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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British engineer (1816–1888)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American politician, see <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Crampton_(politician)" title="Thomas Crampton (politician)">Thomas Crampton (politician)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Thomas Russell Crampton</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">MICE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Mechanical Engineers">MIMechE</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Russell_Crampton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Thomas_Russell_Crampton.jpg/220px-Thomas_Russell_Crampton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Thomas_Russell_Crampton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1816-08-06</span>)</span>6 August 1816<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Broadstairs, Thanet, Kent</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1888<span style="display:none">(1888-04-19)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Railway Engineer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Thomas Russell Crampton</b>, <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">MICE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mechanical_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Mechanical Engineers">MIMechE</a> (6 August 1816 – 19 April 1888) was an English engineer born at <a href="/wiki/Broadstairs" title="Broadstairs">Broadstairs</a>, Kent, and trained on <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Brunel's</a> <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a>. </p><p>He is best known for designing the <a href="/wiki/Crampton_locomotive" title="Crampton locomotive">Crampton locomotive</a> but had many engineering interests including the <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a> for which he designed a boring machine. His locomotives had much better success in France, Germany and Italy than they did in the UK. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born to John and Mary Crampton of Prospect Cottage (in what is now Dickens Walk), Broadstairs, on 6 August 1816, Crampton was the son of a plumber and architect.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated privately. Crampton married Louisa Martha Hall, who was a singer and a friend of <a href="/wiki/Jenny_Lind" title="Jenny Lind">Jenny Lind</a>, on 25 February 1841.<sup id="cite_ref-Tree_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tree-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had 8 children, six boys and two girls. The eldest girl, Ada Sarah, died aged 4 on 16 February 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-Twig_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twig-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Crampton gifted a stained glass window in St. Peter's church, Broadstairs in her memory. Their youngest daughter, Louisa, was to marry <a href="/wiki/Sir_Horace_Rumbold,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet">Sir Horace Rumbold</a>, the Ambassador to the Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died at his home, 19 Ashley Place, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a> on 19 April 1888 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Kensal_Green_Cemetery" title="Kensal Green Cemetery">Kensal Green Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton entered a career in engineering, initially with <a href="/wiki/Marc_Brunel" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Brunel">Marc Brunel</a> and later with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> (GWR) in <a href="/wiki/Swindon" title="Swindon">Swindon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Western_Railway_1839-43">Great Western Railway 1839-43</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Western Railway 1839-43"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton worked as assistant to Marc Brunel and on joining the GWR in 1839,<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gooch" title="Daniel Gooch">Daniel Gooch</a>. Crampton was involved in the design of the <a href="/wiki/GWR_Firefly_Class" title="GWR Firefly Class">"Firefly" class</a> of locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gooch's aim was to produce <a href="/wiki/Broad_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad gauge">broad gauge</a> locomotives that were better than those on the <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> lines, thus proving the broad gauge system was the better technically. Crampton, unbeknown to the GWR, had the idea of improving standard gauge locomotives so that they could match those of the broad gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, he left the GWR.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_1844-51">Development 1844-51</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development 1844-51"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846Cramptonloco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1846Cramptonloco.jpg/220px-1846Cramptonloco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/1846Cramptonloco.jpg/330px-1846Cramptonloco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/1846Cramptonloco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="283" /></a><figcaption>1846 Crampton locomotive</figcaption></figure><p>Crampton realised that the locomotives of the GWR were better than the standard gauge locomotives for a number of reasons. The broad gauge allowed a larger <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> diameter and higher <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a> for the same stability. Broad gauge also allowed a bigger <a href="/wiki/Firebox_(steam_engine)" title="Firebox (steam engine)">firebox</a> and heating area. Larger <a href="/wiki/Driving_wheel" title="Driving wheel">driving wheels</a> gave a lower piston speed, which allowed a higher speed for the locomotive before exhaust problems occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Crampton took out a patent for a new design of <a href="/wiki/Crampton_locomotive" title="Crampton locomotive">locomotive</a>. It is for the physical appearance of his locomotives that Crampton is remembered for today, with the driving wheel placed behind the firebox. But there were technical improvements that he made, which laid the foundations for future locomotive design. The three most important improvements were:- wide steam passages, large heating surfaces and generous bearing surfaces on the wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1844 to 1848, Crampton was working for <a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Younger" title="John Rennie the Younger">John</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Rennie_(engineer)" title="George Rennie (engineer)">George Rennie</a>. </p><p>In 1845, Crampton received his first order for a locomotive built to his patent. The <a href="/wiki/Namur_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Namur (city)">Namur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge" title="Liège">Liège</a> Railway in Belgium ordered three locomotives with 7 feet (2.13 m) diameter driving wheels and a 14.5 square feet (1.35 m<sup>2</sup>) grate. They were built by the firm of <a href="/wiki/Tulk_and_Ley" title="Tulk and Ley">Tulk and Ley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a>. One of the locomotives was tested in 1847 on the <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway" title="London and North Western Railway">London and North Western Railway</a>, who then built a "Crampton Patent" locomotive at <a href="/wiki/Crewe" title="Crewe">Crewe</a>. Another two locomotives were bought by the LNWR, including a <a href="/wiki/6-2-0" title="6-2-0">6-2-0</a> <i>Liverpool</i> built by <a href="/wiki/Bury,_Curtis_and_Kennedy" title="Bury, Curtis and Kennedy">Bury, Curtis and Kennedy</a> in 1848 with 8 feet (2.44 m) diameter driving wheels. A claim of 79 miles per hour (127 km/h) being achieved was made, with an average of 53 miles per hour (85 km/h) over 30 miles (48 km) with a 60-ton load.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another claim was for a speed of hauling eight carriages over 16 miles (26 km) at an average speed of 74 miles per hour (119 km/h).<sup id="cite_ref-Italy_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Italy-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One locomotive Crampton designed had an indirect drive arrangement, with a crankshaft between the driving wheels. This locomotive had a <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-2%2B2-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-2+2-2 (page does not exist)">2-2+2-2</a> wheel arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1847, Crampton became a founder member of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Mechanical_Engineers" title="Institution of Mechanical Engineers">Institution of Mechanical Engineers</a>, and in 1848, Crampton set up in business as a Civil Engineer in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, a Crampton locomotive was exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> which had balance weights on the driving wheels. This feature was commented upon by <a href="/wiki/William_Stroudley" title="William Stroudley">William Stroudley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1851, Crampton started the Broadstairs Gasworks, overseeing the construction and financing much of the works.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Eastern_Railway_1851-88">South Eastern Railway 1851-88</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Eastern Railway 1851-88"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Exhibition,_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Great_Exhibition%2C_No_136_Folkstone_by_HF_Talbot%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>No. 136 <i>Folkstone</i> at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a>, 1851</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crampton_Tower_(2)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg/220px-Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg/330px-Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg/440px-Crampton_Tower_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3844754.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Crampton's water tower, Broadstairs</figcaption></figure><p>By 1851, Crampton was working for the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (UK)">South Eastern Railway</a> (SER). In that year, ten new <a href="/wiki/Crampton_locomotive" title="Crampton locomotive">Crampton locomotives</a> were built, and one of these, No.136 <i>Folkstone</i> was exhibited at <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Exhibition" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Exhibition">The Great Exhibition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Percy_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percy-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1854, Crampton became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a> and in 1855 he was responsible for the building of the Berlin waterworks.<sup id="cite_ref-Science_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, Crampton was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Order of the Red Eagle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, Crampton formed the Broadstairs Water Company, building a water tower 80 feet (24.38 m) high which now forms the Crampton Tower Museum. The water tower could hold 83,000 imperial gallons (380,000 L) of water. Broadstairs Water Company was taken over by Broadstairs Urban District Council in 1901. In 1860, Crampton designed a tower for Holy Trinity church, Broadstairs, which <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a> had described as a "hideous temple of flint, a petrified haystack". Crampton donated a clock as a personal gift to the church. he also donated a <a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">wrought iron</a> bridge which was built across Goodson Steps. This is the Louisa Gap bridge, named after his youngest daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crampton was elected vice-president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peto,_Betts_and_Crampton"><span id="Peto.2C_Betts_and_Crampton"></span>Peto, Betts and Crampton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Peto, Betts and Crampton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton entered a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Peto_and_Betts" title="Peto and Betts">Sir Morton Peto and Edward Betts</a> to undertake part of the construction of the <a href="/wiki/London_Chatham_and_Dover_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="London Chatham and Dover Railway">London Chatham and Dover Railway</a>. When the partnership became insolvent in 1867, Crampton was made personally bankrupt,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, unlike Peto and Betts, managed to retain his good reputation and continue in business. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_lines_constructed">Railway lines constructed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Railway lines constructed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton was, wholly or partly, responsible for the railway lines built between <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aidin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin">Aidin</a>; <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustchuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustchuk">Rustchuk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Main_Line" title="Chatham Main Line">Strood and Dover</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maidstone_East_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidstone East Line">Sevenoaks and Swanley</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Main_Line" title="Chatham Main Line">Herne Bay and Faversham</a>. The latter three lines being built by the <a href="/wiki/London,_Chatham_and_Dover_Railway" title="London, Chatham and Dover Railway">London, Chatham and Dover Railway</a> (LCDR).<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crampton was also the contractor, and later chairman of the <a href="/wiki/East_and_West_Junction_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="East and West Junction Railway">East and West Junction Railway</a>. A Crampton locomotive was used to haul the first train from <a href="/wiki/Kineton" title="Kineton">Kineton</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fenny_Compton" title="Fenny Compton">Fenny Compton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EWJR_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWJR-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crampton was a partner in the <a href="/wiki/Mont_Cenis_Pass_Railway" title="Mont Cenis Pass Railway">Mont Cenis Pass Railway</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ransom_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ransom-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electric_telegraph">Electric telegraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electric telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton was responsible for the laying of the first international submarine cable in the world. This was laid in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Dover" title="Strait of Dover">Strait of Dover</a> in 1851.<sup id="cite_ref-Index_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Index-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first messages were carried on 13 November 1851 and the cable was in use until 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The company behind the project was an Anglo-French undertaking, known as <i>la Compagnie du télégraphe sous-marin</i> in France and the <i><a href="/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company" title="Submarine Telegraph Company">Submarine Telegraph Company between France and England</a></i> in Great Britain. Crampton was the engineer, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlton_Wollaston_(electrician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charlton Wollaston (electrician) (page does not exist)">Charlton Wollaston</a> was the electrician involved in laying the cable across the Channel. The <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (UK)">SER</a> were another early user of the electric telegraph, and it was by use of the SER's wires that messages were able to be transmitted between Paris and London, being relayed from <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wire_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wire-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Channel Tunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton designed an automatic hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_boring_machine" title="Tunnel boring machine">tunnel boring machine</a>, which was intended to be used in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Tunnel" title="Channel Tunnel">Channel Tunnel</a>. Modern drilling techniques were made possible by this invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Tower_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crampton's first wife died on 16 March 1875<sup id="cite_ref-Tree_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tree-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he married Elizabeth Werge on 25 August 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Trunk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trunk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left six sons and one daughter, who married <a href="/wiki/Sir_Horace_Rumbold,_8th_Baronet" title="Sir Horace Rumbold, 8th Baronet">Sir Horace Rumbold</a>, ambassador at Vienna.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1901_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1901-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Life-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121120211033/http://www.cramptontower.co.uk/broadstairs.htm">"PRIVATE LIFE AND BROADSTAIRS"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cramptontower.co.uk/broadstairs.htm">the original</a> on 20 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PRIVATE+LIFE+AND+BROADSTAIRS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cramptontower.co.uk%2Fbroadstairs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tree-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tree_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tree_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/OurFamilyData/d0005/g0000593.htm#I07523">"Louisa Martha HALL"</a>. David Horton & Kerry Raymond<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louisa+Martha+HALL&rft.pub=David+Horton+%26+Kerry+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapelhill.homeip.net%2FFamilyHistory%2FOurFamilyData%2Fd0005%2Fg0000593.htm%23I07523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twig-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twig_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070716121053/http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/OurFamilyData/d0003/g0000318.htm">"Ada Sarah CRAMPTON"</a>. David Horton & Kerry Raymond. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/OurFamilyData/d0003/g0000318.htm#I07530">the original</a> on 16 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ada+Sarah+CRAMPTON&rft.pub=David+Horton+%26+Kerry+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapelhill.homeip.net%2FFamilyHistory%2FOurFamilyData%2Fd0003%2Fg0000318.htm%23I07530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Index-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Index_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steamindex.com/people/crampton.htm">"Thomas Russell Crampton"</a>. Steam Index<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Russell+Crampton&rft.pub=Steam+Index&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsteamindex.com%2Fpeople%2Fcrampton.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tower-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tower_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204191214/http://www.cramptontower.co.uk/about.htm">"LOCOMOTIVES"</a>. Crampton Tower Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cramptontower.co.uk/about.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LOCOMOTIVES&rft.pub=Crampton+Tower+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cramptontower.co.uk%2Fabout.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italy-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Italy_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webalice.it/alberto.pezzoli81/treni/Storia/CramptonEngerth.htm">"La locomotiva dell'impresa: la Crampton"</a> (in Italian). webalice.it<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+locomotiva+dell%27impresa%3A+la+Crampton&rft.pub=webalice.it&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webalice.it%2Falberto.pezzoli81%2Ftreni%2FStoria%2FCramptonEngerth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Percy-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Percy_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080807112917/http://www.percywhitlock.org.uk/trains.htm">"The South Eastern and Chatham Railway and the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Amalgamated 1899 LOCOMOTIVES: Their Description, History, distinctive features and interest"</a>. The Percy Whitlock Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.percywhitlock.org.uk/trains.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+South+Eastern+and+Chatham+Railway+and+the+London%2C+Chatham+and+Dover+Railway+Amalgamated+1899+LOCOMOTIVES%3A+Their+Description%2C+History%2C+distinctive+features+and+interest&rft.pub=The+Percy+Whitlock+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.percywhitlock.org.uk%2Ftrains.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10322977">"Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer, c 1860s"</a>. The Science Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Russell+Crampton%2C+English+engineer%2C+c+1860s.&rft.pub=The+Science+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandsociety.co.uk%2Fresults.asp%3Fimage%3D10322977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span> (a photo of Crampton is here)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Morning Post</i>, 23 July 1868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWJR-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EWJR_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607170113/http://www.andythompson.net/history.htm">"History of the line"</a>. Andy Thompson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andythompson.net/history.htm">the original</a> on 7 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+line&rft.pub=Andy+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andythompson.net%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ransom-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ransom_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. J. G. Ransom (1999), <i>The Mont Cenis Fell Railway</i>, pp 30-32, <a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a>: <a href="/wiki/Twelveheads_Press" title="Twelveheads Press">Twelveheads Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wire-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wire_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/competitorsallies.aspx">"COMPETITORS AND ALLIES"</a>. Distant Writing<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=COMPETITORS+AND+ALLIES&rft.pub=Distant+Writing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Fcompetitorsallies.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trunk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trunk_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050704124933/http://chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/OurFamilyData/d0003/g0000343.htm">"Thomas Russell CRAMPTON"</a>. David Horton & Kerry Raymond. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chapelhill.homeip.net/FamilyHistory/OurFamilyData/d0003/g0000343.htm#I07518">the original</a> on 4 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thomas+Russell+CRAMPTON&rft.pub=David+Horton+%26+Kerry+Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chapelhill.homeip.net%2FFamilyHistory%2FOurFamilyData%2Fd0003%2Fg0000343.htm%23I07518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeccombe1901-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeccombe1901_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeccombe1901">Seccombe 1901</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeccombe1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seccombe, Thomas (1901). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement/Crampton, Thomas Russell"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1901_supplement/Crampton,_Thomas_Russell">"Crampton, Thomas Russell" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> (1st supplement)</i>. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Crampton%2C+Thomas+Russell&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography+%281st+supplement%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Seccombe&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThomas+Russell+Crampton" class="Z3988"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On the advantages of constructing, ventilating and working, long railway tunnels with three separate openings</i>. T. R. Crampton, Clowes, 1883. 8 pp.</li> <li><i>The Crampton locomotive in England</i>. P.C. Dewhurst.</li> <li><i>British locomotive design,1825-1960</i>. Glover, G., London: Allen & Unwin, 1967</li> <li><i>Narrow gauge steam: its origins and world-wide development</i>. Ransom, P.J.G., Sparkford: OPC</li> <li><i>Locomotives of the LNWR Southern Division: London & Birmingham Railway, London & North Western Railway and Wolverton Locomotive Works</i>. Jack, Harry, 2001</li> <li><i>Four main lines</i>. London: Allen & Unwin, Hamilton-Ellis, Cuthbert, 1950. 225pp.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Russell_Crampton&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://steamindex.com/people/crampton.htm">Thomas Russell Crampton biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cramptontower.co.uk">Crampton Tower Museum - Contains good biography</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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