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Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Special:EditPage/Encyclopedia Americana">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Talk:Encyclopedia Americana">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Special:EditPage/Encyclopedia Americana">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22">"Encyclopedia Americana"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Encyclopedia+Americana%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Encyclopedia Americana is a general <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> written in <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>. It was the first general encyclopedia of any magnitude to be published in North America.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 With <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, Encyclopedia Americana became one of the three major and large English-language general encyclopedias; the three were sometimes collectively called "the ABCs of encyclopedias".<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 23 Following the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a> in 2000, the encyclopedia has been produced by <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopedia Americana <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.author=%5B%5BFrancis+Lieber%5D%5D+%281800%E2%80%931872%29&rft.pub=Scholastic"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Encyclopedia Americana at Göttingen State and University Library"><img alt="Encyclopedia Americana at Göttingen State and University Library" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG/220px-G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG/330px-G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG/440px-G%C3%B6ttingen-SUB-Encyclopedia.Americana.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a> (1800–1872)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1829–present (online)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Scholastic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia" title="Encyclopedia">encyclopedia</a> has more than 45,000 articles, most of them more than 500 words and many running to considerable length (the "United States" article is over 300,000 words). Americana is international in scope and is known for its detailed coverage of American and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> geography and history.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Americana is also known for its strong coverage of biographies, as well as scientific and technical subjects.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Written by 6,500 contributors, the Encyclopedia Americana includes over 9,000 bibliographies, 150,000 cross-references, 1,000+ tables, 1,200 maps, and almost 4,500 black-and-white line art and color images. It also has 680 fact boxes. Major articles are signed by their contributors, many being <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholars</a> pre-eminent in their field.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Long available as a 30-volume print set, the Encyclopedia Americana is now marketed as an online encyclopedia requiring a subscription. In March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a> said that print sales remained good but that the company was still deciding on the future of the print edition.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The company's final print edition was released in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The online version of the Encyclopedia Americana, first introduced in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> continues to be updated and sold. This work, like the print set from which it is derived, is designed for high school and first-year college students along with public library users. It is available to libraries as one of the databases in the Scholastic GO! reference service (previously known as Grolier Online), which also includes the <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Multimedia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia">Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia</a>, an encyclopedia for middle and high school students, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Book_of_Knowledge" title="The New Book of Knowledge">The New Book of Knowledge</a>, an encyclopedia for ages 7-14 and particularly grades 3-6, America the Beautiful, Lands and Peoples, Amazing Animals of the World, and The New Book of Popular Science.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 According to The New York Public Library,<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> Scholastic GO! also includes the La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre, a Spanish-language general encyclopedia for students in middle through high school.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a> However, the previously mentioned Scholastic blog does not show that.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> It is possible that La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre is only included in the Spanish version of Scholastic GO!, though the existense of that in itself is unsure due to the same New York Public Library link saying that the language of Scholastic GO! is English.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> Scholastic GO! is not available to individual subscribers. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_and_predecessors">1 History and predecessors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Later_developments">2 Later developments</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Editors-in-Chief">3 Editors-in-Chief</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#See_also">4 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#References">5 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#External_links">6 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History_and_predecessors">History and predecessors</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and predecessors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg/200px-1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 291px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg/200px-1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg/300px-1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg/400px-1921EncycAmericanAd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This 1921 advertisement for the Encyclopedia Americana suggests that other encyclopedias are as out-of-date as the locomotives of 90 years earlier.</figcaption></figure> There have been three separate works using the title Encyclopedia Americana. The first work began publication in 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Lieber" title="Francis Lieber">Francis Lieber</a>, an influential 19th century German-American scholar.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 The 13 volumes of the first edition were completed in 1833, and other editions and printings followed in 1835, 1836, 1847–1848, 1849 and 1858. According to one contemporary source, the original price in 1832, at which time several volumes had been issued, was to be $2.50 per volume for 12 volumes, or $30 in total.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>]<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">circular reference</a>] At first, Lieber planned only an English-language translation of the 7th edition of the popular German encyclopedia Konversations-Lexikon, familiarly known as Brockhaus after its publisher Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus. However, as work on the new encyclopedia progressed, Lieber sought and added original articles by leading U.S. writers and intellectuals of the day. United States Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story, for instance, contributed more than 120 pages of legal material to the 1st edition. Hence, when the Americana began appearing some 165 years ago, it represented a hybrid of 2 cultures, German and American.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 A second Encyclopedia Americana was published by <a href="/wiki/Stoddart" title="Stoddart">J.M. Stoddart</a> between 1883 and 1889, as a supplement to American reprintings of the 9th edition of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. It was four <a href="/wiki/Quarto" title="Quarto">quarto</a> volumes meant to "extend and complete the articles in Britannica".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Stoddart's work, however, is not connected to the earlier work by Lieber.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1902, a new, 16-volume Encyclopedia Americana was published under the editorial supervision of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a> magazine. The magazine's editor, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Converse_Beach" title="Frederick Converse Beach">Frederick Converse Beach</a>, was editor-in-chief, assisted by hundreds of eminent scholars and authorities as consulting editors and article authors. Beach also expanded the encyclopedia's coverage, especially in the area of the physical and life sciences.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 <a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Rines" title="George Edwin Rines">George Edwin Rines</a> was appointed managing editor in 1903.<a href="#cite_note-americana-11">[11]</a> Between 1903 and 1906 the publisher was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_S._Peale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard S. Peale (page does not exist)">R.S. Peale & Co.</a> From 1906 through 1936, Encyclopedia Americana was published by the Americana Corporation, with the editorial support of Scientific American. The relationship with Scientific American was terminated in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> From 1907 to 1912, the encyclopedia was published as The Americana. In 1918–20, the Americana Corporation published a new, International, 30-volume edition, with George Edwin Rines continuing as editor-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-americana-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 It was the last entirely new edition of the encyclopedia.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a>: 31 A yearbook, which appeared under a variety of titles, was also published each year beginning in 1923 and continuing until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> In 1936, the Americana Corporation was purchased by The Grolier Society, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Grolier_Incorporated" class="mw-redirect" title="Grolier Incorporated">Grolier Incorporated</a>. The Americana Corporation's president, J. Cooper Graham, became a vice president of Grolier.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> By the late1960s, Grolier's annual sales of Encyclopedia Americana and its sister publications under <a href="/wiki/Grolier" title="Grolier">Grolier</a>—<a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Knowledge">The Book of Knowledge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Peoples_Encyclopedia" title="American Peoples Encyclopedia">American Peoples Encyclopedia</a>, the Book of Popular Science, and Lands and Peoples were over $181 million,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the company held a 30 percent market share as the leading publisher of encyclopedias in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Grolier's corporate headquarters were in a large building (variously named the Americana Building and the Grolier Building) in Midtown <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, at 575 <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Avenue" title="Lexington Avenue">Lexington Avenue</a>. Sales during this period were accomplished primarily through <a href="/wiki/Mail-order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail-order">mail-order</a> and <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">door-to-door</a> operations. <a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a> and third-party distribution of Encyclopedia Americana through Grolier's Lexicon Publications subsidiary added to sales volumes in the 1970s. By the late 1970s, Grolier had moved its operations to <a href="/wiki/Danbury,_Connecticut" title="Danbury, Connecticut">Danbury, Connecticut</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Later_developments">Later developments</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Later developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> In 1988, Grolier was purchased by the French media company <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publishing)">Hachette</a>, which owned a well-known French-language encyclopedia, the Hachette Encyclopedia. Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the <a href="/wiki/Lagard%C3%A8re_Group" title="Lagardère Group">Lagardère Group</a>. A CD-ROM version of the encyclopedia was published in 1995. Although the text and images were stored on separate disks, it was in keeping with the standards current at the time. More importantly, the work had been digitized, allowing for the release of an online version in 1997. Over the next few years, the product was augmented with additional features, functions, supplementary references, Internet links, and a current events journal. A redesigned interface and partly re-engineered product, featuring enhanced search capabilities and a first-ever <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a>-compliant, text-only version for users with disabilities, was presented in 2002. The acquisition of Grolier by <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Corporation" title="Scholastic Corporation">Scholastic</a> for US$400 million, took place in 2000. The new owners projected a 30% increase in operating income, although historically Grolier had experienced earnings of 7% to 8% on income.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Following the acquisition, Americana became part of a suite of educational resources, with those resources including The New Book of Knowledge, The New Book of Popular Science, America the Beautiful, Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, Amazing Animals of the World, and Lands and People.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> All of those resources formed Grolier Online (now called Scholastic GO!). According to The New York Public Library,<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> Scholastic GO! also includes the La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre, a Spanish-language general encyclopedia for students in middle through high school.<a href="#cite_note-:4-6">[6]</a> However, the previously mentioned Scholastic blog does not show that.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> It is possible that La Nueva Enciclopedia Cumbre is only included in the Spanish version of Scholastic GO!, though the existense of that in itself is unsure due to the same New York Public Library link saying that the language of Scholastic GO! is English.<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> Staff reductions as a means of controlling costs also followed soon thereafter, even while an effort was made to augment the sales force. Cuts occurred every year between 2000 and 2007, leaving a much-depleted workforce to carry out the duties of maintaining a large encyclopedia database.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In 2004, Scholastic stated that Americana's 2,500 online articles are being revised annually.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> Today, Americana lives on as an integral database within the Scholastic GO! product.<a href="#cite_note-:2-4">[4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Editors-in-Chief">Editors-in-Chief</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Editors-in-Chief" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Converse_Beach" title="Frederick Converse Beach">Frederick Converse Beach</a>, 1902–1917. Engineer and editor of Scientific American magazine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edwin_Rines" title="George Edwin Rines">George Edwin Rines</a>, 1917–1920. Author and editor.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._H._McDannald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. H. McDannald (page does not exist)">A. H. McDannald</a>, 1920–1948. Reporter (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore News">Baltimore News</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Evening_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Evening Sun">Baltimore Evening Sun</a>), editor, and author.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lavinia_Dudley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lavinia Dudley (page does not exist)">Lavinia P. Dudley</a>, 1948–1964. Editor (Encyclopædia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana) and manager; first woman to head a major American reference publication.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Cornish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Cornish (page does not exist)">George A. Cornish</a>, 1965–1970. Reporter (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a>) and editor.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Cayne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernard Cayne (page does not exist)">Bernard S. Cayne</a>, 1970–1980. Educational researcher (<a href="/wiki/Educational_Testing_Service" title="Educational Testing Service">Educational Testing Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Educational_Review" title="Harvard Educational Review">Harvard Educational Review</a>), editor (Ginn & Co., Collier's Encyclopedia, Macmillan) and business executive (Grolier Inc.).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_H._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan H. Smith (page does not exist)">Alan H. Smith</a>, 1980–1985. Editor (Grolier/Encyclopedia Americana)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_T._Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David T. Holland (page does not exist)">David T. Holland</a>, 1985–1991. Editor (Harcourt Brace, Grolier/Encyclopedia Americana).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Cummings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Cummings (page does not exist)">Mark Cummings</a>, 1991–2000. Editor (<a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>).</li> <li>Michael Shally-Jensen, 2000–2005. Editor (<a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>/Encyclopædia Britannica).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K._Anne_Ranson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K. Anne Ranson (page does not exist)">K. Anne Ranson</a>, 2005–2006. Editor (<a href="/wiki/Academic_American_Encyclopedia" title="Academic American Encyclopedia">Academic American Encyclopedia</a>, Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Castagno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Castagno (page does not exist)">Joseph M. Castagno</a>, 2006–present. Editor (Grolier/Lands and Peoples, New Book of Popular Science).</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_encyclopedias" title="Lists of encyclopedias">Lists of encyclopedias</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7">h</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Encyclopedia-Americana">"Encyclopedia Americana | American reference work"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625145009/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Encyclopedia-Americana">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Americana+%7C+American+reference+work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Encyclopedia-Americana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+Americana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKister1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" title="Kenneth Kister">Kister, K. F.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist">Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias</a> (2nd ed.). 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</section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopedia_Americana" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)">The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa&cc=moa&key=title&page=browse&value=encyclop%C3%A6dia+americana&Submit=Quick+Browse">Text and images of the Encyclopaedia Americana 1851</a> at the University of Michigan's Making of America site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/grolier/program_EA.htm">Encyclopedia Americana</a> Description from Grolier online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/metabook?id=encyamer">Complete hyperlinked editions of the 1904 and 1918–20 eds.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Online_Books_Page" title="Online Books Page">Online Books Page</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">The Americana, Scientific American compiling department, 1912, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnyp.33433005016187">2027/nyp.33433005016187</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americana&rft.pub=Scientific+American+compiling+department&rft.date=1912&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnyp.33433005016187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+Americana" class="Z3988"> (fulltext)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001461815">Encyclopedia Americana</a>, Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1918 – via HathiTrust</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Americana+Corp.&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F001461815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclopedia+Americana" class="Z3988"> (fulltext)</li></ul>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&oldid=1247213784">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&oldid=1247213784</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopedia_Americana&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 23 September 2024, at 09:35 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="Amerika Ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="دانشنامه آمریکانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه آمریکانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%82%98_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="아메리카나 백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아메리카나 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה אמריקנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה אמריקנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ამერიკანა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ამერიკანა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="アメリカ大百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ大百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_ensiklopediyasi" title="Amerika ensiklopediyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika ensiklopediyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американская энциклопедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американская энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Американська енциклопедія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Американська енциклопедія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana" title="The Encyclopedia Americana – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="The Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopedia Americana" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8E%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="大美百科全書 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大美百科全書" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 September 2024, at 09:35 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 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