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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi-Yemeni_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Saudi-Yemeni War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi-Yemeni_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Post-war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_and_after" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_after"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>World War II and after</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_after-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Waziri_Coup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Waziri_Coup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Al-Waziri Coup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Waziri_Coup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmed_bin_Yahya_period_(1948-1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmed_bin_Yahya_period_(1948-1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948-1962)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmed_bin_Yahya_period_(1948-1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War_(1962-1970)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Yemen_Civil_War_(1962-1970)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Yemen_Civil_War_(1962-1970)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Instability_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Instability_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Instability and decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Instability_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Army-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Army subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Land Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Air Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_Modernization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_Modernization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Army Modernization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_Modernization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army_size_before_the_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army_size_before_the_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Army size before the revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army_size_before_the_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yemeni_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemeni_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Yemeni Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemeni_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Gallery subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Postage_stamps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postage_stamps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Postage stamps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postage_stamps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flags" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flags"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Flags</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flags-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Yemen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C9%99m%C9%99n_M%C3%BCt%C9%99v%C9%99kkili_krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yəmən Mütəvəkkili krallığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yəmən Mütəvəkkili krallığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="یمن موتوکیلی کراللیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یمن موتوکیلی کراللیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Еменскае Мутавакілійскае Каралеўства – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еменскае Мутавакілійскае Каралеўства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaveklijsko_kraljevstvo_Jemen" title="Mutaveklijsko kraljevstvo Jemen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mutaveklijsko kraljevstvo Jemen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemensk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Jemenské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jemenské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Yemen" title="Kongeriget Yemen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Yemen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Jemen" title="Königreich Jemen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Jemen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeemeni_Kuningriik" title="Jeemeni Kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jeemeni Kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A5%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασίλειο της Υεμένης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο της Υεμένης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_Mutawakkilita_de_Yemen" title="Reino Mutawakkilita de Yemen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino Mutawakkilita de Yemen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Jemeno" title="Reĝlando Jemeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Jemeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemengo_Mutawakkilitar_Erresuma" title="Yemengo Mutawakkilitar Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yemengo Mutawakkilitar Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="پادشاهی متوکلی یمن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی متوکلی یمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_mutawakkilite_du_Y%C3%A9men" title="Royaume mutawakkilite du Yémen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume mutawakkilite du Yémen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%88%EB%A9%98_%EB%AC%B4%ED%83%80%EC%99%80%ED%82%AC_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="예멘 무타와킬 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="예멘 무타와킬 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Եմենի Մութավաքիլական Թագավորություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եմենի Մութավաքիլական Թագավորություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaveklijsko_kraljevstvo_Jemen" title="Mutaveklijsko kraljevstvo Jemen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mutaveklijsko kraljevstvo Jemen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Mutawakkiliyah_Yaman" title="Kerajaan Mutawakkiliyah Yaman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Mutawakkiliyah Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_Mutawakkilita_dello_Yemen" title="Regno Mutawakkilita dello Yemen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno Mutawakkilita dello Yemen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="ממלכת תימן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת תימן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="مملكه متوكليه يمنيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكه متوكليه يمنيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Mutawakkiliyah_Yaman" title="Kerajaan Mutawakkiliyah Yaman – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan Mutawakkiliyah Yaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Йемений хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Йемений хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutawakkilitisch_Koninkrijk_Jemen" title="Mutawakkilitisch Koninkrijk Jemen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mutawakkilitisch Koninkrijk Jemen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%A1%E3%83%B3%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="イエメン王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イエメン王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konged%C3%B8met_Jemen" title="Kongedømet Jemen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kongedømet Jemen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaman_Mutavakkiliylar_Qirolligi" title="Yaman Mutavakkiliylar Qirolligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yaman Mutavakkiliylar Qirolligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="متوکلی سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="متوکلی سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Jemenu" title="Królestwo Jemenu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Jemenu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_do_I%C3%AAmen" title="Reino do Iêmen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino do Iêmen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Йеменское Мутаваккилийское королевство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йеменское Мутаваккилийское королевство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Мутавеклијско краљевство Јемен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мутавеклијско краљевство Јемен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutaveklijsko_Kraljevstvo_Jemen" title="Mutaveklijsko Kraljevstvo Jemen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mutaveklijsko Kraljevstvo Jemen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemenin_kuningaskunta" title="Jemenin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jemenin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Jemen" title="Kungariket Jemen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Jemen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99" title="ราชอาณาจักรมุตาวัคคิไลต์เยเมน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรมุตาวัคคิไลต์เยเมน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_M%C3%BCtevekkil%C3%AE_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Yemen Mütevekkilî Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yemen Mütevekkilî Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Єменське Мутаваккілітське Королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Єменське Мутаваккілітське Королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81_%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%86" title="مملکت متوکلیہ یمن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مملکت متوکلیہ یمن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Yemen" title="Vương quốc Yemen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Yemen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%89%E9%96%80%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%9F%BA%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="葉門穆塔瓦基利亞王國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葉門穆塔瓦基利亞王國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q580188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1918–1970 kingdom in northwestern Yemen</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah</i></span></i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1918–1970</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of North Yemen"><img alt="Flag of North Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen#North_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Flag<br />(1927–1970)</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of North Yemen"><img alt="Coat of arms of North Yemen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Yemen_1962.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="795" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of North Yemen"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Salute_(Yemen)" title="Royal Salute (Yemen)">Royal Salute</a>"<br />(تحية ملكية)<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/40/National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.ogg/National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/National_anthem_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_(1923).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg/250px-Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg/375px-Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg/500px-Map_of_North_Yemen_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula_%281923%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1162" data-file-height="1225" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Before the <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_war_(1934)" title="Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)</a></span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/250px-Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/375px-Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg/500px-Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_in_its_region.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="238" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">After the Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> (1958–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918–1948)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948–1962)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Arabic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (official)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">King-Imam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1918–1948 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Hamid ed-Din</a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1948–1962 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1962–1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Badr" title="Muhammad al-Badr">Muhammad al-Badr</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 October 1918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_29" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 29">Admitted to the</a> United Nations </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War#Coup_d'état" title="North Yemen Civil War">26 September Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 September 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Monarchy abolished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 December 1970</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Yemeni_rial" title="North Yemeni rial">North Yemeni rial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">967</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen Vilayet</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir_%281927-1930%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="288" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Idrisid Emirate of Asir</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png/20px-Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png/30px-Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png/40px-Flag_of_Baidah_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baidah_Sultanate" title="Baidah Sultanate">Baidah Sultanate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg/40px-Flag_of_North_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Yemen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المملكة اليمنية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mamlakah al-Yamanīyah</i></span>), officially the <b>Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Mamlakah al-Mutawakkilīyah al-Yamanīyah</i></span>) and also known simply as <b>Yemen</b> or, retrospectively, as <b>North Yemen</b>, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1970 in the northwestern part of what is now <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. Located in the Middle East, the Kingdom of Yemen had an area of 195,000 km<sup>2</sup>. The country was bordered by Saudi Arabia in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> to the south. Its capital was <a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a> from 1918 to 1948, then <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a> from 1948 to 1962.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yemen was admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> on 30 September 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1962 to 1970, it maintained control over portions of Yemen until its final defeat in the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>. </p><p>Three days after the Ottoman Empire's decision to withdraw from Yemen following the 1918 <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a>, Imam Yahya, the religious leader of the region, entered Sana'a and declared himself the ruler of Yemen. After declaring his rule, he launched attacks on Aden, which was under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, but the British repelled the attacks. After these attacks, he suppressed the rebellions of the tribes in Southern Tihama and advanced towards the <a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Emirate of Asir</a>. It increased its legitimacy by making agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Then, in 1927, he again attacked the countries under the auspices of the British Empire, and these attacks also failed. In 1934, he signed a friendship treaty with the United Kingdom, promising not to attack Aden in exchange for border negotiations. The <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_war_(1934)" title="Saudi–Yemeni war (1934)">Saudi-Yemeni war</a> broke out because he did not accept to surrender the Emir of Asir, who was loyal to Saudi Arabia at that time and rebelled. Four months later, Yemen made peace by giving <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asir" title="Asir">Asir</a> to Saudi Arabia. After this war, the Kingdom of Yemen began to pursue an isolationist policy. While Imam Yahya enjoyed legitimacy among the Zaydi tribes in the northern areas, the Sunni population in the coastal and southern regions were less inclined to accept his rule. To maintain power, he maintained <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian rule</a> and appointed his sons to rule various provinces. Therefore, as a result of the growing discontent, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Imam Yahya</a> was assassinated in 1948 by revolutionaries who wanted to establish a constitutional government, but his son <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a>, who was the crown prince at the time, seized power with the help of loyal Zaydi tribes. In 1958, Ahmed bin Yahya joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> under pressure from Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>. However, when Syria left the union in 1961, Yemen also left the union. After the death of Ahmed bin Yahya, one week after his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Badr" title="Muhammad al-Badr">Muhammad al-Badr</a> came to power, the soldiers under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Sallal" title="Abdullah al-Sallal">Abdullah al-Sallal</a>, supported by Egypt, staged a coup and established the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a>. Al-Badr fled to the mountains and started a <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen civil war">civil war</a> with the help of Zaydi tribes. Saudi Arabia supported al-Badr, while Egypt sent troops to support al-Sallal. After Egypt's defeat by Israel in 1967, negotiations began between royalists and republicans for a ceasefire, and in 1970, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was officially dissolved in exchange for royalists having influence in the government. </p><p>The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocratic</a> kingdom governed under an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. The country did not have an official language, although the majority of the population spoke <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, with a minority speaking <a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite Hebrew</a>. Of the country, 90% were Arabs, ~10% were Afro-Arabs, and a small portion were Yemeni Jews before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Operation Magic Carpet</a>, which took place between 1949 and 1950. The population was ~55% <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> Muslim, ~45% <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Muslim</a>, and a small portion was Jewish before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Magic_Carpet_(Yemen)" title="Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)">Operation Magic Carpet</a>. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> in 1958 and left in 1961. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a></div> <p>There are various sources about the etymology of Yemen. The term Yamnat is used in ancient South Arabian inscriptions to refer to the second Himyarite king. It is mentioned in the title of <a href="/wiki/Shammar_Yahri%27sh" title="Shammar Yahri'sh">Shammar Yahrish</a>. This term probably refers to the coastline between <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadhramaut" title="Hadhramaut">Hadhramaut</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, Yemen encompassed a larger region stretching from northern <a href="/wiki/%27Asir_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="'Asir Province">Asir</a> in Saudi Arabia to <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Governorate" title="Dhofar Governorate">Dhufar</a> in southern Oman. This region is called <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is claimed that Yemen is derived from the name al-yamin (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اليمين</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'<a href="/wiki/Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Right">Right</a>') because Yemen is to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, that is, to its right according to maps, when turning towards the east of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, which is considered the center of the world according to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_geographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geographer">Islamic geographers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:542_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:542-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yemen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yemen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other sources claim that Yemen comes from the root <i>yamn</i> or <i>yumn</i>, meaning happiness or blessed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the rest of Arabia was called <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Deserta" title="Arabia Deserta">Arabia Deserta</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greeks</a>, Arabia Eudaimon (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Εὐδαίμων Ἀραβία</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Evdaímon Áravía</i></span>) by Roman geographers, and <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Felix" title="Arabia Felix">Arabia Felix</a> (English: Fertile/Fortunate Arabia) by the Arabs. Yemen was called <i>as-Sa'id</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اليمن السعيد</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Happy Yemen').<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist" style="background:#FFEECC"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yemen" title="Category:History of Yemen">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of <span class="fn org label">Yemen</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/131px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/197px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg/262px-Jemen1988-022_hg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3833" data-file-height="1835" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:85px;max-width:85px"><div style="height:62px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace,_Seiyun_(2286710698).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/83px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="83" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/125px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg/166px-Sultan_Al_Kathiri_Palace%2C_Seiyun_%282286710698%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/105px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/158px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg/210px-Cisterns_of_Tawila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="887" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:111px;max-width:111px"><div style="height:72px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baran_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/109px-Baran_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/164px-Baran_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Baran_Temple.jpg/218px-Baran_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Yemeni_history" title="Timeline of Yemeni history">Timeline</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history_of_Yemen" title="Ancient history of Yemen">Ancient history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheba" title="Sheba">Kingdom of Sheba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_%E1%B8%A4a%E1%B8%91ramawt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt">Kingdom of Ḥaḑramawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Awsan" title="Kingdom of Awsan">Kingdom of Awsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qataban" title="Qataban">Kingdom of Qatabān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaeans" title="Minaeans">Kingdom of Ma'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himyarite_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite Kingdom">Kingdom of Ḥimyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Kingdom of Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Yemen" title="Sasanian Yemen">Sasanian rule</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_history_of_Yemen" title="Islamic history of Yemen">Islamic history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyadid_dynasty" title="Ziyadid dynasty">Ziyadid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najahid_dynasty" title="Najahid dynasty">Najahid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayhid_dynasty" title="Sulayhid dynasty">Sulayhid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurayids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurayids">Zurayids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdids" title="Mahdids">Mahdid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasulid_dynasty" title="Rasulid dynasty">Rasulid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirids_(Yemen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids (Yemen)">Tahirid state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFE4B5;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Yemen" title="Modern history of Yemen">Modern history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Ottoman eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Zaidi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Zaidi State">Qasimid state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahej" title="Sultanate of Lahej">Sultanate of Lahej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Ottoman vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Mutawakkilite Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">Yemeni unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">1994 Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_revolution" title="Yemeni revolution">Yemeni revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil war (2014–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Yemen" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Yemen">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">Red Sea crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/16px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/24px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yemen" title="Portal:Yemen">Yemen portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Yemen" title="Template talk:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Yemen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Yemen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen Eyalet</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ottoman soldiers and local Yemeni people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-251px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png" decoding="async" width="251" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-377px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif/lossless-page1-502px-Group_of_men_in_Yemen.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman soldiers with Yemeni locals</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1849, the Ottoman Empire conquered the <a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihama</a> region in order for the Zaydi imam to recognize Ottoman sovereignty and allow Ottoman forces to deploy to Sana'a.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Muhtar_Pasha" title="Ahmed Muhtar Pasha">Ahmed Muhtar Pasha</a> with the Fırka-i İhtiyâtiyye Army to which he was assigned After eliminating Muhammed Âiz in <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Asir" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Asir">Asir</a>, he re-established the Ottoman authority in Yemen by taking Sana'a, the most important city of Yemen, during the governorship of Yemen to which he was appointed in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmed Pasha not only established authority but also initiated construction works in Yemen. In addition to a castle, a mosque, and an imaret, he had a printing house established in San'a and a telegraph line was laid between San'a and Hudaydah. However, the Zaydis, who wanted their imams to rule Yemen, rebelled in 1889 because the Ottoman officials serving in the region were involved in corruption in administrative affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hejaz Governor Ahmed Feyzi Pasha, who was assigned to suppress the rebellion, from <a href="/wiki/Al_Hudaydah" title="Al Hudaydah">Hudaydah</a> He advanced to Sana'a and Taiz and suppressed the rebellion in a short time. Not only was it difficult to suppress the rebellions in Yemen, but the poverty of the Yemeni people increased because reforms could not be made because they were costly to the Ottoman Empire. Since the discontent of the people could not be resolved, they rebelled even more.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> made some reforms to eliminate the authority of Imam Yahya and eased the tax burden of the poor in Yemen and built schools. He tried to put an end to the rebellions by appointing officers who spoke Arabic to Yemen. After the <a href="/wiki/Yemeni%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts">rebellions</a> of 1882, 1896, 1902, 1904 and 1910. Shortly before World War II; In 1913, the Ottoman Empire was forced to cede some authority to Imam Yahya, who was officially the Zaydi imam. In return, Imam Yahya promised that he would not cooperate with Seyyid Idrisi against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, Along with World War I, many wars took place in Yemen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imam_Yahya_period_(1918-1948)"><span id="Imam_Yahya_period_.281918-1948.29"></span>Imam Yahya period (1918-1948)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Imam Yahya period (1918-1948)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Imam_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Yahya">Imam Yahya</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Arabia_during_World_War_I" title="South Arabia during World War I">South Arabia during World War I</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1919_Red_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1919_Red_Sea.png/220px-1919_Red_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1919_Red_Sea.png/330px-1919_Red_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1919_Red_Sea.png/440px-1919_Red_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption>Yemen in 1919</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Imam_Yahya_und_San%27a_alay%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption>Imam Yahya and his troops in Sana'a</figcaption></figure> <p>As the fronts turned into a stalemate in the First World War, Imam Yahya, the Zaydi imam of the time, became worried about what would happen to himself and Yemen. In order to avoid any harm to himself, Imam Yahya began to think of leaving <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Lahij" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Lahij">Lahij</a> to the British and asking for the opening of sea lanes and the stopping of British and Seyyid Idrisi attacks in return.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 30 October 1918, he signed the <a href="/wiki/Mudros_Armistice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudros Armistice">Mudros Armistice</a> of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this situation, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Imam Yahya</a> entered Sana'a and declared the independence of Yemen, and 3 days after independence, Imam Yahya declared himself the ruler of the Zaydi Emirate of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the armistice, the Ottoman Empire was to withdraw from all of Yemen, but the governor of the city, Mahmut Nedim Bey, and the commander of the 40th Division, Galib Bey, did not comply with this order for 45 days. Corps Commander <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Tevfik_Pasha" title="Ahmet Tevfik Pasha">Ahmet Tevfik Pasha</a> paid a small amount of the soldiers' overdue salaries from the Provincial coffers. Imam Yahya stated that he would not object if the corps decided to surrender the Corps units, and he requested that some of the weapons and ammunition in the troops be given to him as a precaution against possible attacks in the future, but some commanders objected to this.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiz Operations Regional Commander Ali Sait Pasha took the initiative and went to Aden and met with the British. Since Ahmet Tevfik Pasha took the time to evacuate Yemen, the British ordered VII. The corps and Yahya's delegation sat at the table with the British, but no result came out of this negotiation.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">The resistance continued for 1 more month, then VII. The Corps and the 40th Division handed over most of their ammunition to Imam Yahya and sold the rest to the tribes to provide subsistence to the soldiers. On January 23, 1919, the last Ottoman force surrendered to the British.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although most of the officers had left, Mahmud Nedim Bey and 200 Ottoman officers were still detained by Imam Yahya in Sana'a.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil servants who stayed in Yemen repeatedly wrote letters to the governments of Istanbul and Ankara for the payment of their salaries until the Treaty of Lausanne was signed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter dated October 13, 1923, he stated that it was appropriate and necessary for the Yemenis to establish their own administration, that it was not possible to meet the financial demands, but that the necessary experts or civil servants were needed for organization. It was written that Turkey could help, provided that their salaries were paid by the Yemeni administration. They held important positions such as Mahmut Nedim the governor of Sana'a and Ragıp Pasha the minister of foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam Yahya wanted Mahmud Nedim Bey, whose official duty ended after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>, to stay in Yemen. However, Mahmud Nedim Bey returned to Turkey in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he tried to bring the remaining Turks to Turkey. In 1926, some civil servants returned to Turkey. The Turks who remained in Yemen intermarried with the locals, and most of them were later presumed dead by those in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dar-Al_Hajar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Residence of Imam Yahya Dârü'l-Hajar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dar-Al_Hajar.png/220px-Dar-Al_Hajar.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dar-Al_Hajar.png/331px-Dar-Al_Hajar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Dar-Al_Hajar.png/440px-Dar-Al_Hajar.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Hajar" title="Dar al-Hajar">Dar al Hajar</a>, The Imam's royal residence</figcaption></figure> <p>Imam Yahya wanted to realize the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a> ideal from the Kasimid period.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That's why he declared that he did not recognize the <a href="/wiki/Violet_Line_(1914)" title="Violet Line (1914)">Violet Line</a> determined by the Ottoman Empire and England in March 1914<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Online.Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online.Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a> began to advance towards the British-controlled <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> in 1919 to realize its ideal, but the Yemenis retreated with the counter-attack of the British army.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming after the retreating army of Imam Yahya The British army also occupied the port of al-Hudaydah and handed it over to Asir Emirate.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the loss of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hudayda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hudayda">Hudaydah</a>, Imam Yahya attacked Aden again in 1922. 50 km before Aden, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">British Air Force</a> had to retreat because Imam Yahya's army was under heavy bombardment.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated34_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated34-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to gain more control over the tribes in Yemen, he waged war against the rebellious Hashid and Bakil tribes in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Imam Yahya knew about the brutality of crown Prince Ahmed bin Yahya, he appointed him as a commander in the rebellions. After many clashes between the Hashid bandits and the Victorious Army, the Hashid tribe was defeated. By the order of Prince Ahmed bin Yahya, the army plundered the Hashid tribe and raped many people.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this incident, Imam Yahya ordered the crown Prince Ahmed bin Yahya to arrest the chiefs and sheikhs of the Hashid tribes, collect the captives, and also ask the Hashid tribe to cover the war damages. He ordered him to collect a small amount of taxes and to demolish the houses of those who refused. The arrested Hashid sheikhs and tribal leaders were sent to Ghamdan prison. Everyone except the children was tortured and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabistan_1925.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arabistan_1925.png/220px-Arabistan_1925.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arabistan_1925.png/330px-Arabistan_1925.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arabistan_1925.png/440px-Arabistan_1925.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1047" /></a><figcaption>Arabia map in 1925</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1924, al-Jawf and Bayda tribes rebelled. Thereupon, Imam Yahya sent the New Army led by Sayyid <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Wazir" title="Abdullah al-Wazir">Abdullah al-Wazir</a> to suppress the rebellion. After establishing his authority over the tribes, Imam Yahya, who wanted to benefit from the struggle for the throne that emerged in the Emirate of Asir after the death of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi in 1923, captured Hudaydah with troops consisting of tribal members, most of whom were from the Hashid tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of shrines, considered saints by the inhabitants of Hudaydah, were destroyed by Imam Yahya's army during these conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hudaydah was captured, al-Jawf tribes rebelled and the rebellion ended after a short conflict. Then he headed towards Sabya and besieged al-Idrisi's son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_bin_Muhammad_al-Idrisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali bin Muhammad al-Idrisi (page does not exist)">Ali bin Idrisi</a>. In 1926, the Imam's army raided tribes that did not recognize him in <a href="/wiki/Jizan" title="Jizan">Jizan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Najran_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Najran Region">Najran</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bernard_Reich_p.509_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernard_Reich_p.509-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_bin_Muhammad_al-Idrisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali bin Muhammad al-Idrisi (page does not exist)">Ali bin Idrisi</a> He pledged his allegiance to Imam Yahya on condition that he recognized him as the ruler of Southern Asir But Imam Yahya rejected this offer, claiming that the Idrisis were of Moroccan origin. According to Imam Yahya; Along with the British, the Idrisians were nothing but intruders and had to be permanently expelled from Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated509_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated509-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy was negotiated with the United Kingdom and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd</a> under their pressure. caused him to have problems.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, A dispute broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz_and_Nejd" title="Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd">Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd</a> and Yemen over the territorial sharing of <a href="/wiki/Najran_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Najran Region">Najran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg/220px-Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg/330px-Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg/440px-Sanaa-old-242-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Imam Yahya's children, 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>Imam Yahya, British in South Yemen to put pressure on the 's and to draw a borderline between two occupying powers <sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a land that does not belong to them<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>' and started to raid the <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a>. In response, the British began bombing Yemen, especially <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibb" title="Ibb">Ibb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Yemen did not have an air force and air defense system, Yemen could not react and suffered too many casualties. That's why the imam had to stop the raids. Later, <i>Ali Nasır el-Kardey</i> set out with a tribal union to capture Shabwa, which lies to the south of <a href="/wiki/Violet_Line_(1914)" title="Violet Line (1914)">Violet Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without conflict, the tribes submitted to Imam Yahya. After the tribes in Shabwa came under the yoke of the imam, the British started bombing the tribes in Shabwa. The real reason they bombed the tribes was to further shake the Imam's shaken authority.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country that first recognized Imam Yahya as the king of all Yemen became the Kingdom of Italy with the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Yemeni_Treaty" title="Italo-Yemeni Treaty">Italo-Yemeni Treaty</a> signed in 1926. Thus, the Imam is especially important in Arab geography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saudi-Yemeni_War">Saudi-Yemeni War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Saudi-Yemeni War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen-Saudi_War.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yemen-Saudi_War.gif/220px-Yemen-Saudi_War.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yemen-Saudi_War.gif/330px-Yemen-Saudi_War.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Yemen-Saudi_War.gif/440px-Yemen-Saudi_War.gif 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Display of the war on the map <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C22335; color:white;"> </span> Kingdom of Yemen</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1C9626; color:black;"> </span> Saudi Arabia</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The Idrisis rebelled against Saudi Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> soon suppressed the rebellion. Emir Idrisi took refuge in Yemen. That's why Yemen-Saudi Arabia relations began to become tense. Imam Yahya did not comply with the agreement and attacked Najran.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imam Yahya demanded that the administration in Asir be left to al-Idrisi. When an agreement could not be reached with the ambassadors sent by Saudi Arabia, the ambassadors were imprisoned. </p><p>The United Kingdom signed friendship treaties with both sides to remain neutral<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but still provided aircraft and weapons aid to Saudi Arabia before the war.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British maintained Yemen's independence for forty years. and although Imam Yahya did not accept the Violet line, he promised not to attack <a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a> in exchange for border negotiations.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1934, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Abdulaziz ibn Saud</a> ordered his son <a href="/wiki/Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Saud of Saudi Arabia">Prince Saud</a> to occupy the shadow of Tihama and al-Hudaydah.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20 March 1934' Saudi Arabia officially declared war on Yemen. Thus began the <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Saudi-Yemen War</a>. In the war, Yemen had an army of 37,000 and the Saudis had an army of 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the beginning of the war, the Saudis advanced rapidly and captured Hajara and <a href="/wiki/Najran_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Najran Region">Najran</a> on 7 and 21 April, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> May 1934, bypassing the Yemen Mountains They captured <a href="/wiki/Al-Hudaydah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Hudaydah">al-Hudaydah</a>. After capturing it, they began to plunder the city. When they threatened to plunder the traders from the Dominion of India, they gave up plundering when soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> arrived to restore order. Famine began to occur in Sana'a. The imam denied rumors that his son was killed while escaping. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1900_bashi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yemeni troops entering Hudaydah, 1934" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1900_bashi.jpg/220px-1900_bashi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1900_bashi.jpg/330px-1900_bashi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1900_bashi.jpg/440px-1900_bashi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Hudeidia, 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>Yemen is stuck in the city of Sana'a. Neither British nor Italian forces were expected to intervene in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Saud" title="Ibn Saud">Ibn Saud</a> demanded the imam's abdication, five-year control of the border region and the exile of the former Emir of Asir from Yemen, but Imam Yahya did not accept. Although the Saudis had better weapons, especially tanks, they did not fall to San because Saudi Arabia's soldiers could not adapt to the mountainous region and Yemeni soldiers were more experienced. Ibn Saud decided to make an agreement with Yemen because he was not in a position to continue the war and there was a possibility of a new Muslim Brotherhood rebellion.12 May 1934' Peace talks started in. Ibn Saud claimed that he was not interested in Yemeni lands. He gave up his demand for Imam Yahya's abdication and demanded a 20-year ceasefire.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present-day Yemen-Saudi Arabia border was determined with the <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_War_(1934)#Treaty_of_Taif" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)">Taif Treaty</a> signed on 14 June 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kingdom of Yemen; He had to leave Najran, Asir and Jizan to the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> End Saudi troops left Yemen on July 7.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kohn" title="Hans Kohn">Hans Kohn</a> writing in Foreign Affairs Magazine noted that some European observers tended to view this conflict as actually a clash of British and Italian interests. He evaluated that although Saudis have ties with England and Yemen with Italy, ultimately the rivalry between the two emirates will not feed the rivalry between the two countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war">Post-war</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Post-war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Failure to recognize the southern border of his kingdom with the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> (later <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">People's Democratic Republic of Yemen</a>) negotiated by Yahya's ulema, despite the Treaty of Friendship at Sana'a, From time to time it caused conflicts with the British.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On October 15, 1937, the Italian-Yemen Treaty was extended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_War_II_and_after">World War II and after</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II and after"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Yemen" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral powers during World War II § Yemen</a></div> <p>Although Imam Yahya was anti-British and close to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis powers</a>, to which the Kingdom of Italy belonged, II. He pursued a <a href="/wiki/Solitude" title="Solitude">isolationist</a> policy throughout World War II. Although it did not participate in the war, it faced famines in Yemen like Türkiye. In 1943, a major famine occurred in Yemen. Although it was suggested to the Imam to open the state's reserves, he did not accept it. </p><p>In 1944, the poet Muhammad Mahmud Al-Zubayri, nicknamed the "Father of the Revolution" in the North, returned to Yemen from Egypt, but soon fled to the south and founded the Great Yemen Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1945, Yemen became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>. </p><p>On March 4, 1946, President Harry Truman recognized the Kingdom of Yemen as a sovereign state in a letter to Imam Yahya, the king of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-history.state.gov_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history.state.gov-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibrahim bin Yahya When his father, Imam Yahya, fell ill in the city of al-Rawda in 1946, he contacted several commanders and tribal leaders and arranged for the Dar Al-Hajar, al-Salalah in the city of Sana'a. He planned to seize power by capturing important points such as the Palace and arresting his father and brother Ali bin Yahya. He showed his plan to people he trusted, such as the poet Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Shami, but no one supported him.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because he was worried that his plan would go to his father, he faked being sick and started rumors that he was going crazy and having epileptic seizures in order to escape from Yemen. Since doctors could not find a solution, they advised his father to be sent to <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. They left Yemen with Professor Ahmed al-Burak, who knew English well, to be their translator. After staying in <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a> for a while, they went to the city of Aden and Ibrahim joined the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahrar_Party_(Yemen)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ahrar Party (Yemen) (page does not exist)">Ahrar Party</a>, which was established against his father's rule.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 30, 1947, Yemen joined the United Nations. In the mid-20th century, most <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Jews">Yemeni Jews</a> left Yemen and emigrated to the newly established <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p><p>In 1948, nearly 100 members of the <i>Free Yemen Society</i> were arrested for distributing leaflets against authoritarian rule.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small expeditionary force was sent to the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab-Israeli_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Arab-Israeli War">1948 Arab-Israeli War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris,_2008,_p._20522_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris,_2008,_p._20522-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Al-Waziri_Coup">Al-Waziri Coup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Al-Waziri Coup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alwaziri_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Alwaziri coup">Alwaziri coup</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-wazir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Al-wazir.jpg/220px-Al-wazir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Al-wazir.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Wazir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Al-Wazir">Abdullah Al-Wazir</a>, March 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>In order to seize power, the Al-Wazirids ambushed Imam Yahya on 17 February 1948 in Savad Hizyaz, south of Sana'a.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali Kardey's group opened fire on the convoy, which had to stop because of a stone placed in the middle of the road, and Imam Yahya, his grandson and two soldiers were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was said that 50 bullets were found in Imam's body.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the Al-Waziris appointed <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Al-Wazir" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah Al-Wazir">Abdullah Al-Wazir</a> to rule the kingdom. Al-Wazir declared constitutionalism and established a provisional Shura Council. There were sixty prominent scholars and jurists in the parliament, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0brahim_bin_Yahya_Hamideddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İbrahim bin Yahya Hamideddin (page does not exist)">İbrahim bin Yahya</a>. </p><p>The new government was formed, headed by Ali bin Abdullah, who also included Ahmed Muhammad. Numan as the Minister of Agriculture, Sheikh Muhammad Ahmed Numan as the Minister of Internal Affairs, Muhammad Mahmud al-Zubari as the Minister of Education and Judge Abdullah Al-Agbari as the Minister of State, Hussein Abdul Qadir as the Minister of Defense, Servant Galib al-Wajih as the Minister of Finance, Judge Ahmed al-Agbari as the Minister of Education. Carafi took office as Minister of Economy and Mining and Mr. Ahmed al-Mutaa as Minister of Trade and Industry. Prince Ali bin Yahya Hamideddin was appointed as Minister of State and Judge. Hasan al-Omari was appointed Minister of State. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanaa43.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sanaa43.jpg/220px-Sanaa43.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sanaa43.jpg/330px-Sanaa43.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Sanaa43.jpg/440px-Sanaa43.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Sana'a, with <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Gate">Bab al-Yaman</a> visible in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>"Our father, Imam Yahya Hamideddin, passed away. Ahmed al-Wazir was elected imam and I am the chairman of the Council," written by Ibrahim bin Yahya to Cairo newspapers from Aden. The telegram was sent. Abdullah bin Yahya, who was in London at the time of the coup, denied his father's death and added cryptically: "The circumstances are complex and it is understandable that some exaggerated news is coming out of Yemen."<sup id="cite_ref-:12_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This coup was not welcomed by Arab countries. Especially the Saudis and the remaining Arab kings did not recognize the new government. After the coup, his son <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a> traveled around North Yemen, gathered the tribes and Saudi Arabia behind him, and besieged Sana'a with the tribes he gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took control of the city a few weeks later. He allowed the tribes he took behind him to plunder the capital. The sack of Sana'a lasted seven days and is assumed to have involved around 250,000 tribesmen.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 April 1948, Abdullah al-Wazir was executed by beheading. Approximately 5000 people died during the coup.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> According to Professor of Political Science and International Relations Bernard Reich, Imam Yahya, like his ancestors, could have done better and organized the Zaydi tribes in the northern plateaus against the Turks and British invaders, uniting Yemen and turning it into another cemetery.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmed_bin_Yahya_period_(1948-1962)"><span id="Ahmed_bin_Yahya_period_.281948-1962.29"></span>Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948-1962)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ahmed bin Yahya period (1948-1962)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg/220px-Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg/330px-Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg/440px-Ali_Nasser_Al-Qarda3i.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A drawing of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Nasser_Al-Qardai" title="Ali Nasser Al-Qardai">Ali Nasser Al-Qardai</a> Al-Muradi. The <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> imam, <a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_Hamid_ed-Din" title="Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din">Yahya Hamid Al-Din</a>, wanted to get rid of him, so he forced him into a battle with the <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> in Shabwa, so Al-Muradi returned and killed the imam in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After Imam Yahya was killed in the coup in 1948<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> son of Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmed bin Yahya</a> came to power. His reign was marked by renewed friction with the United Kingdom over the British presence in the south, which stood in the way of its aspirations for increased development, openness and the creation of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a>. Ahmed bin Yahya was a little more forward-thinking and more open to foreign relations than his father. Yet his regime, like his father's, was <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocratic</a>; His approval was required even in the most ordinary situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to Ahmed bin Yahya's strictness and fierceness, the Yemenis described him as <i>Ahmed Ya Jinah</i> ([أحمد يا جناه] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |translation= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>) at that time, and because of this trait, his father was the one who appointed him. He gave him the task of suppressing the rebellions – especially in Hashid and Tihame.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahmed bin Yahya, like his father Imam Yahya, had the idea of a Greater Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1950s, after not recognizing British rule in Southern Arabia, he established a British-Ottoman border that served to separate Yemen from the Aden Protectorate. A series of border clashes took place along the <a href="/wiki/Violet_Line_(1914)" title="Violet Line (1914)">Violet Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British won the conflict. </p><p>In 1952, Imam Ahmed banned listening to the radio in public places. </p><p>In March 1955, a coup by a group of military officers and two of Ahmed's brothers deposed the king for a time. However, the coup was quickly suppressed. Ahmed bin Yahya faced increasing pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, who was supported by <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabists</a>, and in April 1956 He also signed a mutual defense agreement with Egypt. In March 1958, Yemen joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a>. However, this confederation disintegrated shortly after Syria withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> in September 1961 and from the United Arab States in December 1961. After these events, relations between Yemen and Egypt deteriorated. </p><p>In 1959, the <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Soviet Red Cross and Red Crescent Society</a> sent 10,000 tons of wheat to help Yemen overcome the effects of drought. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Yemen_Civil_War_(1962-1970)"><span id="North_Yemen_Civil_War_.281962-1970.29"></span>North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North Yemen Civil War (1962-1970)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png/220px-Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png/330px-Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png/440px-Kuzey_yemen_ic_savasi_1967.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>State of the war in 1967</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg/220px-Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg/330px-Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg/440px-Royalist_camp_in_North_Yemen_war_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>A royalist camp in Yemen in 1962</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/220px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/330px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg/440px-Egyptian_army_in_sanaa_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Expeditionary Egyptian Troops in the North Yemen Civil War</figcaption></figure> <p>Imam Ahmed died in September 1962 and was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Badr" title="Muhammad al-Badr">Muhammad al-Badr</a>. Inspired by Nasser's Free Officers movement, Egyptian-trained officers led by the commander of the royal guard, Abdullah al-Sallal, deposed Muhammad al-Badr the year he came to power, took control of Sanaa, and founded the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a>. This incident sparked the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>. The Imam then fled to the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> border and launched a counter-attack with the support of the Zaidi tribes in the north to regain control, which soon escalated the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-Long,_David_E._1995_p._153_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long,_David_E._1995_p._153-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg/220px-Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg/330px-Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg/440px-Red_Cross_delegate_Andre_Rocher_with_Prince_Abdullah_bin_Al-Hassan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Red Cross delegate Andre Rocher with Prince Abdullah bin Al-Hassan</figcaption></figure> <p>Soviets recognized the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> immediately after these events, on September 29, 1962. Saudi Arabia and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> began to support the monarchists. On October 5, 1962, Prince Hassan established a royalist government in exile in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. There were 55,000 Egyptian soldiers and 3,000 Republicans against the Kingdom Army of 40,447 people.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, as he increased the number of soldiers to 130,000, he accelerated his loss in the <a href="/wiki/Six_Day_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Day War">Six Day War</a>. The Royalists made an agreement with the Yemeni tribes to reduce the numerical superiority of the Republicans, and by 1965 the Royalists had increased to approximately 220,000 people. Egypt began using <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> in late 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 11, 1966, two people died and thirty-five people were injured due to fifteen tear gas bombs. On January 5, 1967, 140 people died and 130 people were injured in the gas attack on Kitaf village, the headquarters of Prince Hasan bin Yahya. After these events, the United Kingdom and the United States put pressure on Egypt. Egypt did not accept the allegations and suggested that the reported incidents were probably caused by <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">napalm</a>, not gas. The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross</a> was alarmed and issued a statement expressing concern in Geneva on 2 June. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">University of Bern</a> Institute of Forensic Medicine, based on the report of the Red Cross, concluded that the gas was probably halogen derivatives – <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">mustard gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">lewisite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide" title="Cyanogen bromide">cyanogen bromide</a>-. Gas attacks stopped 3 weeks after the Six-Day War. An estimated 1,500 people died and 2,000 were injured due to chemical attacks. Conflicts continued until 1967, when Egyptian troops withdrew. By 1968, after a final royalist siege of Sana'a, an agreement was reached with the Saudis at the Islamic conference in 1970, and the first permanent constitution was adopted on December 30, 1970, consolidating the Republican regime.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:_4_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:_4-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100,000 people died on both sides during the conflict. Egyptian historians call this civil war "Egypt's Vietnam War" due to the guerrilla warfare tactics used by the monarchists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Instability_and_decline">Instability and decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Instability and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Muhammad_al-Wareeth" title="Yahya Muhammad al-Wareeth">Imam Yahya</a> was assassinated in an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Yahia_clan_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahia clan coup">coup d'état in 1948</a>, but his son, Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a>, regained power several months later. His reign was marked by growing development and openness, as well as renewed friction with the United Kingdom over the British presence in the south, which stood in the way of his aspirations to create a <a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Greater Yemen</a>. Imam Ahmad was slightly more forward-thinking than his father and was more open to foreign contacts. Nonetheless, his regime, like his father's, was autocratic and semi-medieval in character; even the most mundane measures required his personal approval.<sup id="cite_ref-tms_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tms-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1955, a coup by a group of officers and two of Ahmad's brothers briefly deposed the king but was quickly suppressed. Ahmad faced growing pressures, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabist</a> objectives of the President of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a>, and, in April 1956, he signed a mutual defense pact with Egypt. In March 1958, Yemen joined the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> (a federation of Egypt and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> formed in February 1958) in a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a>. However, this confederation was dissolved in December 1961, soon after Syria withdrew from the United Arab Republic and the United Arab States in September 1961. Relations between Egypt and Yemen subsequently deteriorated. </p><p>Imam Ahmad died in September 1962 and was succeeded by his son, Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Badr" title="Muhammad al-Badr">Muhammad al-Badr</a>, whose reign was brief. Egyptian-trained military officers inspired by Nasser and led by the commander of the royal guard, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_as-Sallal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah as-Sallal">Abdullah as-Sallal</a>, deposed him the same year he was crowned, took control of Sana'a, and created the <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a> (YAR). This sparked the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a> and created a new front in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Cold_War" title="Arab Cold War">Arab Cold War</a>, in which Egypt assisted the YAR with troops and supplies to combat forces loyal to the imamate, while the monarchies of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> supported Badr's royalist forces in opposing the newly formed republic. Conflict continued periodically until 1967 when Egyptian troops were withdrawn. By 1968, following a final royalist siege of Sana'a, most of the opposing leaders had reached a reconciliation, and Saudi Arabia recognized the republic in 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Yemen" title="Politics of Yemen">Politics of Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></div> <p>The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen is a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> where <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> is implemented. The Zaydis, who were in power, had the understanding of <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">imamate</a>. Because of the understanding of imamate, <a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a> were interested in politics until the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">September 26 Revolution</a>. The assembly, consisting of 10 sayyids, elected the imam who would take over after the imam's death. Even during the periods when they were under the Mamluks and the Ottomans, their words were mentioned in Yemen, especially in the mountains of North Yemen, where the Zaydi sect was more concentrated. In 1926, Imam Yahya transitioned to the dynastic principle by appointing his son as crown prince. Thus, the imamship was passed from father to son, rather than those who met the conditions. This created hostility from some of the <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a> class, who had an important role in the appointment of the imam in the Zaydi tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Yemen" title="Foreign relations of Yemen">Foreign relations of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye-un-1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ye-un-1948.jpg/220px-Ye-un-1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ye-un-1948.jpg/330px-Ye-un-1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Ye-un-1948.jpg/440px-Ye-un-1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Yemeni diplomats at the United Nations meeting, Paris, 1948</figcaption></figure><p> The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was a member of international organizations such as <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> (1945), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (1947). Since South Yemen was under the auspices of the United Kingdom at that time, it represented the whole of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa-ye-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Usa-ye-1.jpg/190px-Usa-ye-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Usa-ye-1.jpg/285px-Usa-ye-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Usa-ye-1.jpg/380px-Usa-ye-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> talking to <a href="/wiki/Hassan_bin_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan bin Yahya">Hassan bin Yahya</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In line with its power, the Kingdom of Yemen often pursued a policy of <a href="/wiki/Loneliness" title="Loneliness">isolationist</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">It took steps to strengthen the newly established Yemen and gain <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> for its state.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On September 2, 1926, Yemen was recognized internationally and diplomatic contacts with the Soviet Union took place in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a> established a partnership relationship with Imam Yahya by signing the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Yemeni_Treaty" title="Italo-Yemeni Treaty">Sana'a Treaty</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> accepted Imam Yahya as the king of all Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, it provided diplomatic support against Saudi Arabia, which had ambitions over the Kingdom of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On October 15, 1937, this treaty was extended again. Relations were also developed with the Soviet Union by signing the <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Yemen_relations#Soviet_Union" title="Russia–Yemen relations">Soviet-Yemen Friendship and Trade Treaty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern border was determined by signing the Taif Treaty with Saudi Arabia in 1934 and other relations such as trade were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taif Treaty would be renewed every 20 years and its validity would be confirmed in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relations between the United Kingdom, which controlled Aden, and the Kingdom of Yemen, which wanted to control all of Yemen, were generally tense.<sup id="cite_ref-Long,_David_E._1995_p._153_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long,_David_E._1995_p._153-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Imam Yahya stated in his letters that "the British", He wrote, "their real desire and main goal is to disintegrate and disperse Islam, so that they can dominate us and make us slaves." was being done. After 1928, the aggressive policies carried out against the British were changed and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britain-Yemen_Friendship_and_Mutual_Cooperation_Treaty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britain-Yemen Friendship and Mutual Cooperation Treaty (page does not exist)">San'a Friendship Treaty</a> was signed with the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">An aggressive attitude towards the United Kingdom was not taken until 1948. This attitude changed during the reign of Ahmed bin Yahya, and in the 1950s he declared that he did not recognize the sovereignty of the United Kingdom in Southern Arabia and entered into border conflicts.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg/220px-Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg/330px-Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg/440px-Yemen-China_agreemant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad al-Badr and the Chinese diplomat signing the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, 1958</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">On March 4, 1946, the president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> recognized the Kingdom of Yemen as a sovereign state in a letter to Imam Yahya.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, relations with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China were strengthened. A lot of aid was provided by these countries. A double-header occurred after the September 26 Revolution turned into a civil war. The Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China and Egypt recognized the Yemen Arab Republic, while Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom recognized the Mutawakkillite Kingdom of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Since Saudi Arabia provided budgetary support to the royalists, they became dependent on them. At the end of the agreement made in 1970, everyone recognized the Yemen Arab Republic.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Yemen" title="Administrative divisions of Yemen">Administrative divisions of Yemen</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_Yemen" title="Governorates of Yemen">Governorates of Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Districts of Yemen">Districts of Yemen</a></div> <p>The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen had a unitary structure in terms of administration. Local governments have limited powers. The largest administrative units of the country are <a href="/wiki/Liwa_(Arabic)" title="Liwa (Arabic)">liwas</a> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Sanjak</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and according to the latest regulation, there are 8 livas. These livas are reserved for <i><a href="/wiki/Mikhlaf" title="Mikhlaf">mikhlaf</a></i>. The capital of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was <a href="/wiki/San%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="San'a">San'a</a> until 1948, after which it became <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a>. </p><p>The Ottoman Empire left <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen Eyalet</a> to Imam Yahya in 1918. While Imam Yahya continued the same structure, he made some changes. First, he established the Hajjah sanjak by combining the Hajur district, the es-Sharfin region, Kahlan and Ahnum district. Muhsin bin Nasser, who started a rebellion after capturing Habbur and al-Suda, appointed his eldest son Ahmed bin Yahya as his leader after Shayban. After the Imam's authority spread, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midi,_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midi, Yemen (page does not exist)">Midi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abs,_Yemen" title="Abs, Yemen">Abs</a> regions were conquered. In 1922, he separated the Qaim and <a href="/wiki/Ibb" title="Ibb">Ibb</a> region from the <a href="/wiki/Taiz" title="Taiz">Taiz</a> sanjak and assigned it to the <a href="/wiki/Dhamar,_Yemen" title="Dhamar, Yemen">Dhamar</a> sanjak and connected it directly to Sana'a. Afterward, he turned <a href="/wiki/Saada" title="Saada">Saada</a> into a separate sanjak and established the sanjak of "Liwa al-Sham". The Zabid region was attached to the Dhamar sanjak and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Wazir" title="Abdullah al-Wazir">Abdullah al-Wazir</a> was appointed as its head. When Abdullah al-Wazir left for another job, a separate sanjak was made in 1938 by adding land from the Taiz sanjak to the Imam Yahya Ibb region. He appointed <a href="/wiki/Hassan_bin_Yahya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan bin Yahya">Hassan bin Yahya</a> as his leader. It was added to the sanjak of Ibb by taking a part from Hübeyşiyye and Riyaşiyye <i><a href="/wiki/Mikhlaf" title="Mikhlaf">mikhlaf</a></i> from <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">Rada</a> district. </p><p>During the reign of Ahmed bin Yahya, he founded the Mahwit sanjak by uniting the Kawkaban, Tavila, Hafaş, and Melhan regions. Finally, Yemen was divided into 8 sanjaks. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol><li>Liwa of Sana'a</li> <li>Liwa of Dhamar</li> <li>Liwa of Taiz</li> <li>Liwa of Ibb</li> <li>Liwa of Hudaydah</li> <li>Liwa of Al-Mahwit</li> <li>Liwa of Sham (<a href="/wiki/Saada_Governorate" title="Saada Governorate">Saada</a>)</li> <li>Liwa of Hajjah</li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Army">Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Armed_Forces" title="Yemeni Armed Forces">Yemeni Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sana_military_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sana_military_school.jpg/220px-Sana_military_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sana_military_school.jpg/330px-Sana_military_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Sana_military_school.jpg/440px-Sana_military_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="317" /></a><figcaption>Sana Military School</figcaption></figure> <p>The Yemeni army consists of two parts: the Ground Forces and the Air Force. While some of the army was paid professional soldiers, the rest were tribal soldiers called in during wartime. </p><p>Before Yemen became independent, it had the authority to govern the tribes thanks to the prestige of the Imams, but these troops were not regular. The first regular Yemeni army dates back to the late 19th century, when the Ottoman Empire began recruiting tribal soldiers to form four gendarmerie battalions and three cavalry regiments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arilerry_yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arilerry_yemen.jpg/220px-Arilerry_yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arilerry_yemen.jpg/330px-Arilerry_yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Arilerry_yemen.jpg/440px-Arilerry_yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>A Yemen cannon in the 1920s</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Ottoman Empire withdrew from Yemeni territory and Imam Yahya had full control in Yemen, Yemeni brigades in the Ottoman Empire, including the Taiz Brigade at first, began to side with Imam Yahya.<sup id="cite_ref-:42_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:42-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Remnants of the Ottoman period Knowing that the Yemeni Brigades would not be enough to defend Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula, Imam Yahya increased the size of his army. 8 brigades were established: Sana'a, Dhamar, Taiz, Ibb, Hudaydah, Al Mahwit, Liwa al Sham (Saada) and Hajjah. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Forces">Land Forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Land Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the Kingdom of Yemen was a relatively small country, and after the Ottoman withdrawal from Yemen in 1918, a lot of confusion occurred due to attempts to reform and develop the army without having a sufficient level of officers and doctrine. Theoretical rather than practical aspects dominated the training, and some officers were promoted based on their closeness to Imam Yahya, not on their intelligence or education. It caused a flaw in education because some of them tried to give military training even though they had no military experience.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is complicated, Imam Yahya had a large army compared to his region due to his military experience and authority in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-areq_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areq-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> The Land Army is divided into 5 branches.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukfa_al_imam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ukfa_al_imam.jpg/220px-Ukfa_al_imam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ukfa_al_imam.jpg/330px-Ukfa_al_imam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ukfa_al_imam.jpg/440px-Ukfa_al_imam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Ukfa Troops</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Imamate Guards (Ukfa troops)</b>: These were military units assigned to protect the Imam. To be accepted into this union, one had to show outstanding success and prove that he was loyal to the Imam. It consisted of an average of 5,000 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiz-6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Taiz-6.jpg/220px-Taiz-6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Taiz-6.jpg/330px-Taiz-6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Taiz-6.jpg/440px-Taiz-6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Military march of the Victorious Army</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Victorious Army</b>: It was founded in 1919, and its first soldiers were former Yemeni soldiers of the Ottoman Empire. When the army was first established; The arsenals were filled with a large number of approximately 400,000 rifles of various types, in addition to light and heavy artillery batteries of different calibers and weights. Every year, each tribe had to send a specified number of soldiers to the state. Each tribe contained a scribe who reported the behavior, rewards, and misdeeds of the tribe's members. If a soldier stole or left the army without permission, the tribal leader had to compensate the imam for the damage.<sup id="cite_ref-areq_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areq-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition to subjugating rebellious tribes, carrying out military operations and protecting imams, princes and public officials in the state, the army also carries out operations such as maintaining authority and collecting taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-areq_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areq-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (May 2024)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sana_ashirat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sana_ashirat.jpg/220px-Sana_ashirat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sana_ashirat.jpg/330px-Sana_ashirat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sana_ashirat.jpg/440px-Sana_ashirat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="438" /></a><figcaption>Tribesmen in Sana'a</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Defense Army</b>: It was established in 1937 due to the inadequacy of the Victorious Army. After losing a significant part of Yemen following the war with the Saudis and the British, Imam Yahya came to the conclusion that his army needed modernization and better training conditions. After the failure of the reform attempts in the Victorious Army and the emergence of complaints among the officers, and under the pressure of the intellectuals, Imam Yahya decided to "establish a new army, which is a regular Defense Army based on compulsory service for all gun owners, regardless of age." The following is the case: After the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a> Lieutenant General Hasan Tahsin al-F akîr came to Yemen and assisted Imam Yahya as a military advisor from 1930 to 1944. Defense during aid He played a major role in establishing the Army.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the Victorious Army, training was based on experience rather than theory, but this training period was still not enough for the soldiers to master military training, combat skills and military training.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of all Yemenis with compulsory military service. After being drafted into the army, they received training periodically for 10 years.</li> <li><b>National Army</b>: An independent army similar to the Victorious and Defending armies. Its commander was Colonel Muhammed Hamid.</li> <li><b>Barani Army (Tribal Army)</b>: They were irregular units that served voluntarily. It consisted of infantry and cavalry, who usually served for 1–2 years and brought their own rifles and supplies. Yemen has always relied primarily on tribal supporters in its wars against its rivals. These tribes generally live in the northern, northwestern and eastern regions. These types of warriors are classified as "traditional national armies", which are led by tribal chiefs and have no regular formation.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_Force">Air Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Air Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemen_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Air Force">Yemen Air Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg/220px-Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg/330px-Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg/440px-Yemen_mutawakkilite_kingdom_figther.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Yemen Mutawakkilite Kingdom Fighter Plane</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_flight_students.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yemeni_flight_students.jpg/220px-Yemeni_flight_students.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yemeni_flight_students.jpg/330px-Yemeni_flight_students.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Yemeni_flight_students.jpg/440px-Yemeni_flight_students.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>The first group of aviation students affiliated with the Yemeni army that were sent to Italy in 1926.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_(%3F_%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg/220px-Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg/330px-Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg/440px-Roundel_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%28%3F_%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Yemen Air Force Medallion</figcaption></figure> <p>With the help of the Germans and Italians, the Yemeni Air Force was established in 1926. Imam Yahya contacted the Kingdom of Italy to provide aircraft to his country because the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> bombed Yemen during the British-Yemeni border conflicts in the 1920s and Yemen could not respond to this since it did not have any aircraft or anti-aircraft guns. In January 1926, a contract was made with Italy for the delivery of 6 aircraft, the first 3 of which would arrive in April. In 1926, 12 Yemenis were sent to Italy to receive flight training, and a flight school was established in Yemen with the help of an Italian team. After it was determined that the planes coming from Italy were in bad condition, Imam Yahya complained about this situation to the Italians. After this situation, Italy agreed to provide better aircraft to Yemen. One of the better planes arrived in Yemen in August. In the same year, he purchased <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a> designed <a href="/wiki/Junkers_A_35" title="Junkers A 35">Junkers A 35</a> and <a href="/wiki/Junkers_F13" class="mw-redirect" title="Junkers F13">Junkers F 13</a> aircraft from Germany. The Junkers A35 plane delivered to Yemen crashed less than two months later, killing all three crew members. Since border conflicts with the British began immediately after these events, Imam Yahya had to stop his efforts to establish an air force, and all his planes were banned.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1940 At the end of the 1960s, the movement to establish an air force was revived. Second-hand <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52/3m</a> transport aircraft from Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">C64 Norseman</a> from Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas C-47">Douglas C-47 Skytrain</a> aircraft from the Republic of Italy Retrieved.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, 2 USAAF AT-6C training aircraft were donated by Saudi Arabia to the Mutawakkili Kingdom of Yemen. An arms agreement was signed with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia">Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1957 for 24 <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-10" title="Ilyushin Il-10">Ilyushin Il-10</a> attack aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to the lack of support materials and spare parts, none of these planes could be flown.<i><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> In the same period, 2 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-1" title="Mil Mi-1">Mil Mi-1</a> and 4 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-4" title="Mil Mi-4">Mil Mi-4</a> helicopters from the Soviet Union; <a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-14" title="Ilyushin Il-14">Ilyushin Il-14</a> transport aircraft were purchased and a Soviet flight school was opened in Yemen. Flight schools were equipped with 10 Czechoslovak-made <a href="/wiki/Zl%C3%ADn_Z-26" title="Zlín Z-26">Zlín Z-26</a> training aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_Modernization">Army Modernization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Army Modernization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Training_camps_in_Sanaa,_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg/220px-Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg/330px-Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg/440px-Training_camps_in_Sanaa%2C_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption>Artillery Training camp in 1958</figcaption></figure> <p>When the Kingdom of Yemen was first established, the Ottoman Empire invested more in the Balkans than in the Arabian Peninsula and Anatolia, apart from agriculture. There was nothing. The weapons they stole from the Ottomans<sup id="cite_ref-:112_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:112-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they had no weapons other than the rifles they bought from the Kingdom of Italy and the United Kingdom. For this, Imam Yahya ordered the establishment of an ammunition factory in the early 1920s with the help of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav</a> (or German) and <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">Austria</a>. </p><p>After the defeat in the Saudi-Yemeni war in 1934, the Imam saw the need to modernize and expand the armed forces. From Italy; He purchased 6 light tanks, 2,000 rifles, four anti-aircraft guns, 4 cannons, and some communication equipment. A few rifles and communication equipment were received from the Kingdom of Iraq. Italy also opened a flight school in Sana'a.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albadr-uk-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Albadr-uk-5.jpg/220px-Albadr-uk-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Albadr-uk-5.jpg/330px-Albadr-uk-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Albadr-uk-5.jpg/440px-Albadr-uk-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>al-Badr inspecting one of the tanks</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite the pressure exerted by Western countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, on the armament of Yemen, Imam Muhammad al-Badr was determined to strengthen the Yemeni army. An agreement was signed with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser to bring some military experts and officers from Egypt. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> signed agreements with some countries, especially the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and China, on the supply of weapons to Yemen, their maintenance, and the training of Yemeni soldiers. As a result of the agreements, 34 light tanks, 50 100mm caliber tanks, 100 field guns, 70 personnel carriers, one armored vehicle, and 70 transport trucks were purchased.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agreement is considered a big step in the history of the Yemeni army. These reforms continued until the revolution broke out on September 26, 1962: </p> <ul><li>In 1957, the Military Academy was reopened and new military schools were opened in Sana'a and Taiz.</li> <li>In 1958, the Aviation College, Petty Officer School, Artillery Training camp, and the new Military Academy were established.</li> <li>In 1959, the Police College was established in Taiz.<i><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></li> <li>Instructors were brought for the soldiers from the Soviet Union and Egypt.</li> <li>New unions established: <ul><li><b>Al-Badr Regiment</b>: The first armored unit in the Yemeni army.</li> <li><b>National Army:</b> An army similar to the Victorious and Defensive army.</li> <li><b>Yemen command:</b> A general command subordinate to al-Badr for direct control of the army.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Army_size_before_the_revolution">Army size before the revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Army size before the revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the North Yemen Civil War, the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen had a regular army of 40,447 men of various ranks. </p> <ul><li><b>Victorious Army:</b> 22,090 personnel</li> <li><b>Defense Army:</b> 15,990 personnel</li> <li><b>National Army:</b> 1,396 personnel</li> <li><b>al-Badr Regiment:</b> 971 personnel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Yemen" title="Geography of Yemen">Geography of Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Yemen_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/North_Yemen_map.jpg/220px-North_Yemen_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/North_Yemen_map.jpg/330px-North_Yemen_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/North_Yemen_map.jpg/440px-North_Yemen_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>Yemen map</figcaption></figure> <p>The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was an <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> country. The country, which remained in southwestern Arabia, had the Red Sea in the west, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Protectorate" title="Aden Protectorate">Aden Protectorate</a> under British protection in the south, <a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> in the east, Bab-el-Mandeb strait in the southwest. The borders of the country were unclear, except for those determined in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Taif" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Taif">Treaty of Taif</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=British-Yemen_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Mutual_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British-Yemen Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Cooperation (page does not exist)">Treaty of Friendship to Sanaa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The territory of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen roughly resembles a square shape. It is 450 kilometers long and 490 kilometers wide. 17° and 13° with northern parallels 43° and 45° was located between the eastern meridians. The country consisted of approximately 195,000 km<sup>2</sup> squares. It consisted almost entirely of land, with lakes making up an insignificant part.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mountains of Yemen are one of the highest mountains in the world. The plateaus in Yemen are the wettest areas in the region. Annual rainfall was over 22 inches. Most of the precipitation occurred during the summer months. Because it is a mountainous area, the temperature could approach freezing during the winter months. There are no permanent rivers, streams, lakes, etc. in Yemen. did not have. Most of the flash floods that frequently occurred in the region flowed into the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desert climate in the country It was effective and dust and sand storms were seen throughout the year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Religion in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_yemen_religion_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/North_yemen_religion_map.png/220px-North_yemen_religion_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/North_yemen_religion_map.png/330px-North_yemen_religion_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/North_yemen_religion_map.png/440px-North_yemen_religion_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>North Yemen sect map<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FCBB75; color:black;"> </span> Zaydi</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EBFFAF; color:black;"> </span> Sunni</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Zaydis of the northern highlands have been politically and culturally dominant in Yemen for centuries. The existence of the Zaydis, which has continued until today since they moved to the Yemen region, which has a unique socio-cultural structure, and established a state, has been interrupted from time to time, following a politically ambiguous and unstable course. The first rebellions of the Sunni population, who did not accept the religious-political rule of the Zaydis, took place during the period of the Yemeni imam <a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sect of the areas controlled by the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen was approximately ~55% Zaydi and ~45% Sunni.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yemeni_Jews">Yemeni Jews</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Yemeni Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Jews">Yemeni Jews</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Yemeni Jewish jeweler and his child Sana'a, 1937" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg/220px-Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg/330px-Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg/440px-Yemenite_father_and_son.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jewish family reading the psalms after lunch on the Sabbath" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg/220px-A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg/330px-A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg/440px-A_YEMENITE_FAMILY_READING_FROM_THE_PSALMS_ON_SHABBAT_AFTER_LUNCH.D827-012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3066" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Judaism was the first <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religion</a> to come to Yemen. Christianity was the majority religion in Yemen until its introduction to Islam. Until 1948, approximately 50,000 Yemeni Jews lived in the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jews were exiled during the reign of Hasan, but later, due to economic reasons, the Jews who were craftsmen were settled in separate neighborhoods, isolated from the city and Muslims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the late 18th Century, the Imams of Yemen enacted a law known as the <a href="/wiki/Orphans%27_Decree" title="Orphans' Decree">Orphans' Decree</a>, based on their legal interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orphan Edict was ignored during Ottoman rule (1872–1918).<sup id="cite_ref-jsource_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsource-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in 1921, when Imam Yahya became fully dominant in Yemen, he reinstated this law.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Parfitt" title="Tudor Parfitt">Tudor Parfitt</a> likened this situation to "the brutal measures that introduced the compulsory conscription of Jewish children into the Tsarist army in Russia". At first, the edict was not implemented by the authorities as much as it could have been in the Ottoman Empire. In some places, the authorities turned a blind eye to the children running away and hiding, but since the imam was insistent on this issue, troops were sent to search for the escaped children in more central locations. Jewish community leaders suspected of hiding Jewish children were arrested and tortured in prisons. </p><p>One of the important people who was converted to Islam with the Orphan Edict was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdurrahman_el-Eryani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abdurrahman el-Eryani (page does not exist)">Abdurrahman el-Eryani</a>, who was claimed to be of Jewish origin by Dorit Mizrahi, one of the writers of Mishpaha newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-Zekharia_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zekharia-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was allegedly born Zekharia Hadad in 1910 to a Jewish family in <a href="/wiki/Ibb" title="Ibb">Ibb</a>. After his parents died due to an epidemic when he was eight years old, he and his 5-year-old sister were protected by the Orphan Edict. He was given to separate protective families with his brother and renamed Abdurrahman al-Eryani. Eryani later served as minister of religious endowments in the Yemen Arab Republic, becoming the only civilian to lead North Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Iryani_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Iryani-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an interview by YemenOnline, an online newspaper, with several members of the al-Eryani family In the interview, he denied the claim that Abdurrahman al-Eryani was Jewish. According to them, it is a distortion put forward by Israeli journalist Haolam Hazeh in 1967. Zekharia Haddad is actually Abdulrahim al-Haddat, the half-brother and bodyguard of Abdurrahman el-Eryani.<sup id="cite_ref-AbdulRaheem_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AbdulRaheem-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews were considered <a href="/wiki/Impure" class="mw-redirect" title="Impure">impure</a> and therefore Jews were forbidden from touching a Muslim or Muslim's food.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation in Yemen">Transportation in Yemen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg/220px-Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg/330px-Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg/440px-Prince-Hassan-italy-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Vizier Hasan bin Yahya driving a tractor in Italy in 1953.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_plaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yemeni_plaka.jpg/220px-Yemeni_plaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yemeni_plaka.jpg/330px-Yemeni_plaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Yemeni_plaka.jpg/440px-Yemeni_plaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>A car license plate issued by the Kingdom of Yemen</figcaption></figure> <p>Transportation has always been challenging and long due to Yemen's deserts and mountainous terrain. Except for a few roads built by the Ottoman Empire after its arrival in Yemen, there were not many roads in the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen. The repair of these roads was usually done by prisoners of war or prisoners. Although the Ottoman Empire brought some cars to Yemen, they took most cars with them when troops withdrew from Yemen in accordance with the Armistice of Mudros. The first automobile to arrive in Yemen was when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigadier_General_Yakup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigadier General Yakup (page does not exist)">Brigadier General Yakup</a> brought a <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> model automobile as a gift while visiting Imam Yahya in 1923. Although this automobile was not welcomed at first because there were only horse-drawn carriages in Yemen until then, when Imam Yahya declared that the use of this foreign invention was permissible, princes, high-ranking officials, rich merchants, and high-ranking soldiers began to buy automobiles. The use of automobiles is prohibited except on main roads and ring roads. Heavy fines were imposed on those who used it. Until the early 1950s, only those with important government jobs and European merchants in Hudaydah had cars.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Imam Yahya established a national transportation and transportation company for the villagers who went to the cities to sell goods and for transportation, but the expeditions of this company did not cover the whole of Yemen. In more mountainous regions where there were no expeditions, transportation was generally provided by caravans consisting of camels, mules, and donkeys, via paths. The bases of various brigades such as Liva al-Sham, Haci, Ma'rib, and Ibb were established at the points where these paths meet. Thus, the caravans could be protected from bandits. </p><p>During the Ottoman Empire, a railway connecting Hudaydah and Sana'a was built. While some repairs were being made in the port of Hudaydah by the French in 1908, an 8 km railway was built, but after the port was bombed by the Italians in 1912, it was closed to the railways in Yemen. Not much attention has been paid. Following the 1934 Sana'a Friendship Treaty, the United Kingdom presented Imam Yahya with the idea of connecting Aden and Sana'a by railway. According to Imam Yahya, "their real desire and main goal is to disintegrate and disperse Islam, so that they can dominate us and make us slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A photograph of the Yemen Flag taken at the UN on September 20, 1947"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg/200px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg/300px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg/400px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_flag_in_the_UN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A photograph of the Yemen Flag taken at the UN on September 20, 1947</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Soviet planes that were not used because there were no pilots to fly them."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg/148px-Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg/222px-Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg/296px-Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="687" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Soviet planes that were not used because there were no pilots to fly them.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imamate throne"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg/132px-Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg/199px-Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg/265px-Yemen_Imamate_seat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Imamate throne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Photo of a Yemen Airlines plane in the 1950s"><img alt="Photo of a Yemen Airlines plane in the 1950s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg/184px-Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg/277px-Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg/369px-Sanaa_yemen_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="781" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Photo of a <a href="/wiki/Yemenia" title="Yemenia">Yemen Airlines</a> plane in the 1950s</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ye-1966-222-2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A weaver woman receiving weapons training during the North Yemen Civil War"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ye-1966-222-2.png/200px-Ye-1966-222-2.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ye-1966-222-2.png/300px-Ye-1966-222-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Ye-1966-222-2.png/400px-Ye-1966-222-2.png 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="758" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A weaver woman receiving weapons training during the <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiz_123.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commander Muhammed Şaban and the Royal Guards, Taiz"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Taiz_123.jpg/200px-Taiz_123.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Taiz_123.jpg/300px-Taiz_123.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Taiz_123.jpg/400px-Taiz_123.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Commander Muhammed Şaban and the Royal Guards, Taiz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view from Sana'a Military School in 1958"><img alt="A view from Sana'a Military School in 1958" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg/200px-Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg/300px-Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg/400px-Yemeni_military_school_1958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A view from Sana'a Military School in 1958</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yemeni_house_in_1912,_San%27a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Yemeni house in 1912"><img alt="A Yemeni house in 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg/200px-A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg/300px-A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg/400px-A_Yemeni_house_in_1912%2C_San%27a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="509" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Yemeni house in 1912</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postage_stamps">Postage stamps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Postage stamps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-500s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postage stamp commemorating the road connecting Hodeidah to Sana'a"><img alt="Postage stamp commemorating the road connecting Hodeidah to Sana'a" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/S-500s.jpg/200px-S-500s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/S-500s.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="215" data-file-height="130" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Postage stamp commemorating the road connecting Hodeidah to Sana'a</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postage stamp made for Ahmad bin Yahya"><img alt="A postage stamp made for Ahmad bin Yahya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg/200px-Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg/300px-Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg/400px-Yemen_ahmad_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postage stamp made for <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bin_Yahya" title="Ahmad bin Yahya">Ahmad bin Yahya</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stamp related to Yemen's accession to the United Nations"><img alt="A stamp related to Yemen's accession to the United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg/200px-Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg/300px-Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg/400px-Yemen-kingdom-B26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stamp related to Yemen's accession to the United Nations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="United Arab States"><img alt="United Arab States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg/200px-YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg/300px-YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg/400px-YE_United_Arab_States_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War"><img alt="A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg/200px-Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg/300px-Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg/400px-Yemen_kingdom_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postage stamp related to Hasan bin Yahya"><img alt="A postage stamp related to Hasan bin Yahya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/S-1600.jpg/200px-S-1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/S-1600.jpg/300px-S-1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/S-1600.jpg/400px-S-1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postage stamp related to Hasan bin Yahya</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-l1600_yemen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingdom of Yemen postage stamp"><img alt="Kingdom of Yemen postage stamp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S-l1600_yemen.jpg/200px-S-l1600_yemen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S-l1600_yemen.jpg/300px-S-l1600_yemen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/S-l1600_yemen.jpg/400px-S-l1600_yemen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kingdom of Yemen postage stamp</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stamp regarding Yemen's accession to the United Nations"><img alt="A stamp regarding Yemen's accession to the United Nations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg/200px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg/300px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg/400px-Kingdom_of_Yemen_United_Nations_postal_stamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="335" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stamp regarding Yemen's accession to the United Nations</div> </li> </ul><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_mujhaid.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postage stamp commemorating the Mujahideen"><img alt="Postage stamp commemorating the Mujahideen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yemen_mujhaid.jpg/166px-Yemen_mujhaid.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yemen_mujhaid.jpg/249px-Yemen_mujhaid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Yemen_mujhaid.jpg/332px-Yemen_mujhaid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Postage stamp commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Imam_badr_steamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stamp made for Muhammad al-Badr"><img alt="A stamp made for Muhammad al-Badr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Imam_badr_steamp.jpg/124px-Imam_badr_steamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Imam_badr_steamp.jpg/186px-Imam_badr_steamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Imam_badr_steamp.jpg/248px-Imam_badr_steamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="298" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A stamp made for Muhammad al-Badr</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-l1600_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War"><img alt="A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S-l1600_%281%29.jpg/125px-S-l1600_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S-l1600_%281%29.jpg/187px-S-l1600_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/S-l1600_%281%29.jpg/250px-S-l1600_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A postage stamp related to the North Yemen Civil War</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S-1600as.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dar al-Hajar, the residence of Imam Yahya"><img alt="Dar al-Hajar, the residence of Imam Yahya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/S-1600as.jpg/142px-S-1600as.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/S-1600as.jpg/213px-S-1600as.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/S-1600as.jpg/285px-S-1600as.jpg 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Hajar" title="Dar al-Hajar">Dar al-Hajar</a>, the residence of Imam Yahya</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flags">Flags</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Flags"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plain red flag (1918–23)"><img alt="Plain red flag (1918–23)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg/120px-Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg/180px-Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg/240px-Flag_of_Yemen_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plain red flag (1918–23)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_(1918-1927).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag with shahada (1923–1927)"><img alt="Flag with shahada (1923–1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen_%281918-1927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag with <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a> (1923–1927)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag vairant with thicker stars (1927–1970)"><img alt="Flag vairant with thicker stars (1927–1970)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flag vairant with thicker stars (1927–1970)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Yemen Kingdom Air Force flag"><img alt="Yemen Kingdom Air Force flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png/120px-Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png/180px-Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png/240px-Yemen_Kingdom_Air_Force_flag.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yemen Kingdom Air Force flag</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">History of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_dynasties" title="List of Shia dynasties">List of Shia dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Arab_Republic" title="Yemen Arab Republic">Yemen Arab Republic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">refers to the Ottoman Empire and the United Kingdom.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see. He entered ed-Dali in 1927 to announce that he did not recognize the <a href="/wiki/Violet_Line_(1914)" title="Violet Line (1914)">Violet Line</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Born, raised and educated in Damascus; A commander who did military service in the Ottoman army</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The planes that could not be flown were most likely <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ye-old-1962-91_cleanup.jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Ye-old-1962-91 cleanup.jpg">This </a></b> are the planes in the photo.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Policemen who graduated from this College were the first policemen of Yemen.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAl-Deen2022" class="citation book cs1">Al-Deen, Maysaa (3 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanaacenter.org/the-yemen-review/april-2022/17714"><i>Taiz in Power</i></a>. Sana’a Center for Strategic Studies. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230509084242/https://sanaacenter.org/the-yemen-review/april-2022/17714">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiz+in+Power&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Sana%E2%80%99a+Center+for+Strategic+Studies&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft.aulast=Al-Deen&rft.aufirst=Maysaa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanaacenter.org%2Fthe-yemen-review%2Fapril-2022%2F17714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/yemen#:~:text=Yemen%20was%20admitted%20to%20membership,with%20the%20name%20%22Yemen%22.">"Yemen"</a>. <i>United Nations</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731193503/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/yemen#:~:text=Yemen%20was%20admitted%20to%20membership,with%20the%20name%20%22Yemen%22.">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2Fmember-states%2Fyemen%23%3A~%3Atext%3DYemen%2520was%2520admitted%2520to%2520membership%2Cwith%2520the%2520name%2520%2522Yemen%2522.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jawād ʻAlī (1968) [Digitized 17 February 2007]. <bdi>الـمـفـصـّل في تـاريـخ العـرب قبـل الإسـلام</bdi> [<i>Detailed history of Arabs before Islam</i>] (in Arabic). Vol. 1. Dār al-ʻIlm li-l-Malāyīn. p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuwirthSinaiMarx2010" class="citation book cs1">Neuwirth, Angelika; Sinai, Nicolai; Marx, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA33"><i>The Qur??n in Context: Historical and Literary Investigations Into the Qur??nic Milieu</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17688-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17688-1"><bdi>978-90-04-17688-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230205121415/https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=GcgCErhKGrAC&pg=PA33&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Qur%3F%3Fn+in+Context%3A+Historical+and+Literary+Investigations+Into+the+Qur%3F%3Fnic+Milieu&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17688-1&rft.aulast=Neuwirth&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Sinai%2C+Nicolai&rft.au=Marx%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGcgCErhKGrAC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrowes, Robert D. (2010). <i>Historical Dictionary of Yemen</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 145. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5528-1">978-0-8108-5528-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, William Robertson. <i>Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia</i>. p. 193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-117-53193-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-117-53193-7">1-117-53193-7</a>. <q>He was worshiped by the Madhij and their allies at Jorash (Asir) in Northern Yemen</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:542-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:542_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213212802/http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=430408">"Yemen"</a>. TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi. 13 February 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=430408">the original</a> on 13 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen&rft.pub=TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ansiklopedisi&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdvia.org%2Fdia%2Fayrmetin.php%3Fidno%3D430408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yemen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yemen_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=430402">"İslam Ansiklopedisi, Cengiz Tomar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150213212851/http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=430402">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C4%B0slam+Ansiklopedisi%2C+Cengiz+Tomar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdvia.org%2Fdia%2Fayrmetin.php%3Fidno%3D430402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beeston, A.F.L.; Ghul, M.A.; Müller, W.W.; Ryckmans, J. (1982). <i>Sabaic Dictionary</i>. University of Sanaa, YAR. p. 168. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-8017-0194-7" title="Special:BookSources/2-8017-0194-7">2-8017-0194-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vladimir Sergeyevich Solovyov (2007). <i>Enemies from the East?: V. S. Soloviev on Paganism, Asian Civilizations, and Islam</i>. Northwestern University Press. p. 149. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2417-2">978-0-8101-2417-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Balfour (1873). <i>Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia, Commercial, Industrial and Scientific: Products of the Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures, Band 5</i>. Printed at the Scottish & Adelphi presses. p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharabi 1962: s. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/395192">"An Ottoman-Arab city in Yemen: Yemen"</a>. Dergipark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324163819/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/395192">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+Chronology&rft.pub=Worldstatesmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FYemen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufukotesi.com/habergoster.asp?haber_no=20060703">"Turkish traces in Yemen"</a>. Ufuk Ötesi. 16 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716134855/http://www.ufukotesi.com/habergoster.asp?haber_no=20060703">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+traces+in+Yemen&rft.pub=Ufuk+%C3%96tesi&rft.date=2011-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufukotesi.com%2Fhabergoster.asp%3Fhaber_no%3D20060703&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yémen – Géographie, religion, histoire, politics geographie-religion-histoire-et-politique/|publisher=Lecourrierdumaghrebetdelorient}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230312175308/https://docplayer.biz.tr/21674630-Birinci-dunya-savasi-nda-yemen-osmanli-devleti-nin-temsilcisi-vali-mahmut-nedim-bey-in-yemen-activities.html">"Yemen in the First World War, Activities of Governor Mahmut Nedim Bey, Representative of the Ottoman Empire, in Yemen* - PDF Free Download"</a>. <i>docplayer.biz.tr</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.biz.tr/21674630-Birinci-dunya-savasi-nda-yemen-osmanli-devleti-nin-temsilcisi-vali-mahmut-nedim-bey-in-yemen-deki-faaliyetleri.html">the original</a> on 12 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=docplayer.biz.tr&rft.atitle=Yemen+in+the+First+World+War%2C+Activities+of+Governor+Mahmut+Nedim+Bey%2C+Representative+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+in+Yemen%2A+-+PDF+Free+Download&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.biz.tr%2F21674630-Birinci-dunya-savasi-nda-yemen-osmanli-devleti-nin-temsilcisi-vali-mahmut-nedim-bey-in-yemen-deki-faaliyetleri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish War in the First World War, ibid. p.591-592</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Selahattin Tansel, From Mudros to Mudanya -1, Prime Ministry Printing House , Ankara 1973, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mutevekkil-alellah-yahya-hamiduddin">"Mütevekkil-Al-Ellah, Yahyâ Hamîdüddin"</a>. <i>TDV Encyclopedia of Islam</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220630050134/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/mutevekkil-alellah-yahya-hamiduddin">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%BCtevekkil-Al-Ellah%2C+Yahy%C3%A2+Ham%C3%AEd%C3%BCddin&rft.btitle=TDV+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fmutevekkil-alellah-yahya-hamiduddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026141200/https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/chronologie-du-yemen-en-guerre.html">"Chronologie du Yémen en guerre"</a>. <i>www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/chronologie-du-yemen-en-guerre.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com&rft.atitle=Chronologie+du+Y%C3%A9men+en+guerre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesclesdumoyenorient.com%2Fchronologie-du-yemen-en-guerre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish War in the First World War, ibid. ,p.595-599</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Turkish War in the First World War, ibid, pp: 616-617</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924144908/http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/ayse_hur/kitaplarda_degil_turkulerde_ara_yemeni_bedri_rahmi_eyuboglu-1323393">"Ayşe Hür column dated 29 March 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BOA. DH. KMS D: 53-1 G:76, (22.06.1919)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<i>BEO</i>, nr. 349609, 353194; Öke – Karaman, pp. 31-64)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yemen-Turkey Relations during the War of Independence/Imam Yahya-Mustafa Kemal Pasha Correspondence (Prof. Dr. Mim Kemal Öke)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Seyhun, p. 138; Ehiloğlu, p. 191-204)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(ibid., p. 106).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mepanews.com/tarih-siyaset-ve-otesi-gecmisten-bugune-yemen-dosyasi-43041h.htm">"Date, politics and beyond: Yemen file from past to present"</a>. <i>Mepa News</i> (in Turkish). 8 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171623/https://www.mepanews.com/tarih-siyaset-and-beyond-past-today-yemen-file-43041h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mepa+News&rft.atitle=Date%2C+politics+and+beyond%3A+Yemen+file+from+past+to+present&rft.date=2021-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mepanews.com%2Ftarih-siyaset-ve-otesi-gecmisten-bugune-yemen-dosyasi-43041h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clive Leatherdale <i>Britain and Saudi Arabia 1925-1939 The Imperial Oasis, 1983</i> p. (London, Frank Cass</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harold F. Jacob, Kings of Arabia: the rise and set of the Turkish Sovereignty in the Arabian Peninsula p.83-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Online.Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Online.Encyclopædia_Britannica_Inc_2013_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yemen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 22 September 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History of Arabia, </i>Encyclopædia Britannica<i> (Macropædia Vol. 1)</i>. 1979. pp. 1043–1051.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Arabia%2C+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%28Macrop%C3%A6dia+Vol.+1%29&rft.pages=1043-1051&rft.date=1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFاليمنية" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">اليمنية, الدولة العثمانية الجمهورية العربية. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170512195221/https://www.marefa.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9">"المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية"</a>. <i>المعرفة</i> (in Arabic). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marefa.org/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9">the original</a> on 12 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.aulast=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft.aufirst=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marefa.org%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D9%2585%25D9%2584%25D9%2583%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2583%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6"><bdi>0-313-26213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=508&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-313-26213-6&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikshoy C. Chatterji <i>Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 1</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated34-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated34_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dresch2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dresch (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderny0000dres"><i>A History of Modern Yemen</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.">org/details/historyofmoderny0000dres/page/34 34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79482-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-79482-X"><bdi>0-521-79482-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Yemen&rft.pages=org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderny0000dres%2Fpage%2F34+34&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-79482-X&rft.au=Paul+Dresch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderny0000dres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uwidata.com/5126-will-yemen-be-divided-again/">"Will Yemen Be Divided Again? 5126-will-yemen-be-divided-again/"</a>. <i>United World International</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+World+International&rft.atitle=Will+Yemen+Be+Divided+Again%3F+5126-will-yemen-be-divided-again%2F&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuwidata.com%2F5126-will-yemen-be-divided-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730183137/https://republicanyemen.net/archives/30089">"حول تنكيل الإمام يحيى بقبائل صنعاء سنة 1922م"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/30089">the original</a> on 30 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84+%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89+%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9+1922%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanyemen.net%2Farchives%2F30089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155747/https://republicanyemen.net/archives/11734">"هكذا نكّل الإمام يحيى بقبائل صنعاء سنة 1922"</a>. <i>اليمن الجمهوري</i> (in Arabic). 22 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/11734">the original</a> on 9 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D9%87%D9%83%D8%B0%D8%A7+%D9%86%D9%83%D9%91%D9%84+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89+%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84+%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A1+%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A9+1922&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanyemen.net%2Farchives%2F11734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1934" class="citation book cs1">Willis, John M. (1934). <i>Unmaking North and South: Cartographies of</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4131071320" title="Special:BookSources/4131071320"><bdi>4131071320</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unmaking+North+and+South%3A+Cartographies+of&rft.date=1934&rft.isbn=4131071320&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John M. Willis (2012)، <i>Unmaking North and South: Cartographies of the Yemeni Past, 1857-1934</i>، Columbia University Press، ص. 143، <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-70131-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-70131-4">0-231-70131-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernard_Reich_p.509-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernard_Reich_p.509_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernard Reich <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa</i> p.509 Greenwood Publishing Group, Jan 1, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated509-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated509_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-26213-6"><bdi>0-313-26213-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-313-26213-6&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_Leatherdale1983" class="citation book cs1">Clive Leatherdale (1983). <i>1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis</i>. Psychology Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-3220-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-3220-1"><bdi>0-7146-3220-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1925%E2%80%931939%3A+The+Imperial+Oasis&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7146-3220-1&rft.au=Clive+Leatherdale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamberlinSamouiller2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camberlin, Marie; Samouiller, Ségolène (1 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/cy/67?&id=67">"Chronologie du Yémen contemporain (1904-1970)"</a>. <i>Arabian Humanities. Revue internationale d'archéologie et de sciences sociales sur la péninsule Arabique/International Journal of Archeology and Social Sciences in the Arabian Peninsula</i> (in French). <b>9</b> (9). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fcy.67">10.4000/cy.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1248-0568">1248-0568</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220622214718/https://journals.openedition.org/cy/67?&id=67">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arabian+Humanities.+Revue+internationale+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+et+de+sciences+sociales+sur+la+p%C3%A9ninsule+Arabique%2FInternational+Journal+of+Archeology+and+Social+Sciences+in+the+Arabian+Peninsula&rft.atitle=Chronologie+du+Y%C3%A9men+contemporain+%281904-1970%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fcy.67&rft.issn=1248-0568&rft.aulast=Camberlin&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft.au=Samouiller%2C+S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fcy%2F67%3F%26id%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Dresch <i>A History of Modern Yemen</i> p.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ikshoy C. Chatterji <i>Muddle of the Middle East, Volume 1</i> p.199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dictionary Of Modern Arab History</i> p.379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Quentin Morton (2006)، <i>In the Heart of the Desert: The Story of an Exploration Geologist and the Search for Oil in the Middle East</i>، Green Mountain Press. 104، <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9552212-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9552212-0-X">0-9552212-0-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48449371">"War talk in Arabia"</a>. <i>Barrier Miner</i>. 16 November 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Barrier+Miner&rft.atitle=War+talk+in+Arabia&rft.date=1933-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article48449371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32993337">"Britain Neutral"</a>. <i>West Australian</i>. 9 May 1934<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+Australian&rft.atitle=Britain+Neutral.&rft.date=1934-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article32993337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26213-5"><bdi>978-0-313-26213-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+the+Contemporary+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=509&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26213-5&rft.au=Bernard+Reich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080408073632/https://yemen-nic.info/contents/History/detail.php?ID=1190">"المملكة المتوكلية اليمنية والاستعمار البريطاني"</a>. <i>yemen-nic.info</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemen-nic.info/contents/History/detail.php?ID=1190">the original</a> on 8 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yemen-nic.info&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyemen-nic.info%2Fcontents%2FHistory%2Fdetail.php%3FID%3D1190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fikircografyasi.com/makale/osmanli-devletinin-sahadan-cekilmeden-sonra-yemen">"Yemen After the Withdrawal of the Ottoman Empire from the Field"</a>. <i>Geography of Ideas</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Yemen+After+the+Withdrawal+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+from+the+Field&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fikircografyasi.com%2Fmakale%2Fosmanli-devletinin-sahadan-cekilmeden-sonra-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51869200">"Victors in Yemen"</a>. <i>Examiner</i>. 16 May 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322120815/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article51869200">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Examiner&rft.atitle=Victors+in+Yemen&rft.date=1934-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article51869200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kostiner, Joseph (1993-12-02). <i>The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916-1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchical State</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 170, 171. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-536070-7">978-0-19-536070-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid_SarkeesWayman2010" class="citation book cs1">Reid Sarkees, Meredith; Wayman, Frank (16 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ"><i>Resort to War: 1816–2007</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87289-434-1"><bdi>978-0-87289-434-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904154746/https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=CvooAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resort+to+War%3A+1816%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2010-02-16&rft.isbn=978-0-87289-434-1&rft.aulast=Reid+Sarkees&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rft.au=Wayman%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCvooAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17067671">"Arabia"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i>. 9 May 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227000302/http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article17067671">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Arabia.&rft.date=1934-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article17067671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article61794204">"Arabain Affairs"</a>. <i>Townsville Daily Bulletin</i>. 16 June 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813170715/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/61794204">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Townsville+Daily+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Arabain+Affairs.&rft.date=1934-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article61794204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article24941318">"Saudi and Yemen"</a>. <i>Mercury</i>. 16 June 1934. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813170720/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/24941318">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mercury&rft.atitle=Saudi+and+Yemen&rft.date=1934-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article24941318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Saudi Arabia p.129":Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm By Peter W. Wilson p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100059310911.0x000054">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'File 6/27 Foreign Interests: Sa'udi-Yemen Dispute' [42r] (83/174)"</a>. <i>Qatar Digital Library</i>. 31 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220707084653/http://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100059310911.0x000054">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qatar+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=%27File+6%2F27+Foreign+Interests%3A+Sa%27udi-Yemen+Dispute%27+%5B42r%5D+%2883%2F174%29&rft.date=2018-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qdl.qa%2Fen%2Farchive%2F81055%2Fvdc_100059310911.0x000054&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222094948/https://almadaniyamag.com/2017/11/30/2017-11-30-muhammad-mahmoud-al-zubairi-the-conscience-of-yemen/">"Muhammad Mahmoud al-Zubairi: The Conscience of Yemen"</a>. <i>Al-Madaniya Magazine</i>. 30 November 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://almadaniyamag.com/2017/11/30/2017-11-30-muhammad-mahmoud-al-zubairi-the-conscience-of-yemen/">the original</a> on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Madaniya+Magazine&rft.atitle=Muhammad+Mahmoud+al-Zubairi%3A+The+Conscience+of+Yemen&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falmadaniyamag.com%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2F2017-11-30-muhammad-mahmoud-al-zubairi-the-conscience-of-yemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history.state.gov-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-history.state.gov_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/yemen">"Yemen – Countries – Office of the Historian"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220728044026/https://history.state.gov/countries/yemen">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Yemen+%E2%80%93+Countries+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fyemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">موسوعة الاعلام ، د. 21 ، إبراهيم بن يحيى بن محمد بن يحيى حميد الدين.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saudi-Yemeni Relations: Domestic Structures and Foreign Influence By F. Gregory Gause. p.58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07044-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07044-7">978-0-231-07044-7</a> Columbia University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018095730/https://republicanyemen.net/archives/29410">"مة"</a>. <i>اليمن الجمهوري</i> (in Arabic). 18 October 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/29410">the original</a> on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%A9&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanyemen.net%2Farchives%2F29410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris,_2008,_p._20522-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris,_2008,_p._20522_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris, Benny (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books">?id=CC7381HrLqcC&pg=PA332&lpg=PA332 <i>1948: The First Arab-Israeli War</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160626015829/https://books.google.com/">Archived</a> 26 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, p.205, New Haven, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12696-9">978-0-300-12696-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308093325/https://web.archive.org/web/20140121015442/http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist.htm">"CSP - Major Episodes of Political Violence, 1946-2012"</a>. 21 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemicpeace.org/warlist.htm">the original</a> on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CSP+-+Major+Episodes+of+Political+Violence%2C+1946-2012&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemicpeace.org%2Fwarlist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101024025/https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/11778">"Marib: A Yemeni Government Stronghold Increasingly Vulnerable to Houthi Advances"</a>. <i>Sana'a Center For Strategic Studies</i>. 22 October 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanaacenter.org/publications/analysis/11778">the original</a> on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sana%27a+Center+For+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Marib%3A+A+Yemeni+Government+Stronghold+Increasingly+Vulnerable+to+Houthi+Advances&rft.date=2020-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanaacenter.org%2Fpublications%2Fanalysis%2F11778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackintosh-Smith,_Tim_2000_pp._93_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim (2000). <i>Yemen: The Unknown Arabia</i>. New York: The Overlook Press. pp. 93–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,779616,00.html">"Yemen: The Eighth End"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 26 January 1948. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221124213808/https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,779616,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+The+Eighth+End&rft.date=1948-01-26&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C779616%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/APBN-007_Tribes_and_Politics_in_Yemen.pdf">"Tribes and Politics in Yemen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052924/http://www.jepeterson.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/APBN-007_Tribes_and_Politics_in_Yemen.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tribes+and+Politics+in+Yemen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jepeterson.net%2Fsitebuildercontent%2Fsitebuilderfiles%2FAPBN-007_Tribes_and_Politics_in_Yemen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeader1983" class="citation journal cs1">Leader, Stefan H. (April 1983). "World Military and Social Expenditures, 1982 by Ruth Leger Sivard (World Priorities [Leesburg, Va.]; 44 pp.; $4.00 [paper])". <i>Worldview</i>. <b>26</b> (4): 21–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0084255900040262">10.1017/s0084255900040262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worldview&rft.atitle=World+Military+and+Social+Expenditures%2C+1982+by+Ruth+Leger+Sivard+%28World+Priorities+%5BLeesburg%2C+Va.%5D%3B+44+pp.%3B+%244.00+%5Bpaper%5D%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=21-22&rft.date=1983-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0084255900040262&rft.aulast=Leader&rft.aufirst=Stefan+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Reich1990" class="citation book cs1">Bernard Reich (1990). <i>Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nationsonline.org&rft.atitle=History+of+Yemen+%E2%80%93+Key+Figures+in+Yemen%27s+history&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsonline.org%2Foneworld%2FHistory%2FYemen-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,829180,00.html">"Yemen: After Ahmad the Devil"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 5 October 1962. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401005839/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,829180,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Yemen%3A+After+Ahmad+the+Devil&rft.date=1962-10-05&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C829180%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yemenews.net/show1030536.html">"في مثل هذا اليوم قتل أحمد حميد الدين ليطوى بذلك سجل الإمامة في اليم ن وإلى الأبد"</a>. <i>yeninews.net</i> (in Arabic)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+Yemen%2FYemen+Arab+Republic%2FNorth+Yemen+%281948-1990%29&rft.pub=University+of+Central+Arkansas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuca.edu%2Fpoliticalscience%2Fdadm-project%2Fmiddle-eastnorth-africapersian-gulf-region%2Fnorth-yemen-1944-present%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624113306/https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/History/Yemen-history.htm">"History of Yemen – Key Figures in Yemen's history"</a>. <i>www.nationsonline.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Arab+League&rft.date=2024-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FArab-League&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712124708/https://web.archive.org/web/20090107131711/http://www.articlearchives.com/international-relations/national-security-foreign/1549459-1.html">"The foreign office and Anglo-Italian involvement in the Red Sea and Arabia, 1925-28"</a>. 7 January 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+foreign+office+and+Anglo-Italian+involvement+in+the+Red+Sea+and+Arabia%2C+1925-28.&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.articlearchives.com%2Finternational-relations%2Fnational-security-foreign%2F1549459-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s1.nyt.com/timesmachine/pages/1/1926/12/29/101434931_360W.png?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale">"Newspaper"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813170612/https://s1.nyt.com/timesmachine/pages/1/1926/12/29/101434931_360W.png?quality=75&auto=webp&disable=upscale">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newspaper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs1.nyt.com%2Ftimesmachine%2Fpages%2F1%2F1926%2F12%2F29%2F101434931_360W.png%3Fquality%3D75%26auto%3Dwebp%26disable%3Dupscale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nations_Treaty_Series_pp._384-391_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Text in <i>League of Nations Treaty Series</i>, vol. 67, pp. 384-391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151227092040/http://ricolor.org/history/eng/vs/24_12_2015/">"April 17, 2015 22"</a>. <i>ricolor.org</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Argus&rft.atitle=Peace+Negotiations+in+Arabian+War&rft.date=1934-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article10936382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205002149/http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/pol/int1.htm">"The Treaty of Taif, 1934"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.al-bab.com/yemen/pol/int1.htm">the original</a> on 5 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Taif%2C+1934&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-bab.com%2Fyemen%2Fpol%2Fint1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yemen-nic.info/yemen/history/england.php">"معاهدة الصداقة والتعاون المتبادل بين اليمن وبريطانيا 11 ف براير 1934 م"</a>. <i>yemen-nic.info</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806060706/http://www.yemen-nic.info/yemen/history/england.php">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yemen-nic.info&rft.atitle=%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84+%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7+11+%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1+1934+%D9%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyemen-nic.info%2Fyemen%2Fhistory%2Fengland.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.14october.com/news.aspx?newsno=3037003">"Historical Stations in the Path of a Revolution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141228124118/http://14october.com/news.aspx?newsno=3037003">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Stations+in+the+Path+of+a+Revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.14october.com%2Fnews.aspx%3Fnewsno%3D3037003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismael, Tareq Y.; Ishmael, Jacqueline S.; Jaber, Kamel Abu (1991). <i>Politics and government in the Middle East and North Africa.</i> University Press of Florida. p. 427. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1043-4">978-0-8130-1043-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">تأسيس الجيـش اليمنـي ودوره العسكـري والسياسـي 1337- 1382هـ/ 1918- 1962م ، رسالة ماجستير ، أحمد علي أحمد حسن الزراعي ، جامعة صنعاء ، الباب الأول :تأسيس الجيش النظامي وتنظيماته الإدارية والعسكرية ، الفصل الأول: الجيـش المظفر النظامي ، ص 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-areq-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-areq_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-areq_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-areq_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://areq.net/m/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.html#%D8%A7%">"القوات المسلحة اليمنية"</a> [Yemeni Armed Forces]. <i>areq.net</i> (in Arabic). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813170732/https://areq.net/m/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9.html#%D8%A7%">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=areq.net&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fareq.net%2Fm%2F%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2582%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2585%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9.html%23%25D8%25A7%25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_Ali" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahmed Ali, Ahmed Hassan al-Zari. <i>The establishment of the Yemeni army and its military and political role 1918–1962 AD</i> (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+establishment+of+the+Yemeni+army+and+its+military+and+political+role+1918%E2%80%931962+AD&rft.aulast=Ahmed+Ali&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+Hassan+al-Zari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1940-1943 1940-1943 1940-1943 ص 281- 282.سلطان ناجي: مرجع سابق، ص 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">هيئة العمليات الحربية : مطبوعة، الورقة الثالثة. (Translation: Military Operations Authority: printed, third page)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">- أحمد قائد الصايدي: اليمن في عيون الرحالة الاجانب، الطبعة: الأولى، 2011 ، إخراج: الافاق للطباعة والنشر، الناشر: مرکز الدراسات والبحوث الأمني، ص 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">عبد الله السلال، عبد الرحمن الإرياني ، عبد السلام صبرة: وثائق أولى، عن الثورة اليمنية، مركز الدراسات والبحوث اليمني، دار الآداب، بيروت، 1985، ص 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">القوات المسلحة بين الامس واليوم:الحديث عن قوات مسلحة منظمة قبل قيام الثورة أمر يبتعد عن الدقة - تصفح: نسخة محفوظة 06 مارس 2016 على موقع واي باك مشين.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">الموسوعة العسكرية، المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر، تاريخ النشر: 01/08/1977، ص 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom (2017). <i>Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: Aerial Warfare Over the South Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994</i>. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2">978-1-912174-23-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom (2017). <i>Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: The Air War Over the Southern Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994</i>. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2">978-1-912174-23-2</a>. pp. 6-7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom (2017). <i>Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: The Air War Over the Southern Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994</i>. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2">978-1-912174-23-2</a>. s8-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooper, Tom (2017). <i>Hot Skies Over Yemen, Volume 1: The Air War Over the Southern Arabian Peninsula, 1962-1994</i>. Solihull, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912174-23-2">978-1-912174-23-2</a>. p 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:112_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasha2023" class="citation book cs1">Pasha, Hasan Muhiddin (26 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studylibtr.com/doc/1785244/hasan-muhiddin-pa%C5%9Fa"><i>Ah O Yemen – 1904 Rebellion</i></a>. Tarihçi Kitabevi. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786054534029" title="Special:BookSources/9786054534029"><bdi>9786054534029</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ah+O+Yemen+%E2%80%93+1904+Rebellion&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Tarih%C3%A7i+Kitabevi&rft.date=2023-12-26&rft.isbn=9786054534029&rft.aulast=Pasha&rft.aufirst=Hasan+Muhiddin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudylibtr.com%2Fdoc%2F1785244%2Fhasan-muhiddin-pa%25C5%259Fa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/gulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war">"Gulf Coalition Operations in Yemen (Part 1): The Ground War"</a>. <i>The Washington Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206195626/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/gulf-coalition-operations-in-yemen-part-1-the-ground-war">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=Gulf+Coalition+Operations+in+Yemen+%28Part+1%29%3A+The+Ground+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fgulf-coalition-operations-yemen-part-1-ground-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">سياسي (1337-1382هــ/1918-1962مـ)، رسالة ماجستير، أحمد علي أحمد حسن الزراعي، جامعة صنعاء، الباب الثاني محاو</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318141904/https://dra.american.edu/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:6478/datastream/PDF/view">"Eddins, Gary Allen. The International Importance of Yemen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dra.american.edu/islandora/object/thesesdissertations%3A6478/datastream/PDF/view">the original</a> on 18 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eddins%2C+Gary+Allen.+The+International+Importance+of+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdra.american.edu%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fthesesdissertations%253A6478%2Fdatastream%2FPDF%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich W, Bethmann, Yemen on the Threshold (Washington, D.G.; American Friends of the Middle East, I960), p,.39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/zeydiyye">"Zeydıyye"</a>. <i>TDV İslâm Ensiklopedisi</i> (in Turkish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815065936/https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/zeydiyye">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TDV+%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+Ensiklopedisi&rft.atitle=Zeyd%C4%B1yye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fzeydiyye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/history-of-the-jews-of-yemen/">"History of the Jews of Yemen"</a>. <i>aish.com</i>. 10 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705025111/https://aish.com/history-of-the-jews-of-yemen/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aish.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Jews+of+Yemen&rft.date=2022-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2Fhistory-of-the-jews-of-yemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Times_2003,_page_392_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa in Modern Times</i>, by Reeva Spector Simon, Michael Menachem Laskier, Sara Reguer editors, Columbia University Press, 2003, page 392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsource-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsource_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/yemenjews.html">"The Jews of Yemen"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113093739/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/anti-semitism/yemenjews.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Yemen&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fanti-semitism%2Fyemenjews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zekharia-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zekharia_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/hasen">/spages/1030121.html Our man in Sanaa: Ex-Yemen president was once trainee rabbi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202075513/http://www.haaretz.com/">Archived</a> 2 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Iryani-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-Iryani_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DEEDA1239F934A25750C0A96E958260">Abdul-Rahman al-Iryani, Ex-Yemen President, 89</a> – The New York Times, March 17, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AbdulRaheem-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AbdulRaheem_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yemenonline.info/news-926.html">"Haaretz Dreams"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028123052/http://www.yemenonline.info/news-926.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haaretz+Dreams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yemenonline.info%2Fnews-926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jewish Communities in Exotic Places," by Ken Blady, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a> Inc., 2000, page 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221225012403/https://republicanyemen.net/archives/10762">"المواصلات في زمن الإمام يحيى"</a>. <i>اليمن الجمهوري</i> (in Arabic). 9 September 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/10762">the original</a> on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%B2%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%89&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanyemen.net%2Farchives%2F10762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517065339/https://republicanyemen.net/archives/31251">"الفرنسية "لوسيل فيفرييه" تروي جانباً من جحيم الإمامة في اليمن"</a>. <i>اليمن الجمهوري</i> (in Arabic). 17 May 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://republicanyemen.net/archives/31251">the original</a> on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9+%22%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84+%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%87%22+%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A+%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8B+%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%AC%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9+%D9%81%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86&rft.date=2022-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepublicanyemen.net%2Farchives%2F31251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Yemen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yemen-Turkey Relations in the Period of National Struggle, He did not welcome this idea and rejected it because it was Imam Yahya-Mustafa Kemal Pasha Correspondence p.27-28</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>History of Arabia</i>, <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Macropædia Vol. 1). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 1979, pp. 1043–1051.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flagspot.net/flags/ye_kingd.html">Kingdom of Yemen</a> at Flags of the World.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Kingdom of Yemen">Kingdom of Yemen</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalanthems.info/yen-62.htm">Kingdom 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" 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href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&oldid=1259854569">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Yemen&oldid=1259854569</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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title="Category:Former monarchies">Former monarchies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Arab_states" title="Category:Former Arab states">Former Arab states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Asia" title="Category:Former monarchies of Asia">Former monarchies of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_dynasties" title="Category:Shia dynasties">Shia dynasties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neutral_states_in_World_War_II" title="Category:Neutral states in World War II">Neutral states in World War II</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Arabic-language_sources_(ar)" title="Category:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)">CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)</a></li><li><a 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