Llombardia | enciclopedia.cat

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Política, societat i cultura dels Països Catalans</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-de-la-generalitat-de-catalunya-i-dels-seus-presidents?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4799">Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i els seus presidents</a></p> <p><a href="/lluis-companys-president-de-catalunya?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4815">Lluís Companys, president de Catalunya</a></p> <h3>Llengua</h3> <p><a href="/llibre-estil-enciclopedia-catalana?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4795">Llibre d'estil</a></p> <h3>Medicina</h3> <p><a href="/enciclopedia-de-medicina-i-salut?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=68">Enciclopèdia de medicina i salut</a></p> <h3>Natura i ecologia</h3> <p><a href="/biosfera?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4805">Biosfera</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4807">Història natural dels Països Catalans</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> </nav> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg" id="navbar-main"> <section class="region region-header"> <div id="block-logomenu" class="container block block-blockgroup block-block-grouplogo-menu"> <div class="content"> <div class="logo col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 justify-content-start"> <a href="/" title="Inici" rel="home" class="navbar-brand"> <img src="/sites/default/files/logo-enciclopedia_0.png" alt="Inici" class="img-fluid d-inline-block align-top" /> </a> <div class="align-top site-name-slogan"> El teu portal del coneixement </div> </div> <div id="block-megamenu" class="btn-megamenu col-lg-7 col-md-7 col-sm-7 justify-content-end block block-we-megamenu block-we-megamenu-blocktotes-les-obres"> <div class="content"> <div class="region-we-mega-menu"> <a class="navbar-toggle collapsed"> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </a> <nav class="totes-les-obres navbar navbar-default navbar-we-mega-menu mobile-collapse hover-action" data-menu-name="totes-les-obres" data-block-theme="gec" data-style="Default" data-animation="None" data-delay="" data-duration="" data-autoarrow="" data-alwayshowsubmenu="1" data-action="hover" data-mobile-collapse="0"> <div class="container-fluid"> <ul class="we-mega-menu-ul nav nav-tabs"> <li class="we-mega-menu-li" data-level="0" data-element-type="we-mega-menu-li" description="" data-id="866cbe71-0b8f-40bf-826a-97006f97ab12" data-submenu="0" hide-sub-when-collapse="0"> <a class="we-mega-menu-li" title="" href="/actualitat" target=""> Temes d'actualitat </a> </li><li class="we-mega-menu-li obres right dropdown-menu" data-level="0" data-element-type="we-mega-menu-li" description="" data-id="29912ba8-439b-4252-854b-81ca1b7ccc38" data-submenu="1" hide-sub-when-collapse="" data-group="0" data-class="obres" data-icon="" data-caption="" data-alignsub="right" data-target=""> <a href='#' data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>" class="we-megamenu-nolink"> Obres</a> <div class="we-mega-menu-submenu" data-element-type="we-mega-menu-submenu" data-submenu-width="991" data-class="" style="width: 991px"> <div class="we-mega-menu-submenu-inner"> <div class="we-mega-menu-row" data-element-type="we-mega-menu-row" data-custom-row="1"> <div class="we-mega-menu-col span12" data-element-type="we-mega-menu-col" data-width="12" data-block="megamenuobres" data-blocktitle="0" data-hidewhencollapse="0" data-class=""> <div class="type-of-block"><div class="block-inner"><div id="block-megamenuobres" class="bk-gray-50 block block-block-content block-block-content5bf9a4ee-6762-4033-b44e-60104976c7f4"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <h2>Enciclopèdia</h2> <p><a href="/gran-enciclopedia-catalana?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=938">Gran enciclopèdia catalana</a></p> <p><a href="/esportpedia?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=1001">Esportpèdia - 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Política, societat i cultura dels Països Catalans</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-de-la-generalitat-de-catalunya-i-dels-seus-presidents?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4799">Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i els seus presidents</a></p> <p><a href="/lluis-companys-president-de-catalunya?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4815">Lluís Companys, president de Catalunya</a></p> <h3>Llengua</h3> <p><a href="/llibre-estil-enciclopedia-catalana?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4795">Llibre d'estil</a></p> <h3>Medicina</h3> <p><a href="/enciclopedia-de-medicina-i-salut?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=68">Enciclopèdia de medicina i salut</a></p> <h3>Natura i ecologia</h3> <p><a href="/biosfera?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4805">Biosfera</a></p> <p><a href="/historia-natural-dels-paisos-catalans?search_api_fulltext=&field_faceta_cerca_1=4807">Història natural dels Països Catalans</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-searchmobile" class="display-none block-btn-search block block-block-content block-block-contentac4dbdb1-34a3-422e-a808-b34ca42c0aa2"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item"><a class="btn-search" href="#"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-exposed-form block-cerca-home justify-content-center bk-gray-50 block block-views block-views-exposed-filter-blockcerca-gec-solr-page-1" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-cerca-gec-solr-page-1" id="block-exposedformcerca-gec-solrpage-1-2"> <div class="content"> <form action="/cerca/gec" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-cerca-gec-solr-page-1" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-row"> <fieldset class="js-form-item js-form-type-search-api-autocomplete form-type-search-api-autocomplete js-form-item-search-api-fulltext form-item-search-api-fulltext form-no-label form-group"> <input placeholder="Cerca" data-drupal-selector="edit-search-api-fulltext" data-search-api-autocomplete-search="cerca_gec_solr" class="form-autocomplete form-control" data-autocomplete-path="/search_api_autocomplete/cerca_gec_solr?display=page_1&&filter=search_api_fulltext" type="text" id="edit-search-api-fulltext" name="search_api_fulltext" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" /> </fieldset> <fieldset class="js-form-item js-form-type-select form-type-select js-form-item-field-faceta-cerca-1 form-item-field-faceta-cerca-1 form-no-label form-group"> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-field-faceta-cerca-1" id="edit-field-faceta-cerca-1" name="field_faceta_cerca_1" class="form-select custom-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Tot -</option><option value="938">Gran enciclopèdia catalana</option><option value="87">Aprendre a aprendre</option><option value="4773">Art de Catalunya</option><option value="4796">Atles de la diversitat</option><option value="4806">Atles de la presència catalana al món</option><option value="4814">Atles electoral Segona Republica a Catalunya</option><option value="4805">Biosfera</option><option value="4811">Caixes i bancs de Catalunya</option><option value="4765">Catalunya romànica</option><option value="4800">Comarques de Catalunya</option><option value="4769">Del romà al romànic</option><option value="1218">Diccionari de la literatura catalana</option><option value="1225">Diccionari del cinema a Catalunya</option><option value="1162">Diccionari dels partits polítics de Catalunya, segle XX</option><option value="1219">Diccionari d’historiografia catalana</option><option value="4816">El Modernisme</option><option value="68">Enciclopèdia de medicina i salut</option><option value="4774">Enciclopèdia temàtica PROA</option><option value="1001">Esportpèdia</option><option value="4770">Fàbriques i empresaris</option><option value="1224">Gran enciclopèdia de la música</option><option value="4799">Història de la Generalitat de Catalunya i dels seus presidents</option><option value="4813">Història econòmica de la Catalunya contemporània</option><option value="4807">Història natural dels Països Catalans</option><option value="4809">Història. 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block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-6" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-80b4b2f9f513196de9dd7e268a39786c45ffcd222061c1913fdcfc6728a0be4b"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><h1> Llombardia<div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_10 js-view-dom-id-0dcd20224980b9f9fd98fc283c9650d9a057dbe71e3e75b7bd014e3d68f9e628"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </h1></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-13" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-13"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_13 js-view-dom-id-872b02be35d7c8b7e7d9be28e59395341cd05b9b2b95f65a0c4456edc9c75c18"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><div class="field-content altnamenou"><div class="view view-alternative-name-nou- view-id-alternative_name_nou_ view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-5cfb01da2d2ca87b8fe2f8d1517749ab80baa7a8d1d0c927c6eff55b6d4a4a43"> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-9" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-9"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_9 js-view-dom-id-987395f5e1d4f4e32dbaa38a4ae487e34678e79ceccdf2756a287382307500e9"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><p>Lombardia (it)</p></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-df2d643f0526754e46f1905809fb28d57ed067c44247af3165ee0915721123f2"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-75d1138ba8fcdbf2f01d23359a52ad0a2089bed162b8b2b4b878be67787d12e6"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-1"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-1e27c25a97020455612d7690d5940707ec35eb857dac93cca8d4341c580a138e"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-2"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_4 js-view-dom-id-dad3543da5fc6348c8c30173e2a200766da8f6035fc260627e661abeb02a0909"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-3"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_3 js-view-dom-id-14f1d7b711f558024a04fff0fe329329ea4ad43ec8f57c491faade73ab3cb4c9"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-4"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_5 js-view-dom-id-6c669037ee937c9040505e818e04bd158db456778c803c5a415bae295f8d498f"> </div> </span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-11" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-11"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_11 js-view-dom-id-18e86452abb012c3e2150b3366ea97ec2a09fb8a8661affe2423ac6daeef0012"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><div class="mediagroup"><div class="div-figure-media" xml:id="FOTO_2510675"><img class="div-graphic" src="/sites/default/files/media/FOTO/FG000907.JPG" /></div> <p class="div-caption">El llac Como, alimentat per les aigües de l’Adda</p> <p class="div-credits">© Corel Professional Photos</p></div></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-brief"><div class="field-content"><p><def opt="false" type="brief">Regió de la Itàlia septentrional, que s’estén des de la serralada dels Alps, al N, fins al Po, al S, i entre el Piemont, a l’W, i el Trentino-Alto Adige i el Vèneto, a l’W.</def></p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><h2>La geografia</h2> <p>La capital és Milà. Comprèn les províncies de Bèrgam, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Lecco, Lodi, Màntua, Milà, Pavia, Sondrio i Varese. Presenta tres grans unitats de relleu: la plana, al S, una zona muntanyosa, al N, i, entre totes dues, una faixa de transició. La zona muntanyosa és formada pels Alps pròpiament dits i els Prealps. Els primers són constituïts pel sector oriental dels Alps Lepontins i pels Alps Rètics, amb nombrosos cims de 3.000 a 4.000 m d’altitud (Bernina, 4.050 m). Al S de la Valtellina, vall de l’alt curs de l’Adda, s’aixequen els Alps d’Orobia, que formen la transició a la zona prealpina, la qual és profundament tallada per nombroses valls. Al peu dels Alps, la faixa de transició entre la muntanya i la plana és formada per una sèrie de turons morènics a la vora dels llacs, al S de la qual se succeeix la plana, que forma part de la plana del Po. El clima és de tipus continental, amb hiverns freds i estius càlids, bé que es fa més extremós vers la muntanya i més suau a la regió dels llacs, els quals atenuen la continentalitat. La temperatura mitjana de gener a Milà el 1992 fou d’1,9 °C, i la de juliol de 20,8 °C; la pluviositat anual registrada fou de 1.226 mm. Hidrogràficament, la regió és tributària del Po, els afluents principals del qual (Ticino, Adda, Oglio i Mincio) alimenten els llacs Iseo, Major, Como i Garda.</p> <h2>La població i l’economia</h2> <p>La Llombardia és una de les regions més poblades d’Itàlia, amb una densitat doble que la mitjana del país (374,7 h/km<span class="div-sup">2</span> [1991]). La zona de màxima concentració demogràfica és la plana, on destaca l’àrea de Milà.</p> <p>És la primera regió econòmica d’Itàlia. L’agricultura hi ocupa un lloc destacat, amb un alt nivell de mecanització i de regadiu. Els conreus principals són els cereals (blat i blat de moro); també és important el conreu de l’arròs, les patates, la bleda-rave i el farratge, que afavoreix una important ramaderia, especialment de bestiar boví; també hi ha cria de porcs. Avui, però, la riquesa principal és la indústria —afavorida per la presència de la riquesa hidroelèctrica—, molt diversificada, que concentra més d’un 30% de la mà d’obra industrial del país: mecànica (material ferroviari, automòbils, motors, aparells elèctrics), siderúrgica, química, tèxtil i alimentària.</p> <h2>La història</h2> <p>Habitada pels gals, la Llombardia fou domini de Roma des del segle II aC. Arrasada per les invasions bàrbares del segle V, fou conquerida (568) pels llombards, que fixaren la capital a Pavia i donaren nom a la regió. Ocupada pels francs (774), passà a dependre del Sacre Imperi Romanogermànic, i, després d’un període de feudalització, aparegueren comuns autònoms (segles XI-XII); Frederic I, amb l’intent de reprendre el govern de la regió, provocà la guerra de la lliga Llombarda, que assolà el territori a la segona meitat del segle XII. Malgrat tot, la represa econòmica, iniciada al segle XI, no es deturà, i al segle XII els mercaders i banquers llombards negociaven a tot Europa. Al segle XIII s’inicià la transformació dels comuns en senyories, amb el domini de famílies com els Visconti, els quals s’imposaren a Milà i portaren a terme la reunificació de la regió, amb l’excepció de Màntua, i una expansió fins a Gènova, Asti, Bolonya i la Toscana. No totes les adquisicions foren conservades; Bèrgam i Brescia passaren a Venècia, i Parma i Piacenza s’independitzaren. Més tard, la Llombardia, que fou camp de batalla de les guerres d’Itàlia, caigué sota el domini hispànic (1535-1713), i després, del d’Àustria, fins que entrà a formar part del regne d’Itàlia (1859).</p> <p>Després de la Primera Guerra Mundial fou un dels bressols del feixisme italià amb la fundació a Milà dels Fasci di combatimento per Benito Mussolini (1919). Durant la Segona Guerra Mundial aquest hi creà, amb capital a Salò (Brescia), la República Social Italiana (1943) a instàncies de l’Alemanya nazi amb el propòsit de controlar i administrat part del Nord d’Itàlia. Després de la Segona Guerra Mundial esdevingué, amb altres regions del Nord d’Itàlia, el pol de desenvolupament econòmic de l’Estat, amb un pes especialment remarcable de la capital, Milà. Amb la crisi institucional italiana dels anys noranta, la Llombardia ha estat el feu principal de la Lega Nord (o Lombarda), partit creat el 1991 que, al·legant motius bàsicament econòmics i amb un apreciable suport electoral, segons el moment ha propugnat un model d’estat federalista o la secessió de les regions del nord d’Itàlia. El 2017 organitzà una consulta extraoficial i no vinculant per preguntar sobre un nou sistema autonòmic que reconegués més competències. Amb una participació del 38,25%, els vots favorables superaren el 95%. </p> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-gec-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class="content"> <article data-history-node-id="247280" role="article" about="/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/llombardia" class="node node--type-enciclopedia node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <header> </header> <div class="node__content clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </section> </main> <div class="sidebar_first sidebar col-md-2 order-first" id="sidebar_first"> <aside class="section" role="complementary"> <section class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div class="views-element-container portada-work-sidebar display-none block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-5" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-5"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_5 js-view-dom-id-525563708eb8eecc4db6ef95590ad061ecf697f199303d49b915877e8af700ac"> <div class="view-content row"> <div id="views-bootstrap-fitxa-tecnica-block-5" class="grid views-view-grid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-auto col-sm-auto col-md col-lg col-xl"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-portada"><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-08/22Gran%20enciclopedia%20catalana.png?itok=TJBWrDUZ" width="400" height="152" alt="Logo de la Gran enciclopèdia catalana" typeof="Image" class="image-style-large" /> </a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-tocjsblock" class="block block-toc-js block-toc-js-block"> <div class="content"> <div id="sticky-anchor"></div> <div class="toc-js" id="toc-js-block-toc-js-block" data-id="toc_js_block" data-label="toc.js block" data-provider="toc_js" data-label-display="0" data-selectors="h2, h3, h4, h5" data-selectors-minimum="2" data-container=".main-content .content" data-prefix="anchor_" data-list-type="ul" data-back-to-top="0" data-back-to-top-label="Back to top" data-smooth-scrolling="1" data-scroll-to-offset="100" data-highlight-on-scroll="1" data-highlight-offset="100" data-sticky="0" data-sticky-offset="0" data-sticky-stop="" data-sticky-stop-padding="0"> <div class="toc-title h2">Sumari de l’article</div> <nav role="navigation" aria-label="Sumari de l’article"></nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container titol-metadades block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-1" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-1"> <h2>Metadades</h2> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-f2aa3755527e9b562a1faca322422b91d272aa371fe800a19a0d0dd2b6ed8fa9"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view-1"><span class="views-label views-label-view-1">Obra</span><span class="field-content"><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_5 js-view-dom-id-ef92921c116b96f328b9a292452339df2152604f03b78cb00876adbc25d83f64"> <div class="view-content row"> <div id="views-bootstrap-fitxa-tecnica-block-5--2" class="grid views-view-grid"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-auto col-sm-auto col-md col-lg col-xl"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-portada"><div class="field-content"><a href="https://www.enciclopedia.cat/gran-enciclopedia-catalana"> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/2021-08/22Gran%20enciclopedia%20catalana.png?itok=TJBWrDUZ" width="400" height="152" alt="Logo de la Gran enciclopèdia catalana" typeof="Image" class="image-style-large" /> </a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-faceta-cerca-materia"><span class="views-label views-label-field-faceta-cerca-materia">Matèria</span><div class="field-content">Divisió administrativa</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-faceta-toponimia"><span class="views-label views-label-field-faceta-toponimia">Toponímia</span><div class="field-content">Itàlia</div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-extensi-"><span class="views-label views-label-field-extensi-">Extensió</span><div class="field-content">23857 km<sup>2</sup></div></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-poblaci-"><span class="views-label views-label-field-poblaci-">Població</span><div class="field-content">10002615 h. 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