CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="390"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "academic.oup.com",cType: 'managed',cRay: '8f3b852e0f6bfcef',cH: 'kyNRm4yW0a0a1CDpE59aeHvZcTX1ikJNi5SXyXZfFz0-1734486816-1.2.1.1-_1EdzNZO_ZGofGG5.pEdW2tdt0N00D2jDpHpCltP.YZ_kIWsIWZh1Ipu2bz2FACC',cUPMDTk: "\/jrls\/article\/25\/1\/200\/6619255?__cf_chl_tk=kcGcLQDN2X5k6kajEP2GcWu5escPgXR6fJMkJJLTKXQ-1734486816-1.0.1.1-RMiwMUwA5H2y5.1YQh15btwLY22.eLGl_JPJ6A09UF0",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1734486816',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '390000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/jrls\/article\/25\/1\/200\/6619255?__cf_chl_f_tk=kcGcLQDN2X5k6kajEP2GcWu5escPgXR6fJMkJJLTKXQ-1734486816-1.0.1.1-RMiwMUwA5H2y5.1YQh15btwLY22.eLGl_JPJ6A09UF0",md: "3iCloCKdbA6R203c837kJ2l5H7HqG.Op6nHNVTGZvCA-1734486816-1.2.1.1-xylNZcYzs4K.mZu_m75DntqqjYpoooFcQ82xfR_uOKlL5JtJu_TTxGF8V3EV7Y0qNcPhq8QMv13F3fBAz8Wy3542fUPbz1FI0aU1mThZLxNcH2EK4NJLpCnAwNTw8woC4ojIUgIPMkpZp1dOSGFu4xY8v66GeDFn80aTvHEFVOqAHGuwL7be0zekyNbYNEWL.xf8XZhRieDE1pZJ4meuLwPqU2D4fw.L_.hWeU_C2G9ZuVU0rEnlttcUTAt81sQztWhXO4RgQP9nzPROo9qWL.ppdsNeimvkWPg4gHU4ehDIEr5_8kRoJMnca5KeQmOGdbjlamodnwzfYgq.sryzNQ3EbMLFQ4Ak5i_2gYUYDKUyFSkCKuRZ62lj2gnOn73RACS41Shv5qfTZWLVRtzAuNZw1h.eSB3EOmDJQGHaySuT8_5NGSoFHeUBFIRIvhAEAhssFmL47MMdrZlJtm4JsBCZvmpZ9FgfxtIXqKsvghUAf8dRR5JcF96YsF31aMI.jF2vM0dC98UI2DldDEchFq0F4e24.ivdXao_Xxddi_D6EBpDRJ7Gg1EAdWaTbVLf6o4nTEd27eBTTnHfVKykdbi1s6i4YqKwDD142xyPfgV.m1GWoR7jMv6.7hBgC_o1Qt2CgCZ_tJpEcYs7ycznqydm_IphBU8r5JXkMK776WCfdPjanLthR4p4DRX0Fnak0H81NxZoK2ZAgyhcWurrz_d77eGPl8lhYY4aVSIMkJLYZQJcSXlsZdOh1Q.gSGCGhjYIC2zST4jQ.8JmBtR8aLN.qK2JLloWZ2roRyPWV2o0OqIt6x.Q5cxGAeXit.sTc6UvMKy1_IPV.duUNGbU0Oc_fn9xBHRilFYuz7ZUQjkdTMyIxhNrzOU3.dWLZnl7EfG2__CkbJxav1SZjl7cjRi5rs_eV8JcG.sNg0nYUyJrg6DsUPihb6mvm.rB26uwExMBwYif6TELObnodQeBy6WzBdszcPiXwAqDIoNaVNiHKmYMm7qNR3KErEg7qgFHsvVI1ve_9L5OueVHpo1yz2sfChFtOiuCtB7xNrOuAbTosVpnu8JbBLe_mlmOz6Tv_pYXluoLUzlVQ3yvMA23j7VjkD_UqgAEFk3SaUesPIWefB0axExdfkJMmGbHbCwFZYnlUCGHTLw1zvg08JSry8nbhhTVp4GiZaGkPLfhBbeilVEJYmo4wfnMNYmRElXQupeqi_36T91jTuvxfA2JMIRwBJGZ8TMQQCdEEguRCj4gNno6Ihhieb3hi4Nrt1Ip7L7qtRFzVoZMVYbqBcPoIG.LteKL0MfCvd5MrtpVN3ewgWXDBryPR8i1Mkr.ATu2twZKuLcUSRbgVheG1cWxg6KkIdA6EGsKtlYelW1pgpRRRqpWVCkgKdvA2C9pBXls35Ii3QJoyEnlvirhbhnfs7QfqNRd7ih3kLFlgw2AE0xt94hSeuO9l7j63_eHbBHG0WIjYEGvaaazEdfZ6TkgmJGSOOJ6jPqCG.TVAzha3huPVVJR2STFXnfjCixW96eduw37ZCMfpYmQnSYKsqcBsEB9ZrMkGBHqmZ.m5J0fyca0Qf80bne6gTGD6fASSDg8SYEEPQNpuUanLBkXko_slaRvreY_0LBNSLjaJ3WL5KRjrc0NUCqslahoGcNfDcA_pRsI60rRZ9grKJS7.UwbzJfhQIFXeQHZFh72WcrT76Y2rpmk33ySE6ILyzAz5.RrvXuBuNGFZkuRuqO5S0TnemE6.m9OhxKcvdguqk00uroAERmw0TeSh4wEzUi5vBaY_gHjYeMe0YM.Yh_XSM1Ix_5X0qrBoYOOro3kt5wneQE30sMA.5nr0PEGBlDkxt1a_zT5vwV6yVCz209j2Nr1bZCy2pLMpSMY5F4tPzls9CWv2QJWcwlJ8F_mTYDs.E2ZAyFswADqNTUEQ4y4aFacLYbtOooFUNlG7p6mNKlbrdBIwzhxHZ9guIJuvKuoy4y6dCd_toEjP.3_p_Oa5k2TcMe7.ktGFUg4zfXHkkQNDM.9QfeME1sALD2xsweb.0nItk.VX65DWNO5rz8ZlqyTjNY2WQtJcSVqn1JQ.g9UZiO6Mk9dxUJ.wVEH55j8SEugn0gB1BwuAigwqVgvTI.3ePVdt3gNz2iKVHYdoLdt4sltvhxxDHJKGp7HNH4FsKkOSLPyZtVwdxraWtpRAwim1guPX65TPEz9K21dfQ85SPha8dvoO4lyFSi0m6OJJ0pN2fgI_bDVI3E1hRmuVyP2Rw_nFohY4IBZOYY56r_uk59Orb3FublRpZPH0LopoGuk9q1dsMWnWZga_LmPqQRrYSCD3m666HDpYFvx0D2sR84Gxu_s6UE73VntQrwedSHS7R9V6BdI4LlLzzQY4dgmQSFBX6VBKWlmuWe7He_uQLpZL7Cs7TBblWH9CPuTewOeB10vf2.BRFLBVyikse0gNjkENlT5MYkUsPopbeU8b5rmVj9gV01rrIwC4XD6J5xSOml8Yw_Tv4JF_RCVEvZ4IZpmncphFmvcB4kSLpLv.QOxUKQ0mURS_y5d3Yr4dKrTbTslOXe1H5HMvZV8V7fkBBQaRSueBphxIMlZhGDmwoASKjsZasp2WMlL5JSc_R9NReDHbK1OFsD7Mcifh232XOsKDiv4GuNUqqA9EuEYn5xo18U8RC7wDwbtj6g5kUgzVXcyOMcqAzyHY4ShWJkOOUPBrdWK5Fz_bdf6f6LEzZeIYSDCZ4iY6Vop1cVAS0eJq931WniIboQJ842C1KnziTQ7sixe5QGw_OKwubC.IoHcD0b3Tq5PFR3r18VBuEYt9GWKNeCazG_IpLAozv2LI9iaaCHFY30fTlNg2ISHJxQMoYwAspT4FCwMt.vuiUEzF37EtWlggAruAzkaw2Z6_v9gsKrOZz5SHwgbJAR68SVPZoU_9h63nRfpy..30r_C3UQHsGw30xWnQo3fyByFpJ5PUej9LyCA7kV8ItJq8Gw",mdrd: "SFsfkNNlSteYcH8Dwh.FqjhdezT5R3mLl0Lo1FmnGGo-1734486816-1.2.1.1-okVPYpRX85Vk4aaoWyAHk5gxytInLxDOy2UwAsmdHxaILrdNlqp.yMY6t3npsE_x4pFjbjAgiwCCFGAN5J5aziityXJAuW_IX1q6IPzBwYq5XKumMglNAbr.mZB.e8KeVtnizoFfjPXnt0v1W6_CGOntf85SZWWEpFwS60M1cdIsNZbk39eKk.OsT1Adl_BDASAY9975MgbKrZDbH3yoXGmlLhp4f.qn60xo8Zlwb77TgPw2KaSQCI4_pVT0JGRz8GdQKzv1v_hJ24GBSJE3ieONmtf5OL46rkvqIrYhEbDDslEgzedXi3lPMi.9Y_AMsKaQW0H4Rwn5zgkVxzLNt55wgtzzxREAVayIN1Ha_Yo9bOBzOyUrecZUhY_b1D5SsOwX9lLIXR4jj9X5Qz_HrRlakJE5J74Q5oXUfBJ5Lqk4pBVjKaw4Yu0cIT7hSiIm58r.GLinZ1QMLgPHQaB_Y.25dmxYMnlvPcY6vskQqs3tE_6OQX0Ma.InNJytst712Dda9tmm2Qa9Abte3UPs9PGXKcqY.Zq6iMQBcCmDwIYWwrL0AYsWDzQYrVvaI.d4l8WsSHWvKt0QMFhkoKkliwk2upCWj3UcRqMOgUN0fZQR_GinHlGQg9E2OhByCRcMUZIzXrCOUacq0urkL_8a7lYs8TeHJJvdyJTjEPyuGYRW.1OZTsyXNz43j.BWCLMeMIWS_rnAkV34n2QY4Ias7VLxulYnCMokBrq5VNbfEoYmD2By4UR_E2zMRLq8UfZV_dymVDDNXrqx5Q1dMZJHeRnsp.ErL4p0I9byiGErKGpWYwy0y9dmUqO5fsjPUZNcsZbKGcjke9toE.UHETMzva_ZCdBAG6EsPk52Uv4cQL92_8GpxYTmootB5QmiiSGUp93B_hZJ9gL.bYD7Ry9iMSWr1g2yTH6Nc69ZuTsb_CW6khqnUoP_8SX17eqImre9drSoQxNx5K.pROdEdVvTexCNkUwDjSIAY.k4F4u9yoee4yOSxTqo0kk732l7okD5Aj6lbbgYk6WpDJQj4DrWuB3GlGcXt0xTYKFopJ4N5hQth7e6yDwE9I4eQNfZ6_RiRwWXw08bG2zS9i1TY1C2zWXNN1H7WNCpqhTFCuwldLxdzQL95nE6t2iY4e18W7GSgHRWAfnC3Xz8oyzPw59TMT0MJj6dMNGSl3rcALgkauQwIM3SLB0p1S9rz8Y5RhmwYTOx_BZE2O8HY6QXRbGwaNyFVyyl7HXVoCP_4lpDeDA8FTOa5h6Xtuizjmh5iZSdrrWhAFhJMpSVa4_TSg2s93ZxCgKq8sdWUUsPnCCbFsuns5bP7cc65o1jizzevkkwxsLZnZ5JDUVfG9b0uSdS6Mhk2Rpws8d1mIC3gBduC8.NfRCixM_jt6gng6H2emEBGvFbbzbVHTU7fxbGHepXyivQSx.K89pVPJPwtmb42GiQuamMLpjXn.AGMfjejnFcWiaHtZkG50YYyE6GspbG8bln.GE4DjMguCOsuw7g_SospoZaU6zUFGWq1HLjmfFSiaAIjMnaAc.XcyOftm30DiY4wfMiunl9TNeuizL_mAjEHrDpu7Z3oUNvF6uzxhD5itgqEGAj7hHAi9kiZkCXzAxpuFkvJuaxRDM9ZlUcKRMEOTg.v_Hm9Lq5kXmLOdstx2iLQMnRQ08xMVbd3rQzqgJZ8jtAXDnIHpWp8WU37DOKyKdT9_oQxss4y76q9yAvMl2cncoDNd.qcFKDHZSikGDeuw.8Cgtnfp1S2XA4tcGruRX3eF7a5ncwuoH7kDGQ890qvTVxsvdjHFhVAVInV75LqTt02baG1azBkij_6zvUEE531oWjQddMTZccPkwflKtJfjVbJGtGdz3NFYnuICjDWSvkpWPOAP75V6KYj9A0M16aoaFvBFHxKW0HZMvG91r_pUdas8BIN7asg4kpRgJR433UkCY9pexxTdPmA7Yan09Srj5pws2PdKSn4qLh"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=8f3b852e0f6bfcef';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/jrls\/article\/25\/1\/200\/6619255?__cf_chl_rt_tk=kcGcLQDN2X5k6kajEP2GcWu5escPgXR6fJMkJJLTKXQ-1734486816-1.0.1.1-RMiwMUwA5H2y5.1YQh15btwLY22.eLGl_JPJ6A09UF0" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>