CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The Phenomenology of Spirit - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6e036993-6b74-43f5-a644-1e5f3d62d836","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit","wgTitle":"The Phenomenology of Spirit","wgCurRevisionId":1252900026,"wgRevisionId":1252900026 ,"wgArticleId":604673,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit","wgRelevantArticleId":604673,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true, "wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"}, {"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp", "autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez", "autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml", "autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym": "Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg", "autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym": "მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu" ,"hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh" ,"xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q877510","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles": "ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.categoryTree","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1774"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1183"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="946"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="The Phenomenology of Spirit - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit rootpage-The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--menu"></span> <span></span> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--home"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Home</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--die"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Random</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--mapPin"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Nearby</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--logIn"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Log in</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=The+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--settings"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Settings</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--heart"></span> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Donate</span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">About Wikipedia</span> </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> <span class="toggle-list-item__label">Disclaimers</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><i><b>The Phenomenology of Spirit</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Phänomenologie des Geistes</i>) is the most widely discussed philosophical work of <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a>; its German title can be translated as either <i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i> or <i>The Phenomenology of Mind</i>. Hegel described the work, published in 1807, as an "exposition of the coming to be of knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is explicated through a necessary self-origination and dissolution of "the various shapes of spirit as stations on the way through which spirit becomes pure knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">The Phenomenology of Spirit <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phenomenology+of+Spirit&rft.author=%5B%5BGeorg+Wilhelm+Friedrich+Hegel%5D%5D&rft.place=Germany&rft_id=info:oclcnum/929308074"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg/220px-Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg/330px-Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg/440px-Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="847"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Title page of the first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Phänomenologie des Geistes</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Black_Baillie" title="James Black Baillie">James Black Baillie</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1807</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Published in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1910</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/929308074">929308074</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">193</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">B2928 .E5</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Original text</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6698">Phänomenologie des Geistes</a></i></span> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Translation</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10111/UIUCOCA:phenomenologyofm02hege">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Urbana-Champaign" title="University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>The book marked a significant development in <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a> after <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>. Focusing on topics in <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a>, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">existence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, it is where Hegel develops his concepts of <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">lord-bondsman dialectic</a>), <a href="/wiki/Absolute_idealism" title="Absolute idealism">absolute idealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_living" title="Ethical living">ethical life</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Aufhebung" class="mw-redirect" title="Aufhebung">Aufhebung</a></i>. It had a profound effect in <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a>, and "has been praised and blamed for the development of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_God_theology" title="Death of God theology">death of God theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicist">historicist</a> <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22hasbeenpraisedandblamedforthedevelopmentofexistentialismcommunismfascismdeathofGodtheologyandhistoricistnihilism22pgPA2_2]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22hasbeenpraisedandblamedforthedevelopmentofexistentialismcommunismfascismdeathofGodtheologyandhistoricistnihilism22pgPA2_2%5D-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Historical_context"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Historical context</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Publication_history"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Publication history</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Structure</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Preface"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Preface</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Introduction"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Introduction</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Important_concepts"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Important concepts</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Hegelian_dialectic"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Hegelian dialectic</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Unfolding_of_species"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Unfolding of species</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Criticism"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Criticism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Referencing"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Referencing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#English_translations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">English translations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Citations"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Primary"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Primary</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Secondary"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Historical_context">Historical context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical context" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div style="float:right;"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg/170px-Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="281" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="2447"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 281px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg/170px-Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="281" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg/255px-Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg/340px-Hegel-and-Napoleon-in-Jena-1806.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>"Hegel and Napoleon in Jena" (illustration from <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's Magazine</a></i>, 1895)</figcaption></figure></div> <p>Hegel was putting the finishing touches to this book as <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> engaged <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> troops on October 14, 1806, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt#Battle_of_Jena" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Battle of Jena</a> on a plateau outside the city. On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. Later that same day, Hegel wrote a letter to his friend, the theologian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Immanuel_Niethammer" title="Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer">Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>I saw the Emperor – this world-soul – riding out of the city on reconnaissance. It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world and masters it ... this extraordinary man, whom it is impossible not to admire.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In 2000, Terry Pinkard notes that Hegel's comment to Niethammer "is all the more striking since at that point he had already composed the crucial section of the <i>Phenomenology</i> in which he remarked that the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> had now officially passed to another land (Germany) that would complete 'in thought' what the Revolution had only partially accomplished in practice."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGHWJQhWRNy0Cpg228_228–9]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard2001%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidGHWJQhWRNy0Cpg228_228%E2%80%939%5D-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Publication_history">Publication history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Publication history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i> was published with the title “System of Science: First Part: The Phenomenology of Spirit”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some copies contained either "Science of the Experience of Consciousness", or "Science of the Phenomenology of Spirit" as a subtitle between the "Preface" and the "Introduction".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its initial publication, the work was identified as Part One of a projected "System of Science", which would have contained the <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Logic" title="Science of Logic">Science of Logic</a></i> "and both the two real sciences of philosophy, the Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its second part. The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Philosophical_Sciences" title="Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences">Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences</a></i>, in its third section (<i>Philosophy of Spirit</i>), contains a second subsection (The Encyclopedia Phenomenology) that recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original <i>Phenomenology</i>. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b> with: coverage of the content of the book, which currently stops at the beginning of ch. 1. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=1">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The book consists of a Preface (written after the rest was completed), an Introduction, and six major divisions (of greatly varying size).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>(A) <i>Consciousness</i> is divided into three chapters: <ul><li>(I) <i>Sensuous-Certainty</i>,</li> <li>(II) <i>Perceiving</i>, and</li> <li>(III) <i>Force and the Understanding</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>(B) <i>Self-Consciousness</i> contains one chapter: <ul><li>(IV) <i>The Truth of Self-Certainty</i> which contains a preliminary discussion of Life and Desire, followed by two subsections: (A) <i>Self-Sufficiency and Non-Self-Sufficiency of Self-Consciousness; Mastery and Servitude</i> and (B) <i>Freedom of Self-Consciousness: Stoicism, Skepticism, and the Unhappy Consciousness</i>. This section contains Hegel's famous discussion of <a href="/wiki/Lordship_and_Bondage" class="mw-redirect" title="Lordship and Bondage">lordship and bondage</a>, which has been essential to the work of philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève, among others</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>(C), (AA) <i>Reason</i> contains one chapter: <ul><li>(V) <i>The Certainty and Truth of Reason</i> which is divided into three chapters: (A) <i>Observing Reason</i>, (B) <i>The Actualization of Rational Self-Consciousness Through Itself</i>, and (C) <i>Individuality, Which, to Itself, is Real in and for Itself</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>(BB) <i>Spirit</i> contains one chapter: <ul><li>(VI) <i>Spirit</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></i> which is again divided into three chapters: (A) <i>True Spirit, Ethical Life</i>, (B) <i>Spirit Alienated from Itself: Cultural Formation</i>, and (C) <i>Spirit Certain of Itself: Morality</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>(CC) <i>Religion</i> contains one chapter: <ul><li>(VII) <i>Religion</i>, which is divided into three chapters: (A) <i>Natural Religion</i>, (B) <i>The Art-Religion</i>, and (C) <i>Revealed Religion</i>.</li></ul></li> <li>(DD) <i>Absolute Knowing</i> contains one chapter: <ul><li>(VIII) <i>Absolute Knowing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <p>Due to its obscure nature and the many works by Hegel that followed its publication, even the structure or core theme of the book itself remains contested. First, Hegel wrote the book under close time constraints with little chance for revision (individual chapters were sent to the publisher before others were written). Furthermore, according to some readers, Hegel may have changed his conception of the project over the course of the writing. Secondly, the book abounds with both highly technical argument in philosophical language, and concrete examples, either imaginary or historical, of developments by people through different states of consciousness. The relationship between these is disputed: whether Hegel meant to prove claims about the development of world history, or simply used it for illustration; whether or not the more conventionally philosophical passages are meant to address specific historical and philosophical positions; and so forth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Jean Hyppolite</a> famously interpreted the work as a <i><a href="/wiki/Bildungsroman" title="Bildungsroman">Bildungsroman</a></i> that follows the progression of its protagonist, Spirit, through the history of consciousness,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyppolite1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeZNiK7vmXECdqBildungsromanen22historyofconsciousness22pgPA11_11–12]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyppolite1979%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeZNiK7vmXECdqBildungsromanen22historyofconsciousness22pgPA11_11%E2%80%9312%5D-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a characterization that remains prevalent among literary theorists. However, others contest this literary interpretation and instead read the work as a "self-conscious reflective account"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22self-consciousreflectiveaccount22pgPA8_8]_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22self-consciousreflectiveaccount22pgPA8_8%5D-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that a society must give of itself in order to understand itself and therefore become reflective. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> saw it as the foundation of a larger "System of Science" that Hegel sought to develop,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a> saw it as akin to a "Platonic Dialogue ... between the great Systems of history."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been called "a philosophical roller coaster ... with no more rhyme or reason for any particular transition than that it struck Hegel that such a transition might be fun or illuminating."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22aphilosophicalrollercoaster2222withnomorerhymeorreasonforanyparticulartransitionthanthatitstruckHegelthatsuchatransitionmightbefunorilluminating22pgPA2_2]_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22aphilosophicalrollercoaster2222withnomorerhymeorreasonforanyparticulartransitionthanthatitstruckHegelthatsuchatransitionmightbefunorilluminating22pgPA2_2%5D-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preface">Preface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Preface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The Preface to the text is a preamble to the scientific system and cognition in general. Paraphrased “on scientific cognition" in the table of contents, its intent is to offer a rough idea on scientific cognition, while at the same time aiming "to rid ourselves of a few forms which are only impediments to philosophical cognition".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel201812§16_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel201812%C2%A716-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Hegel’s own announcement noted, it was to explain "what seems to him the need of philosophy in its present state; also about the presumption and mischief of the philosophical formulas that are currently degrading philosophy, and about what is altogether crucial in it and its study".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can thus be seen as a heuristic attempt at creating the need of philosophy (in the present state) and of what philosophy itself in its present state needs. This involves an exposition on the content and standpoint of philosophy, i.e, the true shape of truth and the element of its existence, that is interspersed with polemics aimed at the presumption and mischief of philosophical formulas and what distinguishes it from that of any previous philosophy, especially that of his <a href="/wiki/German_Idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Idealism">German Idealist</a> predecessors (Kant, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel20186§6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel20186%C2%A76-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hegelian method consists of actually examining consciousness' experience of both itself and of its objects and eliciting the contradictions and dynamic movement that come to light in looking at this experience. Hegel uses the phrase "pure looking at" (<i>reines Zusehen</i>) to describe this method. If consciousness just pays attention to what is actually present in itself and its relation to its objects, it will see that what looks like stable and fixed forms dissolve into a dialectical movement. Thus, philosophy, according to Hegel, cannot just set out arguments based on a flow of deductive reasoning. Rather, it must look at actual consciousness, as it really exists. </p><p>Hegel also argues strongly against the <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological</a> emphasis of modern philosophy from <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> through Kant, which he describes as having to first establish the nature and criteria of knowledge prior to actually knowing anything, because this would imply an <a href="/wiki/Infinite_regress" title="Infinite regress">infinite regress</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Foundationalism" title="Foundationalism">foundationalism</a> that Hegel maintains is self-contradictory and impossible. Rather, he maintains, one must examine actual knowing as it occurs in real knowledge processes. This is why Hegel uses the term "<a href="/wiki/Dialectical_phenomenology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical phenomenology">phenomenology</a>". "Phenomenology" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> word for "to appear", and the phenomenology of mind is thus the study of how consciousness or mind appears to itself. In Hegel's dynamic system, it is the study of the successive appearances of the mind to itself, because on examination each one dissolves into a later, more comprehensive and integrated form or structure of mind. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Introduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Whereas the Preface was written after Hegel completed the <i>Phenomenology</i>, the Introduction was written beforehand. </p><p>In the Introduction, Hegel addresses the seeming paradox that people cannot evaluate their faculty of knowledge in terms of its ability to know the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">Absolute</a> without first having a criterion for what the Absolute is, one that is superior to people's knowledge of the Absolute. Yet, people could only have such a criterion if they already had the improved knowledge that they seek. </p><p>To resolve this paradox, Hegel adopts a method whereby the knowing that is characteristic of a particular stage of consciousness is evaluated using the criterion presupposed by consciousness itself. At each stage, consciousness knows something, and at the same time distinguishes the object of that knowledge as different from what it knows. Hegel and his readers will simply "look on" while consciousness compares its actual knowledge of the object—what the object is "for consciousness"—with its criterion for what the object must be "in itself". One would expect that, when consciousness finds that its knowledge does not agree with its object, consciousness would adjust its knowledge to conform to its object. However, in a characteristic reversal, Hegel explains that under his method, the opposite occurs. </p><p>As just noted, consciousness' criterion for what the object should be is not supplied externally but rather by consciousness itself. Therefore, like its knowledge, the "object" that consciousness distinguishes from its knowledge is really just the object "for consciousness"—it is the object as envisioned by that stage of consciousness. Thus, in attempting to resolve the discord between knowledge and object, consciousness inevitably alters the object as well. In fact, the new "object" for consciousness is developed from consciousness' inadequate knowledge of the previous "object". Thus, what consciousness really does is to modify its "object" to conform to its knowledge. Then the cycle begins anew as consciousness attempts to examine what it knows about this new "object". </p><p>The reason for this reversal is that, for Hegel, the separation between consciousness and its object is no more real than consciousness' inadequate knowledge of that object. The knowledge is inadequate only because of that separation. At the end of the process, when the object has been fully "spiritualized" by successive cycles of consciousness' experience, consciousness will fully know the object and at the same time fully recognize that the object is none other than itself. </p><p>At each stage of development, Hegel, adds, "we" (Hegel and his readers) see this development of the new object out of the knowledge of the previous one, but the consciousness that they are observing does not. As far as it is concerned, it experiences the dissolution of its knowledge in a mass of contradictions, and the emergence of a new object for knowledge, without understanding how that new object has been born. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Important_concepts">Important concepts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Important concepts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hegelian_dialectic">Hegelian dialectic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hegelian dialectic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel#Dialectics,_speculation,_idealism" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel § Dialectics, speculation, idealism</a></div> <p>The famous <a href="/wiki/Dialectical" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialectical">dialectical</a> process of thesis–antithesis–synthesis has been controversially attributed to Hegel. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whoever looks for the stereotype of the allegedly Hegelian dialectic in Hegel's <i>Phenomenology</i> will not find it. What one does find on looking at the table of contents is a very decided preference for triadic arrangements. ... But these many triads are not presented or deduced by Hegel as so many theses, antitheses, and syntheses. It is not by means of any dialectic of that sort that his thought moves up the ladder to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute knowledge">absolute knowledge</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Kaufmann1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> (1965). <i>Hegel. Reinterpretation, Texts, and Commentary</i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hegelreinterpret0000kauf">168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel.+Reinterpretation%2C+Texts%2C+and+Commentary&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Walter+Kaufmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Regardless of (ongoing) academic controversy regarding the significance of a unique dialectical method in Hegel's writings, it is true, as Professor <a href="/wiki/Howard_Kainz" title="Howard Kainz">Howard Kainz</a> (1996) affirms, that there are "thousands of triads" in Hegel's writings. Importantly, instead of using the famous terminology that originated with Kant and was elaborated by <a href="/wiki/J._G._Fichte" class="mw-redirect" title="J. G. Fichte">J. G. Fichte</a>, Hegel used an entirely different and more accurate terminology for dialectical (or as Hegel called them, "speculative") triads. </p><p>Hegel used two different sets of terms for his triads, namely, "abstract–negative–concrete" (especially in his <i>Phenomenology</i> of 1807), as well as "immediate–mediate–concrete" (especially in his <i><a href="/wiki/Science_of_Logic" title="Science of Logic">Science of Logic</a></i> of 1812), depending on the scope of his argumentation. </p><p>When one looks for these terms in his writings, one finds so many occurrences that it may become clear that Hegel employed the <a href="/wiki/Kantian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantian">Kantian</a> using a different terminology. </p><p>Hegel explained his change of terminology. The triad terms "abstract–negative–concrete" contain an implicit explanation for the flaws in Kant's terms. The first term, "thesis", deserves its anti-thesis simply because it is too abstract. The third term, "synthesis", has completed the triad, making it concrete and no longer abstract by absorbing the negative. </p><p>Sometimes Hegel used the terms "immediate–mediate–concrete" to describe his triads. The most abstract concepts are those that immediately present themselves to human consciousness. For example, the notion of Pure Being for Hegel was the most abstract concept of all. The negative of this infinite abstraction would require an entire Encyclopedia, building category by category, dialectically, until it culminated in the category of Absolute Mind or Spirit (since the German word <i><a href="/wiki/Geist" title="Geist">Geist</a></i> can mean either 'mind' or 'spirit'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unfolding_of_species">Unfolding of species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unfolding of species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></div> <p>Hegel describes a sequential progression from inanimate objects to animate creatures to human beings. This is frequently compared to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary theory">evolutionary theory</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, unlike Darwin, Hegel thought that organisms had agency in choosing to develop along this progression by collaborating with other organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2014139_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2014139-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hegel understood this to be a linear process of natural development with a predetermined end. He viewed this end <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleologically</a> as its ultimate purpose and <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorty1998300_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERorty1998300-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee201086_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee201086-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a>, on the question of organisation, argued that Hegel's arrangement, "over half a century before <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a> published his <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">Origin of Species</a></i> and impressed the idea of evolution on almost everybody's mind, was developmental."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965148_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965148-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea is supremely suggestive but, in the end, untenable according to Kaufmann: "The idea of arranging <i>all</i> significant points of view in such a single sequence, on a ladder that reaches from the crudest to the most mature, is as dazzling to contemplate as it is mad to try seriously to implement it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk9q4AAAAIAAJq22Theideaofarrangingallsignificantpointsofviewinsuchasinglesequenceonaladderthatreachesfromthecrudesttothemostmatureisasdazzlingtocontemplateasitismadtotryseriouslytoimplementit22_149]_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidk9q4AAAAIAAJq22Theideaofarrangingallsignificantpointsofviewinsuchasinglesequenceonaladderthatreachesfromthecrudesttothemostmatureisasdazzlingtocontemplateasitismadtotryseriouslytoimplementit22_149%5D-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Kaufmann viewed Hegel as right in seeing that the way a view is reached is not necessarily external to the view itself, since, on the contrary, a knowledge of the development, including the prior positions through which a human being passed before adopting a position may make all the difference when it comes to comprehending his or her position, some aspects of the conception are still somewhat absurd and some of the details bizarre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_149]_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_149%5D-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaufmann also remarks that the very table of contents of the <i>Phenomenology</i> may be said to "mirror confusion" and that "faults are so easy to find in it that it is not worth while to adduce heaps of them."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, he excuses Hegel since he understands that the author of the <i>Phenomenology</i> "finished the book under an immense strain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_152]_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_152%5D-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The feminist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Oliver" title="Kelly Oliver">Kelly Oliver</a> argues that Hegel’s discussion of women in <i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i> undermines the entirety of the text. Oliver points out that for Hegel, every element of consciousness must be conceptualizable, but that in Hegel’s discussion of the family, woman is established as in principle unconceptualizable. Oliver writes that “unlike the master or slave, the feminine or woman does not contain the dormant seed of its opposite.” This means that Hegel’s feminine is nothing other than the negation of the masculine and as such it must be excluded from the story of masculine consciousness. Thus, Oliver argues, the <i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i> is a phenomenology of masculine consciousness; the universalist pretensions of the text are not achieved, as it leaves out the phenomenology of feminine consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Referencing">Referencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Referencing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The work is usually abbreviated as <i><b>PdG</b></i> (<i>Phänomenologie des Geistes</i>), followed by the pagination or paragraph number of the German original edition. It is also abbreviated as <i><b>PS</b></i> (<i>The Phenomenology of Spirit</i>) or as <i><b>PM</b></i> (<i>The Phenomenology of Mind</i>), followed by the pagination or paragraph number of the English translation used by each author. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="English_translations">English translations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: English translations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><i>G. W. F. Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit</i>, translated by Peter Fuss and John Dobbins (University of Notre Dame Press, 2019)</li> <li><i>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit (Cambridge Hegel Translations)</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Pinkard" title="Terry Pinkard">Terry Pinkard</a> (Cambridge University Press, 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52185579-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-52185579-9">0-52185579-9</a></li> <li><i>Hegel: The Phenomenology of Spirit: Translated with introduction and commentary</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Inwood" title="Michael Inwood">Michael Inwood</a> (Oxford University Press, 2018) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19879062-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19879062-7">0-19879062-7</a></li> <li><i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i>, translated by A. V. Miller with analysis of the text and foreword by <a href="/wiki/John_Niemeyer_Findlay" class="mw-redirect" title="John Niemeyer Findlay">J. N. Findlay</a> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19824597-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19824597-1">0-19824597-1</a></li> <li><i>Phenomenology of Mind</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/James_Black_Baillie" title="James Black Baillie">J. B. Baillie</a> (London: Harper & Row, 1967) Baillie (1872-1940) Baillie translation 1910.</li> <li><i>Hegel's Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit</i>, translated with introduction, running commentary and notes by <a href="/wiki/Yirmiyahu_Yovel" title="Yirmiyahu Yovel">Yirmiyahu Yovel</a> (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-69112052-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-69112052-8">0-69112052-8</a>.</li> <li><i>Texts and Commentary: Hegel's Preface to His System in a New Translation With Commentary on Facing Pages, and "Who Thinks Abstractly?"</i>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> (South Bend: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-26801069-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-26801069-2">0-26801069-2</a>.</li> <li>"Introduction", "The Phenomenology of Spirit", translated by Kenley R. Dove, in <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a>, "Hegel's Concept of Experience" (New York: Harper & Row, 1970)</li> <li>"Sense-Certainty", Chapter I, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", translated by Kenley R. Dove, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 32, No 4</li> <li>"Stoicism", Chapter IV, B, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", translated by Kenley R. Dove, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 37, No 3</li> <li>"Absolute Knowing", Chapter VIII, "The Phenomenology of Spirit", translated by Kenley R. Dove, "The Philosophical Forum", Vol. 32, No 4</li> <li><i>Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: Selections Translated and Annotated by Howard P. Kainz</i>. The Pennsylvania State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-27101076-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-27101076-2">0-27101076-2</a></li> <li><i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i> selections translated by Andrea Tschemplik and James H. Stam, in Steven M. Cahn, ed., <i>Classics of Western Philosophy</i> (Hackett, 2007)</li> <li><i>Hegel's Phenomenology of Self-consciousness: text and commentary</i> [A translation of Chapter IV of the Phenomenology, with accompanying essays and a translation of "Hegel's summary of self-consciousness from 'The Phenomenology of Spirit' in the Philosophical Propaedeutic"], by Leo Rauch and David Sherman. State University of New York Press, 1999.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Process_theology" title="Process theology">Process theology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_European_Sciences_and_Transcendental_Phenomenology" title="The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology">The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weltgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltgeist">Weltgeist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_divisione_naturae" title="De divisione naturae">De divisione naturae</a></i></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following table of contents follows the Pinkard Translation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some versions of the book's table of contents also group the last four together as a single section on a level with the first two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Absolute Knowing," for Hegel, is not to be confused with <i>foundational</i> knowledge, which is oxymoronic in Hegelian philosophy, instead, the Absolute is an endpoint of History, "spirit knowing itself as spirit" <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018467§807_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018467%C2%A7807-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018468Appendix_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>, p. 468, Appendix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22hasbeenpraisedandblamedforthedevelopmentofexistentialismcommunismfascismdeathofGodtheologyandhistoricistnihilism22pgPA2_2]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22hasbeenpraisedandblamedforthedevelopmentofexistentialismcommunismfascismdeathofGodtheologyandhistoricistnihilism22pgPA2_2%5D_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinkard1996">Pinkard 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nRTNak4HcC&dq=%22has+been+praised+and+blamed+for+the+development+of+existentialism,+communism,+fascism,+death+of+God+theology,+and+historicist+nihilism.%22&pg=PA2">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/works/letters/1806-10-13.htm">"Hegel to Niethammer; October 13, 1806"</a>. <i>marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marxists.org&rft.atitle=Hegel+to+Niethammer%3B+October+13%2C+1806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhegel%2Fworks%2Fletters%2F1806-10-13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGHWJQhWRNy0Cpg228_228–9]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard2001%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidGHWJQhWRNy0Cpg228_228%E2%80%939%5D_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinkard2001">Pinkard 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHWJQhWRNy0C&pg=228">228–9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018xvi_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>, p. xvi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegel 2015, p. 21.9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel2018467§807-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel2018467%C2%A7807_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>, p. 467, §807.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyppolite1979[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeZNiK7vmXECdqBildungsromanen22historyofconsciousness22pgPA11_11–12]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyppolite1979%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidAeZNiK7vmXECdqBildungsromanen22historyofconsciousness22pgPA11_11%E2%80%9312%5D_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyppolite1979">Hyppolite 1979</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeZNiK7vmXEC&dq=Bildungsromanen+%22history+of+consciousness%22&pg=PA11">11–12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22self-consciousreflectiveaccount22pgPA8_8]-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22self-consciousreflectiveaccount22pgPA8_8%5D_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinkard1996">Pinkard 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nRTNak4HcC&dq=%22self-conscious+reflective+account%22&pg=PA8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger, Martin</a>, <i>Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève, Alexandre</a>, <i>Introduction to the Reading of Hegel</i>, § 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22aphilosophicalrollercoaster2222withnomorerhymeorreasonforanyparticulartransitionthanthatitstruckHegelthatsuchatransitionmightbefunorilluminating22pgPA2_2]-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinkard1996%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksido5nRTNak4HcCdq22aphilosophicalrollercoaster2222withnomorerhymeorreasonforanyparticulartransitionthanthatitstruckHegelthatsuchatransitionmightbefunorilluminating22pgPA2_2%5D_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinkard1996">Pinkard 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nRTNak4HcC&dq=%22a+philosophical+roller+coaster%22%22with+no+more+rhyme+or+reason+for+any+particular+transition+than+that+it+struck+Hegel+that+such+a+transition+might+be+fun+or+illuminating.%22&pg=PA2">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel201812§16-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel201812%C2%A716_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>, p. 12, §16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris 1997, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHegel20186§6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHegel20186%C2%A76_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHegel2018">Hegel 2018</a>, p. 6, §6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESolomon1985233_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSolomon1985">Solomon 1985</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELawler2014139-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawler2014139_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLawler2014">Lawler 2014</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERorty1998300-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERorty1998300_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRorty1998">Rorty 1998</a>, p. 300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee201086-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee201086_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMagee2010">Magee 2010</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965148-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965148_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1965">Kaufmann 1965</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidk9q4AAAAIAAJq22Theideaofarrangingallsignificantpointsofviewinsuchasinglesequenceonaladderthatreachesfromthecrudesttothemostmatureisasdazzlingtocontemplateasitismadtotryseriouslytoimplementit22_149]-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidk9q4AAAAIAAJq22Theideaofarrangingallsignificantpointsofviewinsuchasinglesequenceonaladderthatreachesfromthecrudesttothemostmatureisasdazzlingtocontemplateasitismadtotryseriouslytoimplementit22_149%5D_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1965">Kaufmann 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9q4AAAAIAAJ&q=%22The+idea+of+arranging+all+significant+points+of+view+in+such+a+single+sequence,+on+a+ladder+that+reaches+from+the+crudest+to+the+most+mature,+is+as+dazzling+to+contemplate+as+it+is+mad+to+try+seriously+to+implement+it%22">149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_149]-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_149%5D_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1965">Kaufmann 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hegelreinterpret0000kauf">149</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965[httpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_152]-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaufmann1965%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailshegelreinterpret0000kauf_152%5D_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKaufmann1965">Kaufmann 1965</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hegelreinterpret0000kauf">152</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Oliver" title="Kelly Oliver">Oliver, Kelly</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810356">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Antigone's Ghost: Undoing Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hypatia_(journal)" title="Hypatia (journal)">Hypatia</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 67–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FHYP.1996.11.1.67">10.2979/HYP.1996.11.1.67</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3810356">3810356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hypatia&rft.atitle=%22Antigone%27s+Ghost%3A+Undoing+Hegel%27s+Phenomenology+of+Spirit%22&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-90&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FHYP.1996.11.1.67&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3810356%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3810356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegel2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich</a> (2018) [1807]. <i>The phenomenology of spirit</i>. Cambridge Hegel Translations. Translated by Pinkard, Terry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139050494" title="Special:BookSources/9781139050494"><bdi>9781139050494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+phenomenology+of+spirit&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Hegel+Translations&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781139050494&rft.aulast=Hegel&rft.aufirst=Georg+Wilhelm+Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>G. W. Hegel (2015). <i>Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: The Science of Logic</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Secondary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2014" class="citation book cs1">Lawler, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_lwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT139">"Chapter 8: They're Not Just Goddamn Trees: Hegel's Philosophy of Nature and the Avatar of Spirit"</a>. In Dunn, G.A.; Irwin, W. (eds.). <i>Avatar and Philosophy: Learning to See</i>. The Blackwell Philosophy and Pop Culture Series. Wiley. pp. 104–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-88676-2"><bdi>978-1-118-88676-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+They%E2%80%99re+Not+Just+Goddamn+Trees%3A+Hegel%E2%80%99s+Philosophy+of+Nature+and+the+Avatar+of+Spirit&rft.btitle=Avatar+and+Philosophy%3A+Learning+to+See&rft.series=The+Blackwell+Philosophy+and+Pop+Culture+Series&rft.pages=104-114&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-88676-2&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_lwBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li>H. S. Harris (1997). <i>Hegel's Ladder (Vol 1 & 2)</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyppolite1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hyppolite" title="Jean Hyppolite">Hyppolite, Jean</a> (1979) [1974]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AeZNiK7vmXEC"><i>Genesis and Structure of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit"</i></a>. John Heckman, Samuel Cherniak (trans.) (reprint ed.). <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston, Illinois</a>: <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University_Press" title="Northwestern University Press">Northwestern University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-81010594-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-81010594-2"><bdi>0-81010594-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+Structure+of+Hegel%27s+%22Phenomenology+of+Spirit%22&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Illinois&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-81010594-2&rft.aulast=Hyppolite&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeZNiK7vmXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufmann1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann, Walter Arnold</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8UtDAAAAIAAJ"><i>Hegel. Reinterpretation, Texts, and Commentary</i></a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel.+Reinterpretation%2C+Texts%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=Walter+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8UtDAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Magee, G.A. (2010). "Evolution". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khvwPJMzNzMC&pg=PA86"><i>The Hegel Dictionary</i></a>. Bloomsbury Philosophy Dictionaries. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-847-06591-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-847-06591-9"><bdi>978-1-847-06591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evolution&rft.btitle=The+Hegel+Dictionary&rft.series=Bloomsbury+Philosophy+Dictionaries&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-847-06591-9&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhvwPJMzNzMC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkard1996" class="citation book cs1">Pinkard, Terry (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nRTNak4HcC"><i>Hegel's Phenomenology. The Sociality of Reason</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56834-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56834-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56834-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel%27s+Phenomenology.+The+Sociality+of+Reason&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56834-0&rft.aulast=Pinkard&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5nRTNak4HcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkard2001" class="citation book cs1">Pinkard, Terry (2001) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GHWJQhWRNy0C"><i>Hegel. A Biography</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00387-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00387-2"><bdi>978-0-521-00387-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel.+A+Biography&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00387-2&rft.aulast=Pinkard&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGHWJQhWRNy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRorty1998" class="citation book cs1">Rorty, R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MP6G4Q8Ox0kC&pg=PA300"><i>Truth and Progress: Philosophical Papers</i></a>. Philosophical papers. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55686-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-55686-6"><bdi>978-0-521-55686-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truth+and+Progress%3A+Philosophical+Papers&rft.series=Philosophical+papers&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-55686-6&rft.aulast=Rorty&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMP6G4Q8Ox0kC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusson2004" class="citation book cs1">Russon, John Edward (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRaCQDtpxhgC"><i>Reading Hegel's Phenomenology</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21692-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21692-2"><bdi>978-0-253-21692-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Hegel%27s+Phenomenology&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21692-2&rft.aulast=Russon&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRaCQDtpxhgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchopenhauer,_Arthur1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer, Arthur</a> (1974). "Sketch of a History of the Doctrine of the Ideal and the Real, Appendix". <i><a href="/wiki/Parerga_and_Paralipomena" title="Parerga and Paralipomena">Parerga and Paralipomena</a>, Volume 1</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19824508-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19824508-4"><bdi>0-19824508-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sketch+of+a+History+of+the+Doctrine+of+the+Ideal+and+the+Real%2C+Appendix&rft.btitle=Parerga+and+Paralipomena%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-19824508-4&rft.au=Schopenhauer%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomon1985" class="citation book cs1">Solomon, R.C. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ey93oggDkZcC&pg=PA233"><i>In the Spirit of Hegel</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36512-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-36512-2"><bdi>978-0-195-36512-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Spirit+of+Hegel&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-195-36512-2&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEy93oggDkZcC%26pg%3DPA233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Davis" title="Walter A. Davis">Davis, Walter A.</a>, 1989. <i>Inwardness and Existence: Subjectivity in/and Hegel, Heidegger, Marx and Freud</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-29912014-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-29912014-7">0-29912014-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoull2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Doull" title="James Doull">Doull, James</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/animus/Articles/Volume%205/doull5a.pdf">"Hegel's "Phenomenology" and Postmodern Thought"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animus_(journal)" title="Animus (journal)">Animus</a></i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1209-0689">1209-0689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animus&rft.atitle=Hegel%27s+%22Phenomenology%22+and+Postmodern+Thought&rft.volume=5&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=1209-0689&rft.aulast=Doull&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.swgc.mun.ca%2Fanimus%2FArticles%2FVolume%25205%2Fdoull5a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoullJackson2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Doull" title="James Doull">Doull, James</a>; Jackson, F. L. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.swgc.mun.ca/animus/Articles/Supplementa/jackson5addendum.pdf">"The Idea of a Phenomenology of Spirit"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Animus_(journal)" title="Animus (journal)">Animus</a></i>. <b>8</b>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1209-0689">1209-0689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animus&rft.atitle=The+Idea+of+a+Phenomenology+of+Spirit&rft.volume=8&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1209-0689&rft.aulast=Doull&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Jackson%2C+F.+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.swgc.mun.ca%2Fanimus%2FArticles%2FSupplementa%2Fjackson5addendum.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger, Martin</a>, 1988. <i>Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-25332766-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-25332766-0">0-25332766-0</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève, Alexandre</a>. <i>Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80149203-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-80149203-3">0-80149203-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a>, 1975. <i>Hegel.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52129199-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-52129199-2">0-52129199-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Pippin" title="Robert B. Pippin">Pippin, Robert B.</a>, 1989. <i>Hegel's Idealism: the Satisfactions of Self-Consciousness.</i> Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-52137923-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-52137923-7">0-52137923-7</a>.</li> <li>Forster, Michael N., 1998. <i>Hegel's Idea of a Phenomenology of Spirit.</i> University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-22625742-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-22625742-8">0-22625742-8</a>.</li> <li>Harris, H. S., 1995. <i>Hegel: Phenomenology and System.</i> Indianapolis: Hackett. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220281-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220281-X">0-87220281-X</a>.</li> <li>Kadvany, John, 2001, <i>Imre Lakatos and the Guises of Reason.</i> Duke University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-82232659-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-82232659-0">0-82232659-0</a>.</li> <li>Loewenberg, J., 1965. <i>Hegel's Phenomenology. Dialogues on the Life of Mind</i>. La Salle IL.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPahl2012" class="citation book cs1">Pahl, Katrin (2012). <i><a href="/wiki/Tropes_of_Transport:_Hegel_and_Emotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropes of Transport: Hegel and Emotion">Tropes of Transport: Hegel and Emotion</a></i>. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810165670" title="Special:BookSources/9780810165670"><bdi>9780810165670</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867784716">867784716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropes+of+Transport%3A+Hegel+and+Emotion&rft.place=Evanston%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867784716&rft.isbn=9780810165670&rft.aulast=Pahl&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Phenomenology+of+Spirit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stern, Robert, 2002. <i>Hegel and the Phenomenology of Spirit</i> London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-41521788-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-41521788-1">0-41521788-1</a> <small>An introduction for students.</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Stewart_(philosopher)" title="Jon Stewart (philosopher)">Stewart, Jon</a>, 2000. <i>The Unity of Hegel's "Phenomenology of Spirit": A Systematic Interpretation</i> Evanston, Illinois : Northwestern University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-810-11693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-810-11693-1">978-0-810-11693-1</a></li> <li>Yovel, Yirmiyahu, Hegel's Preface to the <i>Phenomenology of Spirit: Translation and Running Commentary</i>, Princeton and Oxford : Princeton University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-69112052-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-69112052-8">0-69112052-8</a></li> <li>Westphal, Kenneth R., 2003. <i>Hegel's Epistemology: A Philosophical Introduction to the Phenomenology of Spirit.</i> Indianapolis: Hackett. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87220645-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87220645-9">0-87220645-9</a>.</li> <li>Westphal, Merold, 1998. <i>History and Truth in Hegel’s Phenomenology.</i> Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-25321221-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-25321221-9">0-25321221-9</a>.</li> <li>Kalkavage, Peter, 2007. <i>The Logic of Desire: An Introduction to Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit</i>. Paul Dry Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-589-88037-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-589-88037-5">978-1-589-88037-5</a>.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 34px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="34" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Phenomenology of Spirit">The Phenomenology of Spirit</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p>Electronic versions of the English translation of Hegel's <i>Phenomenology of Mind</i> are available at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hegel/phindex.htm">Hegel's <i>Phenomenology of Mind</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://translatinghegel.blogspot.com">Translating Hegel blog</a>, including a running translation of the <i>Preface to the Phenomenology of Spirit</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waste.org/~roadrunner/Hegel/PhenSpirit/"><i>Phenomenology of Spirit</i>. Bilingual, with Dictionary</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Phenomenology+of+Mind&author=Hegel&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>The Phenomenology of Mind</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li></ul> <p>Detailed audio commentary by an academic: </p> <ul><li>The Bernstein Tapes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bernsteintapes.com/hegellist.html">Hegel’s <i>Phenomenology of Mind</i></a></li> <li>Gregory Sadler, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL4gvlOxpKKIgR4OyOt31isknkVH2Kweq2"><i>Half Hour Hegel: The Complete Phenomenology of Spirit</i></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&oldid=1252900026">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&oldid=1252900026</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Monkbot" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1729687984"> <span>Last edited on 23 October 2024, at 12:53</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD" title="ظاهريات الروح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظاهريات الروح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhun_fenomenologiyas%C4%B1" title="Ruhun fenomenologiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ruhun fenomenologiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija_duha" title="Fenomenologija duha – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Fenomenologija duha" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_de_l%27esperit" title="Fenomenologia de l'esperit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenomenologia de l'esperit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes" title="Phänomenologie des Geistes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phänomenologie des Geistes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaimu_fenomenoloogia" title="Vaimu fenomenoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaimu fenomenoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenolog%C3%ADa_del_esp%C3%ADritu" title="Fenomenología del espíritu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fenomenología del espíritu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologio_de_la_Spirito" title="Fenomenologio de la Spirito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenomenologio de la Spirito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogoaren_fenomenologia" title="Gogoaren fenomenologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gogoaren fenomenologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD" title="پدیدارشناسی روح – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدیدارشناسی روح" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nom%C3%A9nologie_de_l%27esprit" title="Phénoménologie de l'esprit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phénoménologie de l'esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0_%ED%98%84%EC%83%81%ED%95%99" title="정신 현상학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정신 현상학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8" title="Ոգու երևութաբանությունը – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոգու երևութաբանությունը" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrirb%C3%A6rafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i_andans" title="Fyrirbærafræði andans – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fyrirbærafræði andans" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_dello_spirito" title="Fenomenologia dello spirito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fenomenologia dello spirito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%97" title="הפנומנולוגיה של הרוח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפנומנולוגיה של הרוח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes" title="Phänomenologie des Geistes – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phänomenologie des Geistes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologie_van_de_geest" title="Fenomenologie van de geest – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fenomenologie van de geest" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="精神現象学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="精神現象学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndens_fenomenologi" title="Åndens fenomenologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Åndens fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_ducha" title="Fenomenologia ducha – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fenomenologia ducha" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_do_Esp%C3%ADrito" title="Fenomenologia do Espírito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fenomenologia do Espírito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologia_spiritului" title="Fenomenologia spiritului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fenomenologia spiritului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Феноменология духа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феноменология духа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Феноменологија духа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феноменологија духа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomenologija_duha" title="Fenomenologija duha – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Fenomenologija duha" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andens_fenomenologi" title="Andens fenomenologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Andens fenomenologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D1%83" title="Феноменологія духу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феноменологія духу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6" title="精神现象学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="精神现象学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 October 2024, at 12:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-lw7c5","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.017","walltime":"1.252","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8357,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":93819,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11961,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":123797,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1145.622 1 -total"," 19.57% 224.248 1 Template:Infobox_book"," 17.81% 204.068 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.91% 147.872 12 Template:Cite_book"," 12.28% 140.638 2 Template:Lang"," 10.61% 121.521 20 Template:ISBN"," 10.37% 118.851 1 Template:Quotation"," 10.28% 117.749 22 Template:Sfn"," 9.20% 105.416 1 Template:Hegelianism"," 8.82% 101.063 1 Template:Sidebar"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.682","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26297340,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFDoull2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoullJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegel2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyppolite1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufmann1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPahl2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkard1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinkard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRorty1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchopenhauer,_Arthur1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Kaufmann1965\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Phenomenology Of Spirit\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hegelianism\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 20,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Notes\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Right\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rxhkv","timestamp":"20241130170642","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The Phenomenology of Spirit","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q877510","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q877510","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-18T21:12:24Z","dateModified":"2024-10-23T12:53:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/93\/Ph%C3%A4nomenologie_des_Geistes.jpg","headline":"book by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>