Marshall Islands joined the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, which means its labor laws will comply with international benchmarks. This may affect business conditions in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">income tax</a> has two brackets, with rates of 8% and 12%.<sup id="cite_ref-rmiparliament.org_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmiparliament.org-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Corporate_tax" title="Corporate tax">corporate tax</a> is 3% of revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-rmiparliament.org_166-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rmiparliament.org-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_assistance">Foreign assistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Foreign assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a> assistance is the mainstay of the economy. Under terms of the Amended <a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a>, the U.S. is committed to providing US$57.7 million per year in assistance to the Marshall Islands (RMI) through 2013 and then US$62.7 million through 2023, at which time a trust fund, made up of U.S. and RMI contributions, will begin perpetual annual payouts.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> maintains the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein">Kwajalein</a> Atoll. Marshallese landowners receive rent for the base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_(4744730879).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg/220px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg/330px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg/440px-Marshall_Islands_PICT0355_%284744730879%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coconut_palm" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut palm">Coconut palms</a> in the Marshall Islands</figcaption></figure> <p>Agricultural production is concentrated on small farms.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important commercial crop is <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pandanus_tectorius" title="Pandanus tectorius">pandanus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyrtosperma_merkusii" title="Cyrtosperma merkusii">taro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tacca_leontopetaloides" title="Tacca leontopetaloides">arrowroot</a>. The livestock consists primarily of pigs and chickens.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_156-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Small-scale industry is limited to handicrafts, fish processing, and <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">copra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing">Fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Majuro is the world's busiest <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> transshipment port, with 704 transshipments totaling 444,393 tons in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Majuro is also a tuna processing center; the Pan Pacific Foods plant exports processed tuna to a number of countries, primarily the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Bumble_Bee_Foods" title="Bumble Bee Foods">Bumble Bee</a> brand.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fishing license fees, primarily for tuna, provide noteworthy income for the government.<sup id="cite_ref-imf.org_156-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf.org-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, a private company built a tuna loining plant with more than 400 employees, mostly women. But the plant closed in 2005 after a failed attempt to convert it to produce tuna steaks, a process that requires half as many employees. Operating costs exceeded revenue and the plant closed. It was taken over by the government, which had been the guarantor of a $2 million loan to the business.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coconut <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> abound in the Pacific's <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands">islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Copra" title="Copra">Copra</a>, the meat of the <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, yields 1 <a href="/wiki/Liter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liter">liter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">coconut oil</a> for every 6 to 10 coconuts. As of 2007 power authorities, private companies, and entrepreneurs on the islands had been experimenting with coconut oil as alternative to <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">power generators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships">ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, a 57 kW <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> plant was installed, the largest in the Pacific at the time, including New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is estimated that 330 kW of solar and 450 kW of wind power would be required to make the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="College of the Marshall Islands">College of the Marshall Islands</a> energy self-sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshalls Energy Company (MEC), a government entity, provides the islands with electricity. In 2008, two 100-<a href="/wiki/Watt_peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Watt peak">W<sub>p</sub></a> solar home systems were installed on 420 homes on Ailinglaplap Atoll, sufficient for limited electricity use.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:160505-N-ZZ999-002_(35427496046).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg/220px-160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg/330px-160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg/440px-160505-N-ZZ999-002_%2835427496046%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Navy sailor volunteer aids an Ebeye student with a math problem at school</figcaption></figure> <p>The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI)<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finds that the Marshall Islands are fulfilling only 66.1% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income.<sup id="cite_ref-rightstracker1_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightstracker1-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration the Marshall Islands' income level, the nation is achieving 65.5% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education and 66.6% for secondary education.<sup id="cite_ref-rightstracker1_182-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightstracker1-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Marshall_Islands)" title="Ministry of Education (Marshall Islands)">Ministry of Education</a> is the education agency of the islands. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_Public_School_System" title="Marshall Islands Public School System">Marshall Islands Public School System</a> operates the state schools in the Marshall Islands. </p><p>In the 1994–1995 school year the country had 103 elementary schools and 13 secondary schools. There were 27 private elementary schools and one private high school. Christian groups operated most of the private schools.<sup id="cite_ref-McMurrayetalp127_183-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMurrayetalp127-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically the Marshallese population was taught in English first with Marshallese instruction coming later, but this was reversed in the 1990s to keep the islands' cultural heritage and so children could write in Marshallese. Now English language instruction begins in grade 3. Christine McMurray and Roy Smith wrote in <i>Diseases of Globalization: Socioeconomic Transition and Health</i> that this could potentially weaken the children's English skills.<sup id="cite_ref-McMurrayetalp127_183-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMurrayetalp127-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a> institutions operating in the Marshall Islands, the <a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="College of the Marshall Islands">College of the Marshall Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_South_Pacific" title="University of the South Pacific">University of the South Pacific</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Transportation in the Marshall Islands">Transportation in the Marshall Islands</a></div> <p>The Marshall Islands are served by the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_International_Airport" title="Marshall Islands International Airport">Marshall Islands International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bucholz_Army_Airfield" title="Bucholz Army Airfield">Bucholz Army Airfield</a> in Kwajalein, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of airports in the Marshall Islands">other small airports and airstrips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Airlines include <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru_Airlines" title="Nauru Airlines">Nauru Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Marshall_Islands" title="Air Marshall Islands">Air Marshall Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Airlines_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Pacific Airlines (United States)">Asia Pacific Airlines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Media and communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Marshall Islands have several AM and FM radio stations. AM stations are 1098 5 kW V7AB Majuro (Radio Marshalls, national coverage) and 1224 AFN Kwajalein (both public radio) as well as 1557 Micronesia Heatwave. The FM stations are 97.9 V7AD Majuro,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V7AA 96.3 FM Uliga<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 104.1 V7AA Majuro (Baptist religious). BBC World is broadcast on 98.5 FM Majuro.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_189-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent station is Power 103.5 which started broadcasting in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/American_Forces_Network" title="American Forces Network">AFRTS</a> stations include 99.9 AFN Kwajalein (country), 101.1 AFN (adult rock) and 102.1 AFN (hot AC).<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is one broadcast television station, MBC-TV operated by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cable TV is available. On cable TV, most programs are shown two weeks later than in North America but news in real time can be viewed on CNN, CNBC and BBC.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American Forces Radio and Television also provides TV service to Kwajalein Atoll.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marshall Islands National Telecommunications Authority (NTA) provides telephone, cable TV (MHTV), FAX, cellular and Internet services.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Authority is a private corporation with significant ownership by the national government.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Loan Ran Kein</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese language</a> paper, was published from 1953 to 1954. The current national newspaper is a bilingual (Marshallese and English) weekly, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marshall_Islands_Journal" title="The Marshall Islands Journal">The Marshall Islands Journal</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been published since 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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title="Portal:Oceania">Oceania portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Outline of the Marshall Islands">Outline of the Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Marshall Islands–related articles">Index of Marshall Islands–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of islands of the Marshall Islands">List of islands of the Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_island_countries" title="List of island countries">List of island countries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Plutonium_Files" title="The Plutonium Files">The Plutonium Files</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Visa policy of the Marshall Islands">Visa policy of the Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Marshall_Islands" title="Naval Base Marshall Islands">Naval Base Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronunciations:<br />* <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <i>Republic of the Marshall Islands</i> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a7\/En-us-Marshall_Islands.ogg\/En-us-Marshall_Islands.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Marshall Islands.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/En-us-Marshall_Islands.ogg/En-us-Marshall_Islands.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Marshall_Islands.ogg" title="File:En-us-Marshall Islands.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a>: <i lang="mh">Aolepān Aorōkin Ṃajeḷ</i> (<span class="IPA" lang="mh-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">[ɑɔlʲɛbʲænʲɑːorˠɤɡinʲ(i)mˠɑːzʲɛlˠ]</a></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a> is claimed as a territory of the Marshall Islands, but is also claimed as an <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States#Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="Territories of the United States">unorganized</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unincorporated territory">unincorporated territory</a> of the United States, with <i>de facto</i> control vested in the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Insular_Affairs" title="Office of Insular Affairs">Office of Insular Affairs</a> (and all military defenses managed by the United States military).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is a discrepancy related to the total number of tests conducted: 66 or 67. The total number is 67, but two tests (HARDTACK I SCAEVOLA and HARDTACK I QUINCE) were with zero yield: one was a safety test, the other did not work out.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And sometimes one of them doesn't count. Another source of this discrepancy is the widely cited article by Simon and Robison, the summary of which lists the total number of tests conducted in the Marshall Islands as 66 (23 at Bikini Atoll + 42 at Enewetak Atoll + 1 between the atolls), although the attached table lists data for all 67 tests (23 + 43 + 1).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://population.mongabay.com/population/marshall-islands">The largest cities in Marshall Islands, ranked by population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903015000/http://population.mongabay.com/population/marshall-islands">Archived</a> September 3, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. population.mongabay.com. Retrieved May 25, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021census-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021census_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdd.spc.int/news/2023/05/30/marshall-islands-2021-census-report-basic-tables">"Republic of the Marshall Islands 2021 Census Report, Volume 1: Basic Tables and Administrative Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> (SPC): Statistics for Development Division. May 30, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231020115031/https://sdd.spc.int/news/2023/05/30/marshall-islands-2021-census-report-basic-tables">Archived</a> from the original on October 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United Nations Development Programme. March 13, 2024. pp. 274–277. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501075007/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on May 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.atitle=HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+REPORT+2023-24&rft.pages=274-277&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marshallese.org/dictionary/?input=Marshall+Islands">"Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>marshallese.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221125221103/https://marshallese.org/dictionary/?input=Marshall+Islands">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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CIA World Factbook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=CO%E2%82%82+and+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft.aulast=Ritchie&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft.au=Roser%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fco2%2Fcountry%2Fmarshall-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Marshall%20Islands%20Second/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf">"The Republic of the Marshall Islands Nationally Determined Contribution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102200737/https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Marshall%20Islands%20Second/20181122%20Marshall%20Islands%20NDC%20to%20UNFCCC%2022%20November%202018%20FINAL.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oceanic and Industrial Affairs Division, Marshall Islands Marine Resources Authority, Republic of the Marshall Islands, Majuro</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromhead, D., Clarke, S., Hoyle, S., Muller, B., Sharples, P., Harley, S. 2012. Identification of factors influencing shark catch and mortality in the Marshall Islands tuna longline fishery and management implications. <i>Journal of Fish Biology</i> 80: 1870–1894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dos_reis-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dos_reis_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdos_Reis,_M.A.F.2005" class="citation journal cs1">dos Reis, M.A.F. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11137%2F2005_2_31-58">"Chondrichthyan Fauna from the Pirabas Formation, Miocene of Northern Brazil, with Comments on Paleobiogeography"</a>. <i>Anuário do Instituto de Geociências</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 31–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11137%2F2005_2_31-58">10.11137/2005_2_31-58</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anu%C3%A1rio+do+Instituto+de+Geoci%C3%AAncias&rft.atitle=Chondrichthyan+Fauna+from+the+Pirabas+Formation%2C+Miocene+of+Northern+Brazil%2C+with+Comments+on+Paleobiogeography&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-58&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11137%2F2005_2_31-58&rft.au=dos+Reis%2C+M.A.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.11137%252F2005_2_31-58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mii-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mii_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mii_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mii_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mii_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan1965" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, E.H. (1965). <i>Life in Micronesia: Marshall Island Insects, Part 1</i>. Kwajalein, Marshall Islands: Kwajalein Hourglass.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+in+Micronesia%3A+Marshall+Island+Insects%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Kwajalein%2C+Marshall+Islands&rft.pub=Kwajalein+Hourglass&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=E.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NMBE-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NMBE_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2717">"Salticidae"</a>. <i>World Spider Catalog</i>. Natural History Museum Bern. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410133031/http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/genus/2717">Archived</a> from the original on April 10, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Spider+Catalog&rft.atitle=Salticidae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsc.nmbe.ch%2Fgenus%2F2717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011census-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2011census_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdd.spc.int/digital_library/republic-marshall-islands-2011-census-report">"Republic of the Marshall Islands 2011 Census Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> (SPC): Statistics for Development Division. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006211632/https://sdd.spc.int/digital_library/republic-marshall-islands-2011-census-report">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Republic+of+the+Marshall+Islands+2011+Census+Report&rft.pub=Pacific+Community+%28SPC%29%3A+Statistics+for+Development+Division&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsdd.spc.int%2Fdigital_library%2Frepublic-marshall-islands-2011-census-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gwynne-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gwynne_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGwynne2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Gwynne, S.C. (October 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/Paradise-With-An-Asterisk.html?page=all">"Paradise With an Asterisk"</a>. <i>Outside Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816055720/http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/nature/Paradise-With-An-Asterisk.html?page=all">Archived</a> from the original on August 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outside+Magazine&rft.atitle=Paradise+With+an+Asterisk&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft.aulast=Gwynne&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2Foutdoor-adventure%2Fnature%2FParadise-With-An-Asterisk.html%3Fpage%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maie_V._Garland-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maie_V._Garland_123-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2021/08/02/19-73099.pdf">"Bryan Maie V. Merrick Garland, No. 19-73099"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. August 2, 2021. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802190538/https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2021/08/02/19-73099.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2021</span>. <q>Bryan Maie is a native and citizen of the Marshall Islands who came to the United States as a child with his family in 1989. Maie and his family arrived in Hawaii pursuant to the Compact of Free Association, which allows citizens of the Marshall Islands to come to the United States to live, work, and go to school without a visa.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bryan+Maie+V.+Merrick+Garland%2C+No.+19-73099&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=U.S.+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+Ninth+Circuit&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.ca9.uscourts.gov%2Fdatastore%2Fopinions%2F2021%2F08%2F02%2F19-73099.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte2012" class="citation news cs1">Schulte, Bret (July 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/us/for-marshall-islanders-hopes-and-troubles-in-arkansas.html">"For Pacific Islanders, Hopes and Troubles in Arkansas"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170220070836/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/05/us/for-marshall-islanders-hopes-and-troubles-in-arkansas.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=For+Pacific+Islanders%2C+Hopes+and+Troubles+in+Arkansas&rft.date=2012-07-04&rft.aulast=Schulte&rft.aufirst=Bret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F07%2F05%2Fus%2Ffor-marshall-islanders-hopes-and-troubles-in-arkansas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Vine2006" class="citation journal cs1">David Vine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110623/http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/2vine.pdf">"The Impoverishment of Displacement: Models for Documenting Human Rights Abuses and the People of Diego Garcia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Human Rights Brief</i>. <b>13</b> (2): 21–24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcl.american.edu/hrbrief/13/2vine.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on February 8, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Brief&rft.atitle=The+Impoverishment+of+Displacement%3A+Models+for+Documenting+Human+Rights+Abuses+and+the+People+of+Diego+Garcia&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=21-24&rft.date=2006&rft.au=David+Vine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcl.american.edu%2Fhrbrief%2F13%2F2vine.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Vine (January 7, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120930202543/http://web.gc.cuny.edu/dept/rbins/IUCSHA/fellows/dv/DV-link2.pdf">Exile in the Indian Ocean: Documenting the Injuries of Involuntary Displacement</a>. Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies. Web.gc.cuny.edu. Retrieved on September 11, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Vine2006" class="citation book cs1">David Vine (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIXdsrzWof4C&pg=PA268"><i>Empire's Footprint: Expulsion and the United States Military Base on Diego Garcia</i></a>. p. 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-542-85100-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-542-85100-1"><bdi>978-0-542-85100-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire%27s+Footprint%3A+Expulsion+and+the+United+States+Military+Base+on+Diego+Garcia&rft.pages=268&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-542-85100-1&rft.au=David+Vine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIXdsrzWof4C%26pg%3DPA268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vine2011-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vine2011_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Vine2011" class="citation book cs1">David Vine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ankJb0skpwC&pg=PA67"><i>Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S. Military Base on Diego Garcia (New in Paper)</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14983-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14983-7"><bdi>978-0-691-14983-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+of+Shame%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+U.S.+Military+Base+on+Diego+Garcia+%28New+in+Paper%29&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14983-7&rft.au=David+Vine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ankJb0skpwC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">"The World Factbook: Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. Central Intelligence Agency. June 28, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+Marshall+Islands&rft.date=2017-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmarshall-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span> Look under tab for "People and Society".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarucci2020" class="citation journal cs1">Carucci, Laurence Marshall (2020). "The Shifting Nature of Ritual Practices in Marshall Islanders' Christianity". <i>Journal of Ritual Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 15–16. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48653330">48653330</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ritual+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Shifting+Nature+of+Ritual+Practices+in+Marshall+Islanders%27+Christianity&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=15-16&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48653330%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Carucci&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj2019" class="citation news cs1">Raj, Ali (July 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3006385/driven-pakistan-ahmadi-muslims-find-paradise-marshall-islands">"Driven from Pakistan, Ahmadi Muslims find paradise in the Marshall Islands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. Hong Kong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231011063615/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/society/article/3006385/driven-pakistan-ahmadi-muslims-find-paradise-marshall-islands">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Driven+from+Pakistan%2C+Ahmadi+Muslims+find+paradise+in+the+Marshall+Islands&rft.date=2019-07-11&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F3006385%2Fdriven-pakistan-ahmadi-muslims-find-paradise-marshall-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhilQymfgykC&q=Father+A.+Erdland+marshall+islands"><i>Annals of the Propagation of the Faith</i></a>. Society for the Propagation of the Faith. 1910. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=FhilQymfgykC&q=Father+A.+Erdland+marshall+islands">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Propagation+of+the+Faith&rft.pub=Society+for+the+Propagation+of+the+Faith.&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhilQymfgykC%26q%3DFather%2BA.%2BErdland%2Bmarshall%2Bislands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpennemann1990" class="citation book cs1">Spennemann, Dirk R. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZkfAQAAMAAJ&q=Father+H.+Linckens+marshall+islands"><i>Cultural Resource Management Plan for Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands: Management plan</i></a>. U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Territorial and Insular Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407131242/https://books.google.com/books?id=AZkfAQAAMAAJ&q=Father+H.+Linckens+marshall+islands">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Resource+Management+Plan+for+Majuro+Atoll%2C+Republic+of+the+Marshall+Islands%3A+Management+plan&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior%2C+Office+of+Territorial+and+Insular+Affairs&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Spennemann&rft.aufirst=Dirk+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAZkfAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DFather%2BH.%2BLinckens%2Bmarshall%2Bislands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmars.html">"Marshall Islands (Prefecture Apostolic) [Catholic-Hierarchy]"</a>. <i>www.catholic-hierarchy.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221028084057/https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dmars.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 28, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+%28Prefecture+Apostolic%29+%5BCatholic-Hierarchy%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdmars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenee_Lewis2015" class="citation web cs1">Renee Lewis (July 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/28/bikini-nuclear-test-survivors-demand-compensation.html">"Bikinians evacuated 'for good of mankind' endure lengthy nuclear fallout"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822105132/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/7/28/bikini-nuclear-test-survivors-demand-compensation.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 22, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bikinians+evacuated+%27for+good+of+mankind%27+endure+lengthy+nuclear+fallout&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.au=Renee+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famerica.aljazeera.com%2Farticles%2F2015%2F7%2F28%2Fbikini-nuclear-test-survivors-demand-compensation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/191426/marshalls'-ebeye-island-has-no-more-space-to-bury-its-dead">"Marshalls' Ebeye Island has no more space to bury its dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a></i>. July 15, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RNZ&rft.atitle=Marshalls%27+Ebeye+Island+has+no+more+space+to+bury+its+dead&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F191426%2Fmarshalls%27-ebeye-island-has-no-more-space-to-bury-its-dead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110102080552/http://www.paclii.org/mh/legis/consol_act/cotmi363/">"Constitution of the Marshall Islands"</a>. Paclii.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paclii.org/mh/legis/consol_act/cotmi363/">the original</a> on January 2, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+the+Marshall+Islands&rft.pub=Paclii.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paclii.org%2Fmh%2Flegis%2Fconsol_act%2Fcotmi363%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mv-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mv_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiff_Johnson2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giff_Johnson" title="Giff Johnson">Giff Johnson</a> (November 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110714141135/http://mvariety.com/2010112432258/local-news/huge-funeral-recognizes-late-majuro-chief.php">"Huge funeral recognizes late Majuro chief"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marianas_Variety_News_%26_Views" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Variety News & Views">Marianas Variety News & Views</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mvariety.com/2010112432258/local-news/huge-funeral-recognizes-late-majuro-chief.php">the original</a> on July 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marianas+Variety+News+%26+Views&rft.atitle=Huge+funeral+recognizes+late+Majuro+chief&rft.date=2010-11-25&rft.au=Giff+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmvariety.com%2F2010112432258%2Flocal-news%2Fhuge-funeral-recognizes-late-majuro-chief.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dvids2018-08-01-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dvids2018-08-01_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Levasseur,_Sara_Muir2018" class="citation news cs1">Amanda Levasseur, Sara Muir (August 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvidshub.net/news/287463/feature-uscgc-oliver-berry-crew-sets-new-horizons-cutter-operations">"USCGC Oliver Berry crew sets new horizons for cutter operations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dvidshub" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvidshub">Dvidshub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180809090847/https://www.dvidshub.net/news/287463/feature-uscgc-oliver-berry-crew-sets-new-horizons-cutter-operations">Archived</a> from the original on August 9, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In July Oliver Berry's crew set a new milestone by deploying over the horizon to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The 4,400 nautical mile trip marked marking the furthest deployment of an FRC to date for the Coast Guard and is the first deployment of its kind in the Pacific.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dvidshub&rft.atitle=USCGC+Oliver+Berry+crew+sets+new+horizons+for+cutter+operations&rft.date=2018-08-01&rft.au=Amanda+Levasseur%2C+Sara+Muir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvidshub.net%2Fnews%2F287463%2Ffeature-uscgc-oliver-berry-crew-sets-new-horizons-cutter-operations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenportHaner2015" class="citation news cs1">Davenport, Coral; Haner, Josh (December 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/02/world/The-Marshall-Islands-Are-Disappearing.html">"The Marshall Islands Are Disappearing"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823193536/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/12/02/world/The-Marshall-Islands-Are-Disappearing.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Islands+Are+Disappearing&rft.date=2015-12-01&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Coral&rft.au=Haner%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2015%2F12%2F02%2Fworld%2FThe-Marshall-Islands-Are-Disappearing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118011819/http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A%2FRES%2F46%2F3">"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/3, <i>Admission of the Republic of the Marshall Islands to Membership in the United Nations,</i> adopted September 17, 1991"</a>. <i>un.org</i>. United Nations Official Document. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/46/3">the original</a> on November 18, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+46%2F3%2C+Admission+of+the+Republic+of+the+Marshall+Islands+to+Membership+in+the+United+Nations%2C+adopted+September+17%2C+1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fga%2Fsearch%2Fview_doc.asp%3Fsymbol%3DA%2FRES%2F46%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/82642.pdf">General Assembly – Overall Votes – Comparison with U.S. vote</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191202183404/https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/82642.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> lists the Marshall Islands as the country with the second highest incidence of votes. Micronesia has always been in the top two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmin_Rosen2015" class="citation web cs1">Armin Rosen (April 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/marshall-islands-ship-seized-by-iran-2015-4">"Marshall Islands ship seized by Iran – Business Insider"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503020918/http://www.businessinsider.com/marshall-islands-ship-seized-by-iran-2015-4">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+ship+seized+by+Iran+%E2%80%93+Business+Insider&rft.date=2015-04-29&rft.au=Armin+Rosen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fmarshall-islands-ship-seized-by-iran-2015-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/iran-to-release-cargo-vessel-after-it-pays-fine-2015-5">"Iran to release cargo vessel after it pays fine – Business Insider"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. May 6, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509232420/http://www.businessinsider.com/iran-to-release-cargo-vessel-after-it-pays-fine-2015-5">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Iran+to+release+cargo+vessel+after+it+pays+fine+%E2%80%93+Business+Insider&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Firan-to-release-cargo-vessel-after-it-pays-fine-2015-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/jul/22/freedom-of-the-press-in-indonesian-occupied-west-papua">"Freedom of the press in Indonesian-occupied West Papua"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. July 22, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725001246/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2019/jul/22/freedom-of-the-press-in-indonesian-occupied-west-papua">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+press+in+Indonesian-occupied+West+Papua&rft.date=2019-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2019%2Fjul%2F22%2Ffreedom-of-the-press-in-indonesian-occupied-west-papua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2017" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Liam (March 2, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-02/pacific-nations-call-for-un-investigations-into-west-papua/8320194">"Pacific nations call for UN investigations into alleged Indonesian rights abuses in West Papua"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171031203404/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-02/pacific-nations-call-for-un-investigations-into-west-papua/8320194">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Pacific+nations+call+for+UN+investigations+into+alleged+Indonesian+rights+abuses+in+West+Papua&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Liam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2017-03-02%2Fpacific-nations-call-for-un-investigations-into-west-papua%2F8320194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SBSMar17-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SBSMar17_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SBSMar17_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/03/02/pacific-nations-want-un-investigate-indonesia-west-papua">"Pacific nations want UN to investigate Indonesia on West Papua"</a>. <i>SBS News</i>. March 7, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107034058/http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2017/03/02/pacific-nations-want-un-investigate-indonesia-west-papua">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SBS+News&rft.atitle=Pacific+nations+want+UN+to+investigate+Indonesia+on+West+Papua&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.com.au%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F2017%2F03%2F02%2Fpacific-nations-want-un-investigate-indonesia-west-papua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2021" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Giff (February 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mvariety.com/news/australia-japan-fund-law-enforcement-in-marshall-islands/article_fcac5006-63b4-11eb-8dc1-2766414cf8f0.html">"Australia, Japan fund law enforcement in Marshall Islands | MVariety"</a>. <i>mvariety.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209085055/https://mvariety.com/news/australia-japan-fund-law-enforcement-in-marshall-islands/article_fcac5006-63b4-11eb-8dc1-2766414cf8f0.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mvariety.com&rft.atitle=Australia%2C+Japan+fund+law+enforcement+in+Marshall+Islands+%7C+MVariety&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Giff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmvariety.com%2Fnews%2Faustralia-japan-fund-law-enforcement-in-marshall-islands%2Farticle_fcac5006-63b4-11eb-8dc1-2766414cf8f0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/436039/five-micronesian-countries-leave-pacific-islands-forum">"Five Micronesian countries leave Pacific Islands Forum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RNZ" class="mw-redirect" title="RNZ">RNZ</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Micronesian+countries+leave+Pacific+Islands+Forum&rft.pub=RNZ&rft.date=2021-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rnz.co.nz%2Finternational%2Fpacific-news%2F436039%2Ffive-micronesian-countries-leave-pacific-islands-forum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/09/pacific-islands-forum-in-crisis-as-one-third-of-member-nations-quit">"Pacific Islands Forum in crisis as one-third of member nations quit"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. February 8, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210209013116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/09/pacific-islands-forum-in-crisis-as-one-third-of-member-nations-quit">Archived</a> from the original on February 9, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pacific+Islands+Forum+in+crisis+as+one-third+of+member+nations+quit&rft.date=2021-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Ffeb%2F09%2Fpacific-islands-forum-in-crisis-as-one-third-of-member-nations-quit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/all-sports/noc-profile-marshall-islands.htm">"Team Marshall Islands Marshall Islands – Profile"</a>. Olympics.com. July 27, 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210814071432/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/all-sports/noc-profile-marshall-islands.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+Marshall+Islands+Marshall+Islands+%E2%80%93+Profile&rft.pub=Olympics.com&rft.date=2021-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folympics.com%2Ftokyo-2020%2Folympic-games%2Fen%2Fresults%2Fall-sports%2Fnoc-profile-marshall-islands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66991995">"Marshall Islands: The last country on Earth without a national football team"</a>. BBC. October 10, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231010083254/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66991995">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marshall+Islands%3A+The+last+country+on+Earth+without+a+national+football+team&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2F66991995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161725/https://oceaniafootball.hpage.com/non-fifa/marshall-islands.html">"Football"</a>. <i>oceaniafootball.hpage.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceaniafootball.hpage.com/non-fifa/marshall-islands.html">the original</a> on September 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oceaniafootball.hpage.com&rft.atitle=Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceaniafootball.hpage.com%2Fnon-fifa%2Fmarshall-islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3849-0-0-0&sID=40447&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=5044883">"Marshall Islands Baseball / Softball Federation – Marshall Islands National Olympic Committee – SportsTG"</a>. <i>SportsTG</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906161726/http://websites.sportstg.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3849-0-0-0&sID=40447&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=5044883">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SportsTG&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+Baseball+%2F+Softball+Federation+%E2%80%93+Marshall+Islands+National+Olympic+Committee+%E2%80%93+SportsTG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebsites.sportstg.com%2Fassoc_page.cgi%3Fclient%3D2-3849-0-0-0%26sID%3D40447%26%26news_task%3DDETAIL%26articleID%3D5044883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/marshall_islands/marshall_islands_economy.html">"Marshall Islands Economy 2017, CIA World Factbook"</a>. <i>Theodora.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174949/http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/marshall_islands/marshall_islands_economy.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rmipa.com&rft.atitle=Airlines+Serving+the+Marshall+Islands+%E2%80%93+RMIPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frmipa.com%2Fresources%2Fairlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topradiofree.com/listen/Radio_Majuro_979.html">"Radio Majuro 979 – Listen Radio Majuro 979 online radio FM – Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>Topradiofree.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174034/http://www.topradiofree.com/listen/Radio_Majuro_979.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topradiofree.com&rft.atitle=Radio+Majuro+979+%E2%80%93+Listen+Radio+Majuro+979+online+radio+FM+%E2%80%93+Marshall+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topradiofree.com%2Flisten%2FRadio_Majuro_979.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radio.gjoy24.com/online/V7AA_963">"V7AA – 96.3 FM Uliga Radio Online"</a>. <i>radio.gjoy24.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814215811/http://radio.gjoy24.com/online/V7AA_963">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=radio.gjoy24.com&rft.atitle=V7AA+%E2%80%93+96.3+FM+Uliga+Radio+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradio.gjoy24.com%2Fonline%2FV7AA_963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_189-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15595431">"Marshall Islands country profile"</a>. <i>Bbc.com</i>. July 31, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820054837/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15595431">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bbc.com&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+country+profile&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-15595431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomarshallislands.com/hot-new-radio-station/">"Hot Radio Station • Marshall Islands Guide"</a>. <i>Infomarshallislands.com</i>. September 27, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170820105640/http://www.infomarshallislands.com/hot-new-radio-station/">Archived</a> from the original on August 20, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infomarshallislands.com&rft.atitle=Hot+Radio+Station+%E2%80%A2+Marshall+Islands+Guide&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomarshallislands.com%2Fhot-new-radio-station%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radiostationworld.com/locations/marshall_islands/radio_stations/">"Marshall Islands: Radio Station Listings"</a>. <i>Radiostationworld.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814181949/http://radiostationworld.com/locations/marshall_islands/radio_stations/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radiostationworld.com&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands%3A+Radio+Station+Listings&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fradiostationworld.com%2Flocations%2Fmarshall_islands%2Fradio_stations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topradiofree.com/listen/Micronesia_Heatwave_1557.html">"Micronesia Heatwave 1557 – Listen Micronesia Heatwave 1557 online radio FM – Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>Topradiofree.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174528/http://www.topradiofree.com/listen/Micronesia_Heatwave_1557.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Topradiofree.com&rft.atitle=Micronesia+Heatwave+1557+%E2%80%93+Listen+Micronesia+Heatwave+1557+online+radio+FM+%E2%80%93+Marshall+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topradiofree.com%2Flisten%2FMicronesia_Heatwave_1557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15598728">"Marshall Islands profile – Media"</a>. <i>Bbc.com</i>. July 31, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823024917/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15598728">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Marshall+Islands+facts%2C+information%2C+pictures+%E2%80%93+Encyclopedia.com+articles+about+Marshall+Islands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fplaces%2Faustralia-and-oceania%2Fpacific-islands-political-geography%2Fmarshall-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">"AUSTRALIA-OCEANIA : MARSHALL ISLANDS"</a>. <i>Cia.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cia.gov&rft.atitle=AUSTRALIA-OCEANIA+%3A+MARSHALL+ISLANDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmarshall-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomarshallislands.com/internet-options/">"Internet Options • Marshall Islands Guide"</a>. <i>Infomarshallislands.com</i>. June 11, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114125944/http://www.infomarshallislands.com/internet-options/">Archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infomarshallislands.com&rft.atitle=Internet+Options+%E2%80%A2+Marshall+Islands+Guide&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomarshallislands.com%2Finternet-options%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa" class="citation web cs1">Hasegawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntamar.net/index.php/services/wireless-tv">"MHTV"</a>. <i>Ntamar.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823021602/http://www.ntamar.net/index.php/services/wireless-tv">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ntamar.net&rft.atitle=MHTV&rft.au=Hasegawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntamar.net%2Findex.php%2Fservices%2Fwireless-tv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasegawa" class="citation web cs1">Hasegawa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minta.mh/index.php/about-us">"About Us"</a>. <i>Minta.mh</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823024354/http://www.minta.mh/index.php/about-us">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Minta.mh&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft.au=Hasegawa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minta.mh%2Findex.php%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marshallislandsjournal.com/">"Home"</a>. <i>marshallislandsjournal.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826024641/https://marshallislandsjournal.com/">Archived</a> from the original on August 26, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marshallislandsjournal.com&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarshallislandsjournal.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687890">"Pacific Islands Newspapers : Marshall Islands"</a>. <i>University of Hawaii at Manoa</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125015336/https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?g=105813&p=687890">Archived</a> from the original on November 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.atitle=Pacific+Islands+Newspapers+%3A+Marshall+Islands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D105813%26p%3D687890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinney1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Finney" title="Ben Finney">Finney, Ben</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B3/HOC_VOLUME2_Book3_chapter13.pdf">"13: Nautical Cartography and Traditional Navigation in Oceania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Woodward, David; Lewis, G. Malcolm (eds.). <i>The History of Cartography</i>. Vol. 2.3: Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 443–492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226907284" title="Special:BookSources/9780226907284"><bdi>9780226907284</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211004013512/https://press.uchicago.edu/books/HOC/HOC_V2_B3/HOC_VOLUME2_Book3_chapter13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13%3A+Nautical+Cartography+and+Traditional+Navigation+in+Oceania&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Cartography&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=443-492&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780226907284&rft.aulast=Finney&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uchicago.edu%2Fbooks%2FHOC%2FHOC_V2_B3%2FHOC_VOLUME2_Book3_chapter13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1973" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1973). "German Firms in the Western Pacific Islands, 1857-1914". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>8</b>. Taylor & Francis: 10–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347308572220">10.1080/00223347308572220</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168133">25168133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=German+Firms+in+the+Western+Pacific+Islands%2C+1857-1914&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=10-28&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347308572220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25168133%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirth1978" class="citation journal cs1">Firth, Stewart (1978). "German Labour Policy in Nauru and Angaur, 1906–1914". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 36–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347808572337">10.1080/00223347808572337</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168311">25168311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=German+Labour+Policy+in+Nauru+and+Angaur%2C+1906%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-52&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347808572337&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25168311%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2022" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. 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University of Hawaii Press. pp. 586–588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824822651" title="Special:BookSources/9780824822651"><bdi>9780824822651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Marshall+Islands&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+Islands%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=586-588&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780824822651&rft.aulast=Fortune&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiery1995" class="citation book cs1">Hiery, Hermann (1995). <i>The Neglected War: The German South Pacific and the Influence of World War I</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824816681" title="Special:BookSources/9780824816681"><bdi>9780824816681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Neglected+War%3A+The+German+South+Pacific+and+the+Influence+of+World+War+I&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780824816681&rft.aulast=Hiery&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHezel1983" class="citation book cs1">Hezel, Francis X. (1983). <i>The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-colonial Days, 1521–1885</i>. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. 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(2003). <i>Strangers in Their Own Land: A Century of Colonial Rule in the Caroline and Marshall Islands</i>. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824828042" title="Special:BookSources/9780824828042"><bdi>9780824828042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+Their+Own+Land%3A+A+Century+of+Colonial+Rule+in+the+Caroline+and+Marshall+Islands&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Pacific+Islands+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780824828042&rft.aulast=Hezel&rft.aufirst=Francis+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchWeisler1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kirch, P. V.; Weisler, M. I. (1994). 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(1992). <i>Nan'yō: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia, 1885–1945</i>. Pacific Islands Monograph Series. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824814809" title="Special:BookSources/9780824814809"><bdi>9780824814809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nan%27y%C5%8D%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Japanese+in+Micronesia%2C+1885%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Pacific+Islands+Monograph+Series&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780824814809&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPurcell1976" class="citation journal cs1">Purcell, David C. (1976). "The Economics of Exploitation: The Japanese in the Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Islands, 1915-1940". <i>The Journal of Pacific History</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 189–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223347608572301">10.1080/00223347608572301</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25168262">25168262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=The+Economics+of+Exploitation%3A+The+Japanese+in+the+Mariana%2C+Caroline+and+Marshall+Islands%2C+1915-1940&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-211&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223347608572301&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25168262%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Purcell&rft.aufirst=David+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReséndez2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Res%C3%A9ndez" title="Andrés Reséndez">Reséndez, Andrés</a> (2021). <i>Conquering the Pacific: An Unknown Mariner and the Final Great Voyage of the Age of Discovery</i>. 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(1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/supp02-22ed.pdf">"Prehistoric Settlement in Eastern Micronesia: Archaeology on Bikini Atoll, Republic of the Marshall Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Micronesica</i>. Suppl. 2: 247–260. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230804215201/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/supp02-22ed.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on August 4, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Settlement+in+Eastern+Micronesia%3A+Archaeology+on+Bikini+Atoll%2C+Republic+of+the+Marshall+Islands&rft.volume=Suppl.+2&rft.pages=247-260&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Streck&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fsupp02-22ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisler2000" class="citation journal cs1">Weisler, Marshall I. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_weisler111.pdf">"Burial Artifacts from the Marshall Islands: Description, Dating and Evidence for Extra-archipelago Contacts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Micronesica</i>. <b>33</b> (1/2): 111–136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203052552/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/6_weisler111.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=Burial+Artifacts+from+the+Marshall+Islands%3A+Description%2C+Dating+and+Evidence+for+Extra-archipelago+Contacts&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=111-136&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Weisler&rft.aufirst=Marshall+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F6_weisler111.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Holly M. (February 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2b2NFU78qSQC"><i>Bravo for the Marshallese: Regaining Control in a Post-Nuclear, Post-Colonial World</i></a>. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781111833848" title="Special:BookSources/9781111833848"><bdi>9781111833848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bravo+for+the+Marshallese%3A+Regaining+Control+in+a+Post-Nuclear%2C+Post-Colonial+World&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=9781111833848&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Holly+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2b2NFU78qSQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarucci1997" class="citation book cs1">Carucci, Laurence Marshall (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=43BqQgAACAAJ"><i>Nuclear Nativity: Rituals of Renewal and Empowerment in the Marshall Islands</i></a>. Northern Illinois University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875802176" title="Special:BookSources/9780875802176"><bdi>9780875802176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Nativity%3A+Rituals+of+Renewal+and+Empowerment+in+the+Marshall+Islands&rft.pub=Northern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780875802176&rft.aulast=Carucci&rft.aufirst=Laurence+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D43BqQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hein, J. R., F. L. Wong, and D. L. Mosier (2007). <i>Bathymetry of the Republic of the Marshall Islands and Vicinity</i>. Miscellaneous Field Studies; Map-MF-2324. Reston, VA: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiedenthal2001" class="citation book cs1">Niedenthal, Jack (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q5zAAAAMAAJ"><i>For the Good of Mankind: A History of the People of Bikini and Their Islands</i></a>. Bravo Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789829050021" title="Special:BookSources/9789829050021"><bdi>9789829050021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Good+of+Mankind%3A+A+History+of+the+People+of+Bikini+and+Their+Islands&rft.pub=Bravo+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9789829050021&rft.aulast=Niedenthal&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q5zAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudiak-Gould2009" class="citation book cs1">Rudiak-Gould, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P3iWFUJ09JwC"><i>Surviving Paradise: One Year on a Disappearing Island</i></a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402766640" title="Special:BookSources/9781402766640"><bdi>9781402766640</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Paradise%3A+One+Year+on+a+Disappearing+Island&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781402766640&rft.aulast=Rudiak-Gould&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP3iWFUJ09JwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarshall+Islands" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Woodard, Colin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465015719"><i>Ocean's End: Travels Through Endangered Seas</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230323223828/https://www.amazon.com/dp/0465015719">Archived</a> March 23, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. New York: Basic Books. (Contains extended account of sea-level rise threat and the legacy of U.S. Atomic testing.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Marshall Islands</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Marshall Islands">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%82aje%E1%B8%B7_/_Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="c:Ṃajeḷ / Marshall Islands">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Marshall Islands">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Marshall Islands">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Marshall Islands">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Marshall Islands">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Marshall Islands">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="voy:Marshall Islands">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_2">Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmiembassyus.org/">Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands Washington, DC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202214037/https://www.rmiembassyus.org/">Archived</a> December 2, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> official government site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114083023/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-m/marshall-islands.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_information">General information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: General information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204143516/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">Archived</a> February 4, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2005/03/01/marshall-island/">Country Profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831121228/http://www.newint.org/columns/country/2005/03/01/marshall-island/">Archived</a> August 31, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607085219/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/marshallislands.htm">Marshall Islands</a> from <i><a href="/wiki/UCB_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="UCB Libraries">UCB Libraries</a> GovPubs</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-15595431">Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201174808/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1167854.stm">Archived</a> December 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of the Marshall Islands">Wikimedia Atlas of the Marshall Islands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_media">News media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: News media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marshallislandsjournal.com">Marshall Islands Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220412093214/https://marshallislandsjournal.com/">Archived</a> April 12, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Weekly independent national newspaper</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marshall.csu.edu.au/Marshalls/">Digital Micronesia – <i>Marshalls</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060813082510/http://marshall.csu.edu.au/Marshalls/">Archived</a> August 13, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dirk_HR_Spennemann" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirk HR Spennemann">Dirk HR Spennemann</a>, Associate Professor in Cultural Heritage Management</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/Home.html">Plants & Environments of the Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302180858/http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/Home.html">Archived</a> March 2, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Book turned website by Dr. Mark Merlin of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bikiniatoll.com/">Atomic Testing Information</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/marshall/bikini.php">Archived</a> December 23, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/media-gallery/image/testing/marshall-islands.htm">Pictures of victims of U.S. nuclear testing in the Marshall Islands on Nuclear Files.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043107/http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/library/media-gallery/image/testing/marshall-islands.htm">Archived</a> August 15, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/kenner_hearing_marshall_island.html">"Kenner hearing: Marshall Islands-flagged rig in Gulf oil spill was reviewed in February"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151012104655/http://www.nola.com/news/gulf-oil-spill/index.ssf/2010/05/kenner_hearing_marshall_island.html">Archived</a> October 12, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prh.noaa.gov/majuro/">NOAA's National Weather Service – Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130161922/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/majuro/">Archived</a> November 30, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canoesmarshallislands.com">Canoes of the Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160114100504/http://www.canoesmarshallislands.com/">Archived</a> January 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alele.org">Alele Museum – Museum of the Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022032944/http://alele.org/">Archived</a> October 22, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wutmi.com">WUTMI – Women United Together Marshall Islands</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160208011903/http://www.wutmi.com/">Archived</a> February 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marshall_Islands_topics" title="Template:Marshall Islands topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marshall_Islands_topics" title="Template talk:Marshall Islands topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marshall_Islands_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marshall Islands topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marshall_Islands_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall Islands</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(Royal_Navy_officer,_born_1748)" title="John Marshall (Royal Navy officer, born 1748)">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Base_Marshall_Islands" title="Naval Base Marshall Islands">Naval Base Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">South Seas Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_the_Pacific_Islands" title="Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands">Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Proving_Grounds" title="Pacific Proving Grounds">Pacific Proving Grounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll" title="Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll">Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of colonial governors of the Marshall Islands">Colonial governors</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/90px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/135px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Geography of the Marshall Islands">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of the Marshall Islands">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of the Marshall Islands">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Climate change in the Marshall Islands">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of islands of the Marshall Islands">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seamounts_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of seamounts in the Marshall Islands">Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of cities in the Marshall Islands">Towns and villages</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ratak_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratak Chain">Ratak Chain</a> (Sunrise, Eastern)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokak_Atoll" title="Bokak Atoll">Bokak (Taongi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikar_Atoll" title="Bikar Atoll">Bikar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Utirik_Atoll" title="Utirik Atoll">Utirik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toke_Atoll" title="Toke Atoll">Toke</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mejit_Island" title="Mejit Island">Mejit</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ailuk_Atoll" title="Ailuk Atoll">Ailuk</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jemo_Island" title="Jemo Island">Jemo</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Likiep_Atoll" title="Likiep Atoll">Likiep</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wotje_Atoll" title="Wotje Atoll">Wotje</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikub_Atoll" title="Erikub Atoll">Erikub</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Maloelap_Atoll" title="Maloelap Atoll">Maloelap</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aur_Atoll" title="Aur Atoll">Aur</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Majuro" title="Majuro">Majuro</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arno_Atoll" title="Arno Atoll">Arno</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mili_Atoll" title="Mili Atoll">Mili</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knox_Atoll" title="Knox Atoll">Knox (Nadikdik)</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Limalok" title="Limalok">Limalok</a>)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ralik_Chain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralik Chain">Ralik Chain</a> (Sunset, Western)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Enewetak_Atoll" title="Enewetak Atoll">Enewetak</a></b></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Lo-En" title="Lo-En">Lo-En</a>)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Lomilik" title="Lomilik">Lomilik</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujelang_Atoll" title="Ujelang Atoll">Ujelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bikini_Atoll" title="Bikini Atoll">Bikini</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/W%C5%8Ddejebato" title="Wōdejebato">Wōdejebato</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongerik_Atoll" title="Rongerik Atoll">Rongerik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rongelap_Atoll" title="Rongelap Atoll">Rongelap</a></b></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Ruwit%C5%ABnt%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwitūntūn">Ruwitūntūn</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailinginae_Atoll" title="Ailinginae Atoll">Ailinginae</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wotho_Atoll" title="Wotho Atoll">Wotho</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ujae_Atoll" title="Ujae Atoll">Ujae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lae_Atoll" title="Lae Atoll">Lae</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll" title="Kwajalein Atoll">Kwajalein</a></b></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Lemkein" title="Lemkein">Lemkein</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lib_Island" title="Lib Island">Lib</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Namu_Atoll" title="Namu Atoll">Namu</a></b></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jabat_Island" title="Jabat Island">Jabat</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ailinglaplap_Atoll" title="Ailinglaplap Atoll">Ailinglaplap</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jaluit_Atoll" title="Jaluit Atoll">Jaluit</a></b></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kili_Island" title="Kili Island">Kili</a></b></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Namdrik_Atoll" title="Namdrik Atoll">Namdrik</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ebon_Atoll" title="Ebon Atoll">Ebon</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Government of the Marshall Islands">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Constitution of the Marshall Islands">Constitution of the Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_of_Free_Association" title="Compact of Free Association">Compact of Free Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Elections in the Marshall Islands">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Marshall Islands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Law enforcement in the Marshall Islands">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislature_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Legislature of the Marshall Islands">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Marshall Islands">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Marshall Islands">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="List of political parties in the Marshall Islands">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Marshall Islands">President</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="U.S._government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Ballistic_Missile_Defense_Test_Site" title="Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site">Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Economy of the Marshall Islands">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the Marshall Islands">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of exports of Marshall Islands">Exports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Culture of the Marshall Islands">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forever_Marshall_Islands" title="Forever Marshall Islands">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Flag of the Marshall Islands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Public holidays in the Marshall Islands">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Seal of the Marshall Islands">Seal</a></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="College of the Marshall Islands">College of the Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_Public_School_System" title="Marshall Islands Public School System">Public School System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaluit_High_School" title="Jaluit High School">Jaluit HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll_High_School" title="Kwajalein Atoll High School">Kwajalein Atoll HS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laura_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laura High School (page does not exist)">Laura HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_High_School" title="Marshall Islands High School">Marshall Islands HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Islands_High_School" title="Northern Islands High School">Northern Islands HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwajalein_Junior/Senior_High_School" title="Kwajalein Junior/Senior High School">Kwajalein Jr./Sr. HS</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">USAF</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majuro_Cooperative_School" title="Majuro Cooperative School">Majuro Cooperative School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delap_SDA_School" title="Delap SDA School">Delap SDA School</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in the Marshall Islands">NRHP listings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debrum_House" title="Debrum House">Debrum House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_War_Memorial_Park" title="Marshall Islands War Memorial Park">Marshall Islands War Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roi-Namur" title="Roi-Namur">Roi-Namur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b>Bold</b> indicates populated islands</li> <li><i>Italics</i> indicate single island</li> <li>(parenthesis) indicates a <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> feature</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span><span class="nowrap"> </span>Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <b><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. <small>and</small> Long.</a> <span style="color:darkblue;">(Majuro)</span></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Oceania" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_area" title="List of Oceanian countries by area">List of Oceanian countries by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanian_countries_by_population" title="List of Oceanian countries by population">List of Oceanian countries by population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Papua" title="Central Papua">Central Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Papua" title="Highland Papua">Highland Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_(province)" title="Papua (province)">Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Papua" title="South Papua">South Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Papua" title="Southwest Papua">Southwest Papua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papua_(province)" title="West Papua (province)">West Papua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmyra_Atoll" title="Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/225px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/300px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated states</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other <a href="/wiki/Territory#Overseas_territory" title="Territory">territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmore_and_Cartier_Islands" title="Ashmore and Cartier Islands">Ashmore and Cartier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea_Islands" title="Coral Sea Islands">Coral Sea Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Island" title="Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howland_Island" title="Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarvis_Island" title="Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnston_Atoll" title="Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Reef" title="Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas collectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country_of_France" title="Overseas country of France">Overseas country of France</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_the_Cook_Islands_and_Niue" title="Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue">Political status of the Cook Islands and Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._insular_area)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)">Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">United States Minor Outlying Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_the_Marshall_Islands" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Years_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Template:Years in the Marshall Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Years_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Template talk:Years in the Marshall Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Years_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Years in the Marshall Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Years_in_the_Marshall_Islands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Years in the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall Islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="History of the Marshall Islands">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1979_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1979 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1990s_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1990s in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2000_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2000 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2002_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2002 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2003_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2003 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2005_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2005 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2006_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2006 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2007_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2007 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2010_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2010 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2015_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2015 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2016_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2016 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2017 in the Marshall Islands">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2018_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2018 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_in_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 in the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2020 in the Marshall Islands">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2021 in the Marshall Islands">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2022 in the Marshall Islands">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2023 in the Marshall Islands">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2024 in the Marshall Islands">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="2025 in the Marshall Islands">2025</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Arts" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific,<br />general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Culture" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, <i>-<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Music" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori <em>or</em> Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_German_colonies" title="Template talk:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_German_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former German colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_German_colonies_and_protectorates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_German_colonies" title="List of former German colonies">Former German colonies and protectorates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/German_colonization_of_Africa" title="German colonization of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">East Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kionga_Triangle" title="Kionga Triangle">Kionga Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_South_West_Africa" title="German South West Africa">South West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_West_Africa" title="German West Africa">West Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun" title="Kamerun">Kamerun</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Neukamerun" title="Neukamerun">Neukamerun</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapita%C3%AF_and_Koba" title="Kapitaï and Koba">Kapitaï and Koba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinland" title="Mahinland">Mahinland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_New_Guinea" title="German New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Samoa" title="German Samoa">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image plainlist" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reichskolonialflagge.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the German colonial empire"><img alt="Flag of the German colonial empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/100px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/150px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Reichskolonialflagge.svg/200px-Reichskolonialflagge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_zone#Concessions" title="International zone">Concessions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiautschou_Bay_Leased_Territory" title="Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory">Kiautschou Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Tsingtao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_concession_of_Tianjin" title="German concession of Tianjin">Tientsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antarctica" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(claimed by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Template talk:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pacific_Islands_Forum_(PIF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African,_Caribbean_and_Pacific_Group_of_States" class="mw-redirect" title="African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States">ACP</a> Secretariat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Secretariat" title="Commonwealth Secretariat">Commonwealth Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Migration" title="International Organization for Migration">International Organization for Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretariat" title="United Nations Secretariat">United Nations Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_and_Central_Pacific_Fisheries_Commission" title="Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission">Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development partner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meetings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/45th_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="45th Pacific Islands Forum">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="51st Pacific Islands Forum">51st</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q709#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122588295">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1215147/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjdjfpD3F6fMwwbRrycfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037700-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81100671">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958849c">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15320664p">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958849c">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15320664p">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576530">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Marshallovy ostrovy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge421571&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX459610">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/zw9cb52h513v2ns">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552756205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bf8c2e6f-2401-3a52-aad2-7e8baa8b447e">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3d954216-4bdb-4dc2-9e51-0f859fd8fa14">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/8WzMOKtz">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046189">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=65967">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Marshall_Islands&params=9.82_N_169.29_E_type:country_region:MH_dim:500000"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°49′N</span> <span class="longitude">169°17′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.82°N 169.29°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.82; 169.29</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&oldid=1258712539">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Islands&oldid=1258712539</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Marshall_Islands" title="Category:Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archipelagoes_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="Category:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean">Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Associated_states_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Associated states of the United States">Associated states of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Micronesia" 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