CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cortisol - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3b88aefd-0f99-4de8-908c-0437071d3a7a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cortisol","wgTitle":"Cortisol","wgCurRevisionId":1263494476,"wgRevisionId":1263494476,"wgArticleId":335380,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2024","Use American English from December 2017","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles without InChI source","ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata","Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024","Commons category link from Wikidata","Anxiety","Corticosteroids","Glucocorticoids","Otologicals","Pregnanes","Steroid hormones","Steroids","Stress (biology)","Stress hormones"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cortisol","wgRelevantArticleId":335380,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q190875","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/1200px-Cortisol3.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="968"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/800px-Cortisol3.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="645"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/640px-Cortisol3.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="516"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cortisol - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Cortisol rootpage-Cortisol skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cortisol" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cortisol" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cortisol" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cortisol" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolic_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolic_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Metabolic response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolic_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolism_of_glucose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism_of_glucose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Metabolism of glucose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism_of_glucose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism_of_proteins_and_lipids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism_of_proteins_and_lipids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Metabolism of proteins and lipids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism_of_proteins_and_lipids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immune_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immune_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Immune response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immune_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Other effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Glucose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glucose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Glucose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glucose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_and_collagen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_and_collagen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Bone and collagen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_and_collagen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amino_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amino_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Amino acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amino_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrolyte_balance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrolyte_balance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Electrolyte balance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrolyte_balance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sodium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Sodium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sodium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potassium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potassium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Potassium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potassium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stomach_and_kidneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stomach_and_kidneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stomach and kidneys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stomach_and_kidneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diurnal_cycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diurnal_cycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Diurnal cycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diurnal_cycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_during_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_during_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Effects during pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_during_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cortisol_face" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cortisol_face"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Cortisol face</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cortisol_face-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis_and_release" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis_and_release"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Synthesis and release</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis_and_release-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Testing_of_individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testing_of_individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Testing of individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testing_of_individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disorders_of_cortisol_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disorders_of_cortisol_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disorders of cortisol production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disorders_of_cortisol_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Factors_increasing_cortisol_levels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors_increasing_cortisol_levels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Factors increasing cortisol levels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Factors_increasing_cortisol_levels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-11beta-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11beta-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11beta-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-A-ring_reductases_(5alpha-_and_5beta-reductases)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#A-ring_reductases_(5alpha-_and_5beta-reductases)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>A-ring reductases (5alpha- and 5beta-reductases)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-A-ring_reductases_(5alpha-_and_5beta-reductases)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cytochrome_P450,_family_3,_subfamily_A_monooxygenases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cytochrome_P450,_family_3,_subfamily_A_monooxygenases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A monooxygenases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cytochrome_P450,_family_3,_subfamily_A_monooxygenases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cortisol</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84" title="كورتيزول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كورتيزول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84" title="کورتیزول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کورتیزول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2" title="কর্টিসল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্টিসল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Κορτιζόλη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορτιζόλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizolo" title="Kortizolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kortizolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%84" title="کورتیزول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کورتیزول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortas%C3%B3l" title="Cortasól – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cortasól" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%86%94" title="코르티솔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코르티솔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Կորտիզոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորտիզոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortis%C3%B3l" title="Kortisól – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kortisól" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolo" title="Cortisolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cortisolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C" title="קורטיזול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קורטיזול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კორტიზოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორტიზოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BB%8D%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A5" title="ຄໍຕິໂຊລ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄໍຕິໂຊລ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisolum" title="Cortisolum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cortisolum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizols" title="Kortizols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kortizols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizolis" title="Kortizolis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kortizolis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%BE%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="コルチゾール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コルチゾール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortis%C3%B2l" title="Cortisòl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cortisòl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9F%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2" title="କର୍ଟିସୋଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କର୍ଟିସୋଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidrokortizon" title="Gidrokortizon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gidrokortizon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortyzol" title="Kortyzol – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kortyzol" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortizol" title="Cortizol – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cortizol" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizoli" title="Kortizoli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kortizoli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%86%DA%B5" title="کۆرتیزۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆرتیزۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisoli" title="Kortisoli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kortisoli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortisol" title="Kortisol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kortisol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கார்ட்டிசால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கார்ட்டிசால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్టిసోల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్టిసోల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortizol" title="Kortizol – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kortizol" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Кортизол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кортизол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cortisol" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B4%A8%E9%86%87" title="皮质醇 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮质醇" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E9%86%87" title="皮質醇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="皮質醇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%B3%AA%E9%86%87" title="皮質醇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮質醇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190875#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cortisol" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cortisol"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cortisol"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cortisol" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cortisol" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&oldid=1263494476" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cortisol&id=1263494476&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCortisol"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCortisol"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cortisol&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cortisol" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q190875" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human natural glucocorticoid hormone</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the natural hormone. For the medication, see <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> of cortisol, with a similar name, biosynthesis, and function.</div> <p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> </p> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Cortisol </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortisol3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/220px-Cortisol3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/330px-Cortisol3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cortisol3.svg/440px-Cortisol3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortisol-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cortisol-3D-balls.png/220px-Cortisol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cortisol-3D-balls.png/330px-Cortisol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Cortisol-3D-balls.png/440px-Cortisol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">(1<i>R</i>,3a<i>S</i>,3b<i>S</i>,9a<i>R</i>,9b<i>S</i>,11a<i>S</i>)-1,10-Dihydroxy-1-(hydroxyacetyl)-9a,11a-dimethyl-1,2,3,3a,3b,4,5,8,9,9a,9b,10,11,11a-tetradecahydro-7<i>H</i>-cyclopenta[<i>a</i>]phenanthen-7-one</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-23-7">50-23-7</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=O%3DC4%5CC%3DC2%2F%5BC%40%5D%28%5BC%40H%5D1%5BC%40%40H%5D%28O%29C%5BC%40%40%5D3%28%5BC%40%40%5D%28O%29%28C%28%3DO%29CO%29CC%5BC%40H%5D3%5BC%40%40H%5D1CC2%29C%29%28C%29CC4">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=17650">CHEBI:17650</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL389621">ChEMBL389621</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.5551.html">5551</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.drugbank.ca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00741">DB00741</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.019">100.000.019</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190875#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D00088">D00088</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5754">5754</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/WI4X0X7BPJ">WI4X0X7BPJ</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID7020714">DTXSID7020714</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190875#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/C21H30O5/c1-19-7-5-13(23)9-12(19)3-4-14-15-6-8-21(26,17(25)11-22)20(15,2)10-16(24)18(14)19/h9,14-16,18,22,24,26H,3-8,10-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15-,16-,18+,19-,20-,21-/m0/s1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: JYGXADMDTFJGBT-VWUMJDOOSA-N</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">O=C4\C=C2/[C@]([C@H]1[C@@H](O)C[C@@]3([C@@](O)(C(=O)CO)CC[C@H]3[C@@H]1CC2)C)(C)CC4</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><span title="Carbon">C</span><sub>21</sub><span title="Hydrogen">H</span><sub>30</sub><span title="Oxygen">O</span><sub>5</sub> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>362.460 g/mol    </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; color:inherit; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Cortisol</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoid</a> class of hormones and a <a href="/wiki/Stress_hormone" title="Stress hormone">stress hormone</a>. When used as medication, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>. </p><p>It is produced in many animals, mainly by the <i><a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">zona fasciculata</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other tissues, it is produced in lower quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">diurnal cycle</a>, cortisol is released and increases in response to <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> and a low <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood-glucose concentration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It functions to increase blood sugar through <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, suppress the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, and aid in the <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> of calories.<sup id="cite_ref-Marieb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marieb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also decreases bone formation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6690287_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6690287-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These stated functions are carried out by cortisol binding to glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptors inside a cell, which then bind to DNA to affect gene expression.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic_response">Metabolic response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Metabolic response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism_of_glucose">Metabolism of glucose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metabolism of glucose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol plays a crucial role in regulating glucose metabolism and promotes <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> synthesis) and <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">glycogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> synthesis) in the liver and <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> (breakdown of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>) in skeletal muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also increases blood glucose levels by reducing glucose uptake in muscle and <a href="/wiki/Adipose" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipose">adipose</a> tissue, decreasing protein synthesis, and increasing the breakdown of fats into fatty acids (lipolysis). All of these metabolic steps have the net effect of increasing blood glucose levels, which fuel the brain and other tissues during the fight-or-flight response. Cortisol is also responsible for releasing amino acids from muscle, providing a substrate for <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its impact is complex and diverse.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11724664_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11724664-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, cortisol stimulates <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> (the synthesis of 'new' glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, which occurs mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> under certain circumstances). The net effect is an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood, further complemented by a decrease in the sensitivity of peripheral tissue to <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, thus preventing this tissue from taking the glucose from the blood. Cortisol has a permissive effect on the actions of hormones that increase glucose production, such as <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortisol also plays an important, but indirect, role in liver and muscle <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> (the breaking down of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Glucose-1-phosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose-1-phosphate">glucose-1-phosphate</a> and glucose) which occurs as a result of the action of glucagon and adrenaline. Additionally, cortisol facilitates the activation of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase" title="Glycogen phosphorylase">glycogen phosphorylase</a>, which is necessary for adrenaline to have an effect on glycogenolysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid1905485_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1905485-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is paradoxical that cortisol promotes not only <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> (biosynthesis of glucose molecules) in the liver, but also <a href="/wiki/Glycogenesis" title="Glycogenesis">glycogenesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of glucose molecules into <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>): cortisol is thus better thought of as stimulating glucose/glycogen turnover in the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to cortisol's effect in the skeletal muscle where <a href="/wiki/Glycogenolysis" title="Glycogenolysis">glycogenolysis</a> (breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules) is promoted indirectly through <a href="/wiki/Catecholamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Catecholamines">catecholamines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, cortisol and catecholamines work synergistically to promote the breakdown of muscle glycogen into glucose for use in the muscle tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10769296_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10769296-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metabolism_of_proteins_and_lipids">Metabolism of proteins and lipids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Metabolism of proteins and lipids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elevated levels of cortisol, if prolonged, can lead to <a href="/wiki/Proteolysis" title="Proteolysis">proteolysis</a> (breakdown of proteins) and muscle wasting.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason for proteolysis is to provide the relevant tissue with a feedstock for gluconeogenesis; see <a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">glucogenic amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of cortisol on lipid metabolism are more complicated since <a href="/wiki/Lipogenesis" title="Lipogenesis">lipogenesis</a> is observed in patients with chronic, raised circulating glucocorticoid (i.e. cortisol) levels,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although an acute increase in circulating cortisol promotes <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12067858_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12067858-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The usual explanation to account for this apparent discrepancy is that the raised blood glucose concentration (through the action of cortisol) will stimulate <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> release. Insulin stimulates lipogenesis, so this is an indirect consequence of the raised cortisol concentration in the blood but it will only occur over a longer time scale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune_response">Immune response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Immune response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol prevents the release of substances in the body that cause <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. It is used to treat conditions resulting from overactivity of the B-cell-mediated antibody response. Examples include inflammatory and <a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatoid">rheumatoid</a> diseases, as well as <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>. Low-dose <a href="/wiki/Topical_hydrocortisone" title="Topical hydrocortisone">topical hydrocortisone</a>, available as a nonprescription medicine in some countries, is used to treat skin problems such as <a href="/wiki/Rashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashes">rashes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>. </p><p>Cortisol inhibits production of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">interleukin 12</a> (IL-12), <a href="/wiki/Interferon_gamma" title="Interferon gamma">interferon gamma</a> (IFN-gamma), <a href="/wiki/IFN-%CE%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="IFN-α">IFN-alpha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">tumor necrosis factor alpha</a> (TNF-alpha) by <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigen-presenting cells">antigen-presenting cells</a> (APCs) and <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">T helper cells</a> (Th1 cells), but upregulates <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">interleukin 4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_10" title="Interleukin 10">interleukin 10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_13" title="Interleukin 13">interleukin 13</a> by Th2 cells. This results in a shift toward a Th2 immune response rather than general immunosuppression. The activation of the stress system (and resulting increase in cortisol and Th2 shift) seen during an infection is believed to be a protective mechanism which prevents an over-activation of the inflammatory response.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortisol can weaken the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>. It prevents proliferation of T-cells by rendering the <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-2">interleukin-2</a> producer <a href="/wiki/T-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell">T-cells</a> unresponsive to <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-1">interleukin-1</a>, and unable to produce the T-cell growth factor IL-2. Cortisol downregulates the expression of the IL2 receptor IL-2R on the surface of the helper T-cell which is necessary to induce a Th1 'cellular' immune response, thus favoring a shift towards Th2 dominance and the release of the cytokines listed above which results in Th2 dominance and favors the 'humoral' B-cell mediated antibody immune response.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6461917_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6461917-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortisol also has a negative-feedback effect on IL-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besedovsky_1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The way this negative feedback works is that an immune stressor causes peripheral immune cells to release IL-1 and other <a href="/wiki/Cytokines" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytokines">cytokines</a> such as IL-6 and TNF-alpha. These cytokines stimulate the hypothalamus, causing it to release <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (CRH). CRH in turn stimulates the production of <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) among other things in the adrenal gland, which (among other things) increases production of cortisol. Cortisol then closes the loop as it inhibits TNF-alpha production in immune cells and makes them less responsive to IL-1.<sup id="cite_ref-Tietz_2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tietz_2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through this system, as long as an immune stressor is small, the response will be regulated to the correct level. Like a thermostat controlling a heater, the hypothalamus uses cortisol to turn off the heat once the production of cortisol matches the stress induced on the immune system. But in a severe infection or in a situation where the immune system is overly sensitized to an antigen (such as in <a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">allergic reactions</a>) or there is a massive flood of antigens (as can happen with <a href="/wiki/Endotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxic">endotoxic</a> bacteria) the correct set point might never be reached. Also because of downregulation of Th1 immunity by cortisol and other <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling molecules</a>, certain types of infection, (notably <a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a>) can trick the body into getting locked in the wrong mode of attack, using an antibody-mediated humoral response when a cellular response is needed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">Lymphocytes</a> include the B-cell lymphocytes that are the antibody-producing cells of the body, and are thus the main agents of <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">humoral immunity</a>. A larger number of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and skin means the body is increasing its humoral immune response. B-cell lymphocytes release antibodies into the bloodstream. These antibodies lower infection through three main pathways: neutralization, <a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">opsonization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Complement_system" title="Complement system">complement activation</a>. Antibodies neutralize pathogens by binding to surface adhering proteins, keeping pathogens from binding to host cells. In opsonization, antibodies bind to the pathogen and create a target for phagocytic immune cells to find and latch onto, allowing them to destroy the pathogen more easily. Finally antibodies can also activate complement molecules which can combine in various ways to promote opsonization or even act directly to lyse a bacteria. There are many different kinds of antibody and their production is highly complex, involving several types of lymphocyte, but in general lymphocytes and other antibody regulating and producing cells will migrate to the lymph nodes to aid in the release of these antibodies into the bloodstream.<sup id="cite_ref-Janeway_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janeway_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rapid administration of <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">corticosterone</a> (the endogenous type I and type II receptor agonist) or <a href="/wiki/RU28362" class="mw-redirect" title="RU28362">RU28362</a> (a specific type II receptor agonist) to <a href="/wiki/Adrenalectomy" title="Adrenalectomy">adrenalectomized</a> animals induced changes in leukocyte distribution. </p><p>On the other side of things, there are <a href="/wiki/Natural_killer_cell" title="Natural killer cell">natural killer cells</a>; these cells have the ability to take down larger in size threats like bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells. A separate study<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15654827_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15654827-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that cortisol effectively disarmed natural killer cells, downregulating the expression of their natural cytotoxicity receptors. <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a> has the opposite effect. It increases the expression of cytotoxicity receptors on natural killer cells, increasing their firepower.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cortisol stimulates many copper enzymes (often to 50% of their total potential), including <a href="/wiki/Lysyl_oxidase" title="Lysyl oxidase">lysyl oxidase</a>, an enzyme that cross-links <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elastin" title="Elastin">elastin</a>. Especially valuable for immune response is cortisol's stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Superoxide_dismutase" title="Superoxide dismutase">superoxide dismutase</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-12-642760-7_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-12-642760-7-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since this copper enzyme is almost certainly used by the body to permit superoxides to poison bacteria. </p><p>Some viruses, such as <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-1" title="SARS-CoV-1">SARS-CoV-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2" title="SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a>, are known to suppress the secretion of stress hormones to avoid the organism's immune response, thus avoiding the immune protection of the organism. These viruses suppress cortisol by producing a protein that mimics the human ACTH hormone but is incomplete and does not have hormonal activity. ACTH is a hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce cortisol and other steroid hormones. However, the organism makes antibodies against this viral protein, and those antibodies also kill the human ACTH hormone, which leads to the suppression of adrenal gland function. Such adrenal suppression is a way for a virus to evade immune detection and elimination.<sup id="cite_ref-cancer2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cancer2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32346813_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32346813-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15488660_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15488660-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This viral strategy can have severe consequences for the host (human that is infected by the virus), as cortisol is essential for regulating various physiological processes, such as metabolism, blood pressure, inflammation, and immune response. A lack of cortisol can result in a condition called adrenal insufficiency, which can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Adrenal insufficiency can also impair the ability of the host to cope with stress and infections, as cortisol helps to mobilize energy sources, increase heart rate, and downregulate non-essential metabolic processes during stress. Therefore, by suppressing cortisol production, some viruses can escape the immune system and weaken the host's overall health and resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18461094_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18461094-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32346813_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32346813-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15488660_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15488660-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_effects">Other effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Glucose">Glucose</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Glucose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol counteracts <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, contributes to <a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">hyperglycemia</a> by stimulating <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> and inhibits the peripheral use of glucose (<a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33995272_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33995272-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by decreasing the translocation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose_transporter" title="Glucose transporter">glucose transporters</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/GLUT4" title="GLUT4">GLUT4</a>) to the cell membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-07-144578-1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-07-144578-1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortisol also increases glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis) in the liver, storing glucose in easily accessible form.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-323-05371-8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-323-05371-8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bone_and_collagen">Bone and collagen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bone and collagen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol reduces bone formation,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6690287_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6690287-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> favoring long-term development of <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a> (progressive bone disease). The mechanism behind this is two-fold: cortisol stimulates the production of <a href="/wiki/RANKL" title="RANKL">RANKL</a> by <a href="/wiki/Osteoblast" title="Osteoblast">osteoblasts</a> which stimulates, through binding to <a href="/wiki/RANK" title="RANK">RANK</a> receptors, the activity of <a href="/wiki/Osteoclast" title="Osteoclast">osteoclasts</a> – cells responsible for calcium resorption from bone – and also inhibits the production of <a href="/wiki/Osteoprotegerin" title="Osteoprotegerin">osteoprotegerin</a> (OPG) which acts as a decoy receptor and captures some RANKL before it can activate the osteoclasts through RANK.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, when RANKL binds to OPG, no response occurs as opposed to the binding to RANK which leads to the activation of osteoclasts. </p><p>It transports <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> out of cells in exchange for an equal number of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> ions (see above).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13233328_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13233328-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can trigger the <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)#Other_proposed_types_of_shock" title="Shock (circulatory)">metabolic shock</a> from surgery. Cortisol also reduces <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> absorption in the intestine.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid346457_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid346457-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortisol <a href="/wiki/Downregulation_and_upregulation" title="Downregulation and upregulation">down-regulates</a> the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3062759_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3062759-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amino_acid">Amino acid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amino acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol raises the free amino acids in the serum by inhibiting collagen formation, decreasing amino acid uptake by muscle, and inhibiting protein synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Manchester_1964_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manchester_1964-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortisol (as opticortinol) may inversely inhibit <a href="/wiki/IgA" class="mw-redirect" title="IgA">IgA</a> precursor cells in the intestines of calves.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4207041_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4207041-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortisol also inhibits IgA in serum, as it does <a href="/wiki/IgM" class="mw-redirect" title="IgM">IgM</a>; however, it is not shown to inhibit <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid712020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid712020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrolyte_balance">Electrolyte balance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electrolyte balance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol increases glomerular filtration rate,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid27344357_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27344357-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and renal plasma flow from the kidneys thus increasing phosphate excretion,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3351211_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3351211-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24715567_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24715567-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as increasing sodium and water retention and potassium excretion by acting on <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">mineralocorticoid receptors</a>. It also increases sodium and water absorption and potassium excretion in the intestines.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sodium">Sodium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sodium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol promotes sodium absorption through the small intestine of mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7323700_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7323700-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium depletion, however, does not affect cortisol levels<sup id="cite_ref-pmid592808_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid592808-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so cortisol cannot be used to regulate serum sodium. Cortisol's original purpose may have been sodium transport. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that freshwater fish use cortisol to stimulate sodium inward, while saltwater fish have a cortisol-based system for expelling excess sodium.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-471-06266-9_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-471-06266-9-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potassium">Potassium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Potassium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A sodium load augments the intense potassium excretion by cortisol. <a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a> is comparable to cortisol in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-Muller_O'Connor_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muller_O'Connor-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For potassium to move out of the cell, cortisol moves an equal number of sodium ions into the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid13233328_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13233328-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should make <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> regulation much easier (unlike the normal potassium-deficiency situation, in which two sodium ions move in for each three potassium ions that move out—closer to the <a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone" title="Deoxycorticosterone">deoxycorticosterone</a> effect). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stomach_and_kidneys">Stomach and kidneys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Stomach and kidneys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol stimulates gastric-acid secretion.<sup id="cite_ref-Soffer_1961_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soffer_1961-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cortisol's only direct effect on the hydrogen-ion excretion of the kidneys is to stimulate the excretion of ammonium ions by deactivating the renal glutaminase enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-Kokshchuk_1979_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kokshchuk_1979-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol works with <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> (epinephrine) to create <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">memories</a> of short-term emotional events; this is the proposed mechanism for storage of <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memory" title="Flashbulb memory">flash bulb memories</a>, and may originate as a means to remember what to avoid in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Doctors'_Medical_Library_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Doctors'_Medical_Library-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, long-term exposure to cortisol damages cells in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19320982_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19320982-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this damage results in impaired learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diurnal_cycles">Diurnal cycles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diurnal cycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg/220px-Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg/330px-Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg/440px-Change_in_plasma_cortisol_cycle_over_24_hours.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2494" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Change in plasma cortisol cycle (mcg/dL) over 24 hours</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Diurnal cycles</a> of cortisol levels are found in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sustained <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> can lead to high levels of circulating cortisol (regarded as one of the more important of the several "stress hormones").<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_during_pregnancy">Effects during pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Effects during pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During human pregnancy, increased fetal production of cortisol between weeks 30 and 32 initiates production of fetal lung <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_surfactant" title="Pulmonary surfactant">pulmonary surfactant</a> to promote maturation of the lungs. In fetal lambs, glucocorticoids (principally cortisol) increase after about day 130, with lung surfactant increasing greatly, in response, by about day 135,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2573_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2573-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although lamb fetal cortisol is mostly of maternal origin during the first 122 days, 88% or more is of fetal origin by day 136 of gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7130892_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7130892-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the timing of fetal cortisol concentration elevation in sheep may vary somewhat, it averages about 11.8 days before the onset of labor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7379742_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7379742-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several livestock species (e.g. cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs), the surge of fetal cortisol late in gestation triggers the onset of parturition by removing the progesterone block of cervical dilation and <a href="/wiki/Myometrium#Excitation-contraction" title="Myometrium">myometrial contraction</a>. The mechanisms yielding this effect on progesterone differ among species. In the sheep, where progesterone sufficient for maintaining pregnancy is produced by the placenta after about day 70 of gestation,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6933207_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6933207-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10972299_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10972299-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the prepartum fetal cortisol surge induces placental enzymatic conversion of progesterone to estrogen. (The elevated level of estrogen stimulates prostaglandin secretion and <a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">oxytocin</a> receptor development.) </p><p>Exposure of fetuses to cortisol during gestation can have a variety of developmental outcomes, including alterations in prenatal and postnatal growth patterns. In <a href="/wiki/Marmoset" title="Marmoset">marmosets</a>, a species of New World primates, pregnant females have varying levels of cortisol during gestation, both within and between females. Infants born to mothers with high gestational cortisol during the first trimester of pregnancy had lower rates of growth in body mass indices than infants born to mothers with low gestational cortisol (about 20% lower). However, postnatal growth rates in these high-cortisol infants were more rapid than low-cortisol infants later in postnatal periods, and complete catch-up in growth had occurred by 540 days of age. These results suggest that gestational exposure to cortisol in fetuses has important potential fetal programming effects on both pre and postnatal growth in primates.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cortisol_face">Cortisol face</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cortisol face"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Moon_face" title="Moon face">Moon face</a></div> <p>Increased cortisol levels may lead to facial swelling and bloating, creating a round and puffy appearance, referred to as "cortisol face."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis_and_release">Synthesis and release</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Synthesis and release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol is produced in the human body by the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal gland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">zona fasciculata</a>, the second of three layers comprising the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cortex forms the outer "bark" of each adrenal gland, situated atop the kidneys. The release of cortisol is controlled by the hypothalamus of a brain. Secretion of <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> by the hypothalamus triggers cells in its neighboring anterior pituitary to secrete <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) into the vascular system, through which blood carries it to the adrenal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACTH stimulates the synthesis of cortisol and other glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoid aldosterone, and <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-light_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-light-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Testing_of_individuals">Testing of individuals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Testing of individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normal values indicated in the following tables pertain to humans (normal levels vary among species). Measured cortisol levels, and therefore reference ranges, depend on the sample type, analytical method used, and factors such as age and sex. Test results should, therefore, always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that produced the result.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31012054_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31012054-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid31161807_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31161807-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid37501014_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid37501014-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An individual's cortisol levels can be detected in blood, serum, urine, saliva, and sweat.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Reference_ranges_for_blood_plasma" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference ranges for blood plasma">Reference ranges for blood plasma</a> content of free cortisol </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Time</th> <th>Lower limit</th> <th>Upper limit</th> <th>Unit </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">09:00 am</td> <td>140<sup id="cite_ref-goodhope_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodhope-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16909051_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16909051-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>700<sup id="cite_ref-goodhope_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodhope-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>nmol/L </td></tr> <tr> <td>5<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-derived-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>25<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-derived-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>μg/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Midnight</td> <td>80<sup id="cite_ref-goodhope_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodhope-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>350<sup id="cite_ref-goodhope_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goodhope-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>nmol/L </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.9<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-derived-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>13<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-derived-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>μg/dL </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Using the molecular weight of 362.460 g/mole, the conversion factor from μg/dL to nmol/L is approximately 27.6;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31381072_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31381072-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid7700725_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7700725-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus, 10 μg/dL is about 276 nmol/L. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Reference_range" title="Reference range">Reference ranges</a> for <a href="/wiki/Urinalysis" title="Urinalysis">urinalysis</a> of free cortisol (urinary free cortisol or UFC) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Lower limit</th> <th>Upper limit</th> <th>Unit </th></tr> <tr> <td>28<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-mass_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-mass-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 30<sup id="cite_ref-Gorges1999_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorges1999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>280<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-mass_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-mass-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 490<sup id="cite_ref-Gorges1999_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorges1999-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanomole" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanomole">nmol</a>/24h </td></tr> <tr> <td>10<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 11<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-molar_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-molar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>100<sup id="cite_ref-medlineplus_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-medlineplus-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 176<sup id="cite_ref-cortisol-molar_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cortisol-molar-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">μg</a>/24 h </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cortisol follows a <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>, and to accurately measure cortisol levels is best to test four times per day through saliva. An individual may have normal total cortisol but have a lower than normal level during a certain period of the day and a higher than normal level during a different period. Therefore, some scholars question the clinical utility of cortisol measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid33792492_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33792492-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24275191_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24275191-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18227002_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18227002-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid24356273_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24356273-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortisol is lipophilic, and is transported bound to <a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">transcortin</a> (also known as corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)) and <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>, while only a small part of the total serum cortisol is unbound and has biological activity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29194043_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29194043-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This binding of cortisol to transcortin is accomplished through hydrophobic interactions in which cortisol binds in a 1:1 ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serum cortisol assays measures total cortisol, and its results may be misleading for patients with altered serum protein concentrations. The salivary cortisol test avoids this problem because only free cortisol can pass through the <a href="/wiki/Blood-saliva_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-saliva barrier">blood-saliva barrier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30904918_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30904918-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21371536_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21371536-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34684123_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34684123-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19632788_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19632788-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transcortin particles are too large to pass through this barrier,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that consists of epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32842479_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32842479-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortisol may be incorporated into hair from blood, sweat, and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebum</a>. A 3 centimeter segment of scalp hair can represent 3 months of hair growth, although growth rates can vary in different regions of the scalp. Cortisol in hair is a reliable indicator of chronic cortisol exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25560699_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25560699-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Automated <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a> lack specificity and show significant cross-reactivity due to interactions with structural analogs of cortisol, and show differences between assays. <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry">Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry</a> (LC-MS/MS) can improve specificity and sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28068807_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28068807-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disorders_of_cortisol_production">Disorders of cortisol production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Disorders of cortisol production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some medical disorders are related to abnormal cortisol production, such as: </p> <ul><li>Primary hypercortisolism (<a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>): excessive levels of cortisol<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Secondary hypercortisolism (pituitary tumor resulting in <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_disease" title="Cushing's disease">Cushing's disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2008_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2008-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome">pseudo-Cushing's syndrome</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Primary <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">hypocortisolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Addison's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_syndrome" title="Nelson's syndrome">Nelson's syndrome</a>): insufficient levels of cortisol <ul><li>Secondary hypocortisolism (pituitary tumor, <a href="/wiki/Sheehan%27s_syndrome" title="Sheehan's syndrome">Sheehan's syndrome</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary control of cortisol is the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pituitary">pituitary</a> gland peptide, ACTH, which probably controls cortisol by controlling the movement of calcium into the cortisol-secreting target cells.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACTH is in turn controlled by the hypothalamic peptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is under nervous control. CRH acts synergistically with <a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin">arginine vasopressin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II">angiotensin II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Epinephrine">epinephrine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3015567_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3015567-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In swine, which do not produce arginine vasopressin, lysine vasopressin acts synergistically with CRH.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8385088_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8385088-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>When activated macrophages start to secrete IL-1, which synergistically with CRH increases ACTH,<sup id="cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besedovsky_1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> T-cells also secrete glucosteroid response modifying factor (GRMF), as well as IL-1; both increase the amount of cortisol required to inhibit almost all the immune cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6228602_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6228602-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immune cells then assume their own regulation, but at a higher cortisol setpoint. The increase in cortisol in diarrheic calves is minimal over healthy calves, however, and falls over time.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cells do not lose all their fight-or-flight override because of interleukin-1's synergism with CRH. Cortisol even has a negative feedback effect on interleukin-1<sup id="cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besedovsky_1986-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—especially useful to treat diseases that force the hypothalamus to secrete too much CRH, such as those caused by endotoxic bacteria. The suppressor immune cells are not affected by GRMF,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6228602_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6228602-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the immune cells' effective setpoint may be even higher than the setpoint for physiological processes. GRMF affects primarily the liver (rather than the kidneys) for some physiological processes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3084123_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3084123-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High-potassium media (which stimulates aldosterone secretion <i>in vitro</i>) also stimulate cortisol secretion from the fasciculata zone of canine adrenals<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ameer_Saadallah_Al_–_Zacko_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ameer_Saadallah_Al_–_Zacko-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — unlike corticosterone, upon which potassium has no effect.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid168026_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid168026-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potassium loading also increases ACTH and cortisol in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid6283190_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6283190-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is probably the reason why potassium deficiency causes cortisol to decline (as mentioned) and causes a decrease in conversion of <a href="/wiki/11-deoxycortisol" class="mw-redirect" title="11-deoxycortisol">11-deoxycortisol</a> to cortisol.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauman_Muller_1972_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauman_Muller_1972-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may also have a role in rheumatoid-arthritis pain; cell potassium is always low in RA.<sup id="cite_ref-LaCelle_1964_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaCelle_1964-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascorbic acid presence, particularly in high doses has also been shown to mediate response to psychological stress and speed the decrease of the levels of circulating cortisol in the body post-stress. This can be evidenced through a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressures and decreased salivary cortisol levels after treatment with ascorbic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11862365_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11862365-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Factors_increasing_cortisol_levels">Factors increasing cortisol levels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Factors increasing cortisol levels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Viral infections increase cortisol levels through activation of the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis">HPA axis</a> by cytokines.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Intense (high <a href="/wiki/VO2_max" title="VO2 max">VO<sub>2</sub> max</a>) or prolonged <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a> transiently increases cortisol levels to increase gluconeogenesis and maintain blood glucose;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10190775_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10190775-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, cortisol declines to normal levels after eating (i.e., restoring a neutral <a href="/wiki/Energy_balance_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy balance (biology)">energy balance</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Exercise_neuroendocrine_effects_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Exercise_neuroendocrine_effects-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Severe trauma or stressful events can elevate cortisol levels in the blood for prolonged periods.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-495-11657-2_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-495-11657-2-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet" title="Low-carbohydrate diet">Low-carbohydrate diets</a> cause a short-term increase in resting cortisol (≈3 weeks), and increase the cortisol response to <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercise" title="Aerobic exercise">aerobic exercise</a> in the short- and long-term.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increase in the concentration of ghrelin, the hunger stimulating hormone, increases levels of cortisol.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steroidogenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/400px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/600px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/800px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a>, showing cortisol at right<sup id="cite_ref-HäggströmRichfield2014_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HäggströmRichfield2014-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cortisol is synthesized from <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>. Synthesis takes place in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">zona fasciculata</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yyy_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yyy-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15583024_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15583024-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "cortisol" is derived from the word 'cortex'. Cortex means "the outer layer"—a reference to the adrenal cortex, the part of the adrenal gland where cortisol is produced.<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the adrenal cortex in humans also produces <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone" title="Sex hormone">sex hormones</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_reticularis" title="Zona reticularis">zona reticularis</a>, cortisol is its main secretion in humans and several other species.<sup id="cite_ref-yyy_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yyy-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In cattle, corticosterone levels may approach<sup id="cite_ref-pmid5062063_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5062063-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or exceed<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_2003-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cortisol levels.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, the medulla of the adrenal gland lies under its cortex, mainly secreting the catecholamines adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) under sympathetic stimulation.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synthesis of cortisol in the adrenal gland is stimulated by the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">anterior lobe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">pituitary gland</a> with ACTH; ACTH production is, in turn, stimulated by CRH, which is released by the hypothalamus. ACTH increases the concentration of cholesterol in the inner mitochondrial membrane, via regulation of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein. It also stimulates the main rate-limiting step in cortisol synthesis, in which cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone and catalyzed by Cytochrome P450SCC (<a href="/wiki/Side-chain_cleavage_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-chain cleavage enzyme">side-chain cleavage enzyme</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Margioris_Tsatsanis_2011_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Margioris_Tsatsanis_2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism_2">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="11beta-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenases">11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol is metabolized reversibly to <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10487705_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10487705-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/11-beta_hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase">11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase</a> system (11-beta HSD), which consists of two enzymes: <a href="/wiki/11-beta_HSD1" class="mw-redirect" title="11-beta HSD1">11-beta HSD1</a> and <a href="/wiki/11-beta_HSD2" class="mw-redirect" title="11-beta HSD2">11-beta HSD2</a>. The metabolism of cortisol to cortisone involves oxidation of the hydroxyl group at the 11-beta position.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>11-beta HSD1 uses the cofactor NADPH to convert biologically inert cortisone to biologically active cortisol</li> <li>11-beta HSD2 uses the cofactor NAD+ to convert cortisol to cortisone</li></ul> <p>Overall, the net effect is that 11-beta HSD1 serves to increase the local concentrations of biologically active cortisol in a given tissue; 11-beta HSD2 serves to decrease local concentrations of biologically active cortisol. If hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH) is present, the equilibrium can favor the activity of 11-beta HSD1. H6PDH regenerates NADPH, which increases the activity of 11-beta HSD1, and decreases the activity of 11-beta HSD2.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alteration in <a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-hydroxysteroid_dehydrogenase_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1">11-beta HSD1</a> has been suggested to play a role in the <a href="/wiki/Pathogenesis" title="Pathogenesis">pathogenesis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15466942_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15466942-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alteration in <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid_11-beta-dehydrogenase_isozyme_2" title="Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2">11-beta HSD2</a> has been implicated in <a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">essential hypertension</a> and is known to lead to the <a href="/wiki/Syndrome_of_apparent_mineralocorticoid_excess" class="mw-redirect" title="Syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess">syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess</a> (SAME). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="A-ring_reductases_(5alpha-_and_5beta-reductases)"><span id="A-ring_reductases_.285alpha-_and_5beta-reductases.29"></span>A-ring reductases (5alpha- and 5beta-reductases)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: A-ring reductases (5alpha- and 5beta-reductases)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol is also metabolized irreversibly into 5-alpha tetrahydrocortisol (5-alpha THF) and 5-beta tetrahydrocortisol (5-beta THF), reactions for which <a href="/wiki/5-alpha_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="5-alpha reductase">5-alpha reductase</a> and 5-beta-reductase are the <a href="/wiki/Rate-determining_step" title="Rate-determining step">rate-limiting factors</a>, respectively. 5-Beta reductase is also the rate-limiting factor in the conversion of cortisone to <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocortisone" title="Tetrahydrocortisone">tetrahydrocortisone</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)"><span title="Material near this tag needs references to reliable medical sources. (April 2024)">medical citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cytochrome_P450,_family_3,_subfamily_A_monooxygenases"><span id="Cytochrome_P450.2C_family_3.2C_subfamily_A_monooxygenases"></span>Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A monooxygenases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A monooxygenases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol is also metabolized irreversibly into <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Hydroxycortisol" title="6β-Hydroxycortisol">6β-hydroxycortisol</a> by cytochrome p450-3A monooxygenases, mainly, <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11798083_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11798083-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10487705_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10487705-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid34402388_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34402388-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drugs that induce CYP3A4 may accelerate cortisol clearance.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34633961_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34633961-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cortisol is a <a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">naturally occurring</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnane" title="Pregnane">pregnane</a> <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a> and is also known as <b>11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Animals">Animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In animals, cortisol is often used as an indicator of stress and can be measured in blood,<sup id="cite_ref-Staaveren_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staaveren-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> saliva,<sup id="cite_ref-Staaveren_124-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Staaveren-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> urine,<sup id="cite_ref-Schalke_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schalke-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hair,<sup id="cite_ref-Accorsi_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accorsi-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and faeces.<sup id="cite_ref-Accorsi_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Accorsi-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Messmann_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Messmann-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a>, a hormone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol_awakening_response" title="Cortisol awakening response">Cortisol awakening response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Membrane glucocorticoid receptor">Membrane glucocorticoid receptor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-light-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-light_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLightmanBirnieConway-Campbell2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lightman SL, Birnie MT, Conway-Campbell BL (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240781">"Dynamics of ACTH and Cortisol Secretion and Implications for Disease"</a>. <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>41</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnaa002">10.1210/endrev/bnaa002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7240781">7240781</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32060528">32060528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=Dynamics+of+ACTH+and+Cortisol+Secretion+and+Implications+for+Disease&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7240781%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32060528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendrev%2Fbnaa002&rft.aulast=Lightman&rft.aufirst=SL&rft.au=Birnie%2C+MT&rft.au=Conway-Campbell%2C+BL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7240781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavesGomez-SanchezSoma2011" class="citation journal cs1">Taves MD, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Soma KK (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275156">"Extra-adrenal glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids: evidence for local synthesis, regulation, and function"</a>. <i>American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>301</b> (1): E11-24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpendo.00100.2011">10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3275156">3275156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21540450">21540450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Extra-adrenal+glucocorticoids+and+mineralocorticoids%3A+evidence+for+local+synthesis%2C+regulation%2C+and+function&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E11-24&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3275156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21540450&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpendo.00100.2011&rft.aulast=Taves&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Gomez-Sanchez%2C+CE&rft.au=Soma%2C+KK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3275156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marieb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marieb_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoehnMarieb2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoehn K, Marieb EN (2010). <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy"><i>Human Anatomy & Physiology</i></a>. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-60261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-60261-9"><bdi>978-0-321-60261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-321-60261-9&rft.aulast=Hoehn&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Marieb%2C+EN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6690287-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6690287_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6690287_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChyunKreamRaisz1984" class="citation journal cs1">Chyun YS, Kream BE, Raisz LG (February 1984). "Cortisol decreases bone formation by inhibiting periosteal cell proliferation". <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>114</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-114-2-477">10.1210/endo-114-2-477</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6690287">6690287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Cortisol+decreases+bone+formation+by+inhibiting+periosteal+cell+proliferation&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-114-2-477&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6690287&rft.aulast=Chyun&rft.aufirst=YS&rft.au=Kream%2C+BE&rft.au=Raisz%2C+LG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRijkSchaafde_Kloet2002" class="citation journal cs1">DeRijk RH, Schaaf M, de Kloet ER (June 2002). "Glucocorticoid receptor variants: clinical implications". <i>The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology</i>. <b>81</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-0760%2802%2900062-6">10.1016/S0960-0760(02)00062-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12137800">12137800</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24650907">24650907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Glucocorticoid+receptor+variants%3A+clinical+implications&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24650907%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12137800&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-0760%2802%2900062-6&rft.aulast=DeRijk&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Schaaf%2C+M&rft.au=de+Kloet%2C+ER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11724664-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11724664_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaniTayek2001" class="citation journal cs1">Khani S, Tayek JA (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-pdf/101/6/739/482314/cs1010739.pdf">"Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis in humans: its role in the metabolic syndrome"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Clin Sci (Lond)</i>. <b>101</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">739–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fcs1010739">10.1042/cs1010739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11724664">11724664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311202019/https://portlandpress.com/clinsci/article-abstract/101/6/739/67449/Cortisol-increases-gluconeogenesis-in-humans-its?redirectedFrom=PDF">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Sci+%28Lond%29&rft.atitle=Cortisol+increases+gluconeogenesis+in+humans%3A+its+role+in+the+metabolic+syndrome&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fcs1010739&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11724664&rft.aulast=Khani&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Tayek%2C+JA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportlandpress.com%2Fclinsci%2Farticle-pdf%2F101%2F6%2F739%2F482314%2Fcs1010739.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2013" class="citation book cs1">Laycock JF (2013). <i>Integrated endocrinology</i>. Meeran, Karim. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-45064-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-45064-2"><bdi>978-1-118-45064-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794973804">794973804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrated+endocrinology&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex%2C+UK&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F794973804&rft.isbn=978-1-118-45064-2&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=JF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_2003-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_2003_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinCrump2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin PA, Crump MH (2003). "The adrenal gland". In Dooley MP, Pineda MH (eds.). <i>McDonald's veterinary endocrinology and reproduction</i> (5th ed.). Ames, Iowa: Iowa State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8138-1106-2"><bdi>978-0-8138-1106-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+adrenal+gland&rft.btitle=McDonald%27s+veterinary+endocrinology+and+reproduction&rft.place=Ames%2C+Iowa&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Iowa+State+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8138-1106-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Crump%2C+MH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1905485-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1905485_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoderreSrivastavaChiasson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Coderre L, Srivastava AK, Chiasson JL (June 1991). "Role of glucocorticoid in the regulation of glycogen metabolism in skeletal muscle". <i>The American Journal of Physiology</i>. <b>260</b> (6 Pt 1): E927–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpendo.1991.260.6.E927">10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.E927</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1905485">1905485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Physiology&rft.atitle=Role+of+glucocorticoid+in+the+regulation+of+glycogen+metabolism+in+skeletal+muscle&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=6+Pt+1&rft.pages=E927-32&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpendo.1991.260.6.E927&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1905485&rft.aulast=Coderre&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Srivastava%2C+AK&rft.au=Chiasson%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacfarlaneForbesWalker2008" class="citation journal cs1">Macfarlane DP, Forbes S, Walker BR (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-08-0054">"Glucocorticoids and fatty acid metabolism in humans: fuelling fat redistribution in the metabolic syndrome"</a>. <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>197</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">189–</span>204. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1677%2FJOE-08-0054">10.1677/JOE-08-0054</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18434349">18434349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Glucocorticoids+and+fatty+acid+metabolism+in+humans%3A+fuelling+fat+redistribution+in+the+metabolic+syndrome&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1677%2FJOE-08-0054&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18434349&rft.aulast=Macfarlane&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Forbes%2C+S&rft.au=Walker%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1677%252FJOE-08-0054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoMcQueenChenWang2015" class="citation book cs1">Kuo T, McQueen A, Chen TC, Wang JC (2015). "Regulation of Glucose Homeostasis by Glucocorticoids". In Wang JC, Harris C (eds.). <i>Glucocorticoid Signaling</i>. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 872. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">99–</span>126. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2895-8_5">10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-2895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-2895-8"><bdi>978-1-4939-2895-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6185996">6185996</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26215992">26215992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulation+of+Glucose+Homeostasis+by+Glucocorticoids&rft.btitle=Glucocorticoid+Signaling&rft.series=Advances+in+Experimental+Medicine+and+Biology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E126&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6185996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26215992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2895-8_5&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-2895-8&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=McQueen%2C+A&rft.au=Chen%2C+TC&rft.au=Wang%2C+JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10769296-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10769296_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluiterFrings-DresenMeijmanvan_der_Beek2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sluiter JK, Frings-Dresen MH, Meijman TF, van der Beek AJ (May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739955">"Reactivity and recovery from different types of work measured by catecholamines and cortisol: a systematic literature overview"</a>. <i>Occup Environ Med</i>. <b>57</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">298–</span>315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Foem.57.5.298">10.1136/oem.57.5.298</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739955">1739955</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10769296">10769296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occup+Environ+Med&rft.atitle=Reactivity+and+recovery+from+different+types+of+work+measured+by+catecholamines+and+cortisol%3A+a+systematic+literature+overview&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E315&rft.date=2000-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1739955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10769296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.57.5.298&rft.aulast=Sluiter&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Frings-Dresen%2C+MH&rft.au=Meijman%2C+TF&rft.au=van+der+Beek%2C+AJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1739955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsMilesGerichHaymond1984" class="citation journal cs1">Simmons PS, Miles JM, Gerich JE, Haymond MW (February 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC425032">"Increased proteolysis. An effect of increases in plasma cortisol within the physiologic range"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>73</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">412–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI111227">10.1172/JCI111227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC425032">425032</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6365973">6365973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Increased+proteolysis.+An+effect+of+increases+in+plasma+cortisol+within+the+physiologic+range&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC425032%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6365973&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI111227&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=PS&rft.au=Miles%2C+JM&rft.au=Gerich%2C+JE&rft.au=Haymond%2C+MW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC425032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12067858-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12067858_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjurhuusGravholtNielsenMengel2002" class="citation journal cs1">Djurhuus CB, Gravholt CH, Nielsen S, Mengel A, Christiansen JS, Schmitz OE, et al. (July 2002). "Effects of cortisol on lipolysis and regional interstitial glycerol levels in humans". <i>American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>283</b> (1): E172–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fajpendo.00544.2001">10.1152/ajpendo.00544.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12067858">12067858</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2609285">2609285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physiology.+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Effects+of+cortisol+on+lipolysis+and+regional+interstitial+glycerol+levels+in+humans&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=E172-7&rft.date=2002-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2609285%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12067858&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fajpendo.00544.2001&rft.aulast=Djurhuus&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Gravholt%2C+CH&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+S&rft.au=Mengel%2C+A&rft.au=Christiansen%2C+JS&rft.au=Schmitz%2C+OE&rft.au=M%C3%B8ller%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElenkov2004" class="citation journal cs1">Elenkov IJ (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1235876">"Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance"</a>. <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1024</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004NYASA1024..138E">2004NYASA1024..138E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1196%2Fannals.1321.010">10.1196/annals.1321.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15265778">15265778</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9575617">9575617</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211215505/https://zenodo.org/record/1235876">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Glucocorticoids+and+the+Th1%2FTh2+balance&rft.volume=1024&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1196%2Fannals.1321.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9575617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15265778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004NYASA1024..138E&rft.aulast=Elenkov&rft.aufirst=IJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1235876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6461917-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6461917_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalaciosSugawara1982" class="citation journal cs1">Palacios R, Sugawara I (January 1982). "Hydrocortisone abrogates proliferation of T cells in autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction by rendering the interleukin-2 Producer T cells unresponsive to interleukin-1 and unable to synthesize the T-cell growth factor". <i>Scandinavian Journal of Immunology</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x">10.1111/j.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6461917">6461917</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41292936">41292936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=Hydrocortisone+abrogates+proliferation+of+T+cells+in+autologous+mixed+lymphocyte+reaction+by+rendering+the+interleukin-2+Producer+T+cells+unresponsive+to+interleukin-1+and+unable+to+synthesize+the+T-cell+growth+factor&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41292936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6461917&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-3083.1982.tb00618.x&rft.aulast=Palacios&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Sugawara%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besedovsky_1986-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besedovsky_1986_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesedovskyDel_ReySorkin1986" class="citation book cs1">Besedovsky HO, Del Rey A, Sorkin E (1986). "Integration of Activated Immune Cell Products in Immune Endocrine Feedback Circuits". In Oppenheim JJ, Jacobs DM (eds.). <i>Leukocytes and Host Defense</i>. Progress in Leukocyte Biology. Vol. 5. New York: Alan R. Liss. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integration+of+Activated+Immune+Cell+Products+in+Immune+Endocrine+Feedback+Circuits&rft.btitle=Leukocytes+and+Host+Defense&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Progress+in+Leukocyte+Biology&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Alan+R.+Liss&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Besedovsky&rft.aufirst=HO&rft.au=Del+Rey%2C+A&rft.au=Sorkin%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tietz_2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tietz_2008_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemers_Lawrence2008" class="citation book cs1">Demers Lawrence M (2008). "Adrenal Cortical Disorders". In Burtis Carl A, Ashwood Edward R, Bruns David E, Sawyer, Barbara G (eds.). <i>Tietz Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry</i>. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders El Sevier. pp. <span class="nowrap">749–</span>765.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adrenal+Cortical+Disorders&rft.btitle=Tietz+Fundamentals+of+Clinical+Chemistry&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E749-%3C%2Fspan%3E765&rft.pub=Saunders+El+Sevier&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Demers+Lawrence&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janeway_2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janeway_2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyKenneth2012" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, Kenneth (2012). "The Humoral Immune Response". <i>Janeway's Immunobiology, 8th ed</i>. New York, NY: Garland Science Taylor & Francis Group. p. 387.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Humoral+Immune+Response&rft.btitle=Janeway%27s+Immunobiology%2C+8th+ed.&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=Garland+Science+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Murphy&rft.au=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15654827-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15654827_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavoungouBouyou-AkotetKremsner2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mavoungou E, Bouyou-Akotet MK, Kremsner PG (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809301">"Effects of prolactin and cortisol on natural killer (NK) cell surface expression and function of human natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp46, NKp44 and NKp30)"</a>. <i>Clinical and Experimental Immunology</i>. <b>139</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">287–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2004.02686.x">10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02686.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1809301">1809301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15654827">15654827</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Immunology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+prolactin+and+cortisol+on+natural+killer+%28NK%29+cell+surface+expression+and+function+of+human+natural+cytotoxicity+receptors+%28NKp46%2C+NKp44+and+NKp30%29&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1809301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15654827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2249.2004.02686.x&rft.aulast=Mavoungou&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Bouyou-Akotet%2C+MK&rft.au=Kremsner%2C+PG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1809301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-12-642760-7-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-12-642760-7_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloheBeckmanGiertzLoschen1985" class="citation book cs1">Flohe L, Beckman R, Giertz H, Loschen G (1985). "Oxygen Centered Free Radicals as Mediators of Inflammation". In Sies H (ed.). <i>Oxidative stress</i>. London: Orlando. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-642760-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-642760-8"><bdi>978-0-12-642760-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Centered+Free+Radicals+as+Mediators+of+Inflammation&rft.btitle=Oxidative+stress&rft.place=London&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Orlando&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-12-642760-8&rft.aulast=Flohe&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Beckman%2C+R&rft.au=Giertz%2C+H&rft.au=Loschen%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cancer2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cancer2019_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniDhabhar2019" class="citation journal cs1">Antoni MH, Dhabhar FS (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6467795">"The impact of psychosocial stress and stress management on immune responses in patients with cancer"</a>. <i>Cancer</i>. <b>125</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1417–</span>1431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcncr.31943">10.1002/cncr.31943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6467795">6467795</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30768779">30768779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+psychosocial+stress+and+stress+management+on+immune+responses+in+patients+with+cancer&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1417-%3C%2Fspan%3E1431&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6467795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30768779&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcncr.31943&rft.aulast=Antoni&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rft.au=Dhabhar%2C+Firdaus+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6467795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32346813-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32346813_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32346813_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatland2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wheatland R (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126000">"Molecular mimicry of ACTH in SARS – implications for corticosteroid treatment and prophylaxis"</a>. <i>Med Hypotheses</i>. <b>63</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">855–</span>862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2004.04.009">10.1016/j.mehy.2004.04.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126000">7126000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15488660">15488660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Med+Hypotheses&rft.atitle=Molecular+mimicry+of+ACTH+in+SARS+%E2%80%93+implications+for+corticosteroid+treatment+and+prophylaxis&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E855-%3C%2Fspan%3E862&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7126000%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15488660&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mehy.2004.04.009&rft.aulast=Wheatland&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7126000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15488660-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15488660_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid15488660_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbasAkbas2021" class="citation journal cs1">Akbas EM, Akbas N (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fbp.2021.011">"COVID-19, adrenal gland, glucocorticoids, and adrenal insufficiency"</a>. <i>Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub</i>. <b>165</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5507%2Fbp.2021.011">10.5507/bp.2021.011</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33542545">33542545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomed+Pap+Med+Fac+Univ+Palacky+Olomouc+Czech+Repub&rft.atitle=COVID-19%2C+adrenal+gland%2C+glucocorticoids%2C+and+adrenal+insufficiency&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5507%2Fbp.2021.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33542545&rft.aulast=Akbas&rft.aufirst=EM&rft.au=Akbas%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5507%252Fbp.2021.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18461094-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18461094_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBufordWilloughby2008" class="citation journal cs1">Buford TW, Willoughby DS (June 2008). "Impact of DHEA(S) and cortisol on immune function in aging: a brief review". <i>Appl Physiol Nutr Metab</i>. <b>33</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1139%2FH08-013">10.1139/H08-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18461094">18461094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl+Physiol+Nutr+Metab&rft.atitle=Impact+of+DHEA%28S%29+and+cortisol+on+immune+function+in+aging%3A+a+brief+review&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1139%2FH08-013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18461094&rft.aulast=Buford&rft.aufirst=TW&rft.au=Willoughby%2C+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33995272-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33995272_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchernthaner-ReiterWolfVilaLuger2021" class="citation journal cs1">Schernthaner-Reiter MH, Wolf P, Vila G, Luger A (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8113952">"The Interaction of Insulin and Pituitary Hormone Syndromes"</a>. <i>Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)</i>. <b>12</b>: 626427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffendo.2021.626427">10.3389/fendo.2021.626427</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8113952">8113952</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995272">33995272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front+Endocrinol+%28Lausanne%29&rft.atitle=The+Interaction+of+Insulin+and+Pituitary+Hormone+Syndromes&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=626427&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8113952%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33995272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffendo.2021.626427&rft.aulast=Schernthaner-Reiter&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Wolf%2C+P&rft.au=Vila%2C+G&rft.au=Luger%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8113952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-07-144578-1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-07-144578-1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing_MB2005" class="citation book cs1">King MB (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/langeqausmlestep0005unse"><i>Lange Q & A</i></a></span>. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144578-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-144578-8"><bdi>978-0-07-144578-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lange+Q+%26+A&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill%2C+Medical+Pub.+Division&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-07-144578-8&rft.au=King+MB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flangeqausmlestep0005unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-323-05371-8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-323-05371-8_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynesDominiczak2009" class="citation book cs1">Baynes J, Dominiczak M (2009). <i>Medical biochemistry</i>. Mosby Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-05371-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-05371-6"><bdi>978-0-323-05371-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+biochemistry&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-323-05371-6&rft.aulast=Baynes&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Dominiczak%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid13233328-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13233328_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid13233328_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnightKornfeldGlaserBondy1955" class="citation journal cs1">Knight RP, Kornfeld DS, Glaser GH, Bondy PK (February 1955). "Effects of intravenous hydrocortisone on electrolytes of serum and urine in man". <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">176–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-15-2-176">10.1210/jcem-15-2-176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13233328">13233328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Effects+of+intravenous+hydrocortisone+on+electrolytes+of+serum+and+urine+in+man&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1955-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-15-2-176&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13233328&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=RP&rft.au=Kornfeld%2C+DS&rft.au=Glaser%2C+GH&rft.au=Bondy%2C+PK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid346457-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid346457_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch1978" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Deutsch E (April 1978). "[Pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia. 2. Distribution disorders, pseudo-thrombocytopenias]". <i>Fortschritte der Medizin</i> (in German). <b>96</b> (14): <span class="nowrap">761–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/346457">346457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortschritte+der+Medizin&rft.atitle=%5BPathogenesis+of+thrombocytopenia.+2.+Distribution+disorders%2C+pseudo-thrombocytopenias%5D&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E761-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=1978-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F346457&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3062759-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3062759_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKucharz1988" class="citation journal cs1">Kucharz EJ (1988). "Hormonal control of collagen metabolism. Part II". <i>Endocrinologie</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>37. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3062759">3062759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinologie&rft.atitle=Hormonal+control+of+collagen+metabolism.+Part+II&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3062759&rft.aulast=Kucharz&rft.aufirst=EJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manchester_1964-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manchester_1964_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchester,_KL1964" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Manchester, KL (1964). "Sites of Hormonal Regulation of Protein Metabolism". In Allison, NH, Munro JB (eds.). <i>Mammalian Protein Metabolism</i>. New York: Academic Press. p. 229? 273?.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sites+of+Hormonal+Regulation+of+Protein+Metabolism&rft.btitle=Mammalian+Protein+Metabolism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=229%3F+273%3F&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Manchester%2C+KL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid4207041-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid4207041_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusbandBrandonLascelles1973" class="citation journal cs1">Husband AJ, Brandon MR, Lascelles AK (October 1973). "The effect of corticosteroid on absorption and endogenous production of immunoglobulins in calves". <i>The Australian Journal of Experimental Biology and Medical Science</i>. <b>51</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">707–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Ficb.1973.67">10.1038/icb.1973.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4207041">4207041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology+and+Medical+Science&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+corticosteroid+on+absorption+and+endogenous+production+of+immunoglobulins+in+calves&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E707-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=1973-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Ficb.1973.67&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4207041&rft.aulast=Husband&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Brandon%2C+MR&rft.au=Lascelles%2C+AK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid712020-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid712020_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoseyNelsonBranchPearlman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Posey WC, Nelson HS, Branch B, Pearlman DS (December 1978). "The effects of acute corticosteroid therapy for asthma on serum immunoglobulin levels". <i>The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology</i>. <b>62</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0091-6749%2878%2990134-3">10.1016/0091-6749(78)90134-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/712020">712020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+acute+corticosteroid+therapy+for+asthma+on+serum+immunoglobulin+levels&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1978-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0091-6749%2878%2990134-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F712020&rft.aulast=Posey&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Nelson%2C+HS&rft.au=Branch%2C+B&rft.au=Pearlman%2C+DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid27344357-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid27344357_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiXiangHuGoswami2016" class="citation journal cs1">Li X, Xiang X, Hu J, Goswami R, Yang S, Zhang A, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000443435">"Association Between Serum Cortisol and Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Essential Hypertension"</a>. <i>Kidney Blood Press Res</i>. <b>41</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">384–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000443435">10.1159/000443435</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27344357">27344357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8633049">8633049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kidney+Blood+Press+Res&rft.atitle=Association+Between+Serum+Cortisol+and+Chronic+Kidney+Disease+in+Patients+with+Essential+Hypertension&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8633049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27344357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000443435&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=X&rft.au=Xiang%2C+X&rft.au=Hu%2C+J&rft.au=Goswami%2C+R&rft.au=Yang%2C+S&rft.au=Zhang%2C+A&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y&rft.au=Li%2C+Q&rft.au=Bi%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1159%252F000443435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3351211-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3351211_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillLumbersElbourne1988" class="citation journal cs1">Hill KJ, Lumbers ER, Elbourne I (February 1988). "The actions of cortisol on fetal renal function". <i>J Dev Physiol</i>. <b>10</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">85–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3351211">3351211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Dev+Physiol&rft.atitle=The+actions+of+cortisol+on+fetal+renal+function&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3351211&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Lumbers%2C+ER&rft.au=Elbourne%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24715567-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24715567_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiberMurerMohebbiWagner2014" class="citation journal cs1">Biber J, Murer H, Mohebbi N, Wagner CA (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/95625/1/Renal_handling_of_phosphate_and.pdf">"Renal Handling of Phosphate and Sulfate"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Compr Physiol</i>. <b>4</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">771–</span>92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcphy.c120031">10.1002/cphy.c120031</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470650714" title="Special:BookSources/9780470650714"><bdi>9780470650714</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24715567">24715567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231101095038/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/95625/1/Renal_handling_of_phosphate_and.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Compr+Physiol&rft.atitle=Renal+Handling+of+Phosphate+and+Sulfate&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E771-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24715567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcphy.c120031&rft.isbn=9780470650714&rft.aulast=Biber&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Murer%2C+H&rft.au=Mohebbi%2C+N&rft.au=Wagner%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F95625%2F1%2FRenal_handling_of_phosphate_and.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKayCidlowski2003" class="citation book cs1">McKay LI, Cidlowski JA (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK13780/">"Physiologic and Pharmacologic Effects of Corticosteroids"</a>. In Kure DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC, Ganglier TS, Holland JF, Frei E (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cancermedicine60002unse"><i>Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: Decker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-213-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55009-213-4"><bdi>978-1-55009-213-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Physiologic+and+Pharmacologic+Effects+of+Corticosteroids&rft.btitle=Holland-Frei+Cancer+Medicine&rft.place=Hamilton%2C+Ontario&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Decker&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55009-213-4&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=LI&rft.au=Cidlowski%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK13780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7323700-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7323700_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandleKeirRecord1981" class="citation journal cs1">Sandle GI, Keir MJ, Record CO (1981). "The effect of hydrocortisone on the transport of water, sodium, and glucose in the jejunum. Perfusion studies in normal subjects and patients with coeliac disease". <i>Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology</i>. <b>16</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">667–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3109%2F00365528109182028">10.3109/00365528109182028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7323700">7323700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Gastroenterology&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+hydrocortisone+on+the+transport+of+water%2C+sodium%2C+and+glucose+in+the+jejunum.+Perfusion+studies+in+normal+subjects+and+patients+with+coeliac+disease&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3109%2F00365528109182028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7323700&rft.aulast=Sandle&rft.aufirst=GI&rft.au=Keir%2C+MJ&rft.au=Record%2C+CO&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid592808-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid592808_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasonFraserMortonSemple1977" class="citation journal cs1">Mason PA, Fraser R, Morton JJ, Semple PF, Wilson A (August 1977). "The effect of sodium deprivation and of angiotensin II infusion on the peripheral plasma concentrations of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, aldosterone and other corticosteroids in man". <i>Journal of Steroid Biochemistry</i>. <b>8</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">799–</span>804. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-4731%2877%2990086-3">10.1016/0022-4731(77)90086-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/592808">592808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Steroid+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+sodium+deprivation+and+of+angiotensin+II+infusion+on+the+peripheral+plasma+concentrations+of+18-hydroxycorticosterone%2C+aldosterone+and+other+corticosteroids+in+man&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E799-%3C%2Fspan%3E804&rft.date=1977-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-4731%2877%2990086-3&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F592808&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Fraser%2C+R&rft.au=Morton%2C+JJ&rft.au=Semple%2C+PF&rft.au=Wilson%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-471-06266-9-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-471-06266-9_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorbmanDickhoffVignaClark1983" class="citation book cs1">Gorbman A, Dickhoff WW, Vigna SR, Clark NB, Muller AF (1983). <i>Comparative endocrinology</i>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-06266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-06266-0"><bdi>978-0-471-06266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+endocrinology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-471-06266-0&rft.aulast=Gorbman&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Dickhoff%2C+WW&rft.au=Vigna%2C+SR&rft.au=Clark%2C+NB&rft.au=Muller%2C+AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muller_O'Connor-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muller_O'Connor_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullerOconnor1958" class="citation book cs1">Muller AF, Oconnor CM (1958). <i>An International Symposium on Aldosterone</i>. Little Brown & Co. p. 58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+International+Symposium+on+Aldosterone&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Little+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=AF&rft.au=Oconnor%2C+CM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soffer_1961-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soffer_1961_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofferDorfmanGabrilove1961" class="citation book cs1">Soffer LJ, Dorfman RI, Gabrilove JL (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humanadrenalglan00soff"><i>The Human Adrenal Gland</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Human+Adrenal+Gland&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Febiger&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Soffer&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Dorfman%2C+RI&rft.au=Gabrilove%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumanadrenalglan00soff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kokshchuk_1979-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kokshchuk_1979_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKokoshchukPakhmurnyĭ1979" class="citation journal cs1">Kokoshchuk GI, Pakhmurnyĭ BA (May 1979). "Role of glucocorticoids in regulating the acid-excreting function of the kidneys". <i>Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal SSSR imeni I. M. Sechenova</i>. <b>65</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">751–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/110627">110627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiziologicheskii+Zhurnal+SSSR+imeni+I.+M.+Sechenova&rft.atitle=Role+of+glucocorticoids+in+regulating+the+acid-excreting+function+of+the+kidneys&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E751-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1979-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F110627&rft.aulast=Kokoshchuk&rft.aufirst=GI&rft.au=Pakhmurny%C4%AD%2C+BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Doctors'_Medical_Library-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Doctors'_Medical_Library_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703071625/http://www.medical-library.net/content/view/1401/41">"Cortisol (Hydrocortisone)"</a>. The Doctors' Medical Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medical-library.net/content/view/1401/41/">the original</a> on 3 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cortisol+%28Hydrocortisone%29&rft.pub=The+Doctors%27+Medical+Library&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medical-library.net%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F1401%2F41%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19320982-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19320982_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAuleyKennyKirkwoodWilkinson2009" class="citation journal cs1">McAuley MT, Kenny RA, Kirkwood TB, Wilkinson DJ, Jones JJ, Miller VM (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680862">"A mathematical model of aging-related and cortisol induced hippocampal dysfunction"</a>. <i>BMC Neuroscience</i>. <b>10</b>: 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2202-10-26">10.1186/1471-2202-10-26</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2680862">2680862</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19320982">19320982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=A+mathematical+model+of+aging-related+and+cortisol+induced+hippocampal+dysfunction&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19320982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2202-10-26&rft.aulast=McAuley&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Kenny%2C+RA&rft.au=Kirkwood%2C+TB&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+DJ&rft.au=Jones%2C+JJ&rft.au=Miller%2C+VM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2680862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLundberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Lundberg U (2010). "Neuroendocrine Measures". In Contrada R, Baum A (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EXVlk8pnEKIC"><i>The Handbook of Stress Science: Biology, Psychology, and Health</i></a>. New York: Springer Publishing Company. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1771-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1771-7"><bdi>978-0-8261-1771-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240311202051/https://books.google.com/books?id=EXVlk8pnEKIC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol are considered the most important 'stress hormones,' although a number of other hormones are also influenced by stress [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Neuroendocrine+Measures&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Stress+Science%3A+Biology%2C+Psychology%2C+and+Health&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-1771-7&rft.aulast=Lundberg&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEXVlk8pnEKIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid2573-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid2573_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMescherPlatzkerBallardKitterman1975" class="citation journal cs1">Mescher EJ, Platzker AC, Ballard PL, Kitterman JA, Clements JA, Tooley WH (December 1975). "Ontogeny of tracheal fluid, pulmonary surfactant, and plasma corticoids in the fetal lamb". <i>Journal of Applied Physiology</i>. <b>39</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1017–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fjappl.1975.39.6.1017">10.1152/jappl.1975.39.6.1017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2573">2573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Physiology&rft.atitle=Ontogeny+of+tracheal+fluid%2C+pulmonary+surfactant%2C+and+plasma+corticoids+in+the+fetal+lamb&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1017-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1975-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1152%2Fjappl.1975.39.6.1017&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2573&rft.aulast=Mescher&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Platzker%2C+AC&rft.au=Ballard%2C+PL&rft.au=Kitterman%2C+JA&rft.au=Clements%2C+JA&rft.au=Tooley%2C+WH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7130892-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7130892_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessyCoghlanHardyScoggins1982" class="citation journal cs1">Hennessy DP, Coghlan JP, Hardy KJ, Scoggins BA, Wintour EM (October 1982). "The origin of cortisol in the blood of fetal sheep". <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>95</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1677%2Fjoe.0.0950071">10.1677/joe.0.0950071</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7130892">7130892</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+cortisol+in+the+blood+of+fetal+sheep&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1982-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1677%2Fjoe.0.0950071&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7130892&rft.aulast=Hennessy&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Coghlan%2C+JP&rft.au=Hardy%2C+KJ&rft.au=Scoggins%2C+BA&rft.au=Wintour%2C+EM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7379742-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7379742_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagyarFridshalElsnerGlatz1980" class="citation journal cs1">Magyar DM, Fridshal D, Elsner CW, Glatz T, Eliot J, Klein AH, et al. (July 1980). "Time-trend analysis of plasma cortisol concentrations in the fetal sheep in relation to parturition". <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>107</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-107-1-155">10.1210/endo-107-1-155</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7379742">7379742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Time-trend+analysis+of+plasma+cortisol+concentrations+in+the+fetal+sheep+in+relation+to+parturition&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-107-1-155&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7379742&rft.aulast=Magyar&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Fridshal%2C+D&rft.au=Elsner%2C+CW&rft.au=Glatz%2C+T&rft.au=Eliot%2C+J&rft.au=Klein%2C+AH&rft.au=Lowe%2C+KC&rft.au=Buster%2C+JE&rft.au=Nathanielsz%2C+PW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6933207-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6933207_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRickettsFlint1980" class="citation journal cs1">Ricketts AP, Flint AP (August 1980). "Onset of synthesis of progesterone by ovine placenta". <i>The Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>86</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">337–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1677%2Fjoe.0.0860337">10.1677/joe.0.0860337</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6933207">6933207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Onset+of+synthesis+of+progesterone+by+ovine+placenta&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E337-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1980-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1677%2Fjoe.0.0860337&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6933207&rft.aulast=Ricketts&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Flint%2C+AP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10972299-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10972299_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-GuborySolariMirman1999" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Gubory KH, Solari A, Mirman B (1999). "Effects of luteectomy on the maintenance of pregnancy, circulating progesterone concentrations and lambing performance in sheep". <i>Reproduction, Fertility, and Development</i>. <b>11</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2FRD99079">10.1071/RD99079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10972299">10972299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reproduction%2C+Fertility%2C+and+Development&rft.atitle=Effects+of+luteectomy+on+the+maintenance+of+pregnancy%2C+circulating+progesterone+concentrations+and+lambing+performance+in+sheep&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1071%2FRD99079&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10972299&rft.aulast=Al-Gubory&rft.aufirst=KH&rft.au=Solari%2C+A&rft.au=Mirman%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustoeBirnieKorganSanto2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mustoe AC, Birnie AK, Korgan AC, Santo JB, French JA (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268124">"Natural variation in gestational cortisol is associated with patterns of growth in marmoset monkeys (Callithrix geoffroyi)"</a>. <i>General and Comparative Endocrinology</i>. <b>175</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">519–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2011.12.020">10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.12.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3268124">3268124</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22212825">22212825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+and+Comparative+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Natural+variation+in+gestational+cortisol+is+associated+with+patterns+of+growth+in+marmoset+monkeys+%28Callithrix+geoffroyi%29&rft.volume=175&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E519-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3268124%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22212825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2011.12.020&rft.aulast=Mustoe&rft.aufirst=AC&rft.au=Birnie%2C+AK&rft.au=Korgan%2C+AC&rft.au=Santo%2C+JB&rft.au=French%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3268124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns/">"What is cortisol? How to lower levels amid concerns over "cortisol face" - CBS News"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. 8 August 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811182830/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/how-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=What+is+cortisol%3F+How+to+lower+levels+amid+concerns+over+%22cortisol+face%22+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2024-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fhow-to-lower-cortisol-levels-cortisol-face-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/what-is-cortisol-face-8693467">"What Is Cortisol Face? — and Can Stress Really Change Your Appearance?"</a>. <i>Peoplemag</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811182830/https://people.com/what-is-cortisol-face-8693467">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peoplemag&rft.atitle=What+Is+Cortisol+Face%3F+%E2%80%94+and+Can+Stress+Really+Change+Your+Appearance%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fwhat-is-cortisol-face-8693467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2024" class="citation news cs1">Marshall M (31 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/cortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic/">"What is the trending TikTok topic "cortisol face" and what causes it? - CBS Boston"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240811182830/https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/cortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=What+is+the+trending+TikTok+topic+%22cortisol+face%22+and+what+causes+it%3F+-+CBS+Boston&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Mallika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fboston%2Fnews%2Fcortisol-face-tiktok-trending-topic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31012054-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31012054_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchiCampiSessaDe_Marco2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bianchi L, Campi B, Sessa MR, De Marco G, Ferrarini E, Zucchi R, et al. (November 2019). "Measurement of urinary free cortisol by LC-MS-MS: adoption of a literature reference range and comparison with our current immunometric method". <i>J Endocrinol Invest</i>. <b>42</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1299–</span>1305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40618-019-01050-5">10.1007/s40618-019-01050-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31012054">31012054</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128361547">128361547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Endocrinol+Invest&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+urinary+free+cortisol+by+LC-MS-MS%3A+adoption+of+a+literature+reference+range+and+comparison+with+our+current+immunometric+method&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1299-%3C%2Fspan%3E1305&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128361547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31012054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40618-019-01050-5&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Campi%2C+B&rft.au=Sessa%2C+MR&rft.au=De+Marco%2C+G&rft.au=Ferrarini%2C+E&rft.au=Zucchi%2C+R&rft.au=Marcocci%2C+C&rft.au=Vitti%2C+P&rft.au=Manetti%2C+L&rft.au=Saba%2C+A&rft.au=Agretti%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31161807-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31161807_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantonMikkelsenIrgensHovde2019" class="citation journal cs1">Panton KK, Mikkelsen G, Irgens WØ, Hovde AK, Killingmo MW, Øien MA, et al. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00365513.2019.1622031">"New reference intervals for cortisol, cortisol binding globulin and free cortisol index in women using ethinyl estradiol"</a>. <i>Scand J Clin Lab Invest</i>. <b>79</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00365513.2019.1622031">10.1080/00365513.2019.1622031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2739760">11250/2739760</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31161807">31161807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:174806302">174806302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scand+J+Clin+Lab+Invest&rft.atitle=New+reference+intervals+for+cortisol%2C+cortisol+binding+globulin+and+free+cortisol+index+in+women+using+ethinyl+estradiol&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2739760&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A174806302%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31161807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00365513.2019.1622031&rft.aulast=Panton&rft.aufirst=KK&rft.au=Mikkelsen%2C+G&rft.au=Irgens%2C+W%C3%98&rft.au=Hovde%2C+AK&rft.au=Killingmo%2C+MW&rft.au=%C3%98ien%2C+MA&rft.au=Thorsby%2C+PM&rft.au=%C3%85sberg%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00365513.2019.1622031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid37501014-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid37501014_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaiJoshiBhaskarPatil2023" class="citation journal cs1">Pai J, Joshi RK, Bhaskar S, Patil S, Bv S, R S, et al. (November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2840050/latest.pdf">"Revisiting the cortisol reference ranges in humans: the role of demographics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Endocrine</i>. <b>82</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">414–</span>418. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12020-023-03456-x">10.1007/s12020-023-03456-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37501014">37501014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:260246830">260246830</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203012804/https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2840050/latest.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 3 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+cortisol+reference+ranges+in+humans%3A+the+role+of+demographics&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E414-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A260246830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37501014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12020-023-03456-x&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Joshi%2C+RK&rft.au=Bhaskar%2C+S&rft.au=Patil%2C+S&rft.au=Bv%2C+S&rft.au=R%2C+S&rft.au=Iyengar%2C+AR&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+N&rft.au=Shorie%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchsquare.com%2Farticle%2Frs-2840050%2Flatest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeasminUllahWuZhang2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yeasmin S, Ullah A, Wu B, Zhang X, Cheng LJ (2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c21980">"Enzyme-Mimics for Sensitive and Selective Steroid Metabolite Detection"</a></span>. <i>ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces</i>. <b>15</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facsami.2c21980">10.1021/acsami.2c21980</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36908226">36908226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257494057">257494057</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408234418/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.2c21980">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces&rft.atitle=Enzyme-Mimics+for+Sensitive+and+Selective+Steroid+Metabolite+Detection&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257494057%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36908226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facsami.2c21980&rft.aulast=Yeasmin&rft.aufirst=Sanjida&rft.au=Ullah%2C+Ahasan&rft.au=Wu%2C+Bo&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xueqiao&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Li-Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Facsami.2c21980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goodhope-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goodhope_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodhope_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodhope_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goodhope_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720014644/http://www.goodhope.org.uk/Departments/pathweb/refranges.htm">Biochemistry Reference Ranges at Good Hope Hospital</a> Retrieved 8 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16909051-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16909051_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotman-PikielnyRouachChenGur2006" class="citation journal cs1">Rotman-Pikielny P, Rouach V, Chen O, Gur HG, Limor R, Stern N (August 2006). "Serum cortisol levels in patients admitted to the department of medicine: Prognostic correlations and effects of age, infection, and comorbidity". <i>Am J Med Sci</i>. <b>332</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">61–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00000441-200608000-00002">10.1097/00000441-200608000-00002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16909051">16909051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5004535">5004535</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Med+Sci&rft.atitle=Serum+cortisol+levels+in+patients+admitted+to+the+department+of+medicine%3A+Prognostic+correlations+and+effects+of+age%2C+infection%2C+and+comorbidity&rft.volume=332&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5004535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16909051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00000441-200608000-00002&rft.aulast=Rotman-Pikielny&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Rouach%2C+V&rft.au=Chen%2C+O&rft.au=Gur%2C+HG&rft.au=Limor%2C+R&rft.au=Stern%2C+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cortisol-derived-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-derived_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Derived from molar values using molar mass of 362 g/mol</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid31381072-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31381072_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDi_DalmaziFanelliZavattaRicci_Bitti2019" class="citation journal cs1">Di Dalmazi G, Fanelli F, Zavatta G, Ricci Bitti S, Mezzullo M, Repaci A, et al. (November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2019-00365">"The Steroid Profile of Adrenal Incidentalomas: Subtyping Subjects With High Cardiovascular Risk"</a>. <i>J Clin Endocrinol Metab</i>. <b>104</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">5519–</span>5528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2019-00365">10.1210/jc.2019-00365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31381072">31381072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199437371">199437371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Endocrinol+Metab&rft.atitle=The+Steroid+Profile+of+Adrenal+Incidentalomas%3A+Subtyping+Subjects+With+High+Cardiovascular+Risk&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5519-%3C%2Fspan%3E5528&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199437371%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31381072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.2019-00365&rft.aulast=Di+Dalmazi&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Fanelli%2C+F&rft.au=Zavatta%2C+G&rft.au=Ricci+Bitti%2C+S&rft.au=Mezzullo%2C+M&rft.au=Repaci%2C+A&rft.au=Pelusi%2C+C&rft.au=Gambineri%2C+A&rft.au=Altieri%2C+P&rft.au=Mosconi%2C+C&rft.au=Balacchi%2C+C&rft.au=Golfieri%2C+R&rft.au=Cosentino%2C+ER&rft.au=Borghi%2C+C&rft.au=Vicennati%2C+V&rft.au=Pasquali%2C+R&rft.au=Pagotto%2C+U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjc.2019-00365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7700725-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7700725_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottWatterberg1995" class="citation journal cs1">Scott SM, Watterberg KL (January 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-199501000-00021">"Effect of gestational age, postnatal age, and illness on plasma cortisol concentrations in premature infants"</a>. <i>Pediatr Res</i>. <b>37</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">112–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-199501000-00021">10.1203/00006450-199501000-00021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7700725">7700725</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21870513">21870513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatr+Res&rft.atitle=Effect+of+gestational+age%2C+postnatal+age%2C+and+illness+on+plasma+cortisol+concentrations+in+premature+infants&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=1995-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21870513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7700725&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1203%2F00006450-199501000-00021&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Watterberg%2C+KL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1203%252F00006450-199501000-00021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cortisol-mass-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-mass_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-mass_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Converted from μg/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorges1999-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorges1999_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorges1999_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGörgesKnappeGerlVentz1999" class="citation journal cs1">Görges R, Knappe G, Gerl H, Ventz M, Stahl F (April 1999). "Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: re-evaluation of midnight plasma cortisol vs urinary free cortisol and low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in a large patient group". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Endocrinological_Investigation" title="Journal of Endocrinological Investigation">Journal of Endocrinological Investigation</a></i>. <b>22</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">241–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03343551">10.1007/bf03343551</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10342356">10342356</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1239611">1239611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Endocrinological+Investigation&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+of+Cushing%27s+syndrome%3A+re-evaluation+of+midnight+plasma+cortisol+vs+urinary+free+cortisol+and+low-dose+dexamethasone+suppression+test+in+a+large+patient+group&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1999-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1239611%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10342356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf03343551&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6rges&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Knappe%2C+G&rft.au=Gerl%2C+H&rft.au=Ventz%2C+M&rft.au=Stahl%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-medlineplus-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-medlineplus_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003703.htm">Cortisol – urine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cortisol-molar-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-molar_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cortisol-molar_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Converted from nmol/24h, using molar mass of 362.460 g/mol</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid33792492-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid33792492_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIzawaSugayaOgawaShirotsuki2021" class="citation journal cs1">Izawa S, Sugaya N, Ogawa N, Shirotsuki K, Nomura S (April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10253890.2021.1895113">"A validation study on fingernail cortisol: correlations with one-month cortisol levels estimated by hair and saliva samples"</a>. <i>Stress</i>. <b>24</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">734–</span>741. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10253890.2021.1895113">10.1080/10253890.2021.1895113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33792492">33792492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232481968">232481968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stress&rft.atitle=A+validation+study+on+fingernail+cortisol%3A+correlations+with+one-month+cortisol+levels+estimated+by+hair+and+saliva+samples&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E734-%3C%2Fspan%3E741&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232481968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33792492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10253890.2021.1895113&rft.aulast=Izawa&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Sugaya%2C+N&rft.au=Ogawa%2C+N&rft.au=Shirotsuki%2C+K&rft.au=Nomura%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F10253890.2021.1895113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24275191-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24275191_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurpeinenHämäläinen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Turpeinen U, Hämäläinen E (December 2013). "Determination of cortisol in serum, saliva and urine". <i>Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</i>. <b>27</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">795–</span>801. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.beem.2013.10.008">10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24275191">24275191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research.+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Determination+of+cortisol+in+serum%2C+saliva+and+urine&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E795-%3C%2Fspan%3E801&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.beem.2013.10.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24275191&rft.aulast=Turpeinen&rft.aufirst=U&rft.au=H%C3%A4m%C3%A4l%C3%A4inen%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18227002-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18227002_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolomie-FagourCorcuff2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dolomie-Fagour L, Corcuff JB (2008). "[Is free plasmatic cortisol measurement useful in intensive care unit?]". <i>Annales de Biologie Clinique</i> (in French). <b>66</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">31–</span>41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1684%2Fabc.2008.0189">10.1684/abc.2008.0189</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18227002">18227002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+Biologie+Clinique&rft.atitle=%5BIs+free+plasmatic+cortisol+measurement+useful+in+intensive+care+unit%3F%5D&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1684%2Fabc.2008.0189&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18227002&rft.aulast=Dolomie-Fagour&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Corcuff%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24356273-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24356273_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaidanaBrunoMesch2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maidana P, Bruno OD, Mesch V (2013). "[A critical analysis of cortisol measurements: an update]". <i>Medicina</i> (in Spanish). <b>73</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">579–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24356273">24356273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina&rft.atitle=%5BA+critical+analysis+of+cortisol+measurements%3A+an+update%5D&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E579-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24356273&rft.aulast=Maidana&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Bruno%2C+OD&rft.au=Mesch%2C+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29194043-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29194043_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerbeetenAhmet2018" class="citation journal cs1">Verbeeten KC, Ahmet AH (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjpem-2017-0270">"The role of corticosteroid-binding globulin in the evaluation of adrenal insufficiency"</a>. <i>Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fjpem-2017-0270">10.1515/jpem-2017-0270</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29194043">29194043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28588420">28588420</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatric+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=The+role+of+corticosteroid-binding+globulin+in+the+evaluation+of+adrenal+insufficiency&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E115&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28588420%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29194043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fjpem-2017-0270&rft.aulast=Verbeeten&rft.aufirst=KC&rft.au=Ahmet%2C+AH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252Fjpem-2017-0270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenleyLightmanCarrell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Henley D, Lightman S, Carrell R (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf">"Cortisol and CBG - Getting cortisol to the right place at the right time"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pharmacology & Therapeutics</i>. <b>166</b>: <span class="nowrap">128–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2016.06.020">10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.020</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2Fd7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190">1983/d7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27411675">27411675</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820212304/https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/183969438/CBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacology+%26+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Cortisol+and+CBG+-+Getting+cortisol+to+the+right+place+at+the+right+time&rft.volume=166&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2Fd7ed507d-52d5-496b-ae1f-de220ae1b190&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27411675&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pharmthera.2016.06.020&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Lightman%2C+S&rft.au=Carrell%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bris.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F183969438%2FCBG_Final_Henley_revised_submitted2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid30904918-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid30904918_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_MedeirosLafenêtreJanthakhinCerpa2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Medeiros GF, Lafenêtre P, Janthakhin Y, Cerpa JC, Zhang CL, Mehta MM, et al. (2019). "Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin Deficiency Specifically Impairs Contextual and Recognition Memory Consolidation in Male Mice". <i>Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>109</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">322–</span>332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000499827">10.1159/000499827</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30904918">30904918</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85498121">85498121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Corticosteroid-Binding+Globulin+Deficiency+Specifically+Impairs+Contextual+and+Recognition+Memory+Consolidation+in+Male+Mice&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E322-%3C%2Fspan%3E332&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85498121%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30904918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000499827&rft.aulast=de+Medeiros&rft.aufirst=GF&rft.au=Lafen%C3%AAtre%2C+P&rft.au=Janthakhin%2C+Y&rft.au=Cerpa%2C+JC&rft.au=Zhang%2C+CL&rft.au=Mehta%2C+MM&rft.au=Mortessagne%2C+P&rft.au=Helbling%2C+JC&rft.au=Ferreira%2C+G&rft.au=Moisan%2C+MP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21371536-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21371536_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenleyLightman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Henley DE, Lightman SL (April 2011). "New insights into corticosteroid-binding globulin and glucocorticoid delivery". <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>180</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.02.053">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.053</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21371536">21371536</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26843500">26843500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+corticosteroid-binding+globulin+and+glucocorticoid+delivery&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2011-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26843500%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21371536&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.02.053&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=DE&rft.au=Lightman%2C+SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34684123-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid34684123_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalzanoSaracinoCardillo2021" class="citation journal cs1">Salzano C, Saracino G, Cardillo G (October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537520">"Possible Adrenal Involvement in Long COVID Syndrome"</a>. <i>Medicina (Kaunas)</i>. <b>57</b> (10): 1087. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmedicina57101087">10.3390/medicina57101087</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8537520">8537520</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34684123">34684123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina+%28Kaunas%29&rft.atitle=Possible+Adrenal+Involvement+in+Long+COVID+Syndrome&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1087&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8537520%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34684123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fmedicina57101087&rft.aulast=Salzano&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Saracino%2C+G&rft.au=Cardillo%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8537520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19632788-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19632788_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrangerHibelFortunatoKapelewski2009" class="citation journal cs1">Granger DA, Hibel LC, Fortunato CK, Kapelewski CH (November 2009). "Medication effects on salivary cortisol: tactics and strategy to minimize impact in behavioral and developmental science". <i>Psychoneuroendocrinology</i>. <b>34</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1437–</span>48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.06.017">10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.06.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19632788">19632788</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3100315">3100315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychoneuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Medication+effects+on+salivary+cortisol%3A+tactics+and+strategy+to+minimize+impact+in+behavioral+and+developmental+science&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1437-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2009-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3100315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19632788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psyneuen.2009.06.017&rft.aulast=Granger&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Hibel%2C+LC&rft.au=Fortunato%2C+CK&rft.au=Kapelewski%2C+CH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lane J (2006). "Can non-invasive glucocorticoid measures be used as reliable indicators of stress in animals?". <i>Animal Welfare</i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">331–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0962728600030657">10.1017/S0962728600030657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:80026053">80026053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Welfare&rft.atitle=Can+non-invasive+glucocorticoid+measures+be+used+as+reliable+indicators+of+stress+in+animals%3F&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0962728600030657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A80026053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32842479-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid32842479_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinSmajlhodzicBandianFriedl2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, et al. (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7555419">"An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies"</a>. <i>Biomedicines</i>. <b>8</b> (9): 302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbiomedicines8090302">10.3390/biomedicines8090302</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7555419">7555419</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32842479">32842479</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biomedicines&rft.atitle=An+In+Vitro+Barrier+Model+of+the+Human+Submandibular+Salivary+Gland+Epithelium+Based+on+a+Single+Cell+Clone+of+Cell+Line+HTB-41%3A+Establishment+and+Application+for+Biomarker+Transport+Studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=302&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7555419%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32842479&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbiomedicines8090302&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=GC&rft.au=Smajlhodzic%2C+M&rft.au=Bandian%2C+AM&rft.au=Friedl%2C+HP&rft.au=Leitgeb%2C+T&rft.au=Oerter%2C+S&rft.au=Stadler%2C+K&rft.au=Giese%2C+U&rft.au=Peham%2C+JR&rft.au=Bingle%2C+L&rft.au=Neuhaus%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7555419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25560699-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25560699_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeKimChoi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lee DY, Kim E, Choi MH (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436856">"Technical and clinical aspects of cortisol as a biochemical marker of chronic stress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_Society_for_Biochemistry_and_Molecular_Biology#Journals" title="Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology">BMB Reports</a></i>. <b>48</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5483%2Fbmbrep.2015.48.4.275">10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.275</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4436856">4436856</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25560699">25560699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMB+Reports&rft.atitle=Technical+and+clinical+aspects+of+cortisol+as+a+biochemical+marker+of+chronic+stress&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4436856%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25560699&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5483%2Fbmbrep.2015.48.4.275&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=DY&rft.au=Kim%2C+E&rft.au=Choi%2C+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4436856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28068807-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28068807_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-FarhanReesEvans2017" class="citation journal cs1">El-Farhan N, Rees DA, Evans C (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004563216687335">"Measuring cortisol in serum, urine and saliva - are our assays good enough?"</a>. <i>Annals of Clinical Biochemistry</i>. <b>54</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0004563216687335">10.1177/0004563216687335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28068807">28068807</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206397561">206397561</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Clinical+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Measuring+cortisol+in+serum%2C+urine+and+saliva+-+are+our+assays+good+enough%3F&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206397561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28068807&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0004563216687335&rft.aulast=El-Farhan&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Rees%2C+DA&rft.au=Evans%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0004563216687335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cushings-syndrome/">"Cushing's Syndrome"</a>. <i>The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922231327/https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/cushings-syndrome/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Cushing%27s+Syndrome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fcushings-syndrome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH2008-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NIH2008_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150210104139/http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1">"Cushing's Syndrome"</a>. National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service (NEMDIS). July 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://endocrine.niddk.nih.gov/pubs/cushings/cushings.aspx#1">the original</a> on 10 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>. <q>These benign, or noncancerous, tumors of the pituitary gland secrete extra ACTH. Most people with the disorder have a single adenoma. This form of the syndrome, known as Cushing's disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cushing%27s+Syndrome&rft.pub=National+Endocrine+and+Metabolic+Diseases+Information+Service+%28NEMDIS%29&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fendocrine.niddk.nih.gov%2Fpubs%2Fcushings%2Fcushings.aspx%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbis2005" class="citation book cs1">Forbis P (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isqcnR6ryz0C&pg=PA167"><i>Stedman's medical eponyms</i></a> (2nd ed.). Baltimore, Md.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-5443-9"><bdi>978-0-7817-5443-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224160912/https://books.google.com/books?id=isqcnR6ryz0C&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stedman%27s+medical+eponyms&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Md.&rft.pages=167&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-5443-9&rft.aulast=Forbis&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisqcnR6ryz0C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesKenyonFraser1985" class="citation journal cs1">Davies E, Kenyon CJ, Fraser R (June 1985). "The role of calcium ions in the mechanism of ACTH stimulation of cortisol synthesis". <i>Steroids</i>. <b>45</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">551–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-128X%2885%2990019-4">10.1016/0039-128X(85)90019-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3012830">3012830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24454836">24454836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Steroids&rft.atitle=The+role+of+calcium+ions+in+the+mechanism+of+ACTH+stimulation+of+cortisol+synthesis&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E551-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=1985-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24454836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3012830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-128X%2885%2990019-4&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kenyon%2C+CJ&rft.au=Fraser%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3015567-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3015567_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlotskyOttoSapolsky1986" class="citation journal cs1">Plotsky PM, Otto S, Sapolsky RM (September 1986). "Inhibition of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing factor secretion into the hypophysial-portal circulation by delayed glucocorticoid feedback". <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>119</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1126–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fendo-119-3-1126">10.1210/endo-119-3-1126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3015567">3015567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+immunoreactive+corticotropin-releasing+factor+secretion+into+the+hypophysial-portal+circulation+by+delayed+glucocorticoid+feedback&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1126-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fendo-119-3-1126&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3015567&rft.aulast=Plotsky&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Otto%2C+S&rft.au=Sapolsky%2C+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8385088-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8385088_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintonParsons1993" class="citation journal cs1">Minton JE, Parsons KM (March 1993). "Adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol response to corticotropin-releasing factor and lysine vasopressin in pigs". <i>Journal of Animal Science</i>. <b>71</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">724–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2527%2F1993.713724x">10.2527/1993.713724x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8385088">8385088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Science&rft.atitle=Adrenocorticotropic+hormone+and+cortisol+response+to+corticotropin-releasing+factor+and+lysine+vasopressin+in+pigs&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E724-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1993-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2527%2F1993.713724x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8385088&rft.aulast=Minton&rft.aufirst=JE&rft.au=Parsons%2C+KM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6228602-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6228602_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid6228602_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairchildShannonKwanMishell1984" class="citation journal cs1">Fairchild SS, Shannon K, Kwan E, Mishell RI (February 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.132.2.821">"T cell-derived glucosteroid response-modifying factor (GRMFT): a unique lymphokine made by normal T lymphocytes and a T cell hybridoma"</a>. <i>Journal of Immunology</i>. <b>132</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">821–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.132.2.821">10.4049/jimmunol.132.2.821</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6228602">6228602</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27300153">27300153</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=T+cell-derived+glucosteroid+response-modifying+factor+%28GRMFT%29%3A+a+unique+lymphokine+made+by+normal+T+lymphocytes+and+a+T+cell+hybridoma&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E821-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1984-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27300153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6228602&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4049%2Fjimmunol.132.2.821&rft.aulast=Fairchild&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Shannon%2C+K&rft.au=Kwan%2C+E&rft.au=Mishell%2C+RI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4049%252Fjimmunol.132.2.821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvorak1971" class="citation journal cs1">Dvorak M (1971). "Plasma 17-Hydroxycorticosteroid Levels in Healthy and Diarrheic Calves". <i>British Veterinarian Journal</i>. <b>127</b>: 372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Veterinarian+Journal&rft.atitle=Plasma+17-Hydroxycorticosteroid+Levels+in+Healthy+and+Diarrheic+Calves&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=372&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Dvorak&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3084123-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3084123_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStithMcCallum1986" class="citation journal cs1">Stith RD, McCallum RE (1986). "General effect of endotoxin on glucocorticoid receptors in mammalian tissues". <i>Circulatory Shock</i>. <b>18</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3084123">3084123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Circulatory+Shock&rft.atitle=General+effect+of+endotoxin+on+glucocorticoid+receptors+in+mammalian+tissues&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3084123&rft.aulast=Stith&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=McCallum%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikoshaPushkarovChelnakovaRemennikov1991" class="citation journal cs1">Mikosha AS, Pushkarov IS, Chelnakova IS, Remennikov GY (1991). "Potassium Aided Regulation of Hormone Biosynthesis in Adrenals of Guinea Pigs Under Action of Dihydropyridines: Possible Mechanisms of Changes in Steroidogenesis Induced by 1,4, Dihydropyridines in Dispersed Adrenocorticytes". <i>Fiziol. [Kiev]</i>. <b>37</b>: 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fiziol.+%5BKiev%5D&rft.atitle=Potassium+Aided+Regulation+of+Hormone+Biosynthesis+in+Adrenals+of+Guinea+Pigs+Under+Action+of+Dihydropyridines%3A+Possible+Mechanisms+of+Changes+in+Steroidogenesis+Induced+by+1%2C4%2C+Dihydropyridines+in+Dispersed+Adrenocorticytes&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=60&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Mikosha&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Pushkarov%2C+IS&rft.au=Chelnakova%2C+IS&rft.au=Remennikov%2C+GY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ameer_Saadallah_Al_–_Zacko-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ameer_Saadallah_Al_–_Zacko_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111193718/http://medicinemosul.uomosul.edu.iq/files/pages/page_9904388.pdf">"Ameer Saadallah Al – Zacko"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicinemosul.uomosul.edu.iq/files/pages/page_9904388.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ameer+Saadallah+Al+%E2%80%93+Zacko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicinemosul.uomosul.edu.iq%2Ffiles%2Fpages%2Fpage_9904388.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid168026-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid168026_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendelsohnMackie1975" class="citation journal cs1">Mendelsohn FA, Mackie C (July 1975). "Relation of intracellular K+ and steroidogenesis in isolated adrenal zona glomerulosa and fasciculata cells". <i>Clinical Science and Molecular Medicine</i>. <b>49</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">13–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fcs0490013">10.1042/cs0490013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/168026">168026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24873537">24873537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Science+and+Molecular+Medicine&rft.atitle=Relation+of+intracellular+K%2B+and+steroidogenesis+in+isolated+adrenal+zona+glomerulosa+and+fasciculata+cells&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1975-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24873537%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F168026&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fcs0490013&rft.aulast=Mendelsohn&rft.aufirst=FA&rft.au=Mackie%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6283190-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6283190_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUedaHondaTsuchiyaWatanabe1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ueda Y, Honda M, Tsuchiya M, Watanabe H, Izumi Y, Shiratsuchi T, et al. (April 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fjcj.46.317">"Response of plasma ACTH and adrenocortical hormones to potassium loading in essential hypertension"</a>. <i>Japanese Circulation Journal</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">317–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1253%2Fjcj.46.317">10.1253/jcj.46.317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6283190">6283190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japanese+Circulation+Journal&rft.atitle=Response+of+plasma+ACTH+and+adrenocortical+hormones+to+potassium+loading+in+essential+hypertension&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1982-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1253%2Fjcj.46.317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6283190&rft.aulast=Ueda&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Honda%2C+M&rft.au=Tsuchiya%2C+M&rft.au=Watanabe%2C+H&rft.au=Izumi%2C+Y&rft.au=Shiratsuchi%2C+T&rft.au=Inoue%2C+T&rft.au=Hatano%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1253%252Fjcj.46.317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bauman_Muller_1972-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bauman_Muller_1972_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumanMuller1972" class="citation journal cs1">Bauman K, Muller J (1972). "Effect of potassium on the final status of aldosterone biosynthesis in the rat. I 18-hydroxylation and 18hydroxy dehydrogenation. II beta-hydroxylation". <i>Acta Endocrinol</i>. <b>69</b> (4): I 701–717, II 718–730. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1530%2Facta.0.0690701">10.1530/acta.0.0690701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5067076">5067076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Endocrinol.&rft.atitle=Effect+of+potassium+on+the+final+status+of+aldosterone+biosynthesis+in+the+rat.+I+18-hydroxylation+and+18hydroxy+dehydrogenation.+II+beta-hydroxylation&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=I+701-717%2C+II+718-730&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1530%2Facta.0.0690701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5067076&rft.aulast=Bauman&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Muller%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaCelle_1964-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LaCelle_1964_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaCelleMorganAtwater1964" class="citation journal cs1">LaCelle PL, Morgan ES, Atwater EC (1964). "An investigation of total body potassium in patients with rheumatoid arthritis". <i>Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Rheumatism Association, Arthritis and Rheumatism</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 321.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Annual+Meeting+of+the+American+Rheumatism+Association%2C+Arthritis+and+Rheumatism&rft.atitle=An+investigation+of+total+body+potassium+in+patients+with+rheumatoid+arthritis&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=321&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=LaCelle&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Morgan%2C+ES&rft.au=Atwater%2C+EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11862365-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11862365_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodyPreutSchommerSchürmeyer2002" class="citation journal cs1">Brody S, Preut R, Schommer K, Schürmeyer TH (January 2002). "A randomized controlled trial of high dose ascorbic acid for reduction of blood pressure, cortisol, and subjective responses to psychological stress". <i>Psychopharmacology</i>. <b>159</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00213-001-0929-6">10.1007/s00213-001-0929-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11862365">11862365</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2778669">2778669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychopharmacology&rft.atitle=A+randomized+controlled+trial+of+high+dose+ascorbic+acid+for+reduction+of+blood+pressure%2C+cortisol%2C+and+subjective+responses+to+psychological+stress&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2778669%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11862365&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00213-001-0929-6&rft.aulast=Brody&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Preut%2C+R&rft.au=Schommer%2C+K&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCrmeyer%2C+TH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvermanPearceBironMiller2005" class="citation journal cs1">Silverman MN, Pearce BD, Biron CA, Miller AH (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224723">"Immune modulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during viral infection"</a>. <i>Viral Immunology</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fvim.2005.18.41">10.1089/vim.2005.18.41</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1224723">1224723</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15802953">15802953</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Viral+Immunology&rft.atitle=Immune+modulation+of+the+hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal+%28HPA%29+axis+during+viral+infection&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1224723%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15802953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fvim.2005.18.41&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=MN&rft.au=Pearce%2C+BD&rft.au=Biron%2C+CA&rft.au=Miller%2C+AH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1224723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10190775-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10190775_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobsonBlanninWalshCastell1999" class="citation journal cs1">Robson PJ, Blannin AK, Walsh NP, Castell LM, Gleeson M (February 1999). "Effects of exercise intensity, duration and recovery on in vitro neutrophil function in male athletes". <i>International Journal of Sports Medicine</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">128–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-2007-971106">10.1055/s-2007-971106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10190775">10190775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2572545">2572545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Sports+Medicine&rft.atitle=Effects+of+exercise+intensity%2C+duration+and+recovery+on+in+vitro+neutrophil+function+in+male+athletes&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2572545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10190775&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1055%2Fs-2007-971106&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Blannin%2C+AK&rft.au=Walsh%2C+NP&rft.au=Castell%2C+LM&rft.au=Gleeson%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Exercise_neuroendocrine_effects-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Exercise_neuroendocrine_effects_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuquaRogol2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fuqua JS, Rogol AD (July 2013). "Neuroendocrine alterations in the exercising human: implications for energy homeostasis". <i>Metabolism</i>. <b>62</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">911–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.metabol.2013.01.016">10.1016/j.metabol.2013.01.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415825">23415825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metabolism&rft.atitle=Neuroendocrine+alterations+in+the+exercising+human%3A+implications+for+energy+homeostasis&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E911-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=2013-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.metabol.2013.01.016&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23415825&rft.aulast=Fuqua&rft.aufirst=JS&rft.au=Rogol%2C+AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-495-11657-2-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-495-11657-2_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithGropperGroff2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith JL, Gropper SA, Groff JL (2009). <i>Advanced nutrition and humanmetabolism</i>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11657-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-11657-8"><bdi>978-0-495-11657-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+nutrition+and+humanmetabolism&rft.place=Belmont%2C+CA&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-11657-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Gropper%2C+SA&rft.au=Groff%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittakerHarris2022" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker J, Harris M (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716400">"Low-carbohydrate diets and men's cortisol and testosterone: Systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. <i>Nutrition and Health</i>. <b>28</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">543–</span>554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F02601060221083079">10.1177/02601060221083079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9716400">9716400</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35254136">35254136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247251547">247251547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+and+Health&rft.atitle=Low-carbohydrate+diets+and+men%27s+cortisol+and+testosterone%3A+Systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9716400%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247251547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35254136&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F02601060221083079&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Harris%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9716400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachowiczLebiedzińska2016" class="citation journal cs1">Stachowicz M, Lebiedzińska A (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00217-016-2772-3">"The effect of diet components on the level of cortisol"</a>. <i>European Food Research and Technology</i>. <b>242</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">2001–</span>2009. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00217-016-2772-3">10.1007/s00217-016-2772-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1438-2385">1438-2385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88721472">88721472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Food+Research+and+Technology&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+diet+components+on+the+level+of+cortisol&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2001-%3C%2Fspan%3E2009&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88721472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1438-2385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00217-016-2772-3&rft.aulast=Stachowicz&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Lebiedzi%C5%84ska%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00217-016-2772-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HäggströmRichfield2014-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HäggströmRichfield2014_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHäggströmRichfield2014" class="citation journal cs1">Häggström M, Richfield D (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2014.005">"Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis"</a>. <i>WikiJournal of Medicine</i>. <b>1</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2014.005">10.15347/wjm/2014.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2002-4436">2002-4436</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WikiJournal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Diagram+of+the+pathways+of+human+steroidogenesis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15347%2Fwjm%2F2014.005&rft.issn=2002-4436&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4ggstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Richfield%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.15347%252Fwjm%252F2014.005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalderKirschbaum2013" class="citation book cs1">Stalder T, Kirschbaum C (2013). "Cortisol". <i>Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">507–</span>512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1005-9_171">10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1005-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-1005-9"><bdi>978-1-4419-1005-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cortisol&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Behavioral+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E507-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4419-1005-9_171&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-1005-9&rft.aulast=Stalder&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kirschbaum%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yyy-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yyy_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yyy_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikułaPruszyńska-OszmałekPszczolaRząsińska2021" class="citation journal cs1">Mikuła R, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Pszczola M, Rząsińska J, Sassek M, Nowak KW, et al. (20 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8605515">"Changes in metabolic and hormonal profiles during transition period in dairy cattle – the role of spexin"</a>. <i>BMC Veterinary Research</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12917-021-03069-4">10.1186/s12917-021-03069-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8605515">8605515</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34798894">34798894</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Veterinary+Research&rft.atitle=Changes+in+metabolic+and+hormonal+profiles+during+transition+period+in+dairy+cattle+%E2%80%93+the+role+of+spexin&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=359&rft.date=2021-11-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8605515%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34798894&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12917-021-03069-4&rft.aulast=Miku%C5%82a&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Pruszy%C5%84ska-Oszma%C5%82ek%2C+E&rft.au=Pszczola%2C+M&rft.au=Rz%C4%85si%C5%84ska%2C+J&rft.au=Sassek%2C+M&rft.au=Nowak%2C+KW&rft.au=Nogowski%2C+L&rft.au=Ko%C5%82odziejski%2C+PA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8605515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15583024-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15583024_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneHales2004" class="citation journal cs1">Payne AH, Hales DB (December 2004). "Overview of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathway from cholesterol to active steroid hormones". <i>Endocr Rev</i>. <b>25</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">947–</span>70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2003-0030">10.1210/er.2003-0030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15583024">15583024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocr+Rev&rft.atitle=Overview+of+steroidogenic+enzymes+in+the+pathway+from+cholesterol+to+active+steroid+hormones&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E947-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2003-0030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15583024&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=AH&rft.au=Hales%2C+DB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/cortisol">"Cortisol | Etymology of cortisol by etymonline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221222174911/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cortisol">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cortisol+%26%23124%3B+Etymology+of+cortisol+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcortisol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid5062063-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid5062063_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillettErb1972" class="citation journal cs1">Willett LB, Erb RE (January 1972). "Short term changes in plasma corticoids in dairy cattle". <i>Journal of Animal Science</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">103–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2527%2Fjas1972.341103x">10.2527/jas1972.341103x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5062063">5062063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Animal+Science&rft.atitle=Short+term+changes+in+plasma+corticoids+in+dairy+cattle&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=1972-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2527%2Fjas1972.341103x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5062063&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=LB&rft.au=Erb%2C+RE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/disorders-of-potassium-metabolism/hypokalemia-in-adult-cattle">"Hypokalemia in Adult Cattle - Metabolic Disorders"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209143012/https://www.merckvetmanual.com/metabolic-disorders/disorders-of-potassium-metabolism/hypokalemia-in-adult-cattle">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hypokalemia+in+Adult+Cattle+-+Metabolic+Disorders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fmetabolic-disorders%2Fdisorders-of-potassium-metabolism%2Fhypokalemia-in-adult-cattle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/inflammation/corticosteroids-in-animals">"Corticosteroids in Animals - Pharmacology"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240420163445/https://www.merckvetmanual.com/pharmacology/inflammation/corticosteroids-in-animals">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corticosteroids+in+Animals+-+Pharmacology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merckvetmanual.com%2Fpharmacology%2Finflammation%2Fcorticosteroids-in-animals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShifrinRaffaelliRandolphGimm2022" class="citation book cs1">Shifrin AL, Raffaelli M, Randolph GW, Gimm O (19 January 2022). <i>Endocrine Surgery Comprehensive Board Exam Guide</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84737-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-84737-1"><bdi>978-3-030-84737-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrine+Surgery+Comprehensive+Board+Exam+Guide&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2022-01-19&rft.isbn=978-3-030-84737-1&rft.aulast=Shifrin&rft.aufirst=AL&rft.au=Raffaelli%2C+M&rft.au=Randolph%2C+GW&rft.au=Gimm%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Margioris_Tsatsanis_2011-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Margioris_Tsatsanis_2011_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargiorisTsatsanis2011" class="citation book cs1">Margioris AN, Tsatsanis C (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111129102929/http://www.endotext.org/adrenal/adrenal5/adrenalframe5.htm">"ACTH Action on the Adrenal"</a>. In Chrousos G (ed.). <i>Adrenal physiology and diseases</i>. Endotext.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endotext.org/adrenal/adrenal5/adrenalframe5.htm">the original</a> on 29 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ACTH+Action+on+the+Adrenal&rft.btitle=Adrenal+physiology+and+diseases&rft.pub=Endotext.org&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Margioris&rft.aufirst=AN&rft.au=Tsatsanis%2C+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.endotext.org%2Fadrenal%2Fadrenal5%2Fadrenalframe5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10487705-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10487705_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid10487705_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkenAndrewsAndrewWalker1999" class="citation journal cs1">Finken MJ, Andrews RC, Andrew R, Walker BR (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.9.6009">"Cortisol metabolism in healthy young adults: sexual dimorphism in activities of A-ring reductases, but not 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>84</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3316–</span>3321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.9.6009">10.1210/jcem.84.9.6009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10487705">10487705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Cortisol+metabolism+in+healthy+young+adults%3A+sexual+dimorphism+in+activities+of+A-ring+reductases%2C+but+not+11beta-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenases&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3316-%3C%2Fspan%3E3321&rft.date=1999-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.84.9.6009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10487705&rft.aulast=Finken&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Andrews%2C+RC&rft.au=Andrew%2C+R&rft.au=Walker%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.84.9.6009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDammannStapelfeldMaser2019" class="citation journal cs1">Dammann C, Stapelfeld C, Maser E (April 2019). "Expression and activity of the cortisol-activating enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 is tissue and species-specific". <i>Chemico-Biological Interactions</i>. <b>303</b>: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBI...303...57D">2019CBI...303...57D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbi.2019.02.018">10.1016/j.cbi.2019.02.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30796905">30796905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73467693">73467693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemico-Biological+Interactions&rft.atitle=Expression+and+activity+of+the+cortisol-activating+enzyme+11%CE%B2-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenase+type+1+is+tissue+and+species-specific&rft.volume=303&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2019-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cbi.2019.02.018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73467693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30796905&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBI...303...57D&rft.aulast=Dammann&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Stapelfeld%2C+C&rft.au=Maser%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtanasovNashevSchweizerFrick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Atanasov AG, Nashev LG, Schweizer RA, Frick C, Odermatt A (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.06.065">"Hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase determines the reaction direction of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 as an oxoreductase"</a>. <i>FEBS Letters</i>. <b>571</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004FEBSL.571..129A">2004FEBSL.571..129A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.06.065">10.1016/j.febslet.2004.06.065</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15280030">15280030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6360244">6360244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Hexose-6-phosphate+dehydrogenase+determines+the+reaction+direction+of+11beta-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenase+type+1+as+an+oxoreductase&rft.volume=571&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.06.065&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6360244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15280030&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004FEBSL.571..129A&rft.aulast=Atanasov&rft.aufirst=AG&rft.au=Nashev%2C+LG&rft.au=Schweizer%2C+RA&rft.au=Frick%2C+C&rft.au=Odermatt%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.febslet.2004.06.065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15466942-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15466942_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlinsonWalkerBujalskaDraper2004" class="citation journal cs1">Tomlinson JW, Walker EA, Bujalska IJ, Draper N, Lavery GG, Cooper MS, et al. (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2003-0031">"11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: a tissue-specific regulator of glucocorticoid response"</a>. <i>Endocrine Reviews</i>. <b>25</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">831–</span>66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fer.2003-0031">10.1210/er.2003-0031</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15466942">15466942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine+Reviews&rft.atitle=11beta-hydroxysteroid+dehydrogenase+type+1%3A+a+tissue-specific+regulator+of+glucocorticoid+response&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E831-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fer.2003-0031&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15466942&rft.aulast=Tomlinson&rft.aufirst=JW&rft.au=Walker%2C+EA&rft.au=Bujalska%2C+IJ&rft.au=Draper%2C+N&rft.au=Lavery%2C+GG&rft.au=Cooper%2C+MS&rft.au=Hewison%2C+M&rft.au=Stewart%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fer.2003-0031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6beta-Hydroxycortisol">"6beta-Hydroxycortisol"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120230517/https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/6beta-Hydroxycortisol">Archived</a> from the original on 20 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6beta-Hydroxycortisol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fcompound%2F6beta-Hydroxycortisol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11798083-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11798083_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuceriFattoriLuceriZorn2001" class="citation journal cs1">Luceri F, Fattori S, Luceri C, Zorn M, Mannaioni P, Messeri G (December 2001). "Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurement of 6beta-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio in human urine: a specific marker of enzymatic induction". <i>Clin Chem Lab Med</i>. <b>39</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1234–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FCCLM.2001.198">10.1515/CCLM.2001.198</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11798083">11798083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12216877">12216877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clin+Chem+Lab+Med&rft.atitle=Gas+chromatography-mass+spectrometry+measurement+of+6beta-OH-cortisol%2Fcortisol+ratio+in+human+urine%3A+a+specific+marker+of+enzymatic+induction&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1234-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2001-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12216877%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11798083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FCCLM.2001.198&rft.aulast=Luceri&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Fattori%2C+S&rft.au=Luceri%2C+C&rft.au=Zorn%2C+M&rft.au=Mannaioni%2C+P&rft.au=Messeri%2C+G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34402388-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid34402388_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangZhouZhangShen2021" class="citation journal cs1">Huang FR, Zhou C, Zhang XY, Shen Y, Zhang HW, Wang YQ, et al. (October 2021). "Impact of CYP2C19 genotype on voriconazole exposure and effect of voriconazole on the activity of CYP3A in patients with haematological malignancies". <i>Xenobiotica</i>. <b>51</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1199–</span>1206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00498254.2021.1969481">10.1080/00498254.2021.1969481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34402388">34402388</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237150260">237150260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xenobiotica&rft.atitle=Impact+of+CYP2C19+genotype+on+voriconazole+exposure+and+effect+of+voriconazole+on+the+activity+of+CYP3A+in+patients+with+haematological+malignancies&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1199-%3C%2Fspan%3E1206&rft.date=2021-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237150260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34402388&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00498254.2021.1969481&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=FR&rft.au=Zhou%2C+C&rft.au=Zhang%2C+XY&rft.au=Shen%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+HW&rft.au=Wang%2C+YQ&rft.au=Sun%2C+LN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34633961-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid34633961_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAquinosGarcía_ArabehetyCanterosde_Miguel2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aquinos BM, García Arabehety J, Canteros TM, de Miguel V, Scibona P, Fainstein-Day P (2021). "[Adrenal crisis associated with modafinil use]". <i>Medicina (B Aires)</i> (in Spanish). <b>81</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">846–</span>849. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34633961">34633961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicina+%28B+Aires%29&rft.atitle=%5BAdrenal+crisis+associated+with+modafinil+use%5D&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E846-%3C%2Fspan%3E849&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34633961&rft.aulast=Aquinos&rft.aufirst=BM&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Arabehety%2C+J&rft.au=Canteros%2C+TM&rft.au=de+Miguel%2C+V&rft.au=Scibona%2C+P&rft.au=Fainstein-Day%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Staaveren-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Staaveren_124-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Staaveren_124-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_StaaverenTeixeiraHanlonBoyle2015" class="citation journal cs1">van Staaveren N, Teixeira DL, Hanlon A, Boyle LA (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382277">"The effect of mixing entire male pigs prior to transport to slaughter on behaviour, welfare and carcass lesions"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (4): e0122841. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1022841V">2015PLoSO..1022841V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0122841">10.1371/journal.pone.0122841</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382277">4382277</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25830336">25830336</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+mixing+entire+male+pigs+prior+to+transport+to+slaughter+on+behaviour%2C+welfare+and+carcass+lesions&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0122841&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4382277%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25830336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0122841&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1022841V&rft.aulast=van+Staaveren&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Teixeira%2C+DL&rft.au=Hanlon%2C+A&rft.au=Boyle%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4382277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schalke-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schalke_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchalkeStichnothOttJones-Baade2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schalke E, Stichnoth J, Ott S, Jones-Baade R (2007). "Clinical signs caused by the use of electric training collars on dogs in everyday life situations". <i>Applied Animal Behaviour Science</i>. <b>105</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">369–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.applanim.2006.11.002">10.1016/j.applanim.2006.11.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31552322">31552322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Applied+Animal+Behaviour+Science&rft.atitle=Clinical+signs+caused+by+the+use+of+electric+training+collars+on+dogs+in+everyday+life+situations&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.applanim.2006.11.002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31552322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schalke&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Stichnoth%2C+J&rft.au=Ott%2C+S&rft.au=Jones-Baade%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Accorsi-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Accorsi_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Accorsi_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAccorsiCarloniValsecchiViggiani2008" class="citation journal cs1">Accorsi PA, Carloni E, Valsecchi P, Viggiani R, Gamberoni M, Tamanini C, et al. (January 2008). "Cortisol determination in hair and faeces from domestic cats and dogs". <i>General and Comparative Endocrinology</i>. <b>155</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">398–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2007.07.002">10.1016/j.ygcen.2007.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17727851">17727851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+and+Comparative+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Cortisol+determination+in+hair+and+faeces+from+domestic+cats+and+dogs&rft.volume=155&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ygcen.2007.07.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17727851&rft.aulast=Accorsi&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Carloni%2C+E&rft.au=Valsecchi%2C+P&rft.au=Viggiani%2C+R&rft.au=Gamberoni%2C+M&rft.au=Tamanini%2C+C&rft.au=Seren%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Messmann-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Messmann_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMöstlMessmannBaguRobia1999" class="citation journal cs1">Möstl E, Messmann S, Bagu E, Robia C, Palme R (December 1999). "Measurement of glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in feces of domestic livestock". <i>Zentralblatt für Veterinarmedizin. Reihe A</i>. <b>46</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">621–</span>631. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1439-0442.1999.00256.x">10.1046/j.1439-0442.1999.00256.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10638300">10638300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zentralblatt+f%C3%BCr+Veterinarmedizin.+Reihe+A&rft.atitle=Measurement+of+glucocorticoid+metabolite+concentrations+in+feces+of+domestic+livestock&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E621-%3C%2Fspan%3E631&rft.date=1999-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1439-0442.1999.00256.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10638300&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6stl&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Messmann%2C+S&rft.au=Bagu%2C+E&rft.au=Robia%2C+C&rft.au=Palme%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACortisol" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cortisol" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cortisol">Cortisol</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gmd.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/Spectrums/925c5612-4ecd-461b-bb52-173189b86299.aspx">Cortisol MS Spectrum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121113144240/http://www.acb.org.uk/docs/NHLM/Cortisol.pdf">Cortisol: analyte monograph</a> – The Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hormones57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hormones" title="Template:Hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hormones" title="Template talk:Hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hormones57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">Endocrine<br />glands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hypothalamic–pituitary250" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–<br />pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone">TRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">CRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone%E2%80%93releasing_hormone" title="Growth hormone–releasing hormone">GHRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin (GHIH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_concentrating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanin concentrating hormone">MCH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Posterior_pituitary" title="Posterior pituitary">Posterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin" title="Oxytocin">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">Vasopressin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anterior_pituitary" title="Anterior pituitary">Anterior pituitary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">LH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid-stimulating_hormone" title="Thyroid-stimulating hormone">TSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">Prolactin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proopiomelanocortin" title="Proopiomelanocortin">POMC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-like_intermediate_peptide" title="Corticotropin-like intermediate peptide">CLIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">ACTH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocyte-stimulating_hormone" title="Melanocyte-stimulating hormone">MSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endorphins" title="Endorphins">Endorphins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipotropin" title="Lipotropin">Lipotropin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">GH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">Adrenal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal cortex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland#Adrenal_medulla" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal medulla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">Adrenaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">Thyroid hormones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triiodothyronine" title="Triiodothyronine">T<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroxine" title="Thyroxine">T<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93thyroid_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis">Thyroid axis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">PTH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">Gonadal axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C3%BCllerian_hormone" title="Anti-Müllerian hormone">AMH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Activin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activin_and_inhibin" title="Activin and inhibin">Inhibin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin" title="Relaxin">Relaxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin_surge-attenuating_factor" title="Gonadotropin surge-attenuating factor">GnSAF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_placental_lactogen" title="Human placental lactogen">HPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">Glucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">Insulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylin" title="Amylin">Amylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">Somatostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">Pancreatic polypeptide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Dimethyltryptamine" title="N,N-Dimethyltryptamine">N,N-Dimethyltryptamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine">5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin" title="Thymosin">Thymosins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thymosin_%CE%B11" title="Thymosin α1">Thymosin α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_thymosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta thymosin">Beta thymosins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymopoietin" title="Thymopoietin">Thymopoietin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymulin" title="Thymulin">Thymulin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin" title="Gastrin">Gastrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghrelin" title="Ghrelin">Ghrelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide">GIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin" title="Secretin">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin" title="Motilin">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide">VIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteroglucagon" title="Enteroglucagon">Enteroglucagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptide_YY" title="Peptide YY">Peptide YY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1">GLP-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a>/other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor" title="Insulin-like growth factor">Insulin-like growth factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_2" title="Insulin-like growth factor 2">IGF-2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">Adipose tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leptin" title="Leptin">Leptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiponectin" title="Adiponectin">Adiponectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistin" title="Resistin">Resistin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeleton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">Renin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">EPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">Prostaglandin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natriuretic_peptide" title="Natriuretic peptide">Natriuretic peptide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">ANP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_natriuretic_peptide_32" title="Brain natriuretic peptide 32">BNP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Endogenous_steroids141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steroid_hormones" title="Template talk:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endogenous_steroids141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">Endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22R-Hydroxycholesterol" title="22R-Hydroxycholesterol">22<i>R</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol" title="20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol">20α,22<i>R</i>-Dihydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2-Hydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β-Hydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="21-Hydroxypregnenolone">21-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2,17%CE%B1,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisone" title="21-Deoxycortisone">21-Deoxycortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocortisol" title="5α-Dihydrocortisol">5α-Dihydrocortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Tetrahydrocortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroaldosterone" title="5α-Dihydroaldosterone">5α-Dihydroaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18-Hydroxyprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-Hydroxyprogesterone (page does not exist)">18-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione">16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol_glucuronide" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstanediol glucuronide">3α-Androstanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydrotestosterone" title="5β-Dihydrotestosterone">5β-Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Etiocholanediol" title="3α-Etiocholanediol">3α-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Etiocholanediol" title="3β-Etiocholanediol">3β-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androstanetriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androstanetriol (page does not exist)">Androstanetriols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_sulfate" title="Androstenediol sulfate">Androstenediol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenetriol" title="Androstenetriol">Androstenetriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_glucuronide" title="Androsterone glucuronide">Androsterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_sulfate" title="Androsterone sulfate">Androsterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_glucuronide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone sulfate (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanedione" title="Etiocholanedione">Etiocholanedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone_glucuronide" title="Etiocholanolone glucuronide">Etiocholanolone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epietiocholanolone" title="Epietiocholanolone">Epietiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_glucuronide" title="Testosterone glucuronide">Testosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_sulfate" title="Testosterone sulfate">Testosterone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Estranes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">16β-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxyestradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestriol" title="2-Hydroxyestriol">2-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestriol" title="4-Hydroxyestriol">4-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestrone" title="2-Methoxyestrone">2-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestriol" title="2-Methoxyestriol">2-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestriol" title="4-Methoxyestriol">4-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_disulfate" title="Estradiol disulfate">Estradiol disulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide" title="Estradiol glucuronide">Estradiol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide">Estradiol 3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfate" title="Estradiol sulfate">Estradiol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_glucuronide" title="Estrone glucuronide">Estrone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_glucuronide" title="Estriol glucuronide">Estriol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_sulfate" title="Estriol sulfate">Estriol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_stearate" title="Estradiol stearate">estradiol stearate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate" title="Estradiol palmitate">estradiol palmitate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">5α-DHDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol_glucuronide" title="Pregnanediol glucuronide">Pregnanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanetriol" title="Pregnanetriol">Pregnanetriol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cholestanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-hydroxycholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="24S-hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Pregnanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrocorticosterone">DHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipregnanolone" title="Epipregnanolone">Epipregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">THB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Androstanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstenol" title="3β-Androstenol">3β-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienol" title="Androstadienol">Androstadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienone" title="Androstadienone">Androstadienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">Androstenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estratetraenol" title="Estratetraenol">Estratetraenol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">Calcidiol/Calcifediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxycholesterol" title="7α-Hydroxycholesterol">7α-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_sulfate" title="Cholesterol sulfate">Cholesterol sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators752" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators752" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Fluorocortisone" title="9α-Fluorocortisone">9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Dehydrocorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Desoxycortone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Desoxycortone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortifen" title="Cortifen">Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortodoxone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortodoxone acetate (page does not exist)">Cortodoxone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%947-Prednisolone" title="Δ7-Prednisolone">Δ<sup>7</sup>-Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%947-Prednisolone_21-acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate (page does not exist)">Δ<sup>7</sup>-Prednisolone 21-acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amebucort" title="Amebucort">Amebucort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone" title="Chloroprednisone">Chloroprednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone_acetate" title="Chloroprednisone acetate">Chloroprednisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprednol" title="Cloprednol">Cloprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloprednol_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloprednol acetate (page does not exist)">Cloprednol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone benzoate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone benzoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodrocortisone" title="Benzodrocortisone">Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortamate" title="Hydrocortamate">Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Hydrocortisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Hydrocortisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone_acetate" title="Cortisone acetate">Cortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprodone" title="Deprodone">Deprodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deprodone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deprodone propionate (page does not exist)">Deprodone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorisone" title="Dichlorisone">Dichlorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone acetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_diacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone diacetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluprednate" title="Difluprednate">Difluprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrisone" title="Endrisone">Endrisone (endrysone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiprednol" title="Etiprednol">Etiprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiprednol_dicloacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiprednol dicloacetate (page does not exist)">Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone" title="Fluperolone">Fluperolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone_acetate" title="Fluperolone acetate">Fluperolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednisolone" title="Fluprednisolone">Fluprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopredone" title="Halopredone">Halopredone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halopredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halopredone acetate (page does not exist)">Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflupredone" title="Isoflupredone">Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoflupredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoflupredone acetate (page does not exist)">Isoflupredone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loteprednol" title="Loteprednol">Loteprednol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazipredone" title="Mazipredone">Mazipredone (depersolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrysone" title="Medrysone">Medrysone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Methylprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Methylprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebediolone">Prebediolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone_acetate" title="Prebediolone acetate">Prebediolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prednazate" title="Prednazate">Prednazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednazoline" title="Prednazoline">Prednazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednicarbate" title="Prednicarbate">Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednimustine" title="Prednimustine">Prednimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolamate" title="Prednisolamate">Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">Pregnenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_succinate" title="Pregnenolone succinate">Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resocortol" title="Resocortol">Resocortol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipredane" title="Tipredane">Tipredane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butixocort" title="Butixocort">Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butixocort_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butixocort propionate (page does not exist)">Butixocort propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol_pivalate" title="Tixocortol pivalate">Tixocortol pivalate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Methasones and related (16-substituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone" title="16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone">16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone" title="Alclometasone">Alclometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone_dipropionate" title="Alclometasone dipropionate">Alclometasone dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelometasone" title="Amelometasone">Amelometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">Beclometasone (beclomethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Beclometasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Beclometasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone (betametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Betamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Betamethasone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortobenzolone" title="Cortobenzolone">Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclometasone" title="Ciclometasone">Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol" title="Clobetasol">Clobetasol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol_propionate" title="Clobetasol propionate">Clobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone" title="Clobetasone">Clobetasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone_butyrate" title="Clobetasone butyrate">Clobetasone butyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocortolone" title="Clocortolone">Clocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Clocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Clocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloticasone" title="Cloticasone">Cloticasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloticasone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloticasone propionate (page does not exist)">Cloticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormetasone" title="Cormetasone">Cormetasone (cormethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cormetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cormetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Cormetasone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone" title="Descinolone">Descinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoximetasone" title="Desoximetasone">Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone (dexametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Dexamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Dexamethasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone" title="Diflorasone">Diflorasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone_diacetate" title="Diflorasone diacetate">Diflorasone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone" title="Diflucortolone">Diflucortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diflucortolone_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diflucortolone pivalate (page does not exist)">Diflucortolone pivalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone_valerate" title="Diflucortolone valerate">Diflucortolone valerate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimesone" title="Dimesone">Dimesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimesone acetate (page does not exist)">Dimesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxibetasol" title="Doxibetasol">Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone" title="Fluclorolone">Fluclorolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone" title="Flumetasone">Flumetasone (flumethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flumetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flumetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Flumetasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone_pivalate" title="Flumetasone pivalate">Flumetasone pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone" title="Fluocinolone">Fluocinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin" title="Fluocortin">Fluocortin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin_butyl" title="Fluocortin butyl">Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortolone" title="Fluocortolone">Fluocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene" title="Fluprednidene">Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene_acetate" title="Fluprednidene acetate">Fluprednidene acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fluticasone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate" title="Fluticasone furoate">Fluticasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halocortolone" title="Halocortolone">Halocortolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halometasone" title="Halometasone">Halometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icometasone" title="Icometasone">Icometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icometasone_enbutate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icometasone enbutate (page does not exist)">Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprednidene" title="Isoprednidene">Isoprednidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locicortolone" title="Locicortolone">Locicortolone (locicortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locicortolone_dicibate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locicortolone dicibate (page does not exist)">Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclorisone" title="Meclorisone">Meclorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meclorisone_dibutyrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meclorisone dibutyrate (page does not exist)">Meclorisone dibutyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprednisone" title="Meprednisone">Meprednisone (methylprednisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone acetate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_hydrogen_succinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone" title="Paramethasone">Paramethasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone_acetate" title="Paramethasone acetate">Paramethasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednylidene" title="Prednylidene">Prednylidene</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prednylidene_diethylaminoacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate (page does not exist)">Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticabesone" title="Ticabesone">Ticabesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticabesone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticabesone propionate (page does not exist)">Ticabesone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timobesone" title="Timobesone">Timobesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timobesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timobesone acetate (page does not exist)">Timobesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_diacetate" title="Triamcinolone diacetate">Triamcinolone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol" title="Ulobetasol">Ulobetasol (halobetasol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol_propionate" title="Ulobetasol propionate">Ulobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized):</i> <a href="/wiki/Acrocinonide" title="Acrocinonide">Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafal" title="Amcinafal">Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafide" title="Amcinafide">Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinonide" title="Amcinonide">Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicortonide" title="Cicortonide">Cicortonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort (azacort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone_acetonide" title="Descinolone acetonide">Descinolone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desonide" title="Desonide">Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Desonide disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide pivalate (page does not exist)">Desonide pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbudesonide" title="Dexbudesonide">Dexbudesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drocinonide" title="Drocinonide">Drocinonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drocinonide_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drocinonide phosphate (page does not exist)">Drocinonide phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluazacort" title="Fluazacort">Fluazacort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone_acetonide" title="Fluclorolone acetonide">Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludroxycortide" title="Fludroxycortide">Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumoxonide" title="Flumoxonide">Flumoxonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flunisolide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flunisolide acetate (page does not exist)">Flunisolide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide" title="Fluocinolone acetonide">Fluocinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciprocinonide" title="Ciprocinonide">Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinonide" title="Fluocinonide">Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinonide" title="Procinonide">Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formocortal" title="Formocortal">Formocortal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcinonide" title="Halcinonide">Halcinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itrocinonide" title="Itrocinonide">Itrocinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide" title="Rofleponide">Rofleponide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rofleponide palmitate">Rofleponide palmitate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralonide" title="Tralonide">Tralonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupamesone" title="Flupamesone">Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Triamcinolone_acetonide_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Triamcinolone acetonide esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_aminobenzal_benzamidoisobutyrate" title="Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate">Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclonide" title="Triclonide">Triclonide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids):</i> <a href="/wiki/Cortisuzol" title="Cortisuzol">Cortisuzol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortivazol" title="Cortivazol">Cortivazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoprednate" title="Domoprednate">Domoprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naflocort" title="Naflocort">Naflocort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocortonide" title="Nicocortonide">Nicocortonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicocortonide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicocortonide acetate (page does not exist)">Nicocortonide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivacortol" title="Nivacortol">Nivacortol (nivazol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisopred" title="Oxisopred">Oxisopred</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-26988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-26988 (page does not exist)">RU-26988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-28362" title="RU-28362">RU-28362</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity:</i> <a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoketoprogesterone" title="Bromoketoprogesterone">Bromoketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone" title="Flugestone">Flugestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids:</i> <a href="/wiki/AZD-5423" title="AZD-5423">AZD-5423</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-9027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-9027 (page does not exist)">GSK-9027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed<br />(<a href="/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists"><abbr title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists">SEGRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagrocorat" title="Dagrocorat">Dagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosdagrocorat" title="Fosdagrocorat">Fosdagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapracorat" title="Mapracorat">Mapracorat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antiglucocorticoid" title="Antiglucocorticoid">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil" title="Asoprisnil">Asoprisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil_ecamate" title="Asoprisnil ecamate">Asoprisnil ecamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C108297 (page does not exist)">C108297</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C113176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C113176 (page does not exist)">C113176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CORT-108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CORT-108297 (page does not exist)">CORT-108297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazucorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazucorilant (page does not exist)">Dazucorilant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exicorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exicorilant (page does not exist)">Exicorilant (CORT-125281)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilopristone" title="Lilopristone">Lilopristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LLY-2707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LLY-2707 (page does not exist)">LLY-2707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapristone" title="Metapristone">Metapristone (RU-42633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone (RU-486)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miricorilant" title="Miricorilant">Miricorilant (CORT-118335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onapristone" title="Onapristone">Onapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34116 (page does not exist)">ORG-34116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34517&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34517 (page does not exist)">ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Org_34850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Org 34850 (page does not exist)">ORG-34850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_16%CE%B1-carbonitrile" title="Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile">Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relacorilant" title="Relacorilant">Relacorilant (CORT-125134)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI_3021%E2%80%93012" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI 3021–012">RTI 3021–012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTI_3021%E2%80%93022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTI 3021–022 (page does not exist)">RTI 3021–022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripristone" title="Toripristone">Toripristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zavacorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zavacorilant (page does not exist)">Zavacorilant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antisense oligonucleotides:</i> <a href="/wiki/IONIS-GCCRRx" title="IONIS-GCCRRx">IONIS-GCCR<sub>Rx</sub> (ISIS-426115)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Template:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators">Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators767" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators767" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">Mineralocorticoid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid_receptor" title="Mineralocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Mineralocorticoid receptor">MR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Dehydrocorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Desoxycortone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Desoxycortone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortifen" title="Cortifen">Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortodoxone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortodoxone acetate (page does not exist)">Cortodoxone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16%CE%B1,18-Dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16α,18-Dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (page does not exist)">16α,18-Dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1-Hydroxyaldosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α-Hydroxyaldosterone (page does not exist)">17α-Hydroxyaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norprogesterone" title="19-Norprogesterone">19-Norprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone benzoate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone benzoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodrocortisone" title="Benzodrocortisone">Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortamate" title="Hydrocortamate">Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Hydrocortisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Hydrocortisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone_acetate" title="Cortisone acetate">Cortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prednazate" title="Prednazate">Prednazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednazoline" title="Prednazoline">Prednazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednicarbate" title="Prednicarbate">Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednimustine" title="Prednimustine">Prednimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolamate" title="Prednisolamate">Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisone esters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Steroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B2-Hydroxy-7%CE%B1-thiomethylspironolactone" title="6β-Hydroxy-7α-thiomethylspironolactone">6β-Hydroxy-7α-thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7%CE%B1-Acetylthio-17%CE%B1-hydroxyprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxyprogesterone (page does not exist)">7α-Acetylthio-17α-hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone (SC-26519)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone (SC-8365)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone (SC-24813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Deoxyaldosterone" title="18-Deoxyaldosterone">18-Deoxyaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18,19-Dinorprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18,19-Dinorprogesterone (page does not exist)">18,19-Dinorprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Canrenoate potassium (potassium canrenoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid (canrenoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone (canrenoate y-lactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethisterone" title="Dimethisterone">Dimethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dydrogesterone" title="Dydrogesterone">Dydrogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eplerenone" title="Eplerenone">Eplerenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">Hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenoate_potassium" title="Mexrenoate potassium">Mexrenoate potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenoic_acid" title="Mexrenoic acid">Mexrenoic acid (mexrenoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenoic_acid" title="Oxprenoic acid">Oxprenoic acid (oxprenoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxprenoate_potassium" title="Oxprenoate potassium">Oxprenoate potassium (RU-28318)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenoate_potassium" title="Prorenoate potassium">Prorenoate potassium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenoic_acid" title="Prorenoic acid">Prorenoic acid (prorenoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RO-14-9012&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RO-14-9012 (page does not exist)">RO-14-9012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-26752&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-26752 (page does not exist)">RU-26752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-8109" title="SC-8109">SC-8109</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-11927&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-11927 (page does not exist)">SC-11927 (CS-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-19886&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-19886 (page does not exist)">SC-19886</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SC-27169&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SC-27169 (page does not exist)">SC-27169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-91587&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-91587 (page does not exist)">ZK-91587</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZK-97894&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZK-97894 (page does not exist)">ZK-97894</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apararenone" title="Apararenone">Apararenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BR-4628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BR-4628 (page does not exist)">BR-4628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esaxerenone" title="Esaxerenone">Esaxerenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finerenone" title="Finerenone">Finerenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miricorilant" title="Miricorilant">Miricorilant (CORT-118335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocedurenone" title="Ocedurenone">Ocedurenone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-03882845&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-03882845 (page does not exist)">PF-03882845</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SM-368229&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SM-368229 (page does not exist)">SM-368229</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoids_and_antimineralocorticoids" title="Template:Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids">Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators">Glucocorticoid receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1619" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190875#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4160902-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85063384">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hydrocortisone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12397497t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hydrocortisone"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12397497t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="kortizol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph358657&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hidrokortizons"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000334100&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533630205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&oldid=1263494476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&oldid=1263494476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anxiety" title="Category:Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corticosteroids" title="Category:Corticosteroids">Corticosteroids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glucocorticoids" title="Category:Glucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Otologicals" title="Category:Otologicals">Otologicals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pregnanes" title="Category:Pregnanes">Pregnanes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steroid_hormones" title="Category:Steroid hormones">Steroid hormones</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steroids" title="Category:Steroids">Steroids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stress_(biology)" title="Category:Stress (biology)">Stress (biology)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stress_hormones" title="Category:Stress hormones">Stress hormones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2024">Use dmy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_December_2017" title="Category:Use American English from December 2017">Use American English from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_without_InChI_source" title="Category:Articles without InChI source">Articles without InChI source</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:ECHA_InfoCard_ID_from_Wikidata" title="Category:ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata">ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_unverified_chemical_infoboxes" title="Category:Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes">Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 December 2024, at 00:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortisol&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cortisol</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>63 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f467697bf-gljjb","wgBackendResponseTime":124,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.866","walltime":"2.129","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12919,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":546267,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24243,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":535899,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1835.694 1 -total"," 48.00% 881.109 1 Template:Reflist"," 32.70% 600.194 90 Template:Cite_journal"," 25.45% 467.198 1 Template:Chembox"," 14.49% 265.996 1 Template:Chembox_Identifiers"," 8.20% 150.614 13 Template:Navbox"," 6.84% 125.509 3 Template:Chembox_headerbar"," 6.72% 123.356 9 Template:Trim"," 5.71% 104.765 1 Template:Hormones"," 5.41% 99.300 20 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.122","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9830879,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","220","20.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","12.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","10.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","9.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","3.6"],["is_alias_used \u003CModule:Citation/CS1/Utilities:278\u003E","40","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","3.6"],["[others]","240","21.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-hz7wb","timestamp":"20250211200025","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cortisol","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cortisol","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190875","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q190875","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-06T03:35:22Z","dateModified":"2024-12-17T00:09:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/96\/Cortisol3.svg","headline":"steroid hormone, in the glucocorticoid class of hormones; when used as a medication"}</script> </body> </html>