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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_(1st–4th_centuries)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_(1st–4th_centuries)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Background (1st–4th centuries)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_(1st–4th_centuries)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_sanctuary_(4th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_sanctuary_(4th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>First sanctuary (4th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_sanctuary_(4th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_and_destruction_(614–1009)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_and_destruction_(614–1009)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Damage and destruction (614–1009)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_and_destruction_(614–1009)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_(11th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_(11th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reconstruction (11th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_(11th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_period_(1099–1244)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_period_(1099–1244)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Crusader period (1099–1244)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_period_(1099–1244)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ottoman period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>British Mandate period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Jordanian and Israeli periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chapel_of_St._Vartan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel_of_St._Vartan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>Chapel of St. Vartan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel_of_St._Vartan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aedicule_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aedicule_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Aedicule restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aedicule_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.3</span> <span>2020 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.4</span> <span>Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parvis_(courtyard)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parvis_(courtyard)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Parvis (courtyard)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parvis_(courtyard)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bell tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Façade_and_entrance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Façade_and_entrance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Façade and entrance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Façade_and_entrance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvary_(Golgotha)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvary_(Golgotha)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Calvary (Golgotha)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvary_(Golgotha)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_of_Anointing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_of_Anointing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Stone of Anointing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_of_Anointing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotunda_and_Aedicule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotunda_and_Aedicule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Rotunda and Aedicule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotunda_and_Aedicule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Catholicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First-century_tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First-century_tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9.1</span> <span>First-century tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First-century_tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Franciscan area north of the Aedicule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arches_of_the_Virgin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arches_of_the_Virgin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Arches of the Virgin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arches_of_the_Virgin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Prison of Christ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ambulatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ambulatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Ambulatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ambulatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapel_of_Saint_Helena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel_of_Saint_Helena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Chapel of Saint Helena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel_of_Saint_Helena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Chapel of Saint Vartan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_Quo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_Quo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Status Quo</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Status_Quo-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Status Quo subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Status_Quo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_decrees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_decrees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ottoman decrees</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_decrees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdenominational_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdenominational_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Interdenominational issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdenominational_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_with_Israeli_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_with_Israeli_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues with Israeli authorities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_with_Israeli_authorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues with Israeli authorities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_with_Israeli_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tax_and_land_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_and_land_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tax and land disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_and_land_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Land sale to Israeli settlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connection_to_Roman_temple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connection_to_Roman_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Connection to Roman temple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connection_to_Roman_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabeskirche" title="Grabeskirche – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Grabeskirche" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9" title="كنيسة القيامة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كنيسة القيامة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90_%DC%95%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܕܬܐ ܕܩܝܡܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_m%C9%99qb%C9%99r%C9%99_kils%C9%99si" title="Müqəddəs məqbərə kilsəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs məqbərə kilsəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Храм Гроба Гасподняга – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храм Гроба Гасподняга" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B9" title="Храм Труны Гасподняй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Храм Труны Гасподняй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_nin_Banal_na_Sepulkro" title="Simbahan nin Banal na Sepulkro – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Simbahan nin Banal na Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D0%99%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC)" title="Възкресение Христово (Йерусалим) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Възкресение Христово (Йерусалим)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bez_Santel" title="Bez Santel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bez Santel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlica_del_Sant_Sepulcre" title="Basílica del Sant Sepulcre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basílica del Sant Sepulcre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahang_Banal_sa_Sepulkro" title="Simbahang Banal sa Sepulkro – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Simbahang Banal sa Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu" title="Chrám Božího hrobu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chrám Božího hrobu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_y_Beddrod_Sanctaidd" title="Eglwys y Beddrod Sanctaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys y Beddrod Sanctaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravkirken" title="Gravkirken – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravkirken" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabeskirche" title="Grabeskirche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grabeskirche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCha_Haua_kirik" title="Püha Haua kirik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püha Haua kirik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82" title="Ναός της Αναστάσεως – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναός της Αναστάσεως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baziliko_de_la_Sankta_Tombo" title="Baziliko de la Sankta Tombo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Baziliko de la Sankta Tombo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilobi_Santuaren_eliza" title="Hilobi Santuaren eliza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hilobi Santuaren eliza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کلیسای مقبره مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای مقبره مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glise_du_Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_(J%C3%A9rusalem)" title="Église du Saint-Sépulcre (Jérusalem) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Église du Saint-Sépulcre (Jérusalem)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillich_Gr%C3%AAftsjerke" title="Hillich Grêftsjerke – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hillich Grêftsjerke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teampall_an_Tuama_Naofa" title="Teampall an Tuama Naofa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teampall an Tuama Naofa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%98%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="성묘교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성묘교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Սուրբ Հարության տաճար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Հարության տաճար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="पवित्र कब्र वाला चर्च – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पवित्र कब्र वाला चर्च" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Svetoga_groba" title="Bazilika Svetoga groba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazilika Svetoga groba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Makam_Kudus" title="Gereja Makam Kudus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja Makam Kudus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_del_Santo_Sepolcro" title="Basilica del Santo Sepolcro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basilica del Santo Sepolcro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8" title="כנסיית הקבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנסיית הקבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ქრისტეს საფლავის ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრისტეს საფლავის ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_la_Kaburi_na_Ufufuo_wa_Yesu" title="Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo wa Yesu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa la Kaburi na Ufufuo wa Yesu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_Sancti_Sepulcri" title="Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia Sancti Sepulcri" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C4%93t%C4%81_kapa_bazn%C4%ABca" title="Svētā kapa baznīca – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Svētā kapa baznīca" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristaus_Kapo_bazilika" title="Kristaus Kapo bazilika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kristaus Kapo bazilika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_S%C3%ADr-templom" title="Szent Sír-templom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Sír-templom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Базилика на Светиот гроб – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базилика на Светиот гроб" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonan%27_ny_Fasana_Masina" title="Fiangonan' ny Fasana Masina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonan' ny Fasana Masina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87" title="كنيسة القيامه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كنيسة القيامه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Makam_Suci" title="Gereja Makam Suci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Makam Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilig_Grafkerk" title="Heilig Grafkerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilig Grafkerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A2%B3%E5%A2%93%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="聖墳墓教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖墳墓教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Делан Къуббанан килс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Делан Къуббанан килс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_gravs_kirke" title="Den hellige gravs kirke – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hellige gravs kirke" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravkyrkja" title="Gravkyrkja – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravkyrkja" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="پاک قبر والا گرجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پاک قبر والا گرجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazylika_Grobu_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tego" title="Bazylika Grobu Świętego – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazylika Grobu Świętego" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Sepulcro" title="Santo Sepulcro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santo Sepulcro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserica_Sf%C3%A2ntului_Morm%C3%A2nt" title="Biserica Sfântului Mormânt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserica Sfântului Mormânt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Храм Гроба Господня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Храм Гроба Господня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisha_e_Varrit_t%C3%AB_Shenjt%C3%AB" title="Kisha e Varrit të Shenjtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kisha e Varrit të Shenjtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%96_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ශුද්ධවූ සොහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශුද්ධවූ සොහොන් ගැබෙහි දේවස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Sv%C3%A4t%C3%A9ho_hrobu" title="Bazilika Svätého hrobu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazilika Svätého hrobu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Bo%C5%BEjega_groba,_Jeruzalem" title="Bazilika Božjega groba, Jeruzalem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazilika Božjega groba, Jeruzalem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3" title="Храм Васкрсења Христовог – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Храм Васкрсења Христовог" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazilika_Svetoga_groba" title="Bazilika Svetoga groba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazilika Svetoga groba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4n_haudan_kirkko" title="Pyhän haudan kirkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhän haudan kirkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliga_gravens_kyrka" title="Heliga gravens kyrka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heliga gravens kyrka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simbahan_ng_Banal_na_Sepulkro" title="Simbahan ng Banal na Sepulkro – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Simbahan ng Banal na Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திருக்கல்லறைத் தேவாலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திருக்கல்லறைத் தேவாலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="โบสถ์พระคูหาศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โบสถ์พระคูหาศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_Kabir_Kilisesi" title="Kutsal Kabir Kilisesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Kabir Kilisesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Храм Гробу Господнього – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Храм Гробу Господнього" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کلیسائے مقبرہ مقدس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیسائے مقبرہ مقدس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_M%E1%BB%99_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Nhà thờ Mộ Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ Mộ Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singbahan_han_Baraan_nga_Sepulkro" title="Singbahan han Baraan nga Sepulkro – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Singbahan han Baraan nga Sepulkro" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%A2%93%E6%95%99%E5%A0%82" title="圣墓教堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣墓教堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%A8-%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9A" title="קבר-קירך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קבר-קירך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E5%A2%93%E5%A4%A7%E6%AE%BF" title="聖墓大殿 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖墓大殿" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Jerusalem</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Holy Sepulchre" redirects here. For an overview of sites believed to be Jesus's burial place, see <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Sepulchre (disambiguation)">Holy Sepulchre (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Church in Christian Quarter, Old City of Jerusalem</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Gerd_Eichmann_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3107" data-file-height="2024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The church in 2010, from left to right: the <a href="#Bell_tower">bell tower</a> (12th century), <a href="#Rotunda">rotunda</a> (big dome), <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a> (smaller dome), and <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:1px #aaa solid"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&revid=1275722449&groups=_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&revid=1275722449&groups=_fb11e7ecd2fd3db3a11ffa3e4693ce4a53fdaa08 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&params=31_46_42_N_35_13_47_E_region:PS_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°46′42″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°13′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.77833°N 35.22972°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.77833; 35.22972</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denomination</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/the-holy-sepulcher-and-the-all-holy-church-of-the-resurrection">Eastern Orthodox</a></span></li></ul></div> <span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.custodia.org/en/sanctuaries/basilica-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">Roman Catholic</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">History</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consecration" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecration">Consecrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13 September 335 <br /> (<span class="currentage"></span>1689 years ago)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Architecture</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos (1810 restoration)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sacred_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred architecture">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Paleochristian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleochristian architecture">Paleochristian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Groundbreaking" title="Groundbreaking">Groundbreaking</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 326</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Completed</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 335 (demolished in 1009, rebuilt in 1048)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color:#CCCC99">Specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data">8,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Materials</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Stone</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jerusalem" title="Category:Jerusalem">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/200px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/300px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg/400px-%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1410" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem">History</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(historic)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of David (historic)">City of David</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1000 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Second_Temple_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period">Second Temple Period</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 538 BCE–70 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 130–325 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_during_the_Byzantine_period" title="Jerusalem during the Byzantine period">Byzantine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 325–638 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Early_Muslim_period" title="History of Jerusalem during the Early Muslim period">Early Muslim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 638–1099</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="History of Jerusalem during the Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusader</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1099–1187</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Jerusalem" title="Medieval Jerusalem">Late Medieval</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1187–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1517–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> Modern period <li>(<a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem</a>)</li></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948-</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sieges</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Before Christ</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_siege_of_Jerusalem" title="Assyrian siege of Jerusalem">701 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(597_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (597 BC)">597 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">587 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(63_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)">63 BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(37_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)">37 BC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Anno Domini</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636%E2%80%93637)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636–637)">637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">1099</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">1187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1834)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1834)">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jerusalem" title="Battle of Jerusalem">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Jerusalem" title="Battle for Jerusalem">1948</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">Places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>/<a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogues_of_Jerusalem" title="Synagogues of Jerusalem">Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Jerusalem" title="List of mosques in Jerusalem">Mosques</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Lazarus" title="Tomb of Lazarus">Tomb of Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quds_University" title="Al-Quds University">Al-Quds University</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Jerusalem" title="List of people from Jerusalem">People</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Jerusalem" title="Demographic history of Jerusalem">Demographic history</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Jerusalem" title="Mayor of Jerusalem">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Jerusalem" title="King of Jerusalem">Crusader kings</a></li></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Political status</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">Religious significance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quds_Day" title="Quds Day">Quds Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization_of_Jerusalem" title="Judaization of Jerusalem">Judaization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Jerusalem" title="Islamization of Jerusalem">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel" title="United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel">US recognition</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:left; border-top:solid 0px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Jerusalem" title="Names of Jerusalem">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Jerusalem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Municipality" title="Jerusalem Municipality">Municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Jerusalem" title="Greater Jerusalem">Greater Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Line_(Jerusalem)" title="City Line (Jerusalem)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jerusalem" title="Transport in Jerusalem">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_Jerusalem" title="List of songs about Jerusalem">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Jerusalem" title="Cartography of Jerusalem">Historical maps</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jerusalem sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Church of the Holy Sepulchre</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Church of the Resurrection</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a fourth-century church in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. The church is the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some consider it the holiest site in <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and it has been an important pilgrimage site for Christians since the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_4th_century" title="Christianity in the 4th century">fourth century</a>. </p><p>According to traditions dating to the fourth century, the church contains both the site where <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a><sup id="cite_ref-mcmahon_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>, or Golgotha, and the location of Jesus's empty <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">tomb</a>, where he was <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">buried</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a>. Both locations are considered immensely holy sites by Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In earlier times, the site was used as a Jewish burial ground, upon which a pagan temple was built. The church and rotunda was built under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> in the 4th century and destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim</a> in 1009. Al-Hakim's son allowed Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> to reconstruct the church, which was completed in 1048. After it was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusaders</a> in 1099, it continued to undergo modifications, resulting in a significant departure from the original structure.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several renovations and restorations were made under the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy56_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tomb itself is enclosed by a 19th-century shrine called the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a>. </p><p>Within the church proper are the last four <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">stations of the Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>, representing the final episodes of the <a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a>. The church has been a major <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> destination since its creation in the fourth century, as the traditional site of the resurrection of Christ, thus its original Greek name, Church of the Anastasis ('Resurrection'). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>, an understanding between religious communities dating to 1757, applies to the site.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Control of the church itself is shared among several <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> and secular entities in complicated arrangements essentially unchanged for over 160 years, and some for much longer. The main denominations sharing property over parts of the church are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> churches. Directly adjacent to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a>, marking a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> presence at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroll2024_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroll2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The church was named either for the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection of Jesus</a>, or for his tomb, which is at its focal point. </p><p>The <b>Church of the Holy Sepulchre</b> is also known as the <b>Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <b>Holy Sepulchre</b>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christians</a> also call it the <b>Church of the Resurrection</b> and the <b>Church of the Anastasis</b>, Anastasis being Greek for Resurrection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_(1st–4th_centuries)"><span id="Background_.281st.E2.80.934th_centuries.29"></span>Background (1st–4th centuries)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background (1st–4th centuries)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">siege of Jerusalem</a> in AD 70 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, Jerusalem had been reduced to ruins. In AD 130, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> began the building of a Roman colony, the new city of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></i></span>, on the site. About AD 135, he ordered that a cave containing a <a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs_in_ancient_Israel" title="Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel">rock-cut tomb</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> be filled in to make a flat foundation for a temple dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-paul_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Venus_(Aelia_Capitolina)" title="Temple of Venus (Aelia Capitolina)">The temple</a> remained until the early fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Corbo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constantine_and_Macarius:_context_for_the_first_sanctuary">Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Constantine and Macarius: context for the first sanctuary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After seeing a vision of a cross in the sky in 312,<sup id="cite_ref-bible_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> began to favour <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Christianity</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Milan" title="Edict of Milan">Edict of Milan</a> legalizing the religion. The Bishop of Jerusalem <a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem"> Macarius</a> asked Constantine for permission to dig for the tomb. With the help of <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> (a Bishop of Caesarea) and Macarius, three crosses were found near a tomb; one, which was said to have <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I#True_Cross" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">cured people of death</a>, was presumed to be the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, on which Jesus was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a>, leading the Romans to believe that they had found <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bible_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 326, Constantine ordered that the temple to Jupiter or Venus be replaced by a church.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the temple was torn down and its ruins removed, the soil was removed from the cave, revealing a rock-cut tomb that Macarius identified as the burial site of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-mcmahon_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantine_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantine-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-socrates_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socrates-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_sanctuary_(4th_century)"><span id="First_sanctuary_.284th_century.29"></span>First sanctuary (4th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First sanctuary (4th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotunda,_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/220px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/330px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg/440px-Rotunda%2C_Adomanan_de_locis_santis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="491" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_(plan_d%27Arculfe).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/200px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/300px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg/400px-Saint-S%C3%A9pulcre_%28plan_d%27Arculfe%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two manuscript versions of the oldest known floor plans of the church, from <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Locis_Sanctis" class="mw-redirect" title="De Locis Sanctis">De Locis Sanctis</a></i></span> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> AD 680</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>A shrine was built on the site of the tomb Macarius had identified as that of Jesus, enclosing the rock tomb walls within its own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, planned by the architect Zenobius,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built as separate constructs over two holy sites: </p> <ol><li>a <a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(architecture)" title="Rotunda (architecture)">rotunda</a> called the <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Anastasis</a></i></span> ('Resurrection'), where Macarius believed Jesus to have been buried,<sup id="cite_ref-mcmahon_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcmahon-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and;</li> <li>the great <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> (also known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Martyrium</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-basilica_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-basilica-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> across a courtyard to the east (an enclosed <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnaded</a> <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>, known as the <i>Triportico</i>) with the traditional site of Calvary in one corner.<sup id="cite_ref-paul_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paul-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png/255px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_-_Kenneth_John_Conant.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a possible church layout (facing west) published in 1956 by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_John_Conant" title="Kenneth John Conant">Kenneth John Conant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre site has been recognized since early in the fourth century as the place where Jesus was crucified, buried, and rose from the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-commemoration_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church was consecrated on 13 September 335.<sup id="cite_ref-commemoration_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 327, Constantine and Helena separately commissioned the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a> to commemorate the birth of Jesus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damage_and_destruction_(614–1009)"><span id="Damage_and_destruction_.28614.E2.80.931009.29"></span>Damage and destruction (614–1009)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Damage and destruction (614–1009)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_capture_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian capture of Jerusalem">Sasanian capture of Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></div> <p>The Constantinian sanctuary in Jerusalem was destroyed by a fire <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_capture_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanian capture of Jerusalem">in May of 614</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Khosrau_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrau II">Khosrau II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bible_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bible-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> invaded Jerusalem and captured the True Cross. In 630, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> rebuilt the church after recapturing the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroesen_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroesen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Jerusalem came under Islamic rule</a>, it remained a Christian church, with the early Muslim rulers protecting the city's Christian sites, prohibiting their destruction or use as living quarters. A story reports that the caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar ibn al-Khattab</a> visited the church and stopped to pray on the balcony, but at the time of prayer, turned away from the church and prayed outside. He feared that future generations would misinterpret this gesture, taking it as a pretext to turn the church into a mosque. <a href="/wiki/Eutychius_of_Alexandria" title="Eutychius of Alexandria">Eutychius of Alexandria</a> adds that Umar wrote <a href="/wiki/Umar%27s_Assurance" title="Umar's Assurance">a decree</a> saying that Muslims would not inhabit this location. The building suffered severe damage from an earthquake in 746.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroesen_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroesen-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the ninth century, another earthquake damaged the dome of the Anastasis. The damage was repaired in 810 by <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Thomas I of Jerusalem">Thomas I</a>. In 841, the church suffered a fire. In 935, the Christians prevented the construction of a Muslim mosque adjacent to the Church. In 938, a new fire damaged the inside of the basilica and came close to the rotunda. In 966, due to a defeat of Muslim armies in the region of Syria, a riot broke out, which was followed by reprisals. The basilica was burned again. The doors and roof were burnt, and Patriarch <a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Jerusalem" title="John VII of Jerusalem">John VII</a> was murdered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 18 October 1009, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid caliph</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_bi-Amr_Allah" title="Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah">al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah</a> ordered the <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">complete destruction of the church</a> as part of a more general campaign against Christian places of worship in Palestine and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The damage was extensive, with few parts of the early church remaining, and the roof of the rock-cut tomb damaged; the original shrine was destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some partial repairs followed.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian Europe reacted with shock: it was a spur to <a href="/wiki/Expulsions_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsions of Jews">expulsions of Jews</a> and, later on, the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Both refs don't seem useful. Bokenkotter p. 155 mentions neither Hakim & 1009, nor the expulsion of Jews; MacCulloch p. 1339 is hard to find (e-book), if added to URL it leads to much earlier events, plus: crt URL leads to table of content page referring to smth else, search for Hakim or 1009 lead nowhere, access date is missing... Not trustworthy! (December 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Dubious" title="Talk:Church of the Holy Sepulchre">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction_(11th_century)"><span id="Reconstruction_.2811th_century.29"></span>Reconstruction (11th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reconstruction (11th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In wide-ranging negotiations between the Fatimids and the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in 1027–1028, an agreement was reached whereby the new Caliph <a href="/wiki/Ali_az-Zahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali az-Zahir">Ali az-Zahir</a> (al-Hakim's son) agreed to allow the rebuilding and redecoration of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebuilding was finally completed during the tenures of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Nicephorus I of Jerusalem">Patriarch Nicephorus of Jerusalem</a> in 1048.<sup id="cite_ref-Foakes-Jackson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foakes-Jackson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a concession, the mosque in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was reopened and the <a href="/wiki/Khutba" class="mw-redirect" title="Khutba">khutba</a> sermons were to be pronounced in az-Zahir's name.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim sources say a by-product of the agreement was the renunciation of Islam by many Christians who had been forced to convert under al-Hakim's persecutions. In addition, the Byzantines, while releasing 5,000 Muslim prisoners, made demands for the restoration of other churches destroyed by al-Hakim and the reestablishment of a <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarch</a> in Jerusalem. Contemporary sources credit the emperor with spending vast sums in an effort to restore the Church of the Holy Sepulchre after this agreement was made.<sup id="cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lev_1991-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, "a total replacement was far beyond available resources. The new construction was concentrated on the rotunda and its surrounding buildings: the great basilica remained in ruins."<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rebuilt church site consisted of "a court open to the sky, with five small chapels attached to it."<sup id="cite_ref-Fergusson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fergusson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The chapels were east of the court of resurrection (when reconstructed, the location of the tomb was under open sky), where the western wall of the great basilica had been. They commemorated scenes from the passion, such as the location of the prison of Christ and his flagellation, and presumably were so placed because of the difficulties of free movement among shrines in the city streets. The dedication of these chapels indicates the importance of the pilgrims' devotion to the suffering of Christ. They have been described as "a sort of <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> in miniature" since little or no rebuilding took place on the site of the great basilica. Western pilgrims to Jerusalem during the 11th century found much of the sacred site in ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> Control of Jerusalem, and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, continued to change hands several times between the Fatimids and the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuk Turks</a> (loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>) until the Crusaders' arrival in 1099.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crusader_period_(1099–1244)"><span id="Crusader_period_.281099.E2.80.931244.29"></span>Crusader period (1099–1244)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crusader period (1099–1244)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Order of the Holy Sepulchre">Order of the Holy Sepulchre</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades" title="Art of the Crusades">Art of the Crusades</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many historians maintain that the main concern of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>, when calling for the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, was the threat to Constantinople from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> invasion of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> in response to the appeal of Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a>. Historians agree that the fate of Jerusalem and thereby the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was also of concern, if not the immediate goal of papal policy in 1095. The idea of taking Jerusalem gained more focus as the Crusade was underway. The rebuilt church site was taken from the Fatimids (who had recently taken it from the Abbasids) by the knights of the First Crusade on 15 July 1099.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2005-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The First Crusade was envisioned as an armed <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>, and no crusader could consider his journey complete unless he had prayed as a pilgrim at the Holy Sepulchre. The classical theory is that Crusader leader <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a>, who became the first <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Latin ruler of Jerusalem</a>, decided not to use the title "king" during his lifetime, and declared himself <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/The_Title_of_Godfrey_of_Bouillon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Title of Godfrey of Bouillon">Advocatus Sancti Sepulchri</a></i></span> ('Protector [or Defender] of the Holy Sepulchre'). </p><p>According to the German priest and pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Sudheim" title="Ludolf von Sudheim">Ludolf von Sudheim</a>, the keys of the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre were in hands of the "ancient <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>", and the food, alms, candles and oil for lamps were given to them by the pilgrims at the south door of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusaders:_reconstruction_(12th_century)_and_ownership"><span id="Crusaders:_reconstruction_.2812th_century.29_and_ownership"></span>Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Crusaders: reconstruction (12th century) and ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the Crusader period, a <a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">cistern</a> under the former basilica was rumoured to have been where Helena had found the True Cross, and began to be venerated as such; the cistern later became the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grotto of the Holy Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Cross</a>, but there is no evidence of the site's identification before the 11th century, and modern archaeological investigation has now dated the cistern to 11th-century repairs by Monomachos.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbo_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, chronicler of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, reports on the rebuilding of the church in the mid-12th century. The Crusaders investigated the eastern ruins on the site, occasionally excavating through the rubble, and while attempting to reach the cistern, they discovered part of the original ground level of Hadrian's temple enclosure; they transformed this space into a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">chapel dedicated to Helena</a>, widening their original excavation tunnel into a proper staircase.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/220px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/330px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg/440px-Crusader_Graffiti_in_the_Church_of_the_holy_supulchure_Jerusalem_Victor_2011_-1-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Crusader <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> in the church: crosses engraved in the staircase leading down to the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a><sup id="cite_ref-madainhelenachapel_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainhelenachapel-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Crusaders began to refurnish the church in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> style and added a <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These renovations unified the small chapels on the site<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="No, the open courtyard was covered by a roof and a regular-shaped Western basilica was created; far from just "uniting" a set of disparate chapels. (March 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and were completed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Melisende" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Melisende">Queen Melisende</a> in 1149, placing all the holy places under one roof for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church became the seat of the first <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem">Latin patriarchs</a> and the site of the kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Scriptorium" title="Scriptorium">scriptorium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Royal_tombs"></span> Eight 11th- and 12th-century Crusader leaders (<a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin I of Jerusalem">Baldwin I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin II of Jerusalem">Baldwin II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulk,_King_of_Jerusalem" title="Fulk, King of Jerusalem">Fulk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin III of Jerusalem">Baldwin III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amalric_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalric of Jerusalem">Amalric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_IV_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin IV of Jerusalem">Baldwin IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Baldwin V of Jerusalem">Baldwin V</a> – the first eight <a href="/wiki/Rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem">rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem</a>) were buried in the south transept and inside the <a href="#Chapel_of_Adam">Chapel of Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle65_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle65-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal tombs were looted during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1244)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1244)">Khwarizmian sack of Jerusalem</a> in 1244 but probably remained mostly intact until 1808 when a fire damaged the church. The tombs may have been destroyed by the fire, or during renovations by the Greek Orthodox custodians of the church in 1809–1810. The remains of the kings may still be in unmarked pits under the church's pavement.<sup id="cite_ref-reem_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reem-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church was lost to <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the rest of the city, in 1187, although the treaty established after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the site. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Frederick_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Frederick II">Emperor Frederick II</a> (r. 1220–50) regained the city and the church by treaty in the 13th century while under a ban of excommunication, with the consequence that the holiest church in Christianity was laid under <a href="/wiki/Interdict" title="Interdict">interdict</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The church seems to have been largely in the hands of Greek Orthodox patriarch <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Athanasius II of Jerusalem">Athanasius II of Jerusalem</a> (c. 1231–47) during the last period of Latin control over Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both city and church were captured by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezm" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezm">Khwarezmians</a> in 1244.<sup id="cite_ref-Savage37_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_period">Ottoman period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ottoman period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was certainly a recognisable <a href="/wiki/Nestorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian">Nestorian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>) presence at the Holy Sepulchre from the years 1348 through 1575, as contemporary <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> accounts indicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuke192446–56_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke192446–56-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> friars renovated the church in 1555, as it had been neglected despite increased numbers of pilgrims. The Franciscans rebuilt the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a>, extending the structure to create an antechamber.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy56_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marble shrine commissioned by Friar <a href="/wiki/Boniface_of_Ragusa" title="Boniface of Ragusa">Boniface of Ragusa</a> was placed to envelop the remains of Christ's tomb,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> probably to prevent pilgrims from touching the original rock or taking small pieces as souvenirs.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A marble slab was placed over the limestone burial bed where Jesus's body is believed to have lain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg/340px-Icon_of_Renovation_of_the_Church_of_the_Resurrection_in_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> icon (c. 1600) commemorating a church renovation</figcaption></figure> <p>After the renovation of 1555, control of the church oscillated between the Franciscans and the Orthodox, depending on which community could obtain a favourable <i><a href="/wiki/Firman_(decree)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firman (decree)">firman</a></i> from the "<a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>" at a particular time, often through outright bribery. Violent clashes were not uncommon. There was no agreement about this question, although it was discussed at the negotiations to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> in 1699.<sup id="cite_ref-Mailáth_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mailáth-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> of 1757, Orthodox Christians reportedly took over some of the Franciscan-controlled church. This may have been the cause of the sultan's <i><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">firman</a></i> (decree) later developed into the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-ladder_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladder-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fire severely damaged <a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_and_adjacent_structures_in_Jerusalem_-_Chrysanthus_of_Bursa_-_1807.jpg" title="File:Plan of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and adjacent structures in Jerusalem - Chrysanthus of Bursa - 1807.jpg">the structure</a> again in 1808,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing the dome of the rotunda to collapse and smashing the Aedicule's exterior decoration. The rotunda and the Aedicule's exterior were rebuilt in 1809–10 by architect Nikolaos Ch. Komnenos of <a href="/wiki/Mytilene" title="Mytilene">Mytilene</a> in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_architecture#Baroque_period" title="Ottoman architecture">Ottoman Baroque</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interior of the antechamber, now known as the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Angel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Angel">Chapel of the Angel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was partly rebuilt to a square ground plan in place of the previously semicircular western end. </p><p>Another decree in 1853 from the sultan solidified the existing territorial division among the communities and solidified the Status Quo for arrangements to "remain in their present state", requiring consensus to make even minor changes.<sup id="cite_ref-cohen_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cohen-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ladder_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ladder-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/170px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/255px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg/340px-Grabeskirche_Plan_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4420" data-file-height="5640" /></a><figcaption>Floorplan, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Schick" title="Conrad Schick">Conrad Schick</a> (1863)</figcaption></figure> <p>The dome was restored by Catholics, Greeks, and Turks in 1868, being made of iron ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate_period">British Mandate period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: British Mandate period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the time of the British <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a> following the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(construction)" title="Cladding (construction)">cladding</a> of red limestone applied to the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> by Komnenos had deteriorated badly and was detaching from the underlying structure; from 1947 until restoration work in 2016–17, it was held in place with an exterior scaffolding of iron girders installed by the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British authorities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NG16_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG16-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the care of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> had an important role in the appropriation of the Holy Sepulcher, such as funds for the maintenance of external infrastructures, and the abolition of territorial claims near the Temple of the Holy Sepulcher, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Church allowed to carry out the elimination of taxes from the Holy Sepulcher, currently the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Anglican Diocese of Jerusalem">Anglican</a> and Lutheran dioceses of Jerusalem are allowed to attend Armenian cults. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jordanian_and_Israeli_periods">Jordanian and Israeli periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jordanian and Israeli periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_cross-section.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/220px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/330px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Golgotha_cross-section.svg/440px-Golgotha_cross-section.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of the modern church showing the traditional site of <a href="/wiki/Calvary" title="Calvary">Calvary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jesus" title="Tomb of Jesus">Tomb of Jesus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1948, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan and where the church was located, in the Old City, were made part of Jordan. In 1967, Israeli forces captured East Jerusalem in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>, and that area has remained under Israeli control ever since. Under Israeli rule, legal arrangements relating to the churches of East Jerusalem were maintained in coordination with the Jordanian government. The dome at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was restored again in 1994–97 as part of extensive modern renovations that have been ongoing since 1959. During the 1970–78 restoration works and excavations inside the building, and under the nearby <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a> bazaar, it was found that the area was originally a quarry, from which white <i><a href="/wiki/Meleke" title="Meleke">meleke</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> was struck.<sup id="cite_ref-Hesemann170_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hesemann170-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chapel_of_St._Vartan">Chapel of St. Vartan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chapel of St. Vartan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East of the Chapel of Saint Helena, the excavators discovered a void containing a second-century<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Usually dated to the time of Constantine, so 4th c., beyween the demolition of the temple and the building of the badilica. What is the C2 dating based on? (March 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre#Dubious" title="Talk:Church of the Holy Sepulchre">discuss</a></i>]</sup> drawing of a Roman pilgrim ship,<sup id="cite_ref-madainvartan_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainvartan-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two low walls supporting the platform of Hadrian's second-century temple, and a higher fourth-century wall built to support Constantine's basilica.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy56_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lancaster_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancaster-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the excavations of the early 1970s, the Armenian authorities converted this archaeological space into the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vartan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vartan">Saint Vartan</a>, and created an artificial walkway over the quarry on the north of the chapel, so that the new chapel could be accessed (by permission) from the Chapel of Saint Helena.<sup id="cite_ref-lancaster_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lancaster-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aedicule_restoration">Aedicule restoration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aedicule restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After seven decades of being held together by steel girders, the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a> (IAA) declared the visibly deteriorating <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> structure unsafe. A restoration of the Aedicule was agreed upon and executed from May 2016 to March 2017. Much of the $4 million project was funded by the <a href="/wiki/World_Monuments_Fund" title="World Monuments Fund">World Monuments Fund</a>, as well as $1.3 million from Mica Ertegün and a significant sum from <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" title="Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NG16_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NG16-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2017restoration_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2017restoration-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The existence of the original limestone cave walls within the Aedicule was confirmed, and a window was created to view this from the inside.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of moisture led to the discovery of an underground shaft resembling an <a href="/wiki/Escape_tunnel" title="Escape tunnel">escape tunnel</a> carved into the bedrock, seeming to lead from the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first time since at least 1555, on 26 October 2016, marble cladding that protects the supposed burial bed of Jesus was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ls_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ls-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Technical_University_of_Athens" title="National Technical University of Athens">National Technical University of Athens</a> were present. Initially, only a layer of debris was visible. This was cleared in the next day, and a partially broken marble slab with a Crusader-style cross carved was revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the night of 28 October, the original limestone burial bed was shown to be intact. The tomb was resealed shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mortar from just above the burial bed was later dated to the mid-fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_pandemic">2020 pandemic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2020 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 25 March 2020, Israeli health officials ordered the site closed to the public due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Israel" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Israel">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. According to the keeper of the keys, it was the first such closure since 1349, during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clerics continued regular prayers inside the building, and it reopened to visitors two months later, on 24 May.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_(2022)"><span id="Crusader_altar_slab_discovered_.282022.29"></span>Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Crusader altar slab discovered (2022)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During church renovations in 2022, a stone slab covered in modern graffiti was moved from a wall, revealing <a href="/wiki/Cosmatesque" title="Cosmatesque">Cosmatesque</a>-style decoration on one face. According to an <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">IAA</a> archaeologist, the decoration was once inlaid with pieces of glass and fine marble; it indicates that the relic was the front of the church's high altar from the <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader era</a> (c. 1149), which was later used by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> until being damaged in the 1808 fire.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parvis_(courtyard)"><span id="Parvis_.28courtyard.29"></span>Parvis (courtyard)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Parvis (courtyard)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Special:EditPage/Church of the Holy Sepulchre">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/170px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/255px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg/340px-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_by_F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Tourists, pilgrims and locals at one of two access gates to the courtyard; photo by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Bonfils" class="mw-redirect" title="Félix Bonfils">Félix Bonfils</a>, 1870s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/220px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/330px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG/440px-The_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre-Jerusalem.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>The northeast of the courtyard (<a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a>), with the <a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a> under a window, and the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a> (right).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Sepulchre_parvis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Sepulchre parvis">The courtyard</a> facing the entrance to the church is known as the <a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a>. Two streets open into the parvis: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Helena_Road" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Helena Road">St Helena Road</a> (west) and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suq_ed-Dabbagha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Suq ed-Dabbagha">Suq ed-Dabbagha</a> (east). Around the parvis are a few smaller structures. </p><p>South of the parvis, opposite the church: </p> <ul><li>Broken columns—once forming part of an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>—stand opposite the church, at the top of a short descending staircase stretching over the entire breadth of the parvis. In the 13th century, the tops of the columns were removed and sent to Mecca by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarezmids</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Metochion_of_Gethsemane" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Metochion of Gethsemane">Gethsemane Metochion</a>, a small Greek Orthodox monastery (<a href="/wiki/Metochion" title="Metochion">metochion</a>).</li></ul> <p>On the eastern side of the parvis, south to north: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_Michael_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint Michael (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Monastery of St Abraham</a> (Greek Orthodox), next to the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Suq_ed-Dabbagha" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Suq ed-Dabbagha">Suq ed-Dabbagha</a> entrance to the parvis.</li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_John,_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint John, Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Chapel of St John the Evangelist</a> (Armenian Orthodox)<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Saint_Michael_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Saint Michael (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of St Michael</a> and the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Four_Living_Creatures_(Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Four Living Creatures (Jerusalem)">Chapel of the Four Living Creatures</a> (both are disputed between the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopians</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving access to <a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a> (also disputed), a rooftop monastery surrounding the dome of the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of St Helena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>North of the parvis, in front of the church <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> or against it: </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Chapel_of_the_Franks"></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Franks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a> (Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows): a blue-domed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Crusader chapel dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, which once provided exclusive access to <a href="#Calvary">Calvary</a>. The chapel marks the 10th Station of the Cross (the stripping of Jesus's garments).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oratory_of_St._Mary_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt">Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> and chapel, directly beneath the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a>, dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Egypt" title="Mary of Egypt">Mary of Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The tomb (including a <a href="/wiki/Ledgerstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledgerstone">ledgerstone</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ledgerstone_of_Philip_d%27Aubigny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ledgerstone of Philip d'Aubigny (page does not exist)">of Philip d'Aubigny</a> aka <a href="/wiki/Philip_Daubeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Daubeney">Philip Daubeney</a> (died 1236), a knight, tutor, and royal councillor to <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III of England</a> and signer of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>—is placed in front of, and between, the church's two original entrance doors, of which the eastern one is walled up. It is one of the few tombs of crusaders and other Europeans not removed from the Church after the Khwarizmian capture of Jerusalem in 1244. In the 1900s, during a fight between the Greeks and Latins, some monks damaged the tomb by throwing stones from the roof.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A stone marker<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="On photos tjere is just a C13 ledgestone. What stone marker? Unsourced! (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> was placed on his tomb in 1925, sheltered by a wooden trapdoor that hides it from view.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>A <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_chapels_on_Holy_Sepulchre_parvis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek chapels on Holy Sepulchre parvis">group of three chapels</a> borders the parvis on its west side. They originally formed the <a href="/wiki/Baptistery" title="Baptistery">baptistery</a> complex of the Constantinian church. The southernmost chapel was the vestibule, the middle chapel the baptistery, and the north chapel the chamber in which the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrismated</a> the newly baptized before leading them into the rotunda north of this complex. Now they are dedicated as (from south to north) </p> <ul><li>The Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._James_the_Just" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James the Just">St. James the Just</a> (Greek Orthodox),</li> <li>The Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John the Baptist">St. John the Baptist</a> (Greek Orthodox),</li> <li>The Chapel of the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste" title="Forty Martyrs of Sebaste">Forty Martyrs of Sebaste</a> (Greek Orthodox; at the base of the bell tower).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_tower">Bell tower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bell tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados,_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro,_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/170px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/255px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg/340px-Campan%C3%A1rio_dos_Cruzados%2C_Igreja_do_Santo_Sepulcro%2C_Jerusal%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Bell tower left of the entrance</figcaption></figure> <p>The 12th-century Crusader <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Sepulchre_bell_tower" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Sepulchre bell tower">bell tower</a> is just south of the Rotunda, to the left of the entrance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its upper level was lost in a 1545 collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-custodia_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-custodia-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1719, another two storeys were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Façade_and_entrance"><span id="Fa.C3.A7ade_and_entrance"></span>Façade and entrance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Façade and entrance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_(893).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/170px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/255px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg/340px-East_Jerusalem_Batch_1_%28893%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Entrance door</figcaption></figure> <p>The wooden doors that compose the main entrance are the original, highly carved arched doors.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, only the left-hand entrance is currently accessible, as the right doorway has long since been bricked up. The entrance to the church leads to the south <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transept</a>, through the crusader <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Parvis">parvis</a> of a larger courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is found past a group of streets winding through the outer <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a> by way of a <a href="/wiki/Souq" class="mw-redirect" title="Souq">souq</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>. This narrow way of access to such a large structure has proven to be hazardous at times. For example, when a fire broke out in 1840, dozens of pilgrims were trampled to death.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to their own family lore, the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nusaybah_family" title="Nusaybah family">Nuseibeh family</a> has been responsible for opening the door as an impartial party to the church's denominations already since the seventh century.<sup id="cite_ref-Nus_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nus-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they themselves admit that the documents held by various Christian denominations only mention their role since the 12th century, in the time of Saladin, which is the date more generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Nus_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nus-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harash_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harash-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">retaking Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187</a>, Saladin entrusted the Joudeh family with the key to the church, which is made of iron and 30 centimetres (12 in) long; the Nuseibehs either became or remained its doorkeepers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nus_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nus-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harash_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harash-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The '<a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a>' stands beneath a window on the façade. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Calvary"></span><span class="anchor" id="Golgotha"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvary_(Golgotha)"><span id="Calvary_.28Golgotha.29"></span>Calvary (Golgotha)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Calvary (Golgotha)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgota,_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu,_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/220px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/330px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg/440px-Golgota%2C_chr%C3%A1m_Bo%C5%BE%C3%ADho_hrobu%2C_Jeruzal%C3%A9m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>The Altar of the Crucifixion, where The Rock of Calvary (bottom) is encased in glass</figcaption></figure> <p>Just inside the church entrance is a stairway leading up to Calvary (Golgotha), traditionally regarded as the site of Jesus's crucifixion<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the most lavishly decorated part of the church. The exit is via another stairway opposite the first, leading down to the <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a>. Golgotha and its chapels are just south of the main altar of the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>. </p><p>Calvary is split into two chapels: one Greek Orthodox and one Catholic, each with its own altar. On the left (north) side, the Greek Orthodox chapel's altar is placed over the supposed rock of Calvary (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Twelfth_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Twelfth Station">12th Station</a> of the Cross), which can be touched through a hole in the floor beneath the altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rock can be seen under protective glass on both sides of the altar. The softer surrounding stone was removed when the church was built.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman Catholic (Franciscan) Chapel of the Nailing of the Cross (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eleventh_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Eleventh Station">11th Station</a> of the Cross) stretches to the south. Between the Catholic Altar of the Nailing to the Cross and the Orthodox altar is the Catholic Altar of the <a href="/wiki/Stabat_Mater" title="Stabat Mater">Stabat Mater</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has a statue of Mary with an 18th-century bust; this middle altar marks the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thirteenth_Station" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thirteenth Station">13th Station</a> of the Cross.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Chapel_of_Adam"></span> On the ground floor, just underneath the Golgotha chapel, is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adam%27s_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adam's Chapel">Chapel of Adam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, Jesus was crucified over the place where Adam's skull was buried.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some, the blood of Christ ran down the cross and through the rocks to fill Adam's skull.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through a window at the back of the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Apse" title="Apse">apse</a>, the rock of Calvary can be seen with a crack traditionally held to be caused by the earthquake that followed Jesus's death;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some scholars claim it is the result of quarrying against a natural flaw in the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Patriarchate_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patriarchate-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Behind the Chapel of Adam is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_Treasury_(Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek Treasury (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)">Greek Treasury</a> (Treasury of the Greek Patriarch). Some of its relics, such as a 12th-century crystal <a href="/wiki/Mitre" title="Mitre">mitre</a>, were transferred to the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Museum (the Patriarchal Museum) on <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_Street" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Street">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate Street</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK2016104_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK2016104-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_of_Anointing">Stone of Anointing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Stone of Anointing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosaic_of_the_Unction_(2666976195).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/220px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/330px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg/440px-Mosaic_of_the_Unction_%282666976195%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic depiction of Christ's body being prepared after his death, opposite the Stone of Anointing</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/170px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/255px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG/340px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_12.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="3491" /></a><figcaption>The Stone of Anointing, where Jesus's body is said to have been anointed before burial</figcaption></figure> <p>Just inside the entrance to the church is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stone_of_Anointing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stone of Anointing">Stone of Anointing</a> (also Stone of the Anointing or Stone of Unction), which tradition holds to be where Jesus's body was prepared for burial by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, though this tradition is only attested since the crusader era (notably by the Italian <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Riccoldo_da_Monte_di_Croce" title="Riccoldo da Monte di Croce">Riccoldo da Monte di Croce</a> in 1288), and the present stone was only added in the 1810 reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy56_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy56-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall behind the stone is defined by its striking blue balconies and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taphos_symbol" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taphos symbol">taphos symbol</a>-bearing red banners (depicting the insignia of the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre">Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a>), and is decorated with lamps. <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosaic_at_the_Stone_of_Anointing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosaic at the Stone of Anointing">The modern mosaic</a> along the wall depicts the anointing of Jesus's body, preceded on the right by the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">Descent from the Cross</a>, and succeeded on the left by the <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial of Jesus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wall was a temporary addition to support the arch above it, which had been weakened after the damage in the 1808 fire; it blocks the view of the rotunda, separates the entrance from the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>, sits on top of four of the now empty and desecrated <a href="#Royal_tombs">Crusader graves</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle39_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle39-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is no longer structurally necessary. Opinions differ as to whether it is to be seen as <a href="/wiki/Stations_of_the_Cross" title="Stations of the Cross">the 13th Station of the Cross</a>, which others identify as the <a href="/wiki/Descent_from_the_Cross" title="Descent from the Cross">lowering of Jesus from the cross</a> and located between the 11th and 12th stations on <a href="#Calvary">Calvary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lamps that hang over the Stone of Unction, adorned with cross-bearing chain links, are contributed by Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a>, Greeks and <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Latins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_97-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immediately inside and to the left of the entrance is <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Divan_(Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Divan (Church of the Holy Sepulchre)">a bench</a> (formerly a <a href="/wiki/Divan_(furniture)" title="Divan (furniture)">divan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that has traditionally been used by the church's Muslim doorkeepers, along with some Christian clergy, as well as electrical wiring. To the right of the entrance is a wall along the <a href="#Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> containing the staircase leading to <a href="#Golgotha">Golgotha</a>. Further along the same wall is the entrance to the <a href="#Chapel_of_Adam">Chapel of Adam</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotunda_and_Aedicule">Rotunda and Aedicule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rotunda and Aedicule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rotunda"></span><span class="anchor" id="Aedicule"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer,_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rotunda interior painted by Luigi Mayer, before 1804"><img alt="Rotunda interior painted by Luigi Mayer, before 1804" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/180px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/270px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg/360px-Illustration_from_Views_in_the_Ottoman_Dominions_by_Luigi_Mayer%2C_digitally_enhanced_by_rawpixel-com_64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Rotunda interior painted by <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Mayer" title="Luigi Mayer">Luigi Mayer</a>, before 1804</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after David Roberts"><img alt="1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after David Roberts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/118px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/177px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg/236px-Shrine_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_April_10th_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="1278" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1842 lithograph of the Aedicule built after the 1808 fire, after <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus"><img alt="The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/180px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/270px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg/360px-Tomb_of_Jesus3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Aedicule containing the traditional burial of Jesus</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right"><img alt="The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/180px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/270px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg/360px-Aedicule_which_supposedly_encloses_the_tomb_of_Jesus-LR1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Aedicule with the Coptic chapel to the left with golden roof; main entrance to the right</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims"><img alt="Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/120px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/180px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg/240px-Holy_Land_2016_P0943_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Aedicule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade of the Aedicule with pilgrims</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christusgrab,_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration"><img alt="Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/180px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/270px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg/360px-Christusgrab%2C_Grabeskirche_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of Aedicule with temporary supports, prior to the 2016 restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule"><img alt="The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/180px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/270px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG/360px-Oculus_light_in_dome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Dome of the Anastasis above the aedicule</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula"><img alt="Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/180px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/270px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg/360px-5249-20080122-jerusalem-angel-stone-holy-sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="1166" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Angel's Stone in the first chamber inside the aedicula</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)"><img alt="The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/135px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/202px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg/270px-5267-20080122-jerusalem-tomb-of-jesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1555" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Tomb of Jesus (raised platform to the right, interior the second chamber inside the aedicula)</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rotunda_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_(Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rotunda of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (Jerusalem)">rotunda</a> is the building of the larger dome located on the far west side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the centre of the rotunda is a small chapel called the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aedicule_(Holy_Sepulchre)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aedicule (Holy Sepulchre)">Aedicule</a> in English, from the Latin <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aedicula#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:aedicula">aedicula</a></i>, in reference to a small shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aedicule has two rooms: the first holds a relic called the Angel's Stone, which is believed to be a fragment of the large stone that sealed the tomb; the second, smaller room contains the tomb of Jesus. Possibly to prevent pilgrims from removing bits of the original rock as souvenirs, by 1555, a surface of marble cladding was placed on the tomb to prevent further damage to the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2016, the top slab was pulled back to reveal an older, partially broken marble slab with a Crusader-style cross carved in it. Beneath it, the limestone burial bed was revealed to be intact.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="#Status_Quo">Status Quo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</a> Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Holy Mass</a> there daily. It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Saturday" title="Holy Saturday">Holy Saturday</a> ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a> led by the Greek Orthodox patriarch (with the participation of the Coptic and Armenian patriarchs).<sup id="cite_ref-holyfire_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holyfire-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To its rear, in the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coptic_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Coptic Chapel">Coptic Chapel</a>, constructed of iron <a href="/wiki/Latticework" title="Latticework">latticework</a>, lies the altar used by the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Like the other link to archived versions of website choftheholysepulchre.com, this "archived" link leads nowhere. See talk-page. (August 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox">Georgians</a> also retained the key to the Aedicule.<sup id="cite_ref-Janin_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janin-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Desandoli_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desandoli-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the right of the sepulchre on the northwestern edge of the rotunda is the <a href="#Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule">Chapel of the Apparition</a>, which is reserved for Roman Catholic use.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though not within the Church of the Holy Sepulchre compound, directly adjacent to it is the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a>, marking a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> presence at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Kroll2024_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kroll2024-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicon">Catholicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Catholicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/170px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/255px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg/340px-Greek_Orthodox_Catholicon_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre%2C_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>East end of the Greek Orthodox <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:catholicon" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:catholicon">catholicon</a>, with <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:iconostasis_of_the_catholicon_of_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:iconostasis of the catholicon of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">its iconostasis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the central <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> of the Crusader-era church, just east of the larger rotunda,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the Crusader structure housing the main altar of the Church, today the Greek Orthodox <i><a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">catholicon</a></i>. Its dome is 19.8 metres (65 ft) in diameter,<sup id="cite_ref-cruise_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cruise-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is set directly over the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)" title="Crossing (architecture)">transept crossing</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir</a> where the <i>compas</i> is situated, an <a href="/wiki/Omphalos" title="Omphalos">omphalos</a> ("navel") stone once thought to be the center of the world and still venerated as such by Orthodox Christians (associated with the site of the Crucifixion and the Resurrection). </p><p>Since 1996 this dome is topped by the monumental Golgotha Crucifix, which the Greek Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Diodoros_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Diodoros I">Diodoros I</a> of Jerusalem consecrated. It was at the initiative of Israeli professor Gustav Kühnel to erect a new crucifix at the church that would not only be worthy of the singularity of the site, but that would also become a symbol of the efforts of unity in the community of Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-hammers_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hammers-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The catholicon's <a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">iconostasis</a> demarcates the Orthodox sanctuary behind it, to its east.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The iconostasis is flanked to the front by two episcopal thrones: the southern seat (<a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a>) is the patriarchal throne of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_patriarch_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox patriarch of Jerusalem</a>, and the northern seat is for an archbishop or bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wright_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (There is also a popular claim that both are patriarchal thrones, with the northern one being for the <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – which has been described as a misstatement, however.)<sup id="cite_ref-Dowling_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowling-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1275594942"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Christ Pantocrator mosaic inside the catholicon dome"><img alt="The Christ Pantocrator mosaic inside the catholicon dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/180px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/270px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG/360px-Jerusalem_Holy_Sepulchre_BW_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2591" data-file-height="2590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a> mosaic inside the catholicon dome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross over the catholicon"><img alt="Cross over the catholicon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/180px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/270px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg/360px-Golgotha_Crucifix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross over the catholicon</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian_monastery_south_of_the_Aedicule">Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Armenian monastery south of the Aedicule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South of the <a href="#Aedicule">Aedicule</a> is the "Place of the Three Marys",<sup id="cite_ref-madainthreemary_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-madainthreemary-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marked by a stone canopy (the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Station_of_the_Holy_Women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Station of the Holy Women">Station of the Holy Women</a>) and a large modern <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mosaic_at_the_Station_of_the_Holy_Women" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mosaic at the Station of the Holy Women">wall mosaic</a>. From here one can enter the Armenian monastery, which stretches over the ground and first upper floor of the church's southeastern part. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syriac_Chapel_with_Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea">Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Syriac Chapel with Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/170px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/255px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg/340px-Tomb_of_Joseph_of_Arimathea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption>Altar in the Syriac chapel</figcaption></figure> <p>West of the Aedicule, to the rear of the Rotunda, is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Syrians_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Syrians (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Syriac Chapel</a> with the Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea, located in a Constantinian apse and containing an opening to an ancient Jewish rock-cut tomb. This chapel is where the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> celebrate their Liturgy on Sundays. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> Chapel of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph_of_Arimathea" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Joseph of Arimathea">Saint Joseph of Arimathea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicodemus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nicodemus">Saint Nicodemus</a>. On Sundays and feast days it is furnished for the celebration of Mass. It is accessed from the Rotunda, by a door west of the Aedicule. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First-century_tomb">First-century tomb</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: First-century tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the far side of the chapel is the low entrance to an almost complete first-century Jewish tomb, initially holding six <i><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tomb#Kokh" title="Rock-cut tomb">kokh</a></i>-type funeral shafts radiating from a central chamber, two of which are still exposed. Although this space was discovered relatively recently and contains no identifying marks, some believe that Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus were buried here.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Jews always buried their dead outside the city, the presence of this tomb seems to prove that the Holy Sepulchre site was outside the city walls at the time of the crucifixion.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franciscan_area_north_of_the_Aedicule">Franciscan area north of the Aedicule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Franciscan area north of the Aedicule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/220px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/330px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg/440px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_Altar_of_Mary_Magdalene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chapel of Saint Mary Magdalene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother,_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/255px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/340px-Chapel_of_the_Apparition_of_Jesus_to_his_Mother%2C_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chapel of the Apparition</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The Franciscan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_Mary_Magdalene_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of Mary Magdalene (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of St. Mary Magdalene</a> – The chapel, an open area, indicates the place where <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a> met Jesus after his resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Franciscan <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franciscan_Chapel_of_the_Apparition_(Holy_Sepulchre,_Jerusalem)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Franciscan Chapel of the Apparition (Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem)">Chapel of the Apparition</a> (Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament), directly north of the above – in memory of Jesus's meeting with his mother after the Resurrection, a non-scriptural tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-fran_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fran-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-See_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here stands a piece of an ancient column, allegedly part of the one Jesus was tied to during his <a href="/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ" title="Flagellation of Christ">scourging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-See_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-See-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arches_of_the_Virgin">Arches of the Virgin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Arches of the Virgin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arches_of_the_Virgin,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/220px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/330px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/440px-Arches_of_the_Virgin%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Arches of the Virgin</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Arches_of_the_Virgin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Arches of the Virgin">Arches of the Virgin</a> are seven arches (an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_(architecture)" title="Arcade (architecture)">arcade</a>) at the northern end of the north transept, which is to the <a href="#Catholicon">catholicon</a>'s north.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Disputed by the Orthodox and the Latin, the area is used to store ladders.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the years the Greek-Orthodox patriarchate placed several icons along the arcade. Dating mostly to the 19th century and designed in Orthodox Post-Byzantine style, they were restored in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_of_Christ">Prison of Christ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Prison of Christ"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_(4260945657).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/170px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/255px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg/340px-Jerusalem_-_The_Old_City_-_155_%284260945657%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2605" data-file-height="3908" /></a><figcaption>Prison of Christ before renovation</figcaption></figure> <p>In the northeast side of the complex, there is the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Prison_of_Christ_in_the_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Prison of Christ in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Prison of Christ</a>, alleged to be where Jesus was held.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> are showing pilgrims yet another place where Jesus was allegedly held, the similarly named Prison of Christ in their <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastery_of_the_Praetorium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monastery of the Praetorium (page does not exist)">Monastery of the Praetorium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Monastery_of_the_Praetorium" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Monastery of the Praetorium">C</a>]</span>, located near the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sisters_of_Zion" title="Convent of the Sisters of Zion">Church of Ecce Homo</a>, between the Second and Third Stations of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>. The Armenians regard a recess in the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Flagellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of the Flagellation">Monastery of the Flagellation</a> at the Second Station of the Via Dolorosa as the Prison of Christ. A cistern among the ruins beneath the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Peter_in_Gallicantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu">Church of St. Peter in Gallicantu</a> on Mount Zion is also alleged to have been the Prison of Christ. To reconcile the traditions, some allege that Jesus was held in the Mount Zion cell in connection with his trial by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a>, at the Praetorium in connection with his trial by the Roman governor Pilate, and near the Golgotha before crucifixion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ambulatory">Ambulatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Ambulatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment,_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/170px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/255px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg/340px-DSC08567_The_Chapel_of_the_Parting_of_the_Raiment%2C_in_the_Church_of_Holy_Sepulchre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Chapel of the Parting of the Raiment, in the Church of Holy Sepulchre</figcaption></figure> <p>The chapels in the <a href="/wiki/Ambulatory" title="Ambulatory">ambulatory</a> are, from north to south: the Greek <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_St._Longinus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of St. Longinus">Chapel of Saint Longinus</a> (named after <a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a>), the Armenian <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Division_of_the_Raiment" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Division of the Raiment">Chapel of the Division of Robes</a>, the entrance to the Chapel of Saint Helena, and the Greek <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chapel_of_the_Derision" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chapel of the Derision">Chapel of the Derision</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_Saint_Helena">Chapel of Saint Helena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Chapel of Saint Helena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/220px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/330px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg/440px-Jerusalem-Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher-The_Chapel_of_St._Helen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Chapel of Saint Helena – between the Chapel of the Division of Robes and the Greek Chapel of the Derision are stairs descending to the Chapel of Saint Helena.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenians, who own it, call it the Chapel of St. Gregory the Illuminator,<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">the saint who brought Christianity to the Armenians</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_Saint_Vartan">Chapel of Saint Vartan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chapel of Saint Vartan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Mamikonian" title="Vardan Mamikonian">Vardan Mamikonian</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/170px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/255px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg/340px-Old_Jerusalem_Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre_St._Vartan_Chapel_closed_door.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>St. Vartan Chapel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Vartan_Chapel" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:St. Vartan Chapel">Chapel of St Vartan</a> (or Vardan) Mamikonian – on the north side of the Chapel of Saint Helena is an ornate <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> door, beyond which a raised artificial platform affords views of the <a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">quarry</a>, and which leads to the Chapel of <a href="/wiki/St._Vartan" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vartan">Saint Vartan</a>. The latter chapel contains archaeological remains from Hadrian's temple and Constantine's basilica. These areas are open only on request.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapel_of_the_Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross,_2019_(01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/170px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/255px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg/340px-Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross%2C_2019_%2801%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Grotto of the Holy Cross</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grotto_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grotto of the Holy Cross">Chapel of the Invention of the Cross</a> (named for the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_Holy_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Invention of the Holy Cross">Invention (Finding) of the Holy Cross</a>) – another set of 22 stairs from the Chapel of Saint Helena leads down to the Roman Catholic Chapel of the Invention of the Holy Cross, believed to be the place where the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> was found.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_Quo">Status Quo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Status Quo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_decrees">Ottoman decrees</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ottoman decrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Echelle_inamovible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/220px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/330px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Echelle_inamovible.jpg/440px-Echelle_inamovible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2418" /></a><figcaption>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Immovable_Ladder" title="Immovable Ladder">Immovable Ladder</a> placed before 1757 remains in place to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>An Ottoman decree of 1757 helped establish a <i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo" title="Status quo">status quo</a></i> upholding the state of affairs for various Holy Land sites. The <i>status quo</i> was upheld in Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Abdülmecid I</a>'s <i>firman</i> (decree) of 1852/53, which pinned down the now-permanent statutes of property and the regulations concerning the roles of the different denominations and other custodians.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary custodians are the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic</a> churches. The Greek Orthodox act through the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</a> as well as through the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre">Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a>. Roman Catholics act through the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a> also acquired lesser responsibilities, which include shrines and other structures in and around the building. </p><p>None of these controls the main entrance. In 1192, <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a> assigned door-keeping responsibilities to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Nusaybah_family" title="Nusaybah family">Nusaybah family</a>. The wooden doors that compose the main entrance are the original, highly carved doors.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Joudeh al-Goudia (al-Ghodayya) family were entrusted as custodian to the keys of the Holy Sepulchre by Saladin in 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherwood_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherwood-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite occasional disagreements, religious services take place in the Church with regularity and coexistence is generally peaceful. An example of concord between the Church custodians is the full restoration of the Aedicule from 2016 to 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdenominational_issues">Interdenominational issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Interdenominational issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The establishment of the modern Status Quo in 1853 did not halt controversy and occasional violence. In 1902, 18 friars were hospitalized and some monks were jailed after the Franciscans and Greeks disagreed over who could clean the lowest step of the <a href="#Chapel_of_the_Franks">Chapel of the Franks</a>. In the aftermath, the Greek patriarch, Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">custos</a>, Ottoman governor and French <a href="/wiki/Consul_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Consul general">consul general</a> signed a convention that both denominations could sweep it.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a hot summer day in 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Coptic_monasticism" title="Coptic monasticism">Coptic monk</a> moved his chair from its agreed spot into the shade. This was interpreted as a hostile move by the Ethiopians and eleven were hospitalized after the resulting fight.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another incident in 2004, during Orthodox celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Holy Cross</a>, a door to the Franciscan chapel was left open. This was taken as a sign of disrespect by the Orthodox and a fistfight broke out. Some people were arrested, but no one was seriously injured.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, in April 2008, a brawl broke out when a Greek monk was ejected from the building by a rival faction. Police were called to the scene but were also attacked by the enraged brawlers.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Sunday, 9 November 2008, a clash erupted between Armenian and Greek monks during celebrations for the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Feast of the Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_with_Israeli_authorities">Issues with Israeli authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Issues with Israeli authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_and_land_disputes">Tax and land disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Tax and land disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2018, the church was closed following a tax dispute over 152 million euros of uncollected taxes on church properties. The city hall stressed that the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and all other churches are exempt from the taxes, with the changes only affecting establishments like "hotels, halls and businesses" owned by the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-i24_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i24-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a lock-in protest against an Israeli legislative proposal which would expropriate church lands that had been sold to private companies since 2010, a measure which church leaders assert constitutes a serious violation of their property rights and the Status Quo. In a joint official statement the church authorities protested what they considered to be the peak of a systematic campaign in: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>a discriminatory and racist bill that targets solely the properties of the Christian community in the Holy Land ... This reminds us all of laws of a similar nature which were enacted against the Jews during dark periods in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 2018 taxation affair does not cover any church buildings or religious related facilities (because they are exempt by law),<sup id="cite_ref-Notredame_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notredame-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but commercial facilities such as the Notre Dame Hotel which was not paying the <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)#Israel" title="Rates (tax)">municipal property tax</a>, and any land which is owned and used as a commercial land.<sup id="cite_ref-Notredame_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notredame-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church holds the rights to land where private homes have been constructed, and some of the disagreement had been raised after the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> had proposed a bill that will make it harder for a private company not to extend a lease for land used by homeowners.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost2_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church leaders have said that such a bill will make it harder for them to sell church-owned lands. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The stated aim of the bill is to protect homeowners against the possibility that private companies will not extend their leases of land on which their houses or apartments stand.<sup id="cite_ref-jpost2_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpost2-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_sale_to_Israeli_settlers">Land sale to Israeli settlers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Land sale to Israeli settlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> reported that the Greek Orthodox Church owns many properties across Jerusalem, Israel and the West Bank. It owns some 30% of the land in the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a>. But, due to property sales, these properties are diminishing every year. The decision to sell is made by Greek leaders, even though most local followers of the church are Arab Palestinians. The Palestinian Christians have raised concerns about selling these properties to Israeli settler-affiliated organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2019, a number of Christian denominations in Jerusalem raised their voice against the Supreme Court's decision to uphold the sale of three properties by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ateret_Cohanim" title="Ateret Cohanim">Ateret Cohanim</a> – an organization that seeks to increase the number of Jews living in the Old City and East Jerusalem. The church leaders warned that if the organization gets to control the sites, Christians could lose access to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2022, the Supreme Court upheld the sale and ended the legal battle.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connection_to_Roman_temple">Connection to Roman temple</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Connection to Roman temple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Jerusalem.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG/170px-Roman_Jerusalem.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG/255px-Roman_Jerusalem.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Roman_Jerusalem.PNG 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption>Jerusalem after being rebuilt by Hadrian. Two main <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_(Roman_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus (Roman city)">east–west roads</a> were built rather than the typical one, due to the awkward location of the Temple Mount, blocking the central east–west route.</figcaption></figure> <p>The site of the church had been a temple to Jupiter or Venus built by Hadrian before Constantine's edifice was built. Hadrian's temple had been located there because it was the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Cardo" title="Cardo">main north–south road</a> with one of the two <a href="/wiki/Decumanus_Maximus" class="mw-redirect" title="Decumanus Maximus">main east–west roads</a> and directly adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Forum_(Roman)" title="Forum (Roman)">forum</a> (now the location of the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>, which is smaller than the former forum). The forum itself had been placed, as is traditional in Roman towns, at the junction of the main north–south road with the other main east–west road (which is now El-Bazar/David Street). The temple and forum together took up the entire space between the two main east–west roads (a few above-ground remains of the east end of the temple precinct still survive in the Alexander Nevsky Church complex of the <i>Russian Mission in Exile</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the archaeological excavations in the 1970s, it is clear that construction took over most of the site of the earlier temple enclosure and that the <i>Triportico</i> and <i>Rotunda</i> roughly overlapped with the temple building itself; the excavations indicate that the temple extended at least as far back as the Aedicule, and the temple enclosure would have reached back slightly further. <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Canio_Corbo" title="Virgilio Canio Corbo">Virgilio Canio Corbo</a>, a Franciscan priest and archaeologist, who was present at the excavations, estimated from the archaeological evidence that the western retaining wall of the temple itself would have passed extremely close to the east side of the supposed tomb; if the wall had been any further west any tomb would have been crushed under the weight of the wall (which would be immediately above it) if it had not already been destroyed when foundations for the wall were made.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbo_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other archaeologists have criticized Corbo's reconstructions. <a href="/wiki/Dan_Bahat" title="Dan Bahat">Dan Bahat</a>, the former city archaeologist of Jerusalem, regards them as unsatisfactory, as there is no known temple of <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> (Venus) matching Corbo's design, and no archaeological evidence for Corbo's suggestion that the temple building was on a platform raised high enough to avoid including anything sited where the Aedicule is now; indeed Bahat notes that many temples to Aphrodite have a rotunda-like design, and argues that there is no archaeological reason to assume that the present rotunda was not based on a rotunda in the temple previously on the site.<sup id="cite_ref-BahatBAR_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BahatBAR-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/220px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/330px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg/440px-The_Holy_Sepulchre_by_Louis_Haghe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>1842 lithograph after <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Land,_Syria,_Idumea,_Arabia,_Egypt,_and_Nubia" title="The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia">The Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The New Testament describes Jesus's tomb as being outside the city wall,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was normal for burials across the ancient world, which were regarded as unclean.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the site of the Church is within the current walls of the old city of Jerusalem. It has been well documented by archaeologists that in the time of Jesus, the walled city was smaller and the wall then was to the east of the current site of the Church.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In other words, the city had been much narrower in Jesus's time, with the site then having been outside the walls; since <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a> (41–44) is recorded by history as extending the city to the north (beyond the present northern walls), the required repositioning of the western wall is traditionally attributed to him as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The area immediately to the south and east of the sepulchre was a quarry and outside the city during the early first century as excavations under the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer across the street demonstrated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The church is a part of the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City of Jerusalem</a>. </p><p>The Christian Quarter and the (also Christian) <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian Quarter</a> of the Old City of Jerusalem are both located in the northwestern and western part of the Old City, due to the fact that the Holy Sepulchre is located close to the northwestern corner of the walled city. The adjacent neighbourhood within the Christian Quarter is called the <a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a>, a term derived from the Persian word for hospital – Christian pilgrim hospices have been maintained in this area near the Holy Sepulchre since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the ninth century onward, the construction of churches inspired by the Anastasis was extended across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-SantoStefano_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantoStefano-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example is <a href="/wiki/Santo_Stefano_(Bologna)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santo Stefano (Bologna)">Santo Stefano</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, Italy, an agglomeration of seven churches recreating shrines of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several churches and monasteries in Europe, for instance, in Germany and Russia, and at least one church in the United States have been wholly or partially modelled on the Church of the Resurrection, some even reproducing other <a href="/wiki/Holy_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy places">holy places</a> for the benefit of pilgrims who could not travel to the Holy Land. They include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiliges_Grab_(G%C3%B6rlitz)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiliges Grab (Görlitz) (page does not exist)">Heiliges Grab</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliges_Grab_(G%C3%B6rlitz)" class="extiw" title="de:Heiliges Grab (Görlitz)">de</a>]</span> ("Holy Tomb") of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6rlitz" title="Görlitz">Görlitz</a>, constructed between 1481 and 1504, the <a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Monastery" title="New Jerusalem Monastery">New Jerusalem Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Oblast" title="Moscow Oblast">Moscow Oblast</a>, constructed by <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Nikon" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Nikon">Patriarch Nikon</a> between 1656 and 1666, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Sepulchre_Franciscan_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery">Mount St. Sepulchre Franciscan Monastery</a> built by the Franciscans in Washington, DC in 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author Andrew Holt writes that the church is the most important in all <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burial_places_of_founders_of_world_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial places of founders of world religions">Burial places of founders of world religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre">Canons Regular of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Co%C3%BCasnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Coüasnon (page does not exist)">Charles Coüasnon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Co%C3%BCasnon" class="extiw" title="pl:Charles Coüasnon">pl</a>]</span>, head of the 1961–1977 excavations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christian_art_and_architecture" title="Early Christian art and architecture">Early Christian art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre">Fathers of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_Tomb" title="The Garden Tomb">The Garden Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes" title="History of Roman and Byzantine domes">History of Roman and Byzantine domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes">History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_church_buildings" title="List of oldest church buildings">List of oldest church buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monza_ampullae" title="Monza ampullae">Monza ampullae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Palestinian Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_tombs_in_ancient_Israel" title="Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel">Rock-cut tombs in ancient Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talpiot_Tomb" title="Talpiot Tomb">Talpiot Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ναός του Παναγίου Τάφου</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Naós tou Panagíou Táfou</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Ecclesia Sancti Sepulchri</i>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Հարության տաճար</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Surb Harutʿyan tačar</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Amharic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Amharic language">Amharic</a>: <span lang="am">የቅዱስ መቃብር ቤተክርስቲያን</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Amharic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Amharic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Yäḳdus Mäḳabr betä-krəstiyan</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כנסיית הקבר</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">K'nesiyát ha-Kéver</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#-re,_-er" title="American and British English spelling differences">spelling differences</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ναὸς τῆς Ἀναστάσεως</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Naos tes Anastaseos</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كَنِيسَةُ ٱلْقِيَامَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kanīsatu al-Qiyāmah</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">Սուրբ Յարութեան տաճար</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Surb Harut'yan tač̣ar</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some Christian scholars have argued that this may have already been a site of veneration for the tomb of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Joan E. Taylor</a> posits that the tomb's location could have been preserved by the local <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> of Jesus's followers.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This shrine would have to be replaced over the subsequent centuries, most recently in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The Church of the Holy Sepulchre is known among the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> believers as the Church of the Resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Every year, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> celebrates the anniversary of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dedication_of_the_Temple_of_the_Resurrection_of_Christ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ (page does not exist)">Dedication of the Temple of the Resurrection of Christ</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Обновление храма Воскресения Христова в Иерусалиме">ru</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-commemoration_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commemoration-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9mar_de_Chabannes" title="Adémar de Chabannes">Adémar de Chabannes</a> recorded that the church of Saint George at <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lydda</a> "with many other churches of the saints" had been attacked, and the "basilica of the Lord's Sepulchre destroyed down to the ground". The Christian writer <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sa%27id" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya ibn Sa'id">Yahya ibn Sa'id</a> reported that everything was razed "except those parts which were impossible to destroy or would have been too difficult to carry away". <a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ladder-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ladder_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ladder_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The need for total agreement for even minor changes is exemplified in the '<a href="/wiki/Immovable_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Immovable ladder">immovable ladder</a>' under one of the church's windows; it has remained in the same position since at least 1757, aside from two occasions of temporary removal.<sup id="cite_ref-frozen_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frozen-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">One of the two chapels within the shrine, a pilaster incorporates a piece of the stone said to have been rolled away from the tomb; it functions as a Greek Orthodox altar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to archaeologist Fredrik Hiebert, this does not resemble an archaeological excavation, but "a well-built tunnel".<sup id="cite_ref-secret_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word is <span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Kouvouklion</i></span> in Greek (<span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Kουβούκλιον</span></span>, modern Greek for "small compartment".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2013:12&version=nrsv">Hebrews 13:12</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">"Complete compendium of Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210429010349/https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Complete+compendium+of+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchurch_of_the_holy_sepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcmahon-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcmahon_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McMahon, Arthur L. (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07425a.htm">"Holy Sepulchre"</a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Holy+Sepulchre&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Arthur+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F07425a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sacred_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacred_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacred_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903004043/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Sacred-destinations.com</i>. Jerusalem. 21 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm">the original</a> on 3 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sacred-destinations.com&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%2C+Jerusalem&rft.date=2010-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-destinations.com%2Fisrael%2Fjerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2011" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2011). <i>Ancient cities: the archaeology of urban life in the ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome</i> (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-83057-4"><bdi>978-0-203-83057-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+cities%3A+the+archaeology+of+urban+life+in+the+ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pages=424&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-203-83057-4&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy56-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy56_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy56_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy56_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy56_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome</a> (1998). <i>The Holy Land</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 56, 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191528675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191528675"><bdi>978-0191528675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Land&rft.pages=56%2C+59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0191528675&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Conciliation_Commission1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conciliation Commission">United Nations Conciliation Commission</a> (1949). <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu"><i>United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine Working Paper on the Holy Places</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308063848/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission+for+Palestine+Working+Paper+on+the+Holy+Places&rft.date=1949&rft.au=United+Nations+Conciliation+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AUnited_Nations_Conciliation_Commission_for_Palestine_Working_Paper_on_the_Holy_Places.djvu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_George_Archer_Cust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel George Archer Cust">Cust, L. G. A.</a> (1929). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title=""><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Status_Quo_in_the_Holy_Places"><i>The Status Quo in the Holy Places</i> </a></span>. H.M.S.O. for the High Commissioner of the Government of Palestine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=wikisource%3AThe+Status+Quo+in+the+Holy+Places&rft.pub=H.M.S.O.+for+the+High+Commissioner+of+the+Government+of+Palestine&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=L.+G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroll2024-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll2024_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroll2024_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroll2024" class="citation book cs1">Kroll, Woodrow Michael (19 September 2024). <i>The Trials, Crucifixion, and Burial of Jesus of Nazareth: Grasping the Impact of Every Event the Day Jesus Died</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-3852-1504-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-3852-1504-1"><bdi>979-8-3852-1504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trials%2C+Crucifixion%2C+and+Burial+of+Jesus+of+Nazareth%3A+Grasping+the+Impact+of+Every+Event+the+Day+Jesus+Died&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2024-09-19&rft.isbn=979-8-3852-1504-1&rft.aulast=Kroll&rft.aufirst=Woodrow+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman-Grenville1987" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman-Grenville, G. S. P. (1987). "The Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem: History and Future". <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>119</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00140614">10.1017/S0035869X00140614</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25212148">25212148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163764077">163764077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Basilica+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%2C+Jerusalem%3A+History+and+Future&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163764077%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25212148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00140614&rft.aulast=Freeman-Grenville&rft.aufirst=G.+S.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy-O'Connor2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Murphy-O%27Connor" title="Jerome Murphy-O'Connor">Murphy-O'Connor, Jerome</a> (2010). "The Argument for the Holy Sepulchre". <i><a href="/wiki/Revue_Biblique" title="Revue Biblique">Revue Biblique</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Biblique&rft.atitle=The+Argument+for+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Murphy-O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_E._Taylor" title="Joan E. Taylor">Taylor, Joan E.</a> (1998). "Golgotha: A Reconsideration of the Evidence for the Sites of Jesus' Crucifixion and Burial". <i><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_Studies" title="New Testament Studies">New Testament Studies</a></i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0028688500016465">10.1017/S0028688500016465</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170536292">170536292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Testament+Studies&rft.atitle=Golgotha%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+the+Evidence+for+the+Sites+of+Jesus%27+Crucifixion+and+Burial&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0028688500016465&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170536292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllison2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allison" title="Dale Allison">Allison, Dale</a> (2021). <i>The Resurrection of Jesus</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>. p. 142.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Resurrection+of+Jesus&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2017" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Strange, Bob (2017). <i>The Secret of Christ's Tomb</i> (television production). <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+Christ%27s+Tomb&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paul-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-paul_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-paul_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson2010" class="citation book cs1">Stephenson, Paul (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RTsjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206"><i>Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor</i></a>. The Overlook Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-46830-300-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-46830-300-1"><bdi>978-1-46830-300-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230801145932/https://books.google.com/books?id=RTsjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT206">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constantine%3A+Roman+Emperor%2C+Christian+Victor&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=The+Overlook+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-46830-300-1&rft.aulast=Stephenson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRTsjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudd" class="citation web cs1">Rudd, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm">"The Temple in Jerusalem over the threshing floor which is presently under the Al Kas fountain"</a>. <i>Bible.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220520042859/https://www.bible.ca/archeology/bible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible.ca&rft.atitle=The+Temple+in+Jerusalem+over+the+threshing+floor+which+is+presently+under+the+Al+Kas+fountain&rft.aulast=Rudd&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Farcheology%2Fbible-archeology-jerusalem-temple-mount-threshing-floor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Corbo_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbo1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Corbo, Virgilio (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>Il Santo Sepolcro di Gerusalemme</i></a> [<i>The Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem</i>] (in Italian). Franciscan Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112145/https://books.google.com/books?id=wYFtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Santo+Sepolcro+di+Gerusalemme&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Franciscan+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Corbo&rft.aufirst=Virgilio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bible-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bible_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1983" class="citation book cs1">Owen, G. Frederick, ed. (1983) [1964]. <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Chain-Reference_Bible" title="Thompson Chain-Reference Bible"><i>The Thompson Chain-Reference Bible</i></a> (4th improved (updated) ed.). Indianapolis: B.B. Kirkbride Bible Co. p. 323 (appendix).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thompson+Chain-Reference+Bible&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=323+%28appendix%29&rft.edition=4th+improved+%28updated%29&rft.pub=B.B.+Kirkbride+Bible+Co.&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i>: Archæology of the Cross and Crucifix</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100926175751/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm">Archived</a> 26 September 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Following an inspiration from on high, Macarius caused the three crosses to be carried, one after the other, to the bedside of a worthy woman who was at the point of death. The touch of the other two was of no avail; but on touching that upon which Christ had died the woman got suddenly well again. From a letter of St. Paulinus to Severus inserted in the Breviary of Paris it would appear that St. Helena herself had sought by means of a miracle to discover which was the True Cross and that she caused a man already dead and buried to be carried to the spot, whereupon, by contact with the third cross, he came to life. From yet another tradition, related by <a href="/wiki/St._Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Ambrose">St. Ambrose</a> following Rufinus, it would seem that the <i><a href="/wiki/Titulus_Crucis" title="Titulus Crucis">titulus</a></i>, or inscription, had remained fastened to the Cross."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constantine-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constantine_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html"><i>NPNF2-01. Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine</i></a>. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602095050/https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>Then indeed did this most holy cave present a faithful similitude of his return to life, in that, after lying buried in darkness, it again emerged to light, and afforded to all who came to witness the sight, a clear and visible proof of the wonders of which that spot had once been the scene, a testimony to the resurrection of the Saviour clearer than any voice could give.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NPNF2-01.+Eusebius+Pamphilius%3A+Church+History%2C+Life+of+Constantine%2C+Oration+in+Praise+of+Constantine&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf201.iv.vi.iii.xxviii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenner1996" class="citation journal cs1">Renner, Gerald (14 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html">"Is it the Tomb of Christ? A Search for Evidence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hartford_Courant" title="Hartford Courant">Hartford Courant</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129143607/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartford+Courant&rft.atitle=Is+it+the+Tomb+of+Christ%3F+A+Search+for+Evidence&rft.date=1996-12-14&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.courant.com%2Fnews%2Fconnecticut%2Fhc-xpm-1996-12-14-9612140058-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-socrates-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-socrates_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocratesc._439" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates</a> (c. 439). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html"><i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i></a>. Revised and notes by A.C. Zenos, DD. Christian Classics Ethereal Library. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225122102/http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf202.toc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Ecclesiastica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.au=Socrates&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf202.toc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stolzenburg, Xenia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8099462/The_holy_place_as_formula._Floor_plans_in_Adomnans_De_locis_sanctis_to_specify_the_description_of_pilgrimage_sites_in_the_Holy_Land">The holy place as formula. Floor plans in Adomnan's De locis sanctis to specify the description of pilgrimage sites in the Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110174458/https://www.academia.edu/8099462/The_holy_place_as_formula._Floor_plans_in_Adomnans_De_locis_sanctis_to_specify_the_description_of_pilgrimage_sites_in_the_Holy_Land">Archived</a> 10 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in: Wolfram R. Keller & Dagmar Schlueter (Ed.) 'A fantastic and abstruse Latinity'? Hiberno-Continental Cultural and Literary Interactions in the Middle Ages, Studien und Texte zur Keltologie (Münster: Nodus Publikationen), p. 66. "...there is not a single publication on the Holy Sepulchre or on holy burial sites that fails to include the floor plan by Adomnan, which consequently has become the topos of early depictions of Holy Sepulchre."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201699-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201699_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_28-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Romey, Kristin (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427064813/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/jesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre">"Unsealing of Christ's Reputed Tomb Turns Up New Revelations"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/jesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre">the original</a> on 27 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Unsealing+of+Christ%27s+Reputed+Tomb+Turns+Up+New+Revelations&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fculture%2Farticle%2Fjesus-christ-tomb-burial-church-holy-sepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._MacDonald" title="William L. MacDonald">MacDonald, William L.</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlychristianby00macd/page/20/mode/2up"><i>Early Christian & Byzantine Architecture</i></a></span>. New York: G. Braziller. p. 20 – via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+%26+Byzantine+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=G.+Braziller&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlychristianby00macd%2Fpage%2F20%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-basilica-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-basilica_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The "<a href="/wiki/Pilgrim_of_Bordeaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilgrim of Bordeaux">Pilgrim of Bordeaux</a>" reports in 333: "There, at present, by the command of the Emperor Constantine, has been built a basilica, that is to say, a church of wondrous beauty". <i><a href="/wiki/Itinerarium_Burdigalense" title="Itinerarium Burdigalense">Itinerarium Burdigalense</a></i>, p. 594</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWharton1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annabel_J._Wharton" title="Annabel J. Wharton">Wharton, Annabel Jane</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">"The Baptistery of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem and the Politics of Sacred Landscape"</a>. <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">313–</span>325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291664">10.2307/1291664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">1291664</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011100109/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291664">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Baptistery+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher+in+Jerusalem+and+the+Politics+of+Sacred+Landscape&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E313-%3C%2Fspan%3E325&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1291664&rft.aulast=Wharton&rft.aufirst=Annabel+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1291664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commemoration-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commemoration_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102593">"Commemoration of the Founding of the Church of the Resurrection (Holy Sepulchre) at Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125020817/http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102593">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemoration+of+the+Founding+of+the+Church+of+the+Resurrection+%28Holy+Sepulchre%29+at+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Focafs.oca.org%2FFeastSaintsViewer.asp%3FSID%3D4%26ID%3D1%26FSID%3D102593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2019" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Justin L. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42/9781789690569-sample.pdf"><i>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Text and Archaeology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Archaeopress" title="Archaeopress">Archaeopress</a>. p. 4 (note 3). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-056-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-056-9"><bdi>978-1-78969-056-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218104219/https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/DMS/936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42/9781789690569-sample.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>The church was called 'the Resurrection' by many Byzantine writers, and it is this title that was adopted by Christian and Muslim Arab historians from the 10th century onward... Robinson and Smith (1856: 377, n. 1) noted that local Jerusalemites of the 19th century still called the church by its Arabic title <i>Kanisah al-Qiyamah</i>, 'Church of the Resurrection'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Text+and+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=4+%28note+3%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-056-9&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Justin+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeopress.com%2FArchaeopress%2FDMS%2F936FF8A3FFFF4B6EBEF78FE852E68C42%2F9781789690569-sample.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kroesen-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kroesen_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kroesen_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKroesen2000" class="citation book cs1">Kroesen, Justin (2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5O9PqvBjn0C&q=earthquake"><i>The Sepulchrum Domini Through the Ages: Its Form and Function</i></a></span>. Leuven. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042909526" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042909526"><bdi>978-9042909526</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112249/https://books.google.com/books?id=w5O9PqvBjn0C&q=earthquake#v=snippet&q=earthquake&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepulchrum+Domini+Through+the+Ages%3A+Its+Form+and+Function&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Leuven&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-9042909526&rft.aulast=Kroesen&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5O9PqvBjn0C%26q%3Dearthquake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_2005-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2005_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2005">Morris 2005</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBokenkotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Bokenkotter, Thomas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA155"><i>A Concise History of the Catholic Church</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-50584-1"><bdi>0-385-50584-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231212210224/https://books.google.com/books?id=DISK1e7JXA8C&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+the+Catholic+Church&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-385-50584-1&rft.aulast=Bokenkotter&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDISK1e7JXA8C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch2009" class="citation book cs1">MacCulloch, Diarmaid (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC&q=sepulchre"><i>A History of Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i></a>. Penguin Books Ltd. p. 1339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141957951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141957951"><bdi>978-0141957951</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112308/https://books.google.com/books?id=7x4m20TRYzQC&q=sepulchre#v=snippet&q=sepulchre&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+First+Three+Thousand+Years&rft.pages=1339&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0141957951&rft.aulast=MacCulloch&rft.aufirst=Diarmaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7x4m20TRYzQC%26q%3Dsepulchre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lev_1991-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lev_1991_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLev1991" class="citation book cs1">Lev, Yaacov (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211"><i>State and Society in Fatimid Egypt</i></a>. Leiden; New York: E.J. Brill. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09344-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09344-7"><bdi>978-90-04-09344-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112207/https://books.google.com/books?id=I2LwgIL_bpEC&pg=PA211#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Society+in+Fatimid+Egypt&rft.place=Leiden%3B+New+York&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09344-7&rft.aulast=Lev&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2LwgIL_bpEC%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foakes-Jackson-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foakes-Jackson_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoakes-Jackson1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._J._Foakes-Jackson" title="F. J. Foakes-Jackson">Foakes-Jackson, Frederick John</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi00foak/page/148/"><i>An Introduction to the History of Christianity, A.D. 590–1314</i></a>. London: Macmillan. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+Christianity%2C+A.D.+590%E2%80%931314&rft.place=London&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Foakes-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontohi00foak%2Fpage%2F148%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fergusson-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fergusson_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1865" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Fergusson_(architect)" title="James Fergusson (architect)">Fergusson, James</a> (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryarchite02ferggoog"><i>A History of Architecture in All Countries</i></a>. London: J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Architecture+in+All+Countries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryarchite02ferggoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dore_Gold" title="Dore Gold">Gold, Dore</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightforjerusale00gold"><i>The Fight for Jerusalem: Radical Islam, the West, and the Future of the Holy City</i></a>. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59698-029-7"><bdi>978-1-59698-029-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fight+for+Jerusalem%3A+Radical+Islam%2C+the+West%2C+and+the+Future+of+the+Holy+City&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Regnery+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59698-029-7&rft.aulast=Gold&rft.aufirst=Dore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightforjerusale00gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Venetian Adventurer: The Life and Times of Marco Polo,</i> p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savage37-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Savage37_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pilgrimages and Pilgrim shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095</i>, Henry L. Savage, <i>A History of the Crusades: The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States</i>, Vol. IV, ed. Kenneth M. Setton and Harry W. Hazard, (University of Wisconsin Press, 1977), 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainhelenachapel-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainhelenachapel_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200516181420/https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_helena">"Chapel of Saint Helena"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_helena">the original</a> on 16 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+Saint+Helena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchapel_of_helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1919" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, George (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924015406063/page/n143/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City</i></a>. CUP. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Description+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem+and+Other+Christian+Churches+in+the+Holy+City&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924015406063%2Fpage%2Fn143%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConder1909" class="citation book cs1">Conder, Claude Reignier (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rLk2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294"><i>The City of Jerusalem</i></a>. J. Murray. p. 294. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060210/https://books.google.com/books?id=rLk2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=Claude+Reignier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrLk2AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span> [All kings named]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle65-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle65_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060209/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>destroyed in 1809–10</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reem-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reem_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRe’em2022" class="citation book cs1">Re’em, Amit; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03822984"><i>Surviving Three Cycles of Destruction: The Graves of the Crusader Kings in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</i></a>. Vol. 15. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9654067676" title="Special:BookSources/978-9654067676"><bdi>978-9654067676</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117100512/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-03822984">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span> – via HAL-SHS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+Three+Cycles+of+Destruction%3A+The+Graves+of+the+Crusader+Kings+in+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-9654067676&rft.aulast=Re%E2%80%99em&rft.aufirst=Amit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-03822984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denys_Pringle" title="Denys Pringle">Pringle, D.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA31"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem: A Corpus</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">31–</span>32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060217/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem%3A+Volume+3%2C+The+City+of+Jerusalem%3A+A+Corpus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke192446–56-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuke192446–56_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLuke1924">Luke 1924</a>, p. 46–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mailáth-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mailáth_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMailáth1848" class="citation book cs1">Mailáth, János Nepomuk Jozsef (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0MJAAAAQAAJ"><i>Geschichte der europäischen Staaten, Geschichte des östreichischen Kaiserstaates</i></a> [<i>History of the European states, history of Austrian Imperial State</i>]. Vol. 4. Hamburg: F. Perthes. p. 262. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=_0MJAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+europ%C3%A4ischen+Staaten%2C+Geschichte+des+%C3%B6streichischen+Kaiserstaates&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=F.+Perthes&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Mail%C3%A1th&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1nos+Nepomuk+Jozsef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_0MJAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://preparadoresjc.com/joincultura/relacion/">Basilica of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, 1757</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306142745/https://preparadoresjc.com/joincultura/relacion/">Archived</a> 6 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Spanish).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). "The Earthquake". <i>Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195189667.003.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195189667.003.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7"><bdi>978-0-19-518966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Earthquake&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+How+Rival+Christians+Came+Together+to+Rescue+Their+Holiest+Shrine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195189667.003.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518966-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cohen_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Raymond (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428164642/http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/sepulchre.shtml">"The Church of the Holy Sepulchre: A Work in Progress"</a>. <i>The Bible and Interpretation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/sepulchre.shtml">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+A+Work+in+Progress&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleinterp.com%2Farticles%2Fsepulchre.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frozen-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frozen_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster2015" class="citation web cs1">Lancaster, James E. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastdaylight.com/ladder.html">"The Church and the Ladder: Frozen in Time"</a>. <i>CoastDaylight.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813193143/http://coastdaylight.com/ladder.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CoastDaylight.com&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+the+Ladder%3A+Frozen+in+Time&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastdaylight.com%2Fladder.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cruise-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cruise_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarrenHartshornMcCrillis1905" class="citation book cs1">Warren, E.K.; Hartshorn, W.N.; McCrillis, A.B. (1905). <i>Glimpses of Bible Lands: The Cruise of the Eight Hundred to Jerusalem</i>. Boston, MA: The Central Committee. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glimpses+of+Bible+Lands%3A+The+Cruise+of+the+Eight+Hundred+to+Jerusalem&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=The+Central+Committee&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Warren&rft.aufirst=E.K.&rft.au=Hartshorn%2C+W.N.&rft.au=McCrillis%2C+A.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NG16-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NG16_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NG16_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation journal cs1">Romey, Kristin (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001608/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/jesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre/">"Exclusive: Christ's Burial Place Exposed for First Time in Centuries"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/10/jesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre/">the original</a> on 30 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Christ%27s+Burial+Place+Exposed+for+First+Time+in+Centuries&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F10%2Fjesus-tomb-opened-church-holy-sepulchre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hesemann170-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hesemann170_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesemann1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hesemann, Michael (1999). <i>Die Jesus-Tafel</i> (in German). Freiburg. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-451-27092-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-451-27092-7"><bdi>3-451-27092-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Jesus-Tafel&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Freiburg&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=3-451-27092-7&rft.aulast=Hesemann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainvartan-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainvartan_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028000956/https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_saint_vartan">"Saint Vartan's Chapel"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/chapel_of_saint_vartan">the original</a> on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Saint+Vartan%27s+Chapel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchapel_of_saint_vartan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lancaster-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lancaster_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lancaster_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster1998" class="citation web cs1">Lancaster, James E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coastdaylight.com/stvartan.html">"Finding the Keys to the Chapel of St. Vartan"</a>. <i>Jim Lancaster's Web Space</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140720070001/http://coastdaylight.com/stvartan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>. <q>the height difference can be easily seen; the yellowish wall on the left is the 4th-century wall and the pinkish one on the right is the 2nd-century wall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jim+Lancaster%27s+Web+Space&rft.atitle=Finding+the+Keys+to+the+Chapel+of+St.+Vartan&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoastdaylight.com%2Fstvartan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2017restoration-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2017restoration_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldman2017" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Russell (22 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/world/middleeast/tomb-of-jesus-reopens-jerusalem.html">"Tomb of Jesus Reopens to Public After $3 Million Restoration"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/22/world/middleeast/tomb-of-jesus-reopens-jerusalem.html">the original</a></span> on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tomb+of+Jesus+Reopens+to+Public+After+%243+Million+Restoration&rft.date=2017-03-22&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F03%2F22%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Ftomb-of-jesus-reopens-jerusalem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ls-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ls_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappas2016" class="citation web cs1">Pappas, Stephanie (31 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/56700-original-bedrock-of-jesus-tomb-revealed.html">"Original Bedrock of Jesus' Tomb Revealed in New Images"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Live_Science" title="Live Science">Live Science</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161101014807/http://www.livescience.com/56700-original-bedrock-of-jesus-tomb-revealed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Original+Bedrock+of+Jesus%27+Tomb+Revealed+in+New+Images&rft.pub=Live+Science&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F56700-original-bedrock-of-jesus-tomb-revealed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2017" class="citation web cs1">Romey, Kristin (28 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224111452/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/jesus-tomb-archaeology-jerusalem-christianity-rome">"Exclusive: Age of Jesus Christ's Purported Tomb Revealed"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/jesus-tomb-archaeology-jerusalem-christianity-rome">the original</a> on 24 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Exclusive%3A+Age+of+Jesus+Christ%27s+Purported+Tomb+Revealed&rft.date=2017-11-28&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fjesus-tomb-archaeology-jerusalem-christianity-rome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParke2020" class="citation news cs1">Parke, Caleb (30 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-israel-jerusalem-holy-sites">"Coronavirus forces Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre to close its doors for first time since 1349: 'Very sad'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804045546/https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-israel-jerusalem-holy-sites">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Coronavirus+forces+Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre+to+close+its+doors+for+first+time+since+1349%3A+%27Very+sad%27&rft.date=2020-03-30&rft.aulast=Parke&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fcoronavirus-israel-jerusalem-holy-sites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure/">"Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre reopens after coronavirus closure"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804045547/https://www.timesofisrael.com/jerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre+reopens+after+coronavirus+closure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fjerusalems-holy-sepulcher-reopens-after-coronavirus-closure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarash2022" class="citation news cs1">Harash, Rinat (13 April 2022). Heller, Jeffrey; MacSwan, Angus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/church-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13/">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre's ancient altar rediscovered, researchers say"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409213715/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/church-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre%27s+ancient+altar+rediscovered%2C+researchers+say&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=Harash&rft.aufirst=Rinat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fchurch-holy-sepulchres-ancient-altar-rediscovered-researchers-say-2022-04-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarutyunyan2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Harutyunyan, Khachik (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43569545">"Armenian Inscriptions of the Church of Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem. Part 1. The Chapel of John the Evangelist and Its Inscriptions"</a>. <i>VEM</i> (in Armenian). <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>177. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326031355/https://www.academia.edu/43569545">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VEM&rft.atitle=Armenian+Inscriptions+of+the+Church+of+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem.+Part+1.+The+Chapel+of+John+the+Evangelist+and+Its+Inscriptions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Harutyunyan&rft.aufirst=Khachik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43569545&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904060506/https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/egypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem">"Egypt's Coptic Church exercises soft power in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Al-Monitor</i>. 7 June 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/06/egypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem">the original</a> on 4 September 2022. <q>The state-owned <i><a href="/wiki/Akhbar_el-Yom" title="Akhbar el-Yom">Akhbar al-Youm</a></i> newspaper [wrote that the] Egyptian Orthodox Church owns […] Deir al-Sultan and […] the Church of the Angel [Michael] and the Chapel of the Four Living Creatures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Egypt%27s+Coptic+Church+exercises+soft+power+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2021-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2021%2F06%2Fegypts-coptic-church-exercises-soft-power-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201697-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201697_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudolph_of_Saxony2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludolph_of_Saxony" title="Ludolph of Saxony">Ludolph of Saxony</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240"><i>The Life of Jesus Christ</i></a>. Translated by Walsh, Milton T. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879072841" title="Special:BookSources/9780879072841"><bdi>9780879072841</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=wUpSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA240#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>[footnote:] a small room […] at the top of a flight of steps […] is called the Chapel of Our Lady of Sorrows, but is popularly referred to as the Chapel of the Franks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Jesus+Christ&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780879072841&rft.au=Ludolph+of+Saxony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwUpSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation book cs1">Wright, John Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7VVAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Holy Sepulchre: The Church of the Resurrection an Ecumenical Guide</i></a>. Ecumenical Theological Research Fraternity in Israel. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-7024-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-7024-00-3"><bdi>978-965-7024-00-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060210/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7VVAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>Underneath Our Lady of Sorrows is the Greek Oratory of St. Mary of Egypt, in memory of her conversion that is said to have occurred in the atrium of the Holy Sepulchre before an icon of Mary the Mother of God that was kept there</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+The+Church+of+the+Resurrection+an+Ecumenical+Guide&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Ecumenical+Theological+Research+Fraternity+in+Israel&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-965-7024-00-3&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7VVAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcxSQfrOwJIC&pg=PA297"><i>Quarterly Statement</i></a>. Palestine Exploration Fund. 1903. p. 297. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164808/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcxSQfrOwJIC&pg=PA297">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quarterly+Statement&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcxSQfrOwJIC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201694–97_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, pp. 94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-custodia-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-custodia_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701173025/http://www.sepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4100">"Parvis and Entry"</a>. Gerusalemme San Salvatore Convento Francescano St. Saviour's Monastery. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4100">the original</a> on 1 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parvis+and+Entry&rft.pub=Gerusalemme+San+Salvatore+Convento+Francescano+St.+Saviour%27s+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sepulchre.custodia.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D4100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William R. Cook of University of New York, lecture series</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchoftheholysepulchre.net/history-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">"History of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527143500/https://churchoftheholysepulchre.net/history-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+%E2%80%93+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchoftheholysepulchre.net%2Fhistory-of-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulchre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre#southern-entrance">"Church of the Holy Sepulchre – Madain Project (en)"</a>. <i>madainproject.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102161103/https://madainproject.com/church_of_the_holy_sepulchre#southern-entrance">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+%E2%80%93+Madain+Project+%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fchurch_of_the_holy_sepulchre%23southern-entrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sun_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoLordo1999" class="citation news cs1">LoLordo, Ann (28 June 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1999/06/28/trouble-in-a-holy-place-jerusalem-the-lone-doorway-to-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher-poses-a-hazard-but-officials-are-quarreling-over-an-appropriate-solution/">"Trouble in a holy place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun" title="The Baltimore Sun">The Baltimore Sun</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129021721/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1999-06-28/news/9906280038_1_holy-sepulcher-control-the-church-church-representatives">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Trouble+in+a+holy+place&rft.date=1999-06-28&rft.aulast=LoLordo&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1999%2F06%2F28%2Ftrouble-in-a-holy-place-jerusalem-the-lone-doorway-to-the-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher-poses-a-hazard-but-officials-are-quarreling-over-an-appropriate-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nus-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nus_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">"The family's relationship with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <i>The Official website of the Nuseibeh Family</i>. 9 August 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083855/http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2022</span>. <q>To protect the Christian places of worship, the <a href="/wiki/Caliph_Omar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph Omar">Caliph Omar</a> entrusted the custody of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre....to '<a href="/wiki/Ubadah_ibn_al-Samit" title="Ubadah ibn al-Samit">Ubadah ibn al-Samit</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Prophet">companion of the Prophet</a> and the first ruler of Palestine and a forefather of the Nuseibeh family. .... Records and manuscripts kept by the various Christian denominations....all record the Nuseibeh family's and Bani Ghanem's relationship with the Holy Sepulchre, <b>at least since the time of Sultan Saladin</b>. In 1192, Sultan Saladin....re-entrusted the custody of the doors of the Holy Sepulchre to the Nuseibeh's [sic]....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+website+of+the+Nuseibeh+Family&rft.atitle=The+family%27s+relationship+with+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2004-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nuseibeh.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSudilovsky2018" class="citation web cs1">Sudilovsky, Judith (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095402/https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2018/muslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm">"Muslims (literally) hold key to Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. <i>catholicnews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2018/muslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm">the original</a> on 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicnews.com&rft.atitle=Muslims+%28literally%29+hold+key+to+Jerusalem%27s+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Sudilovsky&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fservices%2Fenglishnews%2F2018%2Fmuslims-literally-hold-key-to-jerusalems-church-of-the-holy-sepulcher.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harash-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harash_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harash_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarash2017" class="citation web cs1">Harash, Rinat (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-jerusalem-church/muslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q">"Muslim holds ancient key to Jesus tomb site in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511095402/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-religion-jerusalem-church/muslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Muslim+holds+ancient+key+to+Jesus+tomb+site+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Harash&rft.aufirst=Rinat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-religion-jerusalem-church%2Fmuslim-holds-ancient-key-to-jesus-tomb-site-in-jerusalem-idUSKBN1DU17Q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherwood-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherwood_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2017" class="citation web cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (21 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/jesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration">"Jesus's tomb unveiled after $4m restoration"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Manchester. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703051120/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/21/jesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Jesus%27s+tomb+unveiled+after+%244m+restoration&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F21%2Fjesus-tomb-to-be-unveiled-to-public-after-4m-restoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK201698-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK201698_90-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7KmnQ65XooC&pg=PA7"><i>Saving the Holy Sepulchre</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971990-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971990-7"><bdi>978-0-19-971990-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060211/https://books.google.com/books?id=T7KmnQ65XooC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Latins were left with the two southern altars on Calvary, namely, the Stabat Mater (Our Lady of Sorrows) and the Nailing to the Cross.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971990-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7KmnQ65XooC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William R. Cook of State University of New York, lecture series</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patriarchate-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patriarchate_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524035048/http://monastery.org/sephist.html">"The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monastery.org/sephist.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brotherhood+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft.pub=Greek+Orthodox+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmonastery.org%2Fsephist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1931" class="citation book cs1">King, Edwin James (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_IsaAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Knights Hospitallers in the Holy Land</i></a>. Methuen. p. 236. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060217/https://books.google.com/books?id=_IsaAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>This reliquary, now in the Treasury of the Greek Patriarch in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, was discovered in 1893 ... the Church of Mar Hanna, formerly the Conventual Church of the Hospitallers ... The reliquary is of crystal in the shape of mitre set in a framework of gilded bronze, decorated with gems</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knights+Hospitallers+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Edwin+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IsaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoas2001" class="citation book cs1">Boas, Adrian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Jerusalem in the Time of the Crusades</i></a>. Routledge. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58272-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58272-3"><bdi>978-1-134-58272-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112250/https://books.google.com/books?id=0TuCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA121#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>A remarkable gold and crystal mitre-shaped reliquary of the Crusader period was kept in the church and is now on display in the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+in+the+Time+of+the+Crusades&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58272-3&rft.aulast=Boas&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0TuCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDK2016104-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDK2016104_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDK2016">DK 2016</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_97-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/stone_of_anointing">"Stone of Anointing – Madain Project (en)"</a>. <i>madainproject.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308204340/https://madainproject.com/stone_of_anointing">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=madainproject.com&rft.atitle=Stone+of+Anointing+%E2%80%93+Madain+Project+%28en%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Fstone_of_anointing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle39-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle39_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1993" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65"><i>The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem</i></a>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39038-5"><bdi>978-0-521-39038-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060209/https://books.google.com/books?id=X0jH6VPi4-gC&pg=PA65#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+of+the+Crusader+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39038-5&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX0jH6VPi4-gC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span> [On the map: from west: h, g, f, e: graves of Baldwin V, Baldwin IV, Amuary I, and Baldwin III]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia1852" class="citation book cs1">Encyclopaedia (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-f0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA307"><i>Encyclopædia Metropolitana</i></a>. p. 307. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112252/https://books.google.com/books?id=-f0IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA307#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Metropolitana&rft.pages=307&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Encyclopaedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-f0IAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-holyfire-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-holyfire_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holyfire.org/eng/index.htm">"Miracle of Holy Fire which happens every year"</a>. <i>Holyfire.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801223439/http://www.holyfire.org/eng/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holyfire.org&rft.atitle=Miracle+of+Holy+Fire+which+happens+every+year&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holyfire.org%2Feng%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223553/https://www.churchoftheholysepulchre.com/single-post/2017/01/31/Coptic-Chapel">"Coptic Chapel"</a>. <i>Church of the Holy Sepulchre</i>. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 25 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.atitle=Coptic+Chapel&rft.date=2016-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchoftheholysepulchre.com%2Fsingle-post%2F2017%2F01%2F31%2FCoptic-Chapel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janin-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janin_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanin1913" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Raymond (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu4MAAAAIAAJ&q=35"><i>Échos d'Orient</i></a> [<i>Echos of the Orient</i>]. Vol. 16. Institut français d'études byzantines. p. 35. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240310112239/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu4MAAAAIAAJ&q=35">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89chos+d%27Orient&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%A9tudes+byzantines&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMu4MAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Desandoli-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Desandoli_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSandoli1986" class="citation book cs1">DeSandoli, Sabino (1986). <i>The Church of Holy Sepulchre: Keys, Doors, Doorkeepers</i>. Franciscian Press. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+Keys%2C+Doors%2C+Doorkeepers&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Franciscian+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=DeSandoli&rft.aufirst=Sabino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery1919" class="citation book cs1">Jeffery, George (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/description-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook/dp/B00KVNHI6A"><i>A Brief Description of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem and Other Christian Churches in the Holy City: With Some Account of the Medieval Copies of the Holy Sepulchre Surviving in Europe</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150227114740/http://www.amazon.com/description-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook/dp/B00KVNHI6A">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Description+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem+and+Other+Christian+Churches+in+the+Holy+City%3A+With+Some+Account+of+the+Medieval+Copies+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Surviving+in+Europe&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdescription-Sepulchre-Jerusalem-Christian-mediaeval-ebook%2Fdp%2FB00KVNHI6A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">"Catholic Chapel of the Apparition"</a>. See The Holy Land.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419120454/http://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Chapel+of+the+Apparition&rft.pub=See+The+Holy+Land.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seetheholyland.net%2Ftag%2Fchapel-of-the-apparition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hammers-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hammers_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelhammers.com/en/projects/golgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem">"The Cross of Golgotha"</a>. Michael Hammers. 24 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714222147/http://www.michaelhammers.com/en/projects/golgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cross+of+Golgotha&rft.pub=Michael+Hammers&rft.date=2014-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelhammers.com%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fgolgotha-cross-holy-sepulcher-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierotti1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ermete_Pierotti" title="Ermete Pierotti">Pierotti, Ermete</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=66JOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Jerusalem Explored</i></a>. Bell and Daldy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060804/https://books.google.com/books?id=66JOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>On the east is the Iconostasis, dividing the 'Holy of Holies' from the rest of the church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Explored&rft.pub=Bell+and+Daldy&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Pierotti&rft.aufirst=Ermete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D66JOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowling-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowling_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling1913" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Theodore Edward (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=as1UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62"><i>The Orthodox Greek Patriarchate of Jerusalem</i></a>. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060804/https://books.google.com/books?id=as1UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Patriarch's Seat is on the south-east end, and the corresponding one, immediately opposite, is occupied by one of the Archbishops of this Patriarchate, when required. This north-east Seat is popularly understood to be the throne of the Patriarch of Antioch. Even Dr. C. Schick […] and Baedeker […] make this misstatement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Orthodox+Greek+Patriarchate+of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=Society+for+Promoting+Christian+Knowledge&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Das1UAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1995" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. Robert (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">"An Historical and Ecumenical Survey of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, with Notes on Its Significance for Anglicans"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>64</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">482–</span>504. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0896-8039">0896-8039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">42611737</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220921162552/https://www.jstor.org/stable/42611737">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>It contains two episcopal thrones: the one on the right (south), which is the official "cathedra" of the Patriarch of Jerusalem, and the one on the left (north), where any other Orthodox bishop whom he designates may sit and preside if he is absent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=An+Historical+and+Ecumenical+Survey+of+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem%2C+with+Notes+on+Its+Significance+for+Anglicans&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E482-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611737%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0896-8039&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42611737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrainor2012" class="citation book cs1">Trainor, Terry (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-e3AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32"><i>Bedlam. St. Mary of Bethlehem</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781471714283" title="Special:BookSources/9781471714283"><bdi>9781471714283</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061304/https://books.google.com/books?id=-e3AAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bedlam.+St.+Mary+of+Bethlehem&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781471714283&rft.aulast=Trainor&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-e3AAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-madainthreemary-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-madainthreemary_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028001827/https://madainproject.com/armenian_chapel_%28holy_sepulchre%29">"Armenian Station of the Holy Women"</a>. <i>Madain Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://madainproject.com/armenian_chapel_%28holy_sepulchre%29">the original</a> on 28 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Madain+Project&rft.atitle=Armenian+Station+of+the+Holy+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmadainproject.com%2Farmenian_chapel_%2528holy_sepulchre%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFsepulchre2016" class="citation web cs1">sepulchre, church of the holy (15 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820070048/https://www.churchofholysepulchre.com/post/2017/01/31/chapel-of-joseph-of-arimateaitled">"Chapel of Joseph of Arimateaitled"</a>. <i>Church of the Holy Sepulchre</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+History+of+the+Races+of+Mankind+...&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Company&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Featherman&rft.aufirst=Americus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4erc4KqiBtUC%26dq%3DSyriac%2520Chapel%2520with%2520Tomb%2520of%2520Joseph%2520of%2520Arimathea%26pg%3DPA464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fran-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fran_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fran_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303061849/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/jhs/TSspfran.html">"The Franciscans at the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. The Franciscans of the Holy Land. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/jhs/TSspfran.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Franciscans+at+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.pub=The+Franciscans+of+the+Holy+Land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fjhs%2FTSspfran.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-See-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-See_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-See_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Church of the Holy Sepulchre chapels: Catholic Chapel of the Apparition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200415073637/https://www.seetheholyland.net/tag/chapel-of-the-apparition/">Archived</a> 15 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, See the Holy Land, accessed May 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1895" class="citation book cs1">Longfellow, W.P.P. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179"><i>A Cyclopaedia of Works of Architecture: In Italy, Greece, and the Levant</i></a>. Scribner. p. 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061306/https://books.google.com/books?id=YdEDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cyclopaedia+of+Works+of+Architecture%3A+In+Italy%2C+Greece%2C+and+the+Levant&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Longfellow&rft.aufirst=W.P.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdEDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCust2020" class="citation book cs1">Cust, L.G.A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40"><i>The Status Quo in the Holy Places</i></a>. Good Press. p. 26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061307/https://books.google.com/books?id=PFsOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT40#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Status+Quo+in+the+Holy+Places&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Good+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=L.G.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFsOEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dannythedigger.com/holy-sepluchre-greek-icons/">https://dannythedigger.com/holy-sepluchre-greek-icons/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315032324/http://www.jesusholyland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:chapel-of-saint-helena&catid=17:churches-of-jerusalem">"Chapel of Saint Helena"</a>. <i>Holyland</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesusholyland.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=56:chapel-of-saint-helena&catid=17:churches-of-jerusalem">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holyland&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+Saint+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesusholyland.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D56%3Achapel-of-saint-helena%26catid%3D17%3Achurches-of-jerusalem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhill2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Goldhill" title="Simon Goldhill">Goldhill, Simon</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PoLEULaZHzAC&pg=PA35"><i>Jerusalem, City of Longing</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674034686" title="Special:BookSources/9780674034686"><bdi>9780674034686</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061307/https://books.google.com/books?id=PoLEULaZHzAC&pg=PA35#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+City+of+Longing&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674034686&rft.aulast=Goldhill&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPoLEULaZHzAC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1980-1980,_Mertens,_Who_Whas_a_Christians_in_The_Holy_Land,_EN.pdf">List of Christians in the Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418073802/https://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/03d/1980-1980,_Mertens,_Who_Whas_a_Christians_in_The_Holy_Land,_EN.pdf">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Documenta Catholica Omnia, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holysepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4119">"Chapel of St. Helena"</a>. <i>holysepulchre.custodia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150628033519/http://www.holysepulchre.custodia.org/default.asp?id=4119">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holysepulchre.custodia.org&rft.atitle=Chapel+of+St.+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holysepulchre.custodia.org%2Fdefault.asp%3Fid%3D4119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelStanley2007" class="citation book cs1">Michael, Dumper; Stanley, Bruce E. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/citiesofmiddleea0000unse"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576079195" title="Special:BookSources/9781576079195"><bdi>9781576079195</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80014324">80014324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80014324&rft.isbn=9781576079195&rft.aulast=Michael&rft.aufirst=Dumper&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Bruce+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcitiesofmiddleea0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoudeh_al-Husseini" class="citation news cs1">Joudeh al-Husseini, Adeeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173613/https://www.thearabweekly.com/proud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence">"Proud to hold keys of Muslim-Christian coexistence"</a>. <i>Arabic Weekly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thearabweekly.com/proud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence">the original</a> on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>. <q>the Hashemite noble family Joudeh al-Husseini al-Ghodayya</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabic+Weekly&rft.atitle=Proud+to+hold+keys+of+Muslim-Christian+coexistence&rft.aulast=Joudeh+al-Husseini&rft.aufirst=Adeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearabweekly.com%2Fproud-hold-keys-muslim-christian-coexistence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucci2019" class="citation book cs1">Tucci, Grazia (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_sfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Jerusalem. The Holy Sepulchre: Research and investigations (2007–2011)</i></a>. Altralinea Edizioni. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-94869-78-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-94869-78-1"><bdi>978-88-94869-78-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061308/https://books.google.com/books?id=_sfADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem.+The+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+Research+and+investigations+%282007%E2%80%932011%29&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Altralinea+Edizioni&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-88-94869-78-1&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_sfADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2002" class="citation news cs1">Armstrong, Chris (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/julyweb-only/7-29-52.0.html">"Christian History Corner: Divvying up the Most Sacred Place"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230082345/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2002/julyweb-only/7-29-52.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Christian+History+Corner%3A+Divvying+up+the+Most+Sacred+Place&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2002%2Fjulyweb-only%2F7-29-52.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher-Ilan2004" class="citation news cs1">Fisher-Ilan, Allyn (28 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,2763,1314466,00.html">"Punch-up at tomb of Jesus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060823/https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,2763,1314466,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Punch-up+at+tomb+of+Jesus&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.aulast=Fisher-Ilan&rft.aufirst=Allyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Freligion%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C1314466%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Deeb2008" class="citation news cs1">El Deeb, Sarah (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Christians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php">"Christians brawl at Jesus' tomb"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222032221/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Christians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Christians+brawl+at+Jesus%27+tomb&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=El+Deeb&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FChristians-brawl-at-Jesus-tomb-3218579.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2099808.ece">"Riot police called as monks clash in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. London. 10 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222035143/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2099808.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Riot+police+called+as+monks+clash+in+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Ffaith%2Farticle2099808.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Laughlin2008" class="citation news cs1">O'Laughlin, Toni (10 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/middleeast">"The monks who keep coming to blows in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222060652/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/11/middleeast">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+monks+who+keep+coming+to+blows+in+Jerusalem&rft.date=2008-11-10&rft.aulast=O%27Laughlin&rft.aufirst=Toni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fnov%2F11%2Fmiddleeast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-i24-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i24_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute">"Church at Jesus's burial site closed for second day after tax dispute"</a>. <i>i24NEWS</i>. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075324/https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel/168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i24NEWS&rft.atitle=Church+at+Jesus%27s+burial+site+closed+for+second+day+after+tax+dispute&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.i24news.tv%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2F168589-180226-church-at-jesus-s-burial-site-closed-for-second-day-after-tax-dispute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Lis and Nir Hasson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jerusalem-s-church-of-holy-sepulchre-closed-indefinitely-in-protest-of-israeli-bill-city-tax-policy-1.5847184">Jerusalem churches warn of Israel's 'systematic' erosion of Christian presence in Holy Land</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180225133105/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/jerusalem-s-church-of-holy-sepulchre-closed-indefinitely-in-protest-of-israeli-bill-city-tax-policy-1.5847184">Archived</a> 25 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 25 February 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Notredame-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Notredame_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notredame_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToken2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Token, Benny (27 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/367223"><bdi lang="he">בעיריית ירושלים לא מתרגשים מהכנסייה</bdi></a> [The Jerusalem Municipality is not moved by the church]. <i>Arutz Sheva</i> (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050828/https://www.inn.co.il/News/News.aspx/367223">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9C%D7%90+%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=Token&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inn.co.il%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F367223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpost2-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpost2_135-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpost2_135-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Pilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659">"WATCH: Pilgrims Face Closed Doors at Church of the Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i>. Reuters. 26 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420212359/http://www.jpost.com/Christian-News/Pilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+Pilgrims+Face+Closed+Doors+at+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FChristian-News%2FPilgrims-upset-after-not-being-able-to-enter-Church-of-the-Holy-Sepulchre-543659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrin2017" class="citation news cs1">Estrin, Daniel (2 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/12/02/565464499/greek-orthodox-church-sells-land-in-israel-worrying-both-israelis-and-palestinia">"Greek Orthodox Church Sells Land in Israel, Worrying Both Israelis And Palestinians"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Edition" title="Weekend Edition">Weekend Edition</a></i>. NPR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227213755/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/12/02/565464499/greek-orthodox-church-sells-land-in-israel-worrying-both-israelis-and-palestinia">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekend+Edition&rft.atitle=Greek+Orthodox+Church+Sells+Land+in+Israel%2C+Worrying+Both+Israelis+And+Palestinians&rft.date=2017-12-02&rft.aulast=Estrin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2017%2F12%2F02%2F565464499%2Fgreek-orthodox-church-sells-land-in-israel-worrying-both-israelis-and-palestinia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasson2019" class="citation news cs1">Hasson, Nir (13 June 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-christian-leaders-blast-decision-to-sell-jerusalem-properties-to-settler-group-1.7366340">"Jerusalem's Christian Leaders Blast Decision to Sell Old City Properties to Settler Group"</a></span>. <i>Haaretz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613190149/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-christian-leaders-blast-decision-to-sell-jerusalem-properties-to-settler-group-1.7366340">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Jerusalem%27s+Christian+Leaders+Blast+Decision+to+Sell+Old+City+Properties+to+Settler+Group&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft.aulast=Hasson&rft.aufirst=Nir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-christian-leaders-blast-decision-to-sell-jerusalem-properties-to-settler-group-1.7366340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurkes2022" class="citation news cs1">Surkes, Sue (9 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/supreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle">"Supreme Court upholds Greek church sales to far-right group, ending legal battle"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227142956/https://www.timesofisrael.com/supreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+upholds+Greek+church+sales+to+far-right+group%2C+ending+legal+battle&rft.date=2022-06-09&rft.aulast=Surkes&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fsupreme-court-upholds-greek-church-sales-to-far-right-group-ending-legal-battle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/52-holy-sepulcher.html">"Church of the Holy Sepulcher"</a>. <i>Jerusalem 101</i>. Generation Word. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317064641/http://www.generationword.com/jerusalem101/52-holy-sepulcher.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+101&rft.atitle=Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulcher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.generationword.com%2Fjerusalem101%2F52-holy-sepulcher.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BahatBAR-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BahatBAR_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahat1986" class="citation journal cs1">Bahat, Dan (May–June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=12&Issue=3&ArticleID=1">"Does the Holy Sepulchre Church Mark the Burial of Jesus?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110408/http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=12&Issue=3&ArticleID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Does+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Church+Mark+the+Burial+of+Jesus%3F&rft.date=1986-05%2F1986-06&rft.aulast=Bahat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.bib-arch.org%2Fpublication.asp%3FPubID%3DBSBA%26Volume%3D12%26Issue%3D3%26ArticleID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toynbee, Jocelyn M. C. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rHd1MDlV-eUC&dq=Funerary+art&pg=PA14">Death and Burial in the Roman World</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060832/https://books.google.com/books?id=rHd1MDlV-eUC&dq=Funerary+art&pg=PA14">Archived</a> 7 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, pp. 48–49, JHU Press. 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5507-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5507-1">0-8018-5507-1</a>. An exception in the Classical World were the <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycians</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. There are also the Egyptian mortuary-temples, where the object of worship was the deified royal person entombed, but Egyptian temples to the major gods contained no burials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantoStefano-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SantoStefano_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abbaziasantostefano.it/storia.htm">Monastero di Santo Stefano: Basilica Santuario Santo Stefano: Storia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010134946/http://www.abbaziasantostefano.it/storia.htm">Archived</a> 10 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bologna.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusterhout1981" class="citation journal cs1">Ousterhout, Robert G. (1 January 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/766940">"The Church of Santo Stefano: A 'Jerusalem' in Bologna"</a>. <i>Gesta</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F766940">10.2307/766940</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-920X">0016-920X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/766940">766940</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191752841">191752841</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220418200518/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.2307/766940">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gesta&rft.atitle=The+Church+of+Santo+Stefano%3A+A+%27Jerusalem%27+in+Bologna&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1981-01-01&rft.issn=0016-920X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191752841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F766940%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F766940&rft.aulast=Ousterhout&rft.aufirst=Robert+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F766940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecommondenominator.com/020899_news7.html">"February 8, 1999 – News – Bringing a part of the Holy Land to America"</a>. <i>www.thecommondenominator.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123172311/http://thecommondenominator.com/020899_news7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecommondenominator.com&rft.atitle=February+8%2C+1999+%E2%80%93+News+%E2%80%93+Bringing+a+part+of+the+Holy+Land+to+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecommondenominator.com%2F020899_news7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2019" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Andrew (2019). <i>The World of the Crusades: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440854620" title="Special:BookSources/9781440854620"><bdi>9781440854620</bdi></a>. <q>was housed in the most important church in Christendom, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+Crusades%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440854620&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2016" class="citation book cs1"><i>Jerusalem, Israel, Petra & Sinai</i>. <a href="/wiki/DK_(publisher)" title="DK (publisher)">DK</a>. 2016 [2000]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-4131-7"><bdi>978-1-4654-4131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jerusalem%2C+Israel%2C+Petra+%26+Sinai&rft.pub=DK&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-4131-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2005" class="citation cs2">Morris, Colin (2005), <i>The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West: From the Beginning to 1600</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198269281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198269281"><bdi>978-0198269281</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sepulchre+of+Christ+and+the+Medieval+West%3A+From+the+Beginning+to+1600&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0198269281&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddle1999" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Od1OAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Tomb of Christ</i></a>. Scarborough: Sutton Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-1926-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-1926-4"><bdi>0-7509-1926-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061309/https://books.google.com/books?id=Od1OAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Christ&rft.place=Scarborough&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7509-1926-4&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOd1OAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleSeligmanTamarAvni2000" class="citation book cs1">Biddle, Martin; Seligman, Jon; Tamar, Winter & Avni, Gideon (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5vpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre</i></a>. New York: Rizzoli in cooperation with Israel Antiquities Authority, distributed by St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8478-2282-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8478-2282-6"><bdi>0-8478-2282-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Rizzoli+in+cooperation+with+Israel+Antiquities+Authority%2C+distributed+by+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8478-2282-6&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Seligman%2C+Jon&rft.au=Tamar%2C+Winter&rft.au=Avni%2C+Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5vpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoüasnon1974" class="citation book cs1">Coüasnon, Charles (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zSCAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem</i></a>. London: Oxford University Press for the British Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-725938-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-725938-3"><bdi>0-19-725938-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061311/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zSCAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+in+Jerusalem&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+for+the+British+Academy&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-19-725938-3&rft.aulast=Co%C3%BCasnon&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zSCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonTaylor1994" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Shimon; Taylor, Joan E. (1994). <i>Beneath the Church of the Holy Sepulchre Jerusalem: The archaeology and early history of traditional Golgotha</i>. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903526-53-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-903526-53-0"><bdi>0-903526-53-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beneath+the+Church+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre+Jerusalem%3A+The+archaeology+and+early+history+of+traditional+Golgotha&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Committee+of+the+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-903526-53-0&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Joan+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2008" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Raymond (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together/dp/B004JZX3QK/ref=pd_sim_b_4?ie=UTF8&refRID=08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY#reader_B004JZX3QK"><i>Saving the Holy Sepulchre: How Rival Christians Came Together to Rescue Their Holiest Shrine</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518966-7"><bdi>978-0-19-518966-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210321000317/https://www.amazon.com/Saving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together/dp/B004JZX3QK/ref=pd_sim_b_4?ie=UTF8&refRID=08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY#reader_B004JZX3QK">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+How+Rival+Christians+Came+Together+to+Rescue+Their+Holiest+Shrine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518966-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FSaving-Holy-Sepulchre-Christians-Together%2Fdp%2FB004JZX3QK%2Fref%3Dpd_sim_b_4%3Fie%3DUTF8%26refRID%3D08DSS1138EPZ2MM3VGNY%23reader_B004JZX3QK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bowman, Glenn (16 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kar.kent.ac.uk/id/eprint/28173">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'In Dubious Battle on the Plains of Heav'n': The Politics of Possession in Jerusalem's Holy Sepulchre"</a>. <i>History and Anthropology</i>. <b>XXII</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a>: <span class="nowrap">371–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02757206.2011.595008">10.1080/02757206.2011.595008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144211027">144211027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Anthropology&rft.atitle=%27In+Dubious+Battle+on+the+Plains+of+Heav%27n%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Possession+in+Jerusalem%27s+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.volume=XXII&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E371-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2011-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02757206.2011.595008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144211027%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkar.kent.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F28173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStasolla2022" class="citation journal cs1">Stasolla, Francesca Romana (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484/J.LA.5.134546">"Archaeological excavations in Jerusalem, Holy Sepulchre: a preliminary report"</a>. <i>Liber Annuus</i>. <b>72</b>: <span class="nowrap">449–</span>486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546">10.1484/J.LA.5.134546</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0081-8933">0081-8933</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:258666985">258666985</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108061318/https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.LA.5.134546">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liber+Annuus&rft.atitle=Archaeological+excavations+in+Jerusalem%2C+Holy+Sepulchre%3A+a+preliminary+report&rft.volume=72&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A258666985%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0081-8933&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546&rft.aulast=Stasolla&rft.aufirst=Francesca+Romana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%2FJ.LA.5.134546&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Moore_Watson" title="Charles Moore Watson">Watson, Charles Moore</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Sepulchre, The Holy"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sepulchre,_The_Holy">"Sepulchre, The Holy" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">656–</span>658.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sepulchre%2C+The+Holy&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E656-%3C%2Fspan%3E658&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Charles+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span> This also contains a detailed summary of the then-current theories as to the location of the tomb, with an extensive bibliography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitzmann1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weitzmann" title="Kurt Weitzmann">Weitzmann, Kurt</a>, ed. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533"><i>Age of spirituality: late antique and early Christian art, third to seventh century</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870991790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870991790"><bdi>978-0870991790</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426182735/http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Age+of+spirituality%3A+late+antique+and+early+Christian+art%2C+third+to+seventh+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0870991790&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F156533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuke1924" class="citation book cs1">Luke, Harry Charles (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf">"The Christian Communities in the Holy Sepulchre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ashbee, Charles Robert (ed.). <i>Jerusalem 1920–1922: Being the Records of the Pro-Jerusalem Council during the First Two Years of the Civil Administratio</i>. London: John Murray. pp. <span class="nowrap">46–</span>56. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905192119/https://archive.org/download/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft/jerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Communities+in+the+Holy+Sepulchre&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+1920%E2%80%931922%3A+Being+the+Records+of+the+Pro-Jerusalem+Council+during+the+First+Two+Years+of+the+Civil+Administratio&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Luke&rft.aufirst=Harry+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fjerusalem192019200ashbuoft%2Fjerusalem192019200ashbuoft.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChurch+of+the+Holy+Sepulchre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thechurchoftheholysepulchre.com">The Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem</a>, dedicated church website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616221512/http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/travels/documents/hf_jp-ii_hom_20000326_holy-sepulchre_en.html">Homily of John Paul II in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre.htm">Sacred Destinations</a> (article, interactive plan, photo gallery)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primo.nli.org.il/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=NLI&docId=NNL_MAPS_JER002368059">Map of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, 1715, by Nicolas de Fer.</a> Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bankfoto.info/fotografie/obiekty/bazylika-grobu-swietego-w-jerozolimie-2/">Photos of the church</a>, legends in Polish with some English</li></ul> <p><b>Custodians</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.jerusalem-patriarchate.info/">The Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre</a> (Greek Orthodox custodians)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.custodia.org/en/sanctuaries/holy-sepulchre">Franciscan Custody in the Holy Land</a> (Roman Catholic custodians)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thejoudehfamily.simdif.com/">The Joudeh family</a> (Muslim custodian of the keys of the Holy Sepulchre)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Nuseibeh family</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100722083855/http://www.nuseibeh.org/history.htm">Archived</a> 22 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Muslim Holy Sepulchre door keepers)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621235437/http://armenian-patriarchate.com/">St. James Brotherhood</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> (Armenian custodians)</li></ul> <p><b>Virtual tours</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360tr.com/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre-atrium-virtual-tour_9cc4a66367_en.html">Church of the Holy Sepulchre Virtual Tour</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.360tr.net/jerusalem/holy-sepulchre/">The Holy Sepulchre Virtual Tour</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cemeteries_in_Jerusalem" title="Template talk:Cemeteries in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cemeteries_in_Jerusalem" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cemeteries in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cemeteries_in_Jerusalem821" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cemeteries_in_Israel#Jerusalem" title="List of cemeteries in Israel">Cemeteries in Jerusalem</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion_Cemetery,_Jerusalem" title="Mount Zion Cemetery, Jerusalem">Mount Zion Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islamic cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Cemetery" title="Mamilla Cemetery">Mamilla Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot" title="Har HaMenuchot">Har HaMenuchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery">Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedria_Cemetery" title="Sanhedria Cemetery">Sanhedria Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Cemetery,_Jerusalem" title="Shaare Zedek Cemetery, Jerusalem">Shaare Zedek Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badr_Cemetery" title="Sheikh Badr Cemetery">Sheikh Badr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_British_War_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem British War Cemetery">Jerusalem British War Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tombs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Nicanor" title="Cave of Nicanor">Cave of Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Ramban" title="Cave of the Ramban">Cave of the Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David%27s_Tomb" title="David's Tomb">David's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason%27s_Tomb" title="Jason's Tomb">Jason's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Family_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod Family Tomb">Herod Family Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silwan_necropolis" title="Silwan necropolis">Silwan necropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Absalom" title="Tomb of Absalom">Tomb of Absalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benei_Hezir" title="Tomb of Benei Hezir">Tomb of Benei Hezir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Simeon_the_Just" title="Tomb of Simeon the Just">Tomb of Simeon the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Sanhedrin" title="Tombs of the Sanhedrin">Tombs of the Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Tomb of the Virgin Mary">Tomb of the Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Zechariah" title="Tomb of Zechariah">Tomb of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Kings_(Jerusalem)" title="Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)">Tombs of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Prophets" title="Tomb of the Prophets">Tomb of the Prophets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_City_of_Jerusalem_and_its_walls1173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Template:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Template talk:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Old_City_(Jerusalem)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Old City (Jerusalem)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_City_of_Jerusalem_and_its_walls1173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">walls</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> since 1981</li> <li>Sorted by religions</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status Quo</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></i></li> <li>See also: <i><a href="/wiki/New_Church_of_the_Theotokos" title="New Church of the Theotokos">New Church of the Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus">Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Franciscans(Custos)78" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Franciscans</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custos</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour" title="Monastery of Saint Saviour">Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li> <li>Monastery of the Flagellation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Condemnation" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of the Condemnation">Church of the Condemnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Flagellation" title="Church of the Flagellation">Church of the Flagellation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Chapel of Simon of Cyrene">Chapel of Simon of Cyrene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convent_of_the_Sisters_of_Zion" title="Convent of the Sisters of Zion">Convent of the Sisters of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Anne,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem">Church of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Family, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Family</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Church of Saint James Intercisus</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Germans" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Germans">Church of Saint Mary of the Germans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Mary_of_the_Latins" title="Church of Saint Mary of the Latins">Church of Saint Mary of the Latins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Catholic</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem">Cathedral of the Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Our Lady of Sorrows, Jerusalem">Church of Our Lady of Sorrows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Convent,_Jerusalem" title="Maronite Convent, Jerusalem">Maronite Convent</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern<br />Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greek_Orthodox(Patriarch)110" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Saint John the Baptist, Jerusalem">Church of Saint John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental<br />Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Patriarch</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_James,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem">Cathedral of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Archangels, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Toros" title="Church of Saint Toros">Church of Saint Toros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">Monastery of Saint Mark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Jerusalem" title="Coptic Orthodox Archdiocese of Jerusalem">Archbishop</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_Jerusalem_and_the_Middle_East" title="Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East">Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Christ Church, Jerusalem">Christ Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protestant_Church_in_Germany32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Redeemer,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Redeemer, Jerusalem">Church of the Redeemer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><b>Areas, quarters</b> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 334px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/334px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="334" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/501px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg/668px-Jerusalem_Old_City_blank_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="370" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:74px; top:142px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:104px; top:172px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:204px; top:62px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:79px; top:222px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter" title="Armenian Quarter">Armenian<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:174px; top:202px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish<br />Quarter</a></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:244px; top:146px"><div style="line-height:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple<br />Mount</a></div></div> </div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem">Gates</a></b><br />1. <a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa</a> 2. <a href="/wiki/Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion</a> 3. <a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung</a> 4. <a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden</a> 5. <a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions</a> 6. <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod</a><br />7. <a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus</a> 8. <a href="/wiki/New_Gate" title="New Gate">New</a> (<i>Double, Single, Tanners<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a> </p> <b>Surrounding streets, roads</b>: <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highway_60_(Israel%E2%80%93Palestine)#Highway_60_in_Jerusalem" title="Highway 60 (Israel–Palestine)">Highway 60</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Route_417_(Israel)#Jericho_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Route 417 (Israel)">Jericho</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_HaShalom" title="Ma'ale HaShalom">Ma'ale HaShalom</a></li><li>Ofel</li><li>Sultan Suleiman</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem in Islam">Islam</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti_of_Jerusalem" title="Grand Mufti of Jerusalem">Grand Mufti</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Waqf</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Qibli Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al-Ashrafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya">Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other mosques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buraq_Mosque" title="Al-Buraq Mosque">Al-Buraq Mosque</a></li> <li>Al-Yaqoubi Mosque</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khanqah_al-Salahiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque">Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Dissi_Mosque" title="Al Dissi Mosque">Al Dissi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidna_Omar_Mosque" title="Sidna Omar Mosque">Sidna Omar Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">Judaism</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Jerusalem" title="Chief Rabbi of Jerusalem">Chief Rabbis</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox<br />Jewish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ari_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Ari Synagogue">Ari Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Four Sephardic Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_ha-Chaim_Synagogue" title="Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue">Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzuf_Dvash_Synagogue" title="Tzuf Dvash Synagogue">Tzuf Dvash Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Yitzchak_Synagogue" title="Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue">Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Defunct11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Defunct</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Remnants or rebuilt buildings in <i>italic</i></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/16px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/24px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Israel portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/16px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/24px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/32px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Palestine portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/21px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/28px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourism_in_Jerusalem285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Template:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Template talk:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism_in_Jerusalem" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourism in Jerusalem"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourism_in_Jerusalem285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tourism in Jerusalem</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armon_HaNatziv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armon HaNatziv (page does not exist)">Armon HaNatziv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chords_Bridge" title="Chords Bridge">Chords Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Gates of the Old City of Jerusalem">Gates of the Old City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Gate" title="Damascus Gate">Damascus Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Gate" title="Herod's Gate">Herod's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Gate" title="Jaffa Gate">Jaffa Gate</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Architects_Tombs_at_Jaffa_Gate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Architects Tombs at Jaffa Gate (page does not exist)">The Architects Tombs at Jaffa Gate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Gate" title="New Gate">New Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Gate" title="Zion Gate">Zion Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Windmill" title="Montefiore Windmill">Montefiore Windmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem%E2%80%93Yitzhak_Navon_railway_station" title="Jerusalem–Yitzhak Navon railway station">Navon railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Jerusalem" title="Walls of Jerusalem">Walls of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mardigian_Museum_of_Armenian_Art_and_Culture" title="Mardigian Museum of Armenian Art and Culture">Armenian Art and Culture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calouste_Gulbenkian_Library" title="Calouste Gulbenkian Library">Armenian Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Lands_Museum" title="Bible Lands Museum">Bible Lands Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_Science_Museum" title="Bloomfield Science Museum">Bloomfield Science Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_House" title="Burnt House">Burnt House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_the_Holocaust" title="Chamber of the Holocaust">Chamber of the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Zion_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends of Zion Museum">Friends of Zion Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Quarter" title="Herodian Quarter">Herodian Quarter – Wohl Archaeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Museum" title="Herzl Museum">Herzl Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin_Heritage_Center" title="Menachem Begin Heritage Center">Menachem Begin Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_for_Islamic_Art,_Jerusalem" title="Museum for Islamic Art, Jerusalem">Museum for Islamic Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Tolerance_Jerusalem" title="Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem">Museum of Tolerance Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Underground_Prisoners" title="Museum of Underground Prisoners">Museum of Underground Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_on_the_Seam" title="Museum on the Seam">Museum on the Seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_Jewish_Heritage_Center" title="North Africa Jewish Heritage Center">North Africa Jewish Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv_Courtyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Yishuv Courtyard">Old Yishuv Courtyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulus-Haus" title="Paulus-Haus">Paulus-Haus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum" title="Rockefeller Archeological Museum">Rockefeller Archeological Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Compound" title="Russian Compound">Russian Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schottenstein_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Schottenstein campus">Schottenstein campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siebenberg_House" title="Siebenberg House">Siebenberg House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_House" title="Stern House">Stern House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Institute" title="Temple Institute">Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sancta_Museum" title="Terra Sancta Museum">Terra Sancta Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticho_House" title="Ticho House">Ticho House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David" title="Tower of David">Tower of David</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U._Nahon_Museum_of_Italian_Jewish_Art&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="U. Nahon Museum of Italian Jewish Art (page does not exist)">U. Nahon Museum of Italian Jewish Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Levi_Eshkol" title="Yad Levi Eshkol">Yad Levi Eshkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judaism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ades_Synagogue" title="Ades Synagogue">Ades Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv_Courtyard#Ari_Synagogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Yishuv Courtyard">Ari Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_El_Kabbalist_yeshiva" title="Beit El Kabbalist yeshiva">Beit El Kabbalist yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_Great_Synagogue" title="Belz Great Synagogue">Belz Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Sephardic_Synagogues" title="Four Sephardic Synagogues">Four Sephardic Synagogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue (Jerusalem)">Great Synagogue of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecht_Synagogue" title="Hecht Synagogue">Hecht Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heichal_Shlomo" title="Heichal Shlomo">Heichal Shlomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurva_Synagogue" title="Hurva Synagogue">Hurva Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohel_Yitzchak_Synagogue" title="Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue">Ohel Yitzchak Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohr_ha-Chaim_Synagogue" title="Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue">Ohr ha-Chaim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Motza_Synagogue" title="Old Motza Synagogue">Old Motza Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Or_Zaruaa_Synagogue" title="Or Zaruaa Synagogue">Or Zaruaa Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Dr._I._Goldstein_Synagogue" title="Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue">Rabbi Dr. I. Goldstein Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramban_Synagogue" title="Ramban Synagogue">Ramban Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiferet_Yisrael_Synagogue" title="Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue">Tiferet Yisrael Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzuf_Dvash_Synagogue" title="Tzuf Dvash Synagogue">Tzuf Dvash Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Plaza" title="Western Wall Plaza">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoharei_Chama_Synagogue" title="Zoharei Chama Synagogue">Zoharei Chama Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Chapel of Simon of Cyrene">Chapel of Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Annunciation, Jerusalem">Cathedral of the Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Flagellation" title="Church of the Flagellation">Church of the Flagellation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deir_es-Sultan" title="Deir es-Sultan">Deir es-Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Helena,_Jerusalem" title="Chapel of Saint Helena, Jerusalem">Chapel of Saint Helena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Anne,_Jerusalem" title="Church of Saint Anne, Jerusalem">Church of Saint Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Family,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Family, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Name_of_Jesus" title="Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus">Co-Cathedral of the Most Holy Name of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Garden_Tomb" title="The Garden Tomb">Garden Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gethsemane" title="Gethsemane">Gethsemane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Nations" title="Church of All Nations">Church of All Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour" title="Monastery of Saint Saviour">Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_James,_Jerusalem" title="Cathedral of Saint James, Jerusalem">Cathedral of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_Toros" title="Church of Saint Toros">Church of Saint Toros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Archangels,_Jerusalem" title="Church of the Holy Archangels, Jerusalem">Church of the Holy Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastery_of_Saint_Saviour_(Jerusalem)" title="Armenian Monastery of Saint Saviour (Jerusalem)">Armenian Monastery of Saint Saviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mark" title="Monastery of Saint Mark">Monastery of Saint Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Jerusalem" title="Christ Church, Jerusalem">Christ Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khanqah_al-Salahiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque">Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_Al-Ashrafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya">Madrasa Al-Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwani_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Marwani Mosque">Marwani Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_Omar_(Jerusalem)" title="Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)">Mosque of Omar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Wall_(Jerusalem)" title="Broad Wall (Jerusalem)">Broad Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Nicanor" title="Cave of Nicanor">Cave of Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Minor_Sanhedrin" title="Cave of the Minor Sanhedrin">Cave of the Minor Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Ramban" title="Cave of the Ramban">Cave of the Ramban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_David_(archaeological_site)" title="City of David (archaeological site)">City of David</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siloam_tunnel" title="Siloam tunnel">Siloam tunnel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Lavan" title="Ein Lavan">Ein Lavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelite_Tower" title="Israelite Tower">Israelite Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason%27s_Tomb" title="Jason's Tomb">Jason's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Archaeological_Park" title="Jerusalem Archaeological Park">Jerusalem Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Walls_National_Park" title="Jerusalem Walls National Park">Jerusalem Walls National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom" title="Ketef Hinnom">Ketef Hinnom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Pool" title="Mamilla Pool">Mamilla Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Seat_of_Mary" title="Church of the Seat of Mary">Old Kathisma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cardo_(Jerusalem)" title="The Cardo (Jerusalem)">The Cardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Absalom" title="Tomb of Absalom">Tomb of Absalom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Benei_Hezir" title="Tomb of Benei Hezir">Tomb of Benei Hezir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Kings_(Jerusalem)" title="Tombs of the Kings (Jerusalem)">Tombs of the Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Prophets" title="Tomb of the Prophets">Tomb of the Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Sanhedrin" title="Tombs of the Sanhedrin">Tombs of the Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Zechariah" title="Tomb of Zechariah">Tomb of Zechariah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_David_(northeast_tower)" title="Tower of David (northeast tower)">Tower of David (northeast tower)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zedekiah%27s_Cave" title="Zedekiah's Cave">Zedekiah's Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gates, streets, squares, areas of interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Quarter" title="Bukharan Quarter">Bukharan Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutzot_HaYotzer" title="Hutzot HaYotzer">Artists' Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Kerem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein Kerem">Ein Kerem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia_Street" title="Ethiopia Street">Ethiopia Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_Road" title="Jaffa Road">Jaffa Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square" title="Davidka Square">Davidka Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzahal_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzahal Square">Tzahal Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safra_Square" title="Safra Square">Safra Square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_of_Jerusalem" title="Old City of Jerusalem">Old City of Jerusalem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Jewish Quarter (Jerusalem)">Jewish Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Quarter" title="Christian Quarter">Christian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Quarter (Jerusalem)">Armenian Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Quarter_(Jerusalem)" title="Muslim Quarter (Jerusalem)">Muslim Quarter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muristan" title="Muristan">Muristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahalat_Shiv%27a" title="Nahalat Shiv'a">Nahalat Shiv'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Square_(Jerusalem)" title="Paris Square (Jerusalem)">Paris Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemin_Moshe" title="Yemin Moshe">Yemin Moshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Square" title="Zion Square">Zion Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Hill,_Jerusalem" title="Bible Hill, Jerusalem">Bible Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations">Garden of the Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazelle_Valley" title="Gazelle Valley">Gazelle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Park_(Jerusalem)" title="Independence Park (Jerusalem)">Independence Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Biblical_Zoo" title="Jerusalem Biblical Zoo">Jerusalem Biblical Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Bird_Observatory" title="Jerusalem Bird Observatory">Jerusalem Bird Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Botanical_Gardens" title="Jerusalem Botanical Gardens">Jerusalem Botanical Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Trail" title="Jerusalem Trail">Jerusalem Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Park" title="Liberty Bell Park">Liberty Bell Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Metropolitan_Park" title="Jerusalem Metropolitan Park">Jerusalem Metropolitan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Hyde_Memorial_Garden" title="Orson Hyde Memorial Garden">Orson Hyde Memorial Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacher_Park" title="Sacher Park">Sacher Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Park_%26_Galleries,_Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="The Nature Park & Galleries, Hebrew University of Jerusalem">The Nature Park & Galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Park_(Jerusalem)" title="Teddy Park (Jerusalem)">Teddy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_Track_Park" title="Train Track Park">Train Track Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohl_Rose_Park" title="Wohl Rose Park">Wohl Rose Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Givat_Ram_Stadium" title="Givat Ram Stadium">Givat Ram Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sports_Quarter" title="Jerusalem Sports Quarter">Jerusalem Sports Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malha_Arena" title="Malha Arena">Malha Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pais_Arena" title="Pais Arena">Pais Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddy_Stadium" title="Teddy Stadium">Teddy Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colony_Hotel" title="American Colony Hotel">American Colony Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Pilgrim_Hospice_to_the_Holy_Family" title="Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family">Austrian Pilgrim Hospice to the Holy Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Citadel_Hotel" title="David Citadel Hotel">David Citadel Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_House" title="The Heritage House">The Heritage House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbal_Jerusalem_Hotel" title="Inbal Jerusalem Hotel">Inbal Jerusalem Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Gate_Hotel" title="Jerusalem Gate Hotel">Jerusalem Gate Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel" title="King David Hotel">King David Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Plaza_Hotel_Jerusalem" title="Leonardo Plaza Hotel Jerusalem">Leonardo Plaza Hotel Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Hotel" title="Mount of Olives Hotel">Mount of Olives Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Arches_Hotel" title="Seven Arches Hotel">Seven Arches Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Har_HaMenuchot" title="Har HaMenuchot">Har HaMenuchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Cemetery" title="Mamilla Cemetery">Mamilla Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Olives_Jewish_Cemetery" title="Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery">Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Herzl" title="Mount Herzl">Mount Herzl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_the_Missing_in_Action" title="Garden of the Missing in Action">Garden of the Missing in Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Acts_of_Terror_Memorial" title="Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial">Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedria_Cemetery" title="Sanhedria Cemetery">Sanhedria Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaare_Zedek_Cemetery,_Jerusalem" title="Shaare Zedek Cemetery, Jerusalem">Shaare Zedek Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Badr_Cemetery" title="Sheikh Badr Cemetery">Sheikh Badr Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabachnik_Garden" title="Tabachnik Garden">Tabachnik Garden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment and performance arts centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Behar_Center" title="Gerard Behar Center">Gerard Behar Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Convention_Center_(Jerusalem)" title="International Convention Center (Jerusalem)">International Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Cinematheque" title="Jerusalem Cinematheque">Jerusalem Cinematheque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Theatre" title="Jerusalem Theatre">Jerusalem Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Khan_Theatre" title="Jerusalem Khan Theatre">Khan Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Markets and shopping centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_(Jerusalem)" title="Ben Yehuda Street (Jerusalem)">Ben Yehuda Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahane_Yehuda_Market" title="Mahane Yehuda Market">Mahane Yehuda Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malha_Mall" title="Malha Mall">Malha Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamilla_Mall" title="Mamilla Mall">Mamilla Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Souk_(Old_City)" title="Arab Souk (Old City)">Suq el-Bazaar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Jerusalem_Biennale_(2013)" title="1st Jerusalem Biennale (2013)">1st Jerusalem Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Prayer_for_the_Peace_of_Jerusalem" title="Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem">Day of Prayer for the Peace of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Fire" title="Holy Fire">Holy Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Festival" title="Israel Festival">Israel Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Jerusalem Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Festival_of_Light" title="Jerusalem Festival of Light">Jerusalem Festival of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Film_Festival" title="Jerusalem Film Festival">Jerusalem Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem#Events_and_festivals" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Jerusalem Food Truck Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_ceramics_in_Jerusalem" title="Armenian ceramics in Jerusalem">Armenian ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes in the Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_bagel" title="Jerusalem bagel">Jerusalem bagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_mixed_grill" title="Jerusalem mixed grill">Jerusalem mixed grill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubbeh" title="Kubbeh">Kubbeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugel_Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kugel Yerushalmi">Kugel Yerushalmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macaroni_Hamin" title="Macaroni Hamin">Macaroni Hamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orez_Shu%27it" title="Orez Shu'it">Orez Shu'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofrito_(stew)" title="Sofrito (stew)">Sofrito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_syndrome" title="Jerusalem syndrome">Jerusalem syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Jerusalem" title="Cuisine of Jerusalem">Cuisine of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism in Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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