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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parameshvara Nambudiri</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameshvara_(Mathematiker)" title="Parameshvara (Mathematiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parameshvara (Mathematiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Param%C3%A9suara_(matem%C3%A1tico)" title="Paramésuara (matemático) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paramésuara (matemático)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E)" title="परमेश्वर (गणितज्ञ) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमेश्वर (गणितज्ञ)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameshvara" title="Parameshvara – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Parameshvara" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="വടശ്ശേരി പരമേശ്വരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വടശ്ശേരി പരമേശ്വരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E)" title="परमेश्वर (गणितज्ञ) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="परमेश्वर (गणितज्ञ)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parameshvara" title="Parameshvara – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parameshvara" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0" title="परमेश्वर – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="परमेश्वर" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81_(%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4)" title="పరమేశ్వరుడు (గణిత శాస్త్రవేత్త) – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరమేశ్వరుడు (గణిత శాస్త్రవేత్త)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q891045#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian mathematician and astronomer (1380–1460)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the concept of God, see <a href="/wiki/Parameshwara_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshwara (god)">Parameshwara (god)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Parameshvara Nambudiri</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1380<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochin_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochin Kingdom">Cochin Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1460<span style="display:none">(1460-00-00)</span> (aged 79–80)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Astronomer-mathematician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mean_value_theorem" title="Mean value theorem">Mean value theorem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Drig_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Drig system">Drig system</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_quadrilateral#Parameshvara's_circumradius_formula" title="Cyclic quadrilateral">Circumradius formula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Drgganita<br />Goladipika<br />Grahanamandana</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Vatasseri Parameshvara Nambudiri</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1380–1460)<sup id="cite_ref-Pingree_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pingree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a major <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a>. He was also an <a href="/wiki/Astrologer" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrologer">astrologer</a>. Parameshvara was a proponent of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval India</a> and he himself had made a series of <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a> observations to verify the accuracy of the computational methods then in use. Based on his eclipse observations, Parameshvara proposed several corrections to the astronomical parameters which had been in use since the times of <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>. The computational scheme based on the revised set of parameters has come to be known as the <i>Drgganita</i> or <a href="/wiki/Drig_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Drig system">Drig system</a>. Parameshvara was also a prolific writer on matters relating to astronomy. At least 25 manuscripts have been identified as being authored by Parameshvara.<sup id="cite_ref-Pingree_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pingree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographical_details">Biographical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biographical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parameshvara was a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> of Bhrgu<a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">gotra</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Ashvalayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvalayana">Ashvalayanasutra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>. Parameshvara's family name (<i>Illam</i>) was Vatasseri and his family resided in the village of Alathiyur (Sanskritised as <i>Asvatthagrama</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Tirur" title="Tirur">Tirur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Alathiyur is situated on the northern bank of the river <a href="/wiki/Nila_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nila River">Nila</a> (river <a href="/wiki/Bharathappuzha" title="Bharathappuzha">Bharathappuzha</a>) at its mouth in Kerala. He was a grandson of a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a> (1237–1295 CE), a legendary figure in the astrological traditions of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. </p><p>Parameshvara studied under teachers Rudra and Narayana, and also under <a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a> (c. 1350 – c. 1425) the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Damodara</a>, another prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school</a>, was his son and also his pupil. Parameshvara was also a teacher of <a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a> (1444–1544) the author of the celebrated <a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parameshvara wrote commentaries on many mathematical and astronomical works such as those by <a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Aryabhata</a>. He made a series of eclipse observations over a 55-year period. Constantly attempted to compare these with the theoretically computed positions of the planets. He revised planetary parameters based on his observations. </p><p>One of Parameshvara's more significant contributions was his <a href="/wiki/Mean_value_theorem" title="Mean value theorem">mean value type formula</a> for the inverse interpolation of the sine.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was the first mathematician to give a formula for the <a href="/wiki/Radius" title="Radius">radius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circle</a> circumscribing a cyclic quadrilateral.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression is sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Lhuilier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhuilier">Lhuilier</a> [1782], 350 years later. With the sides of the <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_quadrilateral" title="Cyclic quadrilateral">cyclic quadrilateral</a> being <i>a, b, c,</i> and <i>d</i>, the radius <i>R</i> of the circumscribed circle is: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R={\sqrt {\frac {(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{(-a+b+c+d)(a-b+c+d)(a+b-c+d)(a+b+c-d)}}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mi>c</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R={\sqrt {\frac {(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{(-a+b+c+d)(a-b+c+d)(a+b-c+d)(a+b+c-d)}}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8b93fef529798879eebd76c29399353c6cee596c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:69.6ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R={\sqrt {\frac {(ab+cd)(ac+bd)(ad+bc)}{(-a+b+c+d)(a-b+c+d)(a+b-c+d)(a+b+c-d)}}}.}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_by_Parameshvara">Works by Parameshvara</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Works by Parameshvara"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following works of Parameshvara are well-known.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete list of all manuscripts attributed to Parameshvara is available in Pingree.<sup id="cite_ref-Pingree_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pingree-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Bhatadipika</i> – Commentary on <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABya" class="mw-redirect" title="Āryabhaṭīya">Āryabhaṭīya</a> of <a href="/wiki/%C4%80ryabha%E1%B9%ADa_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Āryabhaṭa I">Āryabhaṭa I</a></li> <li><i>Karmadipika</i> – Commentary on <i>Mahabhaskariya</i> of Bhaskara I</li> <li><i>Paramesvari</i> – Commentary on <i>Laghubhaskariya</i> of Bhaskara I</li> <li><i>Sidhantadipika</i> – Commentary on <i>Mahabhaskariyabhashya</i> of <a href="/wiki/Govindasv%C4%81mi" title="Govindasvāmi">Govindasvāmi</a></li> <li><i>Vivarana</i> – Commentary on <a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lil%C4%81vati" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilāvati">Lilāvati</a></li> <li><i>Drgganita</i> – Description of the <a href="/wiki/Drig_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Drig system">Drig system</a> (composed in 1431 CE)</li> <li><i>Goladipika</i> – Spherical geometry and astronomy (composed in 1443 CE)</li> <li><i>Grahanamandana</i> – Computation of eclipses (Its epoch is 15 July 1411 CE.)</li> <li><i>Grahanavyakhyadipika</i> – On the rationale of the theory of eclipses</li> <li><i>Vakyakarana</i> – Methods for the derivation of several astronomical tables</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers_and_mathematicians_of_the_Kerala_school" title="List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school">List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pingree-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pingree_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pingree_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pingree_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Edwin_Pingree1981" class="citation book cs1">David Edwin Pingree (1981). <i>Census of the exact sciences in Sanskrit</i>. A. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. pp. 187–192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-213-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-213-9"><bdi>978-0-87169-213-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+the+exact+sciences+in+Sanskrit&rft.series=A&rft.pages=187-192&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-213-9&rft.au=David+Edwin+Pingree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParameshvara+Nambudiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radha Charan Gupta [1979] "A mean-value-type formula for inverse interpolation of the sine", <i>Ganita</i> 30 (1–2): 78—82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radha Charan Gupta [1977] "Parameshvara's rule for the circumradius of a cyclic quadrilateral", <i>Historia Mathematica</i> 4: 67–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.K._Bag1980" class="citation journal cs1">A.K. Bag (May 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309124530/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af2_79.pdf">"Indian literature on mathematics during 1400–1800 AD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Indian_Journal_of_History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Journal of History of Science">Indian Journal of History of Science</a></i>. <b>15</b> (1): 79–93. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005af2_79.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Indian+literature+on+mathematics+during+1400%E2%80%931800+AD&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=79-93&rft.date=1980-05&rft.au=A.K.+Bag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.dli.ernet.in%2Frawdataupload%2Fupload%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20005af2_79.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParameshvara+Nambudiri" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a>, Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970–1990).</li> <li>Bhaskara, Laghubhaskariyam : With Parameshvara's commentary (Poona, 1946).</li> <li>Bhaskara, Mahabhaskariyam: With Parameshvara's commentary called Karmadipika (Poona, 1945).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C3%B1j%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Muñjāla">Munjala</a>, Laghumanasam : with commentary by Parameshvara (Poona, 1944).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.A._Sarasvati_Amma" class="mw-redirect" title="T.A. Sarasvati Amma">T.A. Sarasvati Amma</a> (1979) <i>Geometry in ancient and medieval India</i>, (Delhi).</li> <li>K. Shankar Shukla (1957) <i>The Surya-siddhanta with the commentary of Parameshvara</i> (Lucknow).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Sarma" title="K. V. Sarma">K. V. Sarma</a> (2008), "Paramesvara", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_History_of_Science,_Technology,_and_Medicine_in_Non-Western_Cultures" title="Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures">Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</a> (2nd edition) edited by <a href="/wiki/Helaine_Selin" title="Helaine Selin">Helaine Selin</a>, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2">978-1-4020-4559-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Plofker" title="Kim Plofker">Kim Plofker</a> (1996) "An example of the secant method of iterative approximation in a fifteenth-century Sanskrit text", <i>Historia Mathematica</i> 23 (3): 246–256.</li> <li>K. K. Raja (1963) "Astronomy and mathematics in Kerala", <i>Brahmavidya</i> 27; 136–143.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Chandra_Hari2003" class="citation journal cs1">K. Chandra Hari (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316082647/http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008275_43.pdf">"Eclipse observations of Parameshvara, the 14th–15th-century astronomer of Kerala"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Indian Journal of History of Science</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 43–57. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/rawdataupload/upload/insa/INSA_1/20008275_43.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+History+of+Science&rft.atitle=Eclipse+observations+of+Parameshvara%2C+the+14th%E2%80%9315th-century+astronomer+of+Kerala&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-57&rft.date=2003&rft.au=K.+Chandra+Hari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.new.dli.ernet.in%2Frawdataupload%2Fupload%2Finsa%2FINSA_1%2F20008275_43.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParameshvara+Nambudiri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parameshvara_Nambudiri&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchar2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Achar, Narahari (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Paramesvara_of_Vatesseri_BEA.htm">"Parameśvara of Vāṭaśśeri [Parmeśvara I]"</a>. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). <i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers</i>. New York: Springer. p. 870. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-31022-0"><bdi>978-0-387-31022-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parame%C5%9Bvara+of+V%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa%C5%9B%C5%9Beri+%26%2391%3BParme%C5%9Bvara+I%26%2393%3B&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=870&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-31022-0&rft.aulast=Achar&rft.aufirst=Narahari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamsci.mcgill.ca%2FRASI%2FBEA%2FParamesvara_of_Vatesseri_BEA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParameshvara+Nambudiri" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Paramesvara_of_Vatesseri_BEA.pdf">PDF version</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/{{{id}}}.html">"Parameshvara Nambudiri"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parameshvara+Nambudiri&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2F%7B%7B%7Bid%7D%7D%7D.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParameshvara+Nambudiri" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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astronomy and mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Astronomers<br />and mathematicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronomers_and_mathematicians_of_the_Kerala_school" title="List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school">(Complete list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyutha_Pisharadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyutha Pisharadi">Acyuta Piṣāraṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azhvanchery_Thamprakkal" title="Azhvanchery Thamprakkal">Azhvāñceri Taṃprākkaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitrabhanu_(mathematician)" title="Chitrabhanu (mathematician)">Citrabhānu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Dāmodara of Vațaśreņi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%81c%C4%81rya" title="Devācārya">Devācārya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindasvamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Govindasvamin">Govindasvāmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridatta" title="Haridatta">Haridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kochukrishnan_Asan" title="Kochukrishnan Asan">Kochukrishnan Asan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhama%E1%B9%85gala%E1%B9%83_N%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87an_Na%E1%B9%83p%C5%ABtiri" title="Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri">Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Nārāyaṇan Naṃpūtiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nīlakaņțha Sōmayāji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakkusaram" title="Kanakkusaram">Nīlakaṇṭha II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parameśvara of Vațaśśeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa">Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhama%E1%B9%85gala%E1%B9%83_%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan_Na%E1%B9%83p%C5%ABtiri" title="Mazhamaṅgalaṃ Śaṅkaran Naṃpūtiri">Śaṅkara of Mahiṣamaṅgalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthumana_Somayaji" title="Puthumana Somayaji">Putumana Somayāji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Variar" title="Sankara Variar">Śankara Vāriyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Varman" title="Sankara Varman">Śaṅkara Varma of Kaṭattanāṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udayadiv%C4%81kara" title="Udayadivākara">Udayadivākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vararuci" class="mw-redirect" title="Vararuci">Vararuci I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyamadhava" title="Vidyamadhava">Vidyamadhava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Aryabhatiya-bhashya (<a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nīlakaņțha Sōmayāji</a>)</li> <li>Candrachayaganita</li> <li>Dasādhyāyi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drigganita" title="Drigganita">Drigganita</a></li> <li>Dṛkkaraṇa</li> <li>Gaṇitayuktayah</li> <li>Golavada</li> <li>Golasara</li> <li>Grahacāraṇinibandhana</li> <li>Jātaka-sāara-saṃgraha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></li> <li>Jyotiśśāstra-saṃgraha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakkusaram" title="Kanakkusaram">Kanakkusāraṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karaṇapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyakramakari" title="Kriyakramakari">Kriyakramakari</a></li> <li>Laghuvivṛti (commentary on <a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a>)</li> <li>Madhyamanayanaprakara</li> <li>Mahābhāskarīya Bhāshya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1cabodha" title="Pañcabodha">Pañcabodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamālā</a></li> <li>Sidhhantadarpana</li> <li>Spuṭanirṇaya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venvaroha" title="Venvaroha">Venvaroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts/Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandravakyas" title="Chandravakyas">Chandravakyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drigganita" title="Drigganita">Drigganita system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Kaṭapayādi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava%27s_correction_terms" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhava's correction terms">Madhava's correction terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Madhava series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava%27s_sine_table" title="Madhava's sine table">Madhava's sine table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahita" title="Parahita">Parahita system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places associated with<br />members of the school</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athavanad" title="Athavanad">Athavanad</a> (Azhvanchery Thamprakkal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alattiyur,_Malappuram" title="Alattiyur, Malappuram">Alathiyur</a> (Govinda Bhattathiri, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadathanadu" title="Kadathanadu">Kadathanadu</a> (Sankara Varman)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodungallur" title="Kodungallur">Mahodayapuram (Kodungallur)</a> (Sankaranarayana)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kudallur" title="Kudallur">Kudallur</a> (Madhava of Sangamagrama)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvanam" title="Peruvanam">Peruvanam</a> (Mahishamangalam Sankaran Namputhiri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrikkandiyur" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrikkandiyur">Thrikkandiyur</a> (Nilakantha Somayaji, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Sivapuram (Thrissur)</a> (Putumana Somayaji, etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirunavaya" title="Tirunavaya">Tirunavaya</a> (Haridatta)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_mathematics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_mathematics" title="Template talk:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_mathematics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian mathematics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_mathematics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_mathematics" title="Indian mathematics">Indian mathematics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_mathematicians" title="List of Indian mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apastamba_Dharmasutra" title="Apastamba Dharmasutra">Apastamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baudhayana_sutras" title="Baudhayana sutras">Baudhayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ty%C4%81yana" title="Kātyāyana">Katyayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manava" title="Manava">Manava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingala" title="Pingala">Pingala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata" title="Aryabhata">Āryabhaṭa I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryabhata_II" title="Aryabhata II">Āryabhaṭa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_I" title="Bhāskara I">Bhāskara I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bh%C4%81skara_II" title="Bhāskara II">Bhāskara II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmadeva" title="Brahmadeva">Brahmadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmagupta" title="Brahmagupta">Brahmagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govindasv%C4%81mi" title="Govindasvāmi">Govindasvāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halayudha" title="Halayudha">Halayudha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakara" title="Kamalakara">Kamalakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra_(mathematician)" title="Mahāvīra (mathematician)">Mahāvīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendra_S%C5%ABri" title="Mahendra Sūri">Mahendra Sūri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munishvara" title="Munishvara">Munishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayana Pandit">Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Samrat" title="Jagannatha Samrat">Jagannatha Samrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABpati" title="Śrīpati">Śrīpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sridhara" title="Sridhara">Sridhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira" title="Varāhamihira">Varāhamihira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankara_Variar" title="Sankara Variar">Sankara Variar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasena" title="Virasena">Virasena</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P.C._Mahalanobis" class="mw-redirect" title="P.C. Mahalanobis">P.C. Mahalanobis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C.R._Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C.R. Rao">C.R. Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeravalli_S._Varadarajan" title="Veeravalli S. Varadarajan">Veeravalli S. Varadarajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Parthasarathy_(probabilist)" title="K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)">K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Narasimhan" title="M. S. Narasimhan">M. S. Narasimhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Seshadri" title="C. S. Seshadri">C. S. Seshadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra" title="Harish-Chandra">Harish-Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbayya_Sivasankaranarayana_Pillai" title="Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai">Subbayya Sivasankaranarayana Pillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilak_Raj_Prabhakar" title="Tilak Raj Prabhakar">Tilak Raj Prabhakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjul_Bhargava" title="Manjul Bhargava">Manjul Bhargava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshay_Venkatesh" title="Akshay Venkatesh">Akshay Venkatesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vakil" title="Ravi Vakil">Ravi Vakil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannan_Soundararajan" title="Kannan Soundararajan">Kannan Soundararajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Mathematical_Science" title="Template:SSBPST recipients in Mathematical Science">Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize recipients in Mathematical Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aryabhatiya" title="Aryabhatiya">Aryabhatiya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhshali_manuscript" title="Bakhshali manuscript">Bakhshali manuscript</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bijaganita" title="Bijaganita">Bijaganita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%81hmasphu%E1%B9%ADasiddh%C4%81nta" title="Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta">Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ganita_Kaumudi" title="Ganita Kaumudi">Ganita Kaumudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakkusaram" title="Kanakkusaram">Kanakkusaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karanapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%C4%ABl%C4%81vat%C4%AB" title="Līlāvatī">Līlāvatī</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lokavibhaga" title="Lokavibhaga">Lokavibhaga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81t%C4%ABga%E1%B9%87ita" title="Pātīgaṇita">Pātīgaṇita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paulisa_Siddhanta" title="Paulisa Siddhanta">Paulisa Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Var%C4%81hamihira#Pancha-Siddhantika" title="Varāhamihira">Paitamaha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romaka_Siddhanta" title="Romaka Siddhanta">Romaka Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamala</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81nta_Shiromani" title="Siddhānta Shiromani">Siddhānta Shiromani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shulba_Sutras" title="Shulba Sutras">Śulba Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surya_Siddhanta" title="Surya Siddhanta">Surya Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Siddhanta" title="Vasishtha Siddhanta">Vasishtha Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Venvaroha" title="Venvaroha">Veṇvāroha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuktibh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Yuktibhāṣā">Yuktibhāṣā</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yavanajataka" title="Yavanajataka">Yavanajataka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneering<br /> innovations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_numerals" title="Brahmi numerals">Brahmi numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a></li> <li>Symbol for <a href="/wiki/0" title="0">zero (0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Infinite series expansions for the trigonometric functions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_school_of_astronomy_and_mathematics" title="Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics">Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Jaipur" title="Jantar Mantar, Jaipur">Jaipur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_New_Delhi" title="Jantar Mantar, New Delhi">New Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Ujjain" title="Jantar Mantar, Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar,_Varanasi" title="Jantar Mantar, Varanasi">Varanasi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians of<br /> mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bapudeva_Sastri" title="Bapudeva Sastri">Bapudeva Sastri</a> (1821–1900)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shankar_Balakrishna_Dikshit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (page does not exist)">Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit</a> (1853–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhakara_Dvivedi" title="Sudhakara Dvivedi">Sudhakara Dvivedi</a> (1855–1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Rangacarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Rangacarya (page does not exist)">M. Rangacarya</a> (1861–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._C._Sengupta" class="mw-redirect" title="P. C. Sengupta">P. C. Sengupta</a> (1876–1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Datta" class="mw-redirect" title="B. B. Datta">B. B. Datta</a> (1888–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takao_Hayashi" title="Takao Hayashi">T. Hayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._A._Krishnaswamy_Ayyangar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (page does not exist)">A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar</a> (1892– 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avadhesh_Narayan_Singh" title="Avadhesh Narayan Singh">A. N. Singh</a> (1901–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Rajagopal" class="mw-redirect" title="C. T. Rajagopal">C. T. Rajagopal</a> (1903–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Saraswati_Amma" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Saraswati Amma">T. A. Saraswati Amma</a> (1918–2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S._N._Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S. N. Sen (page does not exist)">S. N. Sen</a> (1918–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._S._Shukla" class="mw-redirect" title="K. S. Shukla">K. S. Shukla</a> (1918–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Sarma" title="K. V. Sarma">K. V. Sarma</a> (1919–2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Translators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Eugene_Clark" title="Walter Eugene Clark">Walter Eugene Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Colebrooke" title="Henry Thomas Colebrooke">Henry Thomas Colebrooke </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pingree" title="David Pingree">David Pingree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mathematics" title="Chinese mathematics">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mathematics#Medieval_European_mathematics" title="History of mathematics">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern<br /> institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Statistical_Institute" title="Indian Statistical Institute">Indian Statistical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskaracharya_Pratishthana" title="Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana">Bhaskaracharya Pratishthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Mathematical_Institute" title="Chennai Mathematical Institute">Chennai Mathematical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences,_Chennai" title="Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai">Institute of Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science" title="Indian Institute of Science">Indian Institute of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harish-Chandra_Research_Institute" title="Harish-Chandra Research Institute">Harish-Chandra Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_Centre_for_Science_Education" title="Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education">Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanujan_Institute_for_Advanced_Study_in_Mathematics" title="Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics">Ramanujan Institute for Advanced Study in Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research" title="Tata Institute of Fundamental Research">TIFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Template:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Template talk:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientific Research in Kerala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientific_Research_in_Kerala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientific Research in Kerala</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre 19th Century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achyuta_Pisharati" class="mw-redirect" title="Achyuta Pisharati">Achyuta Pisharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candravakyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Candravakyas">Candravakyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrabhanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrabhanu">Citrabhanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damodara" title="Damodara">Damodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganita-yukti-bhasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganita-yukti-bhasa">Ganita-yukti-bhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govinda_Bhattathiri" title="Govinda Bhattathiri">Govinda Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridatta" title="Haridatta">Haridatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jy%C4%81,_koti-jy%C4%81_and_utkrama-jy%C4%81" title="Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā">Jyā, koti-jyā and utkrama-jyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jye%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%ADhadeva" title="Jyeṣṭhadeva">Jyeṣṭhadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirmimamsa" title="Jyotirmimamsa">Jyotirmimamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanapaddhati" title="Karanapaddhati">Karanapaddhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapayadi_system" title="Katapayadi system">Katapayadi system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriyakramakari" title="Kriyakramakari">Kriyakramakari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama" title="Madhava of Sangamagrama">Madhava of Sangamagrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava_series" title="Madhava series">Madhava series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhava%27s_sine_table" title="Madhava's sine table">Madhava's sine table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melpathur_Narayana_Bhattathiri" title="Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri">Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilakantha_Somayaji" title="Nilakantha Somayaji">Nilakantha Somayaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameshvara">Parameshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadratnamala" title="Sadratnamala">Sadratnamala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aa%E1%B9%85karan%C4%81r%C4%81ya%E1%B9%87a" title="Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa">Śaṅkaranārāyaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantrasamgraha" title="Tantrasamgraha">Tantrasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-DAC_Thiruvananthapuram" title="C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram">C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Development_Studies" title="Centre for Development Studies">Centre for Development Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Earth_Science_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Earth Science Studies">Centre for Earth Science Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Mathematical_Sciences_(Kerala)" title="Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)">Centre for Mathematical Sciences (Kerala)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Centre_for_Rural_Management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centre for Rural Management (page does not exist)">Centre for Rural Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_of_Science_and_Technology_for_Rural_Development" title="Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development">Centre of Science and Technology for Rural Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberpark">Cyberpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Mathematical_Association" title="Kerala Mathematical Association">Kerala Mathematical Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Kerala Science and Technology Museum">Kerala Science and Technology Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Science_Congress" title="Kerala Science Congress">Kerala Science Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Soil_Museum" title="Kerala Soil Museum">Kerala Soil Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_State_Council_for_Science,_Technology_and_Environment" title="Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment">Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishi_Vigyan_Kendra_Kannur" title="Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur">Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_Propulsion_Systems_Centre" title="Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre">Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi_Centre_for_Biotechnology" title="Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology">Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Agricultural_Research_Station,_Pattambi" title="Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi">Regional Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Research_Station,_Moncombu" title="Rice Research Station, Moncombu">Rice Research Station, Moncombu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Sarabhai_Space_Centre" title="Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre">Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Anakkayam" title="Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam">Agricultural Research Station, Anakkayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Research_Station,_Mannuthy" title="Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy">Agricultural Research Station, Mannuthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomic_Research_Station,_Chalakudy" title="Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy">Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrita_Institute_of_Medical_Sciences_and_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre">Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_and_Medicinal_Plants_Research_Station,_Odakkali" title="Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali">Aromatic and Medicinal Plants Research Station, Odakkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Research_Station,_Kannara" title="Banana Research Station, Kannara">Banana Research Station, Kannara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashew_Research_Station,_Madakkathara" title="Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara">Cashew Research Station, Madakkathara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Fisheries_Technology" title="Central Institute of Fisheries Technology">Central Institute of Fisheries Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute" title="Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute">Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tuber_Crops_Research_Institute" title="Central Tuber Crops Research Institute">Central Tuber Crops Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Marine_Living_Resources_%26_Ecology" title="Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology">Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Horticulture" class="mw-redirect" title="College of Horticulture">College of Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Rehabilitation_and_Research_Centre" title="Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre">Crocodile Rehabilitation and Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Handloom_and_Textile_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology">Institute of Handloom and Textile Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science_Education_and_Research,_Thiruvananthapuram" title="Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram">Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Space_Science_and_Technology" title="Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology">Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Spices_Research" title="Indian Institute of Spices Research">Indian Institute of Spices Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Mission_Medical_College_and_Research_Institute" title="Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute">Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Forest_Research_Institute" title="Kerala Forest Research Institute">Kerala Forest Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_School_of_Mathematics,_Kozhikode" title="Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode">Kerala School of Mathematics, Kozhikode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Athanasios_College_for_Advanced_Studies,_Tiruvalla" title="Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla">Mar Athanasios College for Advanced Studies, Tiruvalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Interdisciplinary_Science_and_Technology" title="National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology">National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Speech_and_Hearing" title="National Institute of Speech and Hearing">National Institute of Speech and Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Research_Institute_for_Panchakarma" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Institute for Panchakarma">National Research Institute for Panchakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Physical_and_Oceanographic_Laboratory" title="Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory">Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Research_Institute_%26_Manuscripts_Library" title="Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library">Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sree_Chitra_Tirunal_Institute_for_Medical_Sciences_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology">Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasa_Ramanujan_Institute_of_Basic_Sciences" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences">Srinivasa Ramanujan Institute of Basic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Ephrem_Ecumenical_Research_Institute" title="St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute">St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Botanical_Garden_and_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute">Tropical Botanical Garden and Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadakke_Madham_Brahmaswam_Vedic_Research_Centre" title="Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre">Vadakke Madham Brahmaswam Vedic Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Varki" title="Ajit Varki">Ajit Varki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Subramanian" title="C. V. Subramanian">C. V. Subramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dileep_George" title="Dileep George">Dileep George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">E. C. George Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Varghese" title="George Varghese">George Varghese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Radhakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="K. Radhakrishnan">K. Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Pothen_Thekaekara" title="Matthew Pothen Thekaekara">Matthew Pothen Thekaekara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._N._Vinayachandran" title="P. N. Vinayachandran">P. N. Vinayachandran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisharoth_Rama_Pisharoty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty">Pisharoth Rama Pisharoty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulickel_Ajayan" title="Pulickel Ajayan">Pulickel Ajayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._S._Krishnan" title="R. S. Krishnan">R. S. Krishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainudeen_Pattazhy" title="Sainudeen Pattazhy">Sainudeen Pattazhy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Venkitasubramanian" title="T. A. Venkitasubramanian">T. A. Venkitasubramanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanu_Padmanabhan" title="Thanu Padmanabhan">Thanu Padmanabhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Zacharia" title="Thomas Zacharia">Thomas Zacharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainu_Bappu" title="Vainu Bappu">Vainu Bappu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varghese_Mathai" title="Varghese Mathai">Varghese Mathai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Scaria" title="Vinod Scaria">Vinod Scaria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assorted articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Passage_to_Infinity" title="A Passage to Infinity">A Passage to Infinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FORV_Sagar_Sampada" title="FORV Sagar Sampada">FORV Sagar Sampada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatantra_2014" title="Swatantra 2014">Swatantra 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-lodge" title="Techno-lodge">Techno-lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_Business_Incubator_TBI-NITC" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology Business Incubator TBI-NITC">Technology Business Incubator TBI-NITC</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_the_Kerala_School_of_Hindu_Astronomy" title="A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy">A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, 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