CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" > <meta name="viewport" id="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1000x600.jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1000x600.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas" /> <meta property="og:description" content="As every tekkie knows, helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density. But it’s conceivable that hydrogen may one day become a part of the tech tool kit for dives beyond 200 m/653 ft, by virtue of the fact that it’s light, a little narcotic and offers the possibility of biochemical decompression. Diver Alert Network’s Reilly Fogarty has the deets." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="As every tekkie knows, helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density. But it’s conceivable that hydrogen may one day become a part of the tech tool kit for dives beyond 200 m/653 ft, by virtue of the fact that it’s light, a little narcotic and offers the possibility of biochemical decompression. Diver Alert Network’s Reilly Fogarty has the deets."> <script>window.koko_analytics = {"url":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/koko-analytics-collect.php","site_url":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com","post_id":3596,"use_cookie":1,"cookie_path":"\/"};</script><meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <link rel='preload' as='style' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/css/437.css' data-wpacu-preload-css-basic='1' /> <link rel='preload' as='style' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/css/269.css' data-wpacu-preload-css-basic='1' /> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/506.js' data-wpacu-preload-js='1'> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/234.js' data-wpacu-preload-js='1'> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/994.js' data-wpacu-preload-js='1'> <link rel='preload' as='script' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/61/public/assets/js/170/658.js' data-wpacu-preload-js='1'>  <title>Hydrogen as a Diving Gas - InDEPTH</title> <meta name="description" content="Helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density, but what about hydrogen?" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas" /> <meta property="og:description" content="As every tekkie knows, helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density, but what about hydrogen?" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="InDEPTH" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/InDEPTHMagazinePage" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-03-04T11:00:03+00:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-03-12T10:02:02+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1501" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="author" content="InDEPTH" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="As every tekkie knows, helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density, but what about hydrogen?" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@indepth_mag" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@indepth_mag" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Written by" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="InDEPTH" /> <meta name="twitter:label2" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data2" content="10 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"},"author":{"name":"InDEPTH","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#/schema/person/0ea8bf2442b0450a004b336e43189c9f"},"headline":"Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas","datePublished":"2020-03-04T11:00:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-12T10:02:02+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"},"wordCount":1966,"publisher":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg","keywords":["DAN","DCS","decompression","divers alert network","featured","HPNS","Hydrogen","narcosis","physiology","Reilly Fogarty","Research","studies","V 2.2"],"articleSection":["Latest Features","Medical"],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/","url":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/","name":"Hydrogen as a Diving Gas - InDEPTH","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg","datePublished":"2020-03-04T11:00:03+00:00","dateModified":"2024-03-12T10:02:02+00:00","description":"Helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density, but what about hydrogen?","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#primaryimage","url":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg","contentUrl":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg","width":1501,"height":1000},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://indepthmag.com/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Blog","item":"https://indepthmag.com/blog/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#website","url":"https://indepthmag.com/","name":"InDEPTH","description":"Get Deeper into Diving","publisher":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://indepthmag.com/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#organization","name":"InDEPTH - Get Deeper Into Diving","url":"https://indepthmag.com/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Website-image_logo_Indepth.png","contentUrl":"https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/Website-image_logo_Indepth.png","width":2208,"height":763,"caption":"InDEPTH - Get Deeper Into Diving"},"image":{"@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/InDEPTHMagazinePage","https://x.com/indepth_mag"]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://indepthmag.com/#/schema/person/0ea8bf2442b0450a004b336e43189c9f","name":"InDEPTH"}]}</script>  <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//ajax.googleapis.com' /> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="InDEPTH » Feed" href="https://indepthmag.com/feed/" /> <script id="advads-ready"> window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[]; </script> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-browser-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/listinghub/admin/files/css/fontawesome-browser.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='all-font-awesome-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/listinghub/admin/files/css/fontawesome.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='sdm-styles-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-download-monitor/css/sdm_wp_styles.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--: #444;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' rel='stylesheet' id='unslider-css-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/css/437.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' rel='stylesheet' id='slider-css-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/css/269.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='ql-jquery-ui-css' href='//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jqueryui/1.12.1/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mc4wp-form-themes-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/css/form-themes.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mvp-custom-style-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='mvp-custom-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> #mvp-wallpaper { background: url() no-repeat 50% 0; } #mvp-foot-copy a { color: #0082C8; } #mvp-content-main p a, .mvp-post-add-main p a { box-shadow: inset 0 -4px 0 #0082C8; } #mvp-content-main p a:hover, .mvp-post-add-main p a:hover { background: #0082C8; } a, a:visited, .post-info-name a, .woocommerce .woocommerce-breadcrumb a { color: #0082C8; } #mvp-side-wrap a:hover { color: #0082C8; } .mvp-fly-top:hover, .mvp-vid-box-wrap, ul.mvp-soc-mob-list li.mvp-soc-mob-com { background: #0082C8; } nav.mvp-fly-nav-menu ul li.menu-item-has-children:after, .mvp-feat1-left-wrap span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-widget-feat1-top-story span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-widget-feat2-left-cont span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-widget-dark-feat span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-widget-dark-sub span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-vid-wide-text span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-feat2-top-text span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-feat3-main-story span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-feat3-sub-text span.mvp-cd-cat, .mvp-feat4-main-text span.mvp-cd-cat, .woocommerce-message:before, .woocommerce-info:before, .woocommerce-message:before { color: #0082C8; } #searchform input, .mvp-authors-name { border-bottom: 1px solid #0082C8; } .mvp-fly-top:hover { border-top: 1px solid #0082C8; border-left: 1px solid #0082C8; border-bottom: 1px solid #0082C8; } .woocommerce .widget_price_filter .ui-slider .ui-slider-handle, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt, .woocommerce a.button.alt, .woocommerce button.button.alt, .woocommerce input.button.alt, .woocommerce #respond input#submit.alt:hover, .woocommerce a.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce button.button.alt:hover, .woocommerce input.button.alt:hover { background-color: #0082C8; } .woocommerce-error, .woocommerce-info, .woocommerce-message { border-top-color: #0082C8; } ul.mvp-feat1-list-buts li.active span.mvp-feat1-list-but, span.mvp-widget-home-title, span.mvp-post-cat, span.mvp-feat1-pop-head { background: #0082C8; } .woocommerce span.onsale { background-color: #0082C8; } .mvp-widget-feat2-side-more-but, .woocommerce .star-rating span:before, span.mvp-prev-next-label, .mvp-cat-date-wrap .sticky { color: #0082C8 !important; } #mvp-main-nav-top, #mvp-fly-wrap, .mvp-soc-mob-right, #mvp-main-nav-small-cont { background: #000000; } #mvp-main-nav-small .mvp-fly-but-wrap span, #mvp-main-nav-small .mvp-search-but-wrap span, .mvp-nav-top-left .mvp-fly-but-wrap span, #mvp-fly-wrap .mvp-fly-but-wrap span { background: #555555; } .mvp-nav-top-right .mvp-nav-search-but, span.mvp-fly-soc-head, .mvp-soc-mob-right i, #mvp-main-nav-small span.mvp-nav-search-but, #mvp-main-nav-small .mvp-nav-menu ul li a { color: #555555; } #mvp-main-nav-small .mvp-nav-menu ul li.menu-item-has-children a:after { border-color: #555555 transparent transparent transparent; } #mvp-nav-top-wrap span.mvp-nav-search-but:hover, #mvp-main-nav-small span.mvp-nav-search-but:hover { color: #0082C8; } #mvp-nav-top-wrap .mvp-fly-but-wrap:hover span, #mvp-main-nav-small .mvp-fly-but-wrap:hover span, span.mvp-woo-cart-num:hover { background: #0082C8; } #mvp-main-nav-bot-cont { background: #FFFFFF; } #mvp-nav-bot-wrap .mvp-fly-but-wrap span, #mvp-nav-bot-wrap .mvp-search-but-wrap span { background: #000000; } #mvp-nav-bot-wrap span.mvp-nav-search-but, #mvp-nav-bot-wrap .mvp-nav-menu ul li a { color: #000000; } #mvp-nav-bot-wrap .mvp-nav-menu ul li.menu-item-has-children a:after { border-color: #000000 transparent transparent transparent; } .mvp-nav-menu ul li:hover a { border-bottom: 5px solid #0082C8; } #mvp-nav-bot-wrap .mvp-fly-but-wrap:hover span { background: #0082C8; } #mvp-nav-bot-wrap span.mvp-nav-search-but:hover { color: #0082C8; } body, .mvp-feat1-feat-text p, .mvp-feat2-top-text p, .mvp-feat3-main-text p, .mvp-feat3-sub-text p, #searchform input, .mvp-author-info-text, span.mvp-post-excerpt, .mvp-nav-menu ul li ul.sub-menu li a, nav.mvp-fly-nav-menu ul li a, .mvp-ad-label, span.mvp-feat-caption, .mvp-post-tags a, .mvp-post-tags a:visited, span.mvp-author-box-name a, #mvp-author-box-text p, .mvp-post-gallery-text p, ul.mvp-soc-mob-list li span, #comments, h3#reply-title, h2.comments, #mvp-foot-copy p, span.mvp-fly-soc-head, .mvp-post-tags-header, span.mvp-prev-next-label, span.mvp-post-add-link-but, #mvp-comments-button a, #mvp-comments-button span.mvp-comment-but-text, .woocommerce ul.product_list_widget span.product-title, .woocommerce ul.product_list_widget li a, .woocommerce #reviews #comments ol.commentlist li .comment-text p.meta, .woocommerce div.product p.price, .woocommerce div.product p.price ins, .woocommerce div.product p.price del, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price del, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price ins, .woocommerce ul.products li.product .price, .woocommerce #respond input#submit, .woocommerce a.button, .woocommerce button.button, .woocommerce input.button, .woocommerce .widget_price_filter .price_slider_amount .button, .woocommerce span.onsale, .woocommerce-review-link, #woo-content p.woocommerce-result-count, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs ul.tabs li a, a.mvp-inf-more-but, span.mvp-cont-read-but, span.mvp-cd-cat, span.mvp-cd-date, .mvp-feat4-main-text p, span.mvp-woo-cart-num, span.mvp-widget-home-title2, .wp-caption, #mvp-content-main p.wp-caption-text, .gallery-caption, .mvp-post-add-main p.wp-caption-text, #bbpress-forums, #bbpress-forums p, .protected-post-form input, #mvp-feat6-text p { font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; } .mvp-blog-story-text p, span.mvp-author-page-desc, #mvp-404 p, .mvp-widget-feat1-bot-text p, .mvp-widget-feat2-left-text p, .mvp-flex-story-text p, .mvp-search-text p, #mvp-content-main p, .mvp-post-add-main p, #mvp-content-main ul li, #mvp-content-main ol li, .rwp-summary, .rwp-u-review__comment, .mvp-feat5-mid-main-text p, .mvp-feat5-small-main-text p, #mvp-content-main .wp-block-button__link, .wp-block-audio figcaption, .wp-block-video figcaption, .wp-block-embed figcaption, .wp-block-verse pre, pre.wp-block-verse { font-family: 'Lato', sans-serif; } .mvp-nav-menu ul li a, #mvp-foot-menu ul li a { font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif; } .mvp-feat1-sub-text h2, .mvp-feat1-pop-text h2, .mvp-feat1-list-text h2, .mvp-widget-feat1-top-text h2, .mvp-widget-feat1-bot-text h2, .mvp-widget-dark-feat-text h2, .mvp-widget-dark-sub-text h2, .mvp-widget-feat2-left-text h2, .mvp-widget-feat2-right-text h2, .mvp-blog-story-text h2, .mvp-flex-story-text h2, .mvp-vid-wide-more-text p, .mvp-prev-next-text p, .mvp-related-text, .mvp-post-more-text p, h2.mvp-authors-latest a, .mvp-feat2-bot-text h2, .mvp-feat3-sub-text h2, .mvp-feat3-main-text h2, .mvp-feat4-main-text h2, .mvp-feat5-text h2, .mvp-feat5-mid-main-text h2, .mvp-feat5-small-main-text h2, .mvp-feat5-mid-sub-text h2, #mvp-feat6-text h2, .alp-related-posts-wrapper .alp-related-post .post-title { font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif; } .mvp-feat2-top-text h2, .mvp-feat1-feat-text h2, h1.mvp-post-title, h1.mvp-post-title-wide, .mvp-drop-nav-title h4, #mvp-content-main blockquote p, .mvp-post-add-main blockquote p, #mvp-content-main p.has-large-font-size, #mvp-404 h1, #woo-content h1.page-title, .woocommerce div.product .product_title, .woocommerce ul.products li.product h3, .alp-related-posts .current .post-title { font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif; } span.mvp-feat1-pop-head, .mvp-feat1-pop-text:before, span.mvp-feat1-list-but, span.mvp-widget-home-title, .mvp-widget-feat2-side-more, span.mvp-post-cat, span.mvp-page-head, h1.mvp-author-top-head, .mvp-authors-name, #mvp-content-main h1, #mvp-content-main h2, #mvp-content-main h3, #mvp-content-main h4, #mvp-content-main h5, #mvp-content-main h6, .woocommerce .related h2, .woocommerce div.product .woocommerce-tabs .panel h2, .woocommerce div.product .product_title, .mvp-feat5-side-list .mvp-feat1-list-img:after { font-family: 'Oswald', sans-serif; } #mvp-leader-wrap { position: relative; } #mvp-site-main { margin-top: 0; } #mvp-leader-wrap { top: 0 !important; } .mvp-nav-links { display: none; } .alp-advert { display: none; } .alp-related-posts-wrapper .alp-related-posts .current { margin: 0 0 10px; } #mvp-content-main p a:link {color: #0082c8 !important; text-decoration: none; font-weight: bold;} #mvp-content-main p a:visited {color: #0082c8; text-decoration: none;} .mvp-fixed1 { border-bottom: none !important; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); -ms-box-shadow: 0 0 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); -o-box-shadow: 0 0 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); box-shadow: 0 0 16px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.2); -webkit-transform: translate3d(0,120px,0) !important; -moz-transform: translate3d(0,120px,0) !important; -ms-transform: translate3d(0,120px,0) !important; -o-transform: translate3d(0,120px,0) !important; transform: translate3d(0,120px,0) !important; } #mvp-content-main p a:hover {color: #0082c8; text-decoration: underline; box-shadow: 0px; } #mvp-content-main p a:active {color: #0082c8; text-decoration: none;} #mvp-content-main p a:hover, .mvp-post-add-main p a:hover { background: #fff; } #mvp-content-main p a, .mvp-post-add-main p a { box-shadow: inset 0px -4px 0px #fff; } div .theiaPostSlider_preloadedSlide p span b:hover { cursor: pointer; !important } .advads-sidebar-ads .unslider { width: 100%; } /* Lead Image Opacity Tweak */ #mvp-post-feat-img-wide #mvp-post-feat-img img { opacity: .7; width: 100%; } #mvp-feat6-img { line-height: 0; width: 80%; } /* DropCap Tweak */ .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter { float: left; font-size: 7.5em; line-height: .67; font-weight: 100; text-transform: uppercase; font-style: normal; } /* Text Size in Tables Tweak */ .wp-block-table tr td { font-size: 17px; !important } /* ADD RES Tables Tweak */ .wp-block-table { width: 100%; min-width: 240px; border-collapse: collapse; margin-bottom: 5px; td, th { padding: .3em; border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); word-break: break-all; } th { text-align: left; } /* Image Caption Tweak */ .wp-block-image figcaption { text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: #696969; } .wp-block-image figcaption { font-weight: 400 !important; margin-inline: auto !important; max-width: 90ch !important; padding-block-start: .5em !important; text-wrap: balance !important; } /* List Tweak */ #mvp-content-main ul li, #mvp-content-main ol li, .mvp-post-add-main ul li, .mvp-post-add-main ol li { margin-left: 25px; padding: 5px 0px; } /* Mobile Logo Tweak */ @media only screen and (max-width: 768px) { #logo img { height: auto !important; width: auto !important; } /*biz directory faqs */ .accordionFAQ .item .text { font-weight: 400 !important; } /*biz directory listing title */ h2.title-detail { font-size: 24px; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mvp-reset-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/css/reset.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/font-awesome/css/font-awesome.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mvp-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto%3A300%2C400%2C700%2C900%7COswald%3A400%2C700%7CAdvent+Pro%3A700%7COpen+Sans%3A700%7CAnton%3A400Oswald%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%7COswald%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%7COswald%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%7CLato%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%7CLato%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%7COswald%3A100%2C200%2C300%2C400%2C500%2C600%2C700%2C800%2C900%26subset%3Dlatin%2Clatin-ext%2Ccyrillic%2Ccyrillic-ext%2Cgreek-ext%2Cgreek%2Cvietnamese' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='mvp-media-queries-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/css/media-queries.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/506.js" id="unslider-js-js"></script> <script data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/234.js" id="unslider-move-js-js"></script> <script data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/776/public/assets/js/994.js" id="unslider-swipe-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="listinghub-dynamic-color-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var listinghub_color = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","big_button":"#2e7ff5","small_button":"#5f9df7","button_font":"#ffffff","button_small_font":"#ffffff","title_color":"#5b5b5b","content_font_color":"#66789C","icon_color":"#5b5b5b","max_border_color":"#E0E6F7"}; var listinghub_color = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","big_button":"#2e7ff5","small_button":"#5f9df7","button_font":"#ffffff","button_small_font":"#ffffff","title_color":"#5b5b5b","content_font_color":"#66789C","icon_color":"#5b5b5b","max_border_color":"#E0E6F7"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/listinghub/admin/files/js/dynamic-color.js" id="listinghub-dynamic-color-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="sdm-scripts-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var sdm_ajax_script = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/simple-download-monitor/js/sdm_wp_scripts.js" id="sdm-scripts-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-advanced-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var advads_options = {"blog_id":"1","privacy":{"enabled":false,"state":"not_needed"}}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/742/public/assets/js/9.js" id="advanced-ads-advanced-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="advanced_ads_pro/visitor_conditions-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var advanced_ads_pro_visitor_conditions = {"referrer_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","referrer_exdays":"365","page_impr_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_page_impressions","page_impr_exdays":"3650"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/951/827/811/360/283.js" id="advanced_ads_pro/visitor_conditions-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://indepthmag.com/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://indepthmag.com/wp-json/wp/v2/posts/3596" />  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-BPEGELQPL0"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-BPEGELQPL0'); </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-NCRVGY17KD"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-NCRVGY17KD'); </script> <script>advads_items = { conditions: {}, display_callbacks: {}, display_effect_callbacks: {}, hide_callbacks: {}, backgrounds: {}, effect_durations: {}, close_functions: {}, showed: [] };</script><style type="text/css" id="advads-layer-custom-css"></style><script type="text/javascript"> var advadsCfpQueue = []; var advadsCfpAd = function( adID ){ if ( 'undefined' == typeof advadsProCfp ) { advadsCfpQueue.push( adID ) } else { advadsProCfp.addElement( adID ) } }; </script> <meta name="redi-version" content="1.2.4" /><link rel="icon" href="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-indepth-512-512-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-indepth-512-512-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-indepth-512-512-180x180.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/cropped-indepth-512-512-270x270.png" /> <style type="text/css" id="wp-custom-css"> .advads-homepage-slider .unslider { width: 100%; } div.mvp-feat1-feat-text { display:none; } .form-space { margin-top: 20px; } /* Image Caption Tweak */ .wp-block-image figcaption { text-align: center; font-size: 14px; color: #696969; } .wp-block-image figcaption { font-weight: 400 !important; margin-inline: auto !important; max-width: 95ch !important; padding-block-start: .5em !important; text-wrap: pretty !important; } /* Hide social buttons on top */ div.mvp-nav-soc-wrap { display: none !important; } /*survey blocks */ .survey { padding: 8px 8px 8px 8px; } /*make footer black */ #mvp-foot-wrap { background: #000000; width: 100%; } .header-logo img { max-width: 100%; max-height: auto; } /*biz directory faqs */ .accordionFAQ .item .text { font-weight: 400; } h2.title-detail { font-size: 24px; } </style> </head> <body class="post-template-default single single-post postid-3596 single-format-standard aa-prefix-advads-"> <div id="mvp-fly-wrap"> <div id="mvp-fly-menu-top" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-fly-top-out left relative"> <div class="mvp-fly-top-in"> <div id="mvp-fly-logo" class="left relative"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/logo2024.jpg" alt="InDEPTH" data-rjs="2" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-fly-but-wrap mvp-fly-but-menu mvp-fly-but-click"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-fly-menu-wrap"> <nav class="mvp-fly-nav-menu left relative"> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-51743" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-51743"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/">Home</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45609" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45609"><a href="#">TOPICS</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-1509" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1509"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/photography/">Art & Photography</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1508" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1508"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/community/">Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1507" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1507"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/conservation/">Conservation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1716"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/education/">Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-36" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-36"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/exploration/">Exploration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1548" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1548"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/medical/">Medical</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1506" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1506"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-1517" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1517"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/news/">NEWS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45611" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45611"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/surveys/">SURVEYS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-45610" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45610"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/soundings/">SOUNDINGS</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17913" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17913"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/about-us-indepth/">ABOUT US</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1520" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1520"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/subscribe/">SUBSCRIBE 4FREE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-51737" class="biz menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-51737"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/">TECH DIVE CENTRE DIRECTORY</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-51739" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-businessdirectory-category menu-item-51739"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/businessdirectory-category/dive-centers/">Tech Dive Centres Worldwide</a></li> <li id="menu-item-51738" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51738"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/">How & Why to Join</a></li> <li id="menu-item-51741" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51741"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/indepth-business-directory-customer-login/">Dive Centre Login</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-49859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49859"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/gue/">GUE</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <div id="mvp-fly-soc-wrap"> <span class="mvp-fly-soc-head">Connect with us</span> <ul class="mvp-fly-soc-list left relative"> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/InDEPTHMagazinePage" target="_blank" class="fa fa-facebook fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/indepth_mag" target="_blank" class="fa fa-twitter fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/indepthmagazine/" target="_blank" class="fa fa-instagram fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVeKoARGcJvhOqXnTMahmoQ" target="_blank" class="fa fa-youtube-play fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/indepth-magazine/" target="_blank" class="fa fa-linkedin fa-2"></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-site" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-search-wrap"> <div id="mvp-search-box"> <form method="get" id="searchform" action="https://indepthmag.com/"> <input type="text" name="s" id="s" value="Search" onfocus='if (this.value == "Search") { this.value = ""; }' onblur='if (this.value == "") { this.value = "Search"; }' /> <input type="hidden" id="searchsubmit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> <div class="mvp-search-but-wrap mvp-search-click"> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-site-wall" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-site-main" class="left relative"> <header id="mvp-main-head-wrap" class="left relative"> <nav id="mvp-main-nav-wrap" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-main-nav-top" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-main-box"> <div id="mvp-nav-top-wrap" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-right-out left relative"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-right-in"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-left-out relative"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-left"> <div class="mvp-nav-soc-wrap"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/InDEPTHMagazinePage" target="_blank"><span class="mvp-nav-soc-but fa fa-facebook fa-2"></span></a> <a href="https://twitter.com/indepth_mag" target="_blank"><span class="mvp-nav-soc-but fa fa-twitter fa-2"></span></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/indepthmagazine/" target="_blank"><span class="mvp-nav-soc-but fa fa-instagram fa-2"></span></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVeKoARGcJvhOqXnTMahmoQ" target="_blank"><span class="mvp-nav-soc-but fa fa-youtube-play fa-2"></span></a> </div> <div class="mvp-fly-but-wrap mvp-fly-but-click left relative"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-nav-top-left-in"> <div class="mvp-nav-top-mid left relative" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <a class="mvp-nav-logo-reg" itemprop="url" href="https://indepthmag.com/"><img itemprop="logo" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/InDlogo-web.png" alt="InDEPTH" data-rjs="2" /></a> <a class="mvp-nav-logo-small" href="https://indepthmag.com/"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/logo2024.jpg" alt="InDEPTH" data-rjs="2" /></a> <h2 class="mvp-logo-title">InDEPTH</h2> <div class="mvp-drop-nav-title left"> <h4>Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas</h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-nav-top-right"> <span class="mvp-nav-search-but fa fa-search fa-2 mvp-search-click"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-main-nav-bot" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-main-nav-bot-cont" class="left"> <div class="mvp-main-box"> <div id="mvp-nav-bot-wrap" class="left"> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-right-out left"> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-right-in"> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-cont left"> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-left-out"> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-left left relative"> <div class="mvp-fly-but-wrap mvp-fly-but-click left relative"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-left-in"> <div class="mvp-nav-menu left"> <div class="menu-main-menu-container"><ul id="menu-main-menu-1" class="menu"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-home menu-item-51743"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/">Home</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-45609"><a href="#">TOPICS</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1509"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/photography/">Art & Photography</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1508"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/community/">Community</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1507"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/conservation/">Conservation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1716"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/education/">Education</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-36"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/exploration/">Exploration</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category current-post-ancestor current-menu-parent current-post-parent menu-item-1548"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/medical/">Medical</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1506"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/technology/">Technology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1517"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/news/">NEWS</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45611"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/surveys/">SURVEYS</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-45610"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/soundings/">SOUNDINGS</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17913"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/about-us-indepth/">ABOUT US</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1520"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/subscribe/">SUBSCRIBE 4FREE</a></li> <li class="biz menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-has-children menu-item-51737"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/">TECH DIVE CENTRE DIRECTORY</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-businessdirectory-category menu-item-51739"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/businessdirectory-category/dive-centers/">Tech Dive Centres Worldwide</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51738"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/">How & Why to Join</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-51741"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/indepth-business-directory-customer-login/">Dive Centre Login</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49859"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/gue/">GUE</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-nav-bot-right left relative"> <span class="mvp-nav-search-but fa fa-search fa-2 mvp-search-click"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </header> <div id="mvp-main-body-wrap" class="left relative"> <article id="mvp-article-wrap" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/NewsArticle"> <meta itemscope itemprop="mainEntityOfPage" itemType="https://schema.org/WebPage" itemid="https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"/> <div id="mvp-article-cont" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-main-box"> <div id="mvp-post-main" class="left relative"> <header id="mvp-post-head" class="left relative"> <h3 class="mvp-post-cat left relative"><a class="mvp-post-cat-link" href="https://indepthmag.com/category/latest-features/"><span class="mvp-post-cat left">Latest Features</span></a></h3> <h1 class="mvp-post-title left entry-title" itemprop="headline">Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas</h1> <span class="mvp-post-excerpt left"><p>As every tekkie knows, helium is essential for deep diving due to the fact it’s non-narcotic and offers low breathing gas density. But it’s conceivable that hydrogen may one day become a part of the tech tool kit for dives beyond 200 m/653 ft, by virtue of the fact that it’s light, a little narcotic and offers the possibility of biochemical decompression. Diver Alert Network’s Reilly Fogarty has the deets.</p> </span> <div class="mvp-author-info-wrap left relative"> <div class="mvp-author-info-thumb left relative"> </div> <div class="mvp-author-info-text left relative"> <div class="mvp-author-info-date left relative"> <p>Published</p> <span class="mvp-post-date">5 years ago</span> <p>on</p> <span class="mvp-post-date updated"><time class="post-date updated" itemprop="datePublished" datetime="2020-03-04">March 4, 2020</time></span> <meta itemprop="dateModified" content="2024-03-12 10:02 am"/> </div> <div class="mvp-author-info-name left relative" itemprop="author" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"> <p>By</p> <span class="author-name vcard fn author" itemprop="name"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/author/admin/" title="Posts by InDEPTH" rel="author">InDEPTH</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="mvp-post-main-out left relative"> <div class="mvp-post-main-in"> <div id="mvp-post-content" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-post-feat-img" class="left relative mvp-post-feat-img-wide2" itemprop="image" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <img width="1501" height="1000" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg" class="attachment- size- wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training.jpeg 1501w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-300x200.jpeg 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1024x682.jpeg 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-768x512.jpeg 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1536x1024.jpeg 1536w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-2048x1365.jpeg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 1501px) 100vw, 1501px" /> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1000x600.jpeg"> <meta itemprop="width" content="1000"> <meta itemprop="height" content="600"> </div> <div id="mvp-content-wrap" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-post-soc-out right relative"> <div class="mvp-post-soc-wrap left relative"> <ul class="mvp-post-soc-list left relative"> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/&t=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas', 'facebookShare', 'width=626,height=436'); return false;" title="Share on Facebook"> <li class="mvp-post-soc-fb"> <i class="fa fa-2 fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://twitter.com/share?text=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas -&url=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/', 'twitterShare', 'width=626,height=436'); return false;" title="Tweet This Post"> <li class="mvp-post-soc-twit"> <i class="fa fa-2 fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/&media=https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1000x600.jpeg&description=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas', 'pinterestShare', 'width=750,height=350'); return false;" title="Pin This Post"> <li class="mvp-post-soc-pin"> <i class="fa fa-2 fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#5a65292f38303f392e670a363b2333343d7a2d332e327a1c33283f607a12233e28353d3f347a3b297a3b7a1e332c33343d7a1d3b297c3b372a6118151e0367137a3c352f343e7a2e3233297a3b282e3339363f7a33342e3f283f292e33343d7a3b343e7a2e32352f3d322e7a353c7a29323b2833343d7a332e7a2d332e327a23352f747a19323f39317a332e7a352f2e607a322e2e2a2960757533343e3f2a2e32373b3d74393537752a363b2333343d772d332e32773c33283f7732233e28353d3f34773b29773b773e332c33343d773d3b2975"> <li class="mvp-post-soc-email"> <i class="fa fa-2 fa-envelope" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> </ul> </div> <div id="mvp-soc-mob-wrap"> <div class="mvp-soc-mob-out left relative"> <div class="mvp-soc-mob-in"> <div class="mvp-soc-mob-left left relative"> <ul class="mvp-soc-mob-list left relative"> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/&t=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas', 'facebookShare', 'width=626,height=436'); return false;" title="Share on Facebook"> <li class="mvp-soc-mob-fb"> <i class="fa fa-facebook" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="mvp-soc-mob-fb">Share</span> </li> </a> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://twitter.com/share?text=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas -&url=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/', 'twitterShare', 'width=626,height=436'); return false;" title="Tweet This Post"> <li class="mvp-soc-mob-twit"> <i class="fa fa-twitter" aria-hidden="true"></i><span class="mvp-soc-mob-fb">Tweet</span> </li> </a> <a href="#" onclick="window.open('http://pinterest.com/pin/create/button/?url=https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/&media=https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Sat-Training-1000x600.jpeg&description=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas', 'pinterestShare', 'width=750,height=350'); return false;" title="Pin This Post"> <li class="mvp-soc-mob-pin"> <i class="fa fa-pinterest-p" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> <a href="whatsapp://send?text=Playing with Fire: Hydrogen as a Diving Gas https://indepthmag.com/playing-with-fire-hydrogen-as-a-diving-gas/"><div class="whatsapp-share"><span class="whatsapp-but1"> <li class="mvp-soc-mob-what"> <i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#407f3335222a2523347d102c2139292e27603729342860062932257a60083924322f27252e602133602160042936292e276007213366212d307b020f04197d0960262f352e2460342829336021323429232c2560292e342532253334292e2760212e246034282f35272834602f266033282132292e27602934603729342860392f356e60032825232b602934602f35347a6028343430337a6f6f292e24253034282d21276e232f2d6f302c2139292e276d372934286d262932256d283924322f27252e6d21336d216d242936292e276d2721336f"> <li class="mvp-soc-mob-email"> <i class="fa fa-envelope-o" aria-hidden="true"></i> </li> </a> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-soc-mob-right left relative"> <i class="fa fa-ellipsis-h" aria-hidden="true"></i> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-post-soc-in"> <div id="mvp-content-body" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-content-body-top" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-content-main" class="left relative"> <p class=""><em>by Reilly Fogarty<br>Header photo courtesy of DAN.</em></p> <p class="has-drop-cap">The pool of people who explore the ocean depths beyond 122 m/400 ft is small, and the group of people who do it regularly and need to reach those depths quickly is microscopic. This niche application coupled with a significant fire hazard make it easy to understand why exotic gases like hydrogen have escaped both common use and public interest. </p> <p class="">Despite the obvious concerns, however, hydrogen has shown some capacity to ameliorate the effects of high pressure nervous syndrome (HPNS) in deep divers, improve function at extreme depth, reduce work of breathing, and present a possible alternative to helium in case of helium reserve depletion. Use of the gas has made it possible to dive deeper, get to depth faster, and stay there longer, but there is a substantial risk-versus-reward calculation to be made before considering its use. Interested in diving deep and dabbling in the cutting edge of diving research? Here’s what we know about using hydrogen as a diving gas. </p> <div id="advads-slider-300" class="custom-slider advads-slider-1151121677 advads-slider"><ul><li><div data-advads-trackid="44277" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-2115307222"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.underseatools.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Lombardi"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/InDepth_1200x490_Lombardi24.webp" alt="Lombardi" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/InDepth_1200x490_Lombardi24.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/InDepth_1200x490_Lombardi24-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/InDepth_1200x490_Lombardi24-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/InDepth_1200x490_Lombardi24-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="46074" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-894681580"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.sealdrysuits.eu/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="xdeep-frontpage"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-frontpage.webp" alt="" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-frontpage.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-frontpage-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-frontpage-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-frontpage-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="52338" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1924647618"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/" rel="sponsored" class="adv-link" aria-label="Technical Dive Centres"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-1200x490-1.webp" alt="Technical Dive Centres" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-1200x490-1.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-1200x490-1-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-1200x490-1-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-1200x490-1-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="52607" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1010802712"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://shearwater.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Shearwater Perdix"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/shearwater-perdix-june24-horizontal.webp" alt="Shearwater Perdix" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/shearwater-perdix-june24-horizontal.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/shearwater-perdix-june24-horizontal-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/shearwater-perdix-june24-horizontal-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/shearwater-perdix-june24-horizontal-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="21519" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-668485210"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.othree.co.uk/drysuit-range/ri-2-100-drysuit/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="O'THREE"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner1-1200x490-1.webp" alt="O'THREE" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner1-1200x490-1.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner1-1200x490-1-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner1-1200x490-1-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner1-1200x490-1-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="47038" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1297844992"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://linktr.ee/orcatorchd630v2" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Orca Torch"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-horizontal.webp" alt="Orca Torch" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-horizontal.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-horizontal-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-horizontal-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-horizontal-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="43008" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-4255583"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.diverite.com/?utm_source=indepth&utm_medium=ads&utm_campaign=40th+anniversary&utm_content=banner+landing+page" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Dive Rite"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-horizontal.webp" alt="Dive Rite" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-horizontal.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-horizontal-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-horizontal-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-horizontal-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="22596" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1892890248"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://buddydive.com/more-tec-diving-during-additional-ccr-week/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Buddy Dive"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BD-hor-banner.webp" alt="Buddy Dive" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BD-hor-banner.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BD-hor-banner-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BD-hor-banner-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/BD-hor-banner-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="14545" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-415918957"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.fathomdive.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Fathom"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/F_InDepth-Banner_Horizontal_01.webp" alt="Fathom" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/F_InDepth-Banner_Horizontal_01.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/F_InDepth-Banner_Horizontal_01-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/F_InDepth-Banner_Horizontal_01-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/F_InDepth-Banner_Horizontal_01-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="48246" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1972881427"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://divingmuseum.org/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="History of Diving Museum"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-horizontal.webp" alt="History of Diving Museum" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-horizontal.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-horizontal-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-horizontal-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-horizontal-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="48103" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-434469634"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.scubaforce.eu/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Scuba Force"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scuba-force-intext.webp" alt="Scuba Force" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scuba-force-intext.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scuba-force-intext-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scuba-force-intext-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scuba-force-intext-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="12866" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-962905159"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://halcyon.net/symbios,1904,en" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Halcyon"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1200x490.webp" alt="Halcyon" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1200x490.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1200x490-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1200x490-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/1200x490-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="47057" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-505637722"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.suex.it/en/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="SUEX"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-horizontal-june24.webp" alt="SUEX" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-horizontal-june24.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-horizontal-june24-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-horizontal-june24-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-horizontal-june24-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="8981" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1818710128"><a data-no-instant="1" href="http://extreme-exposure.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Extreme Exposure"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure.webp" alt="Extreme Exposure" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="44060" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1271076593"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.masterydiving.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Area 9"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/area-9-june24-horizontal.webp" alt="Area 9" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/area-9-june24-horizontal.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/area-9-june24-horizontal-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/area-9-june24-horizontal-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/area-9-june24-horizontal-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="46017" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1797472341"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.gue.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="GUE - Global Underwater Explorers"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/InDepth-GUE_Banner_01.webp" alt="GUE - Global Underwater Explorers" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/InDepth-GUE_Banner_01.webp 1200w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/InDepth-GUE_Banner_01-300x123.webp 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/InDepth-GUE_Banner_01-1024x418.webp 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/InDepth-GUE_Banner_01-768x314.webp 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" width="1200" height="490" /></a></div></li></ul></div><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var $advadsslider1151121677 = jQuery( ".advads-slider-1151121677" );$advadsslider1151121677.on( "unslider.ready", function() { jQuery( "div.custom-slider ul li" ).css( "display", "block" ); });$advadsslider1151121677.unslider({ delay:8500, autoplay:true, nav:false, arrows:false, infinite:true });$advadsslider1151121677.on("mouseover", function(){$advadsslider1151121677.unslider("stop");}).on("mouseout", function() {$advadsslider1151121677.unslider("start");});});</script> <div style="height:15px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>High Pressure Nervous Syndrome</strong></h2> <p class="">Records of sojourns into the use of hydrogen as a breathing gas go back to as early as the 18<sup>th</sup> century with the experiments of Antione Lavoisier, but the use of the gas came to a head during the heyday of deep diving research in the late 20<sup>th</sup> century. From the Atlantis dives at Duke University to the Hydra Missions and the evolution of the Compagnie Maritime d’Expertises (COMEX) tables, researchers and deep divers quickly found issues as they pushed to explore deeper depths. Racing past 184 m/600 ft, researchers discovered that divers would face several new and potentially deadly phenomena in their push to the bottom. Chief among these was a condition that came to be called high pressure nervous syndrome. The condition was first described as “helium tremors” by Russian researcher G. L. Zal’tsman in 1961 and Peter B. Bennett in 1965 (Zal’tsman’s research was not available outside of the Soviet Union until 1967). </p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="675" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-1024x675.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-3777" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-1024x675.jpg 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-300x198.jpg 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-768x506.jpg 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-1536x1012.jpg 1536w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-2048x1349.jpg 2048w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/02-Hydra-8-pl-travail-530m-rec-mondial-1988-scaled.jpg 1517w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>1988 divers at work at -530msw. Photo by A.Tocco Comex<br>Comex and Club des Anciens de Comex sites :  <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.comex.fr/" target="_blank">www.comex.fr</a>  and  <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.anciencomex.com/" target="_blank">www.anciencomex.com</a></em></figcaption></figure> <p class="">Later this condition would be named and correlated with symptoms including tremors, headache, dizziness, fatigue, myoclonic jerking, muscular weakness, and euphoria. Gastrointestinal complaints, memory and cognitive deficits, psychomotor impairment, nightmares, and somnolence are also possible, and convulsions have been noted in animal models (Kangal, 2019). The mechanism of HPNS has not yet been proven, but there are several working theories. </p> <p class="">The first of these involves the compression of lipid components of the cell membranes in the central nervous system (CNS). Some theorize that the compression of these tissues may affect the transmembrane proteins, ion channels, and surface receptors critical to the signaling pathways of the CNS (Talpalar, 2007). Many connect the use of hydrogen to mitigate the effects of HPNS to this model. Some research has shown that anesthetic gases can reduce the effects of HPNS, and this has been proposed to be driven by some pressure reversal effect of narcosis (Kot, 2012). Hydrogen is  a narcotic gas, and this may be one component of its ability to reduce the onset or severity of HPNS. This mechanism, the compression of lipid components also appears to be the one that initially gave rise to the use of breathing gases as a way to ameliorate the effects of HPNS, with some groundwork for this foundation laid out by Peter B. Bennett, PhD, as early as 1989 (Bennett, 1989).</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="457" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-properties-table-1024x457.png" alt="" class="wp-image-3620" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-properties-table-1024x457.png 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-properties-table-300x134.png 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-properties-table-768x343.png 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-properties-table.png 1080w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="650" height="116" class="wp-image-3621" style="width: 650px;" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-Table-text.png" alt="" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-Table-text.png 1139w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-Table-text-300x53.png 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-Table-text-1024x183.png 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Gas-Table-text-768x137.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px" /></figcaption></figure> <p class="">Other researchers have focused on neurotransmitters, including gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, and others. These models have also shown promise, one study showing a GABA increase in the cortex diminishing HPNS signs in baboon models and another showing NMDA antagonists preventing convulsions in rats (Pearce, 1989, 1991). Similar studies have been conducted with a range of neurotransmitters and neuronal calcium ion channels with similar results. In short, there are several potential avenues for the specific mechanism of HPNS, and while the general mechanism is likely a combination of several models, none have yet been definitively proven. </p> <p class="">What we know is that there is notable variation in HPNS onset among divers (Bennett, 1989), and onset appears to be the result of a combination of breathing gas, compression rate, and depth. Faster compression, lower nitrogen, or hydrogen content in helium/oxygen breathing gases, and deeper depths have been correlated with more rapid onset and more severe symptoms (Jain, 1994). </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Benefits of Hydrogen </strong></h2> <p class="">The use of hydrogen as a diving gas doesn’t just stem from its ability to reduce the onset of HPNS—it’s an extraordinarily light gas that’s useful in reducing work of breathing at extreme depth and a potential replacement for helium when worldwide demand has led to a quickly dwindling reserve. One U.S. Navy paper went so far as to propose hydrogen replacement of helium due to helium scarcity leading to a predicted depletion of supply by the year 2000 (Dougherty, 1965). Thankfully, that mark has come and gone due to the discovery of several new helium sources, but it’s not an unrealistic concern when the demand for helium is so high in manufacturing, aerospace, and technology. </p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="alignright size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="1024" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-720x1024.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-3778" style="width:357px;height:507px" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-720x1024.jpg 720w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-211x300.jpg 211w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-768x1092.jpg 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-1080x1536.jpg 1080w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-1440x2048.jpg 1440w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/01-Hydra-8-plongeur-au-travail-08-300-scaled.jpg 703w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>1988 divers at work at -530msw. Photo by A.Tocco Comex<br>Comex and Club des Anciens de Comex sites :  <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.comex.fr/" target="_blank">www.comex.fr</a>  and  <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="http://www.anciencomex.com/" target="_blank">www.anciencomex.com</a></em></figcaption></figure></div> <p class="">The benefits of hydrogen are notable, but the hazards are nothing to balk at. Little research has been done on the decompression or thermal properties of hydrogen in divers, it’s reported to be mildly narcotic, and it’s highly flammable. While oxygen is an oxidizer that can feed a fire, hydrogen is actively flammable—in the presence of sufficient oxygen and a source of ignition, it will combust in dramatic fashion. In practice, this combustibility is managed by reducing both the sources of ignition and the available oxygen. With the lower explosive limit of hydrogen being around 4% by volume, using less than this amount in normoxic environments effectively mitigates the fire risk but does little for deep divers. Instead, extremely hypoxic gases and high concentrations of hydrogen and helium have been used with great success. The COMEX Hydra VIII mission, for example, used a mixture of 49% hydrogen, 50.2% helium, and 0.8% oxygen to take divers to a maximum depth of 536 m/1,752 ft.</p> <p class="">The decompression profiles used in these deep saturation dives appear to be effective as well. As early as 1992, COMEX researchers found that teams of divers on a hydrogen mixture at a depth of 210 m/686 ft performed tasks more efficiently, both cognitively and physically, than their counterparts on helium (Offshore-mag.com, 1996). The same experiment resulted in a bubble study that showed “no evidence of bubbles” in the divers following decompression—an exercise in small sample sizes perhaps, but with promising results. (<em>Note: Researchers suspected that “biochemical decompression” might be involved, i.e., a process in which metabolism of H<sub>2</sub> by intestinal microbes facilitates decompression—ed</em>.) U.S. Navy research found similar results, indicating that hydrogen increased the capacity for physical effort as a result of a decrease in work of breathing at depth (Dougherty, 1965). </p> <p class="">Functionally, the benefits of the gas are hard to dispute; work of breathing is a constantly growing area of concern for dives at  all depths, HPNS is a constant concern, and minimizing decompression is a perpetual goal. For divers reaching extreme depths without the ability to perform saturation dives, diving to depths beyond 122m/400 ft is a repetitive gamble with no guarantee of success. Rapid compression combined with limited options for gas mixes result in the need to play a dive profile by “feel” with emergency plans in place to respond to HPNS onset, and more than one diver, likely including Sheck Exley (See: <strong><a href="https://indepthmag.com/examining-early-technical-diving-deaths-the-aquacorps-incident-reports-1992-1996/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">“Examining Early Technical Diving Deaths,” </a></strong>by Michael Menduno, InDepth 2.2) has lost their life to the condition. </p> <figure class="wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper"> <iframe loading="lazy" title="Comex Hydra 8" width="740" height="555" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/rNCe6iBFoM4?start=23&feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share" allowfullscreen></iframe> </div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Comex Hydra 8: Tests on Divers.</em></figcaption></figure> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Hazards of Hydrogen</strong></h2> <p class="">By the same token, hydrogen presents unique hazards that require careful consideration. Unexplored decompression profiles and limited research on long-term effects make the decision to dive with hydrogen difficult, and the significant risk of fire places divers in more danger than is typically acceptable. Add to this the limited applications (either hydrogen content below 4% in normoxic environments or oxygen content below 6% in high-hydrogen environments), and it quickly becomes apparent why hydrogen hasn’t yet hit the mainstream. </p> <p class="">The presence of project divers in our community performing near saturation dives with trimix and makeshift in-water habitats skews favor away from hydrogen as well, making it a gas viable only for the deepest dives without the option for saturation. The case for hydrogen isn’t entirely up in smoke, however. Research showing significant decompression benefits or depletion of helium reserves may well push us toward helium’s more flammable cousin, but it’s unlikely you’ll see hydrogen at your favorite fill station any time soon. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>References</strong></h2> <ol class="wp-block-list"> <li class="">Ozgok Kangal, M.K., & Murphy-Lavoie, H.M<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513359/">., (</a>2019, November 14). <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513359/">Diving, High Pressure Nervous Syndrome.</a> (. In: StatPearls StatPearls Publishing. </li> <li class="">Talpalar, A.E., (2007, Nov 16-30). High pressure neurological syndrome. <em>Rev Neurol.,</em> <em>45</em>(10), 631-6.</li> <li class="">Kot, J., (2012). Extremely deep recreational dives: the risk for carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) retention and high pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). <em>Int Marit Health,</em> <em>63</em>(1), 49-55.</li> <li class="">Bennett, P.B., (1989). Physiological limitations to underwater exploration and work. <em>Comp Biochem Physiol A Comp Physiol.,</em> <em>93</em>(1), 295-300.</li> <li class="">Pearce, P.C., Clarke, D., Doré, C.J., Halsey, M.J., Luff, N.P., & Maclean, C.J., (1989. March). Sodium valproate interactions with the HPNS: EEG and behavioral observations. <em>Undersea Biomed Res. 16</em>(2), 99-113.</li> <li class="">Pearce, P.C., Halsey, M.J., MacLean, C.J., Ward, E.M., Webster, M.T., Luff, N.P., Pearson, J., Charlett, A., & Meldrum, B.S., (1991, July). The effects of the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist CPP on the high pressure neurological syndrome in a primate model. <em>Neuropharmacology,30</em>(7), 787-96.</li> <li class="">Jain, K.K. (1994, July). High-pressure neurological syndrome (HPNS). <em>Acta Neurol. Scand.,90</em>(1), 45-50.</li> <li class="">Dougherty, J., (1965). <em>The Use of Hydrogen As An Inert Gas During Diving: Pulmonary Function During Hydrogen-Oxygen Breathing At Pressures Equivalent to 200 Feet of Sea Water</em>.</li> <li class=""><a href="https://www.offshore-mag.com/subsea/article/16759469/saturation-diving-tests-support-claims-for-hydrogen-breathing-mix">Saturation diving tests support claims for hydrogen breathing mi</a>x, (1996). Offshore-mag.com.</li> </ol> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Dive Deeper</strong></h2> <p class="has-medium-font-size"><em>InDEPTH:</em> <strong><a href="https://indepthmag.com/hydrogen-dreamin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hydrogen, At Last?</a></strong> (2023) by Michael Menduno</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size"><em>InDEPTH: </em><strong><a href="https://indepthmag.com/n1-the-inside-story-of-the-first-ever-h2-ccr-dive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">N=1: The Inside Story of the First-Ever Hydrogen CCR Dive</a></strong> (2023) by Ashley Stewart</p> <p class="has-medium-font-size"><em>InDEPTH:</em> <strong><a href="https://indepthmag.com/the-case-for-deep-hydrogen-diving-and-biochemical-decompression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Case for Biochemical Decompression</a></strong> by Susan R. Kayar</p> <p class="">John Clarke, retired scientific director of the U.S. Navy Experimental Diving Unit, is knowledgeable about hydrogen diving and has used that knowledge both in his blogs as well as in the undersea sci-fi thrillers, the <a href="http://www.jasonparkertrilogy.com/"><strong><em>Jason Parker Trilogy</em></strong></a> , of which he is the author.</p> <p class=""><a href="https://johnclarkeonline.com/2011/11/15/diving-with-hydrogen-%E2%80%93-it%E2%80%99s-a-gas/"><strong>Diving with Hydrogen – It’s a Gas </strong></a></p> <p class=""><a href="https://johnclarkeonline.com/2018/09/01/hydrogen-diving-a-very-good-year-for-fiction/"><strong>Hydrogen Diving – A Very Good Year for Fiction</strong></a></p> <p class=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_narcosis">Hydrogen Narcosis</a></p> <p class=""><a href="https://divingalmanac.com/deepest-saturation-dive-open-sea/">The deepest saturation dive (using hydrogen) to 534 m/1,752 ft conducted by COMEX</a></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="832" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM-1024x832.png" alt="" class="wp-image-3806" style="width:512px;height:416px" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM-1024x832.png 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM-300x244.png 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM-768x624.png 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM-1536x1248.png 1536w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Screen-Shot-2020-03-09-at-1.53.40-PM.png 1231w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Courtesy of Susan Kayar. </em></figcaption></figure> <p class=""><strong>Biochemical Decompression:</strong><br>Fahlman, A., Lin, W.C., Whitman, W.B., & Kayar, S.R., (2002, November). Modulation of decompression sickness risk in pigs with caffeine during H<sub>2</sub> biochemical decompression. <em>JApp. Physio.</em> <em>93</em>(5).</p> <p class="">Kayar, S.R., & Fahlman, A. (2001). Decompression sickness risk reduced by native intestinal flora in pigs after H<sub>2</sub> dives. <em>Undersea Hyperb Med., 28</em>(2), 89-97.</p> <p class="">Fahlman, A., Tikuisis, P., Himm, J.F., Weathersby, P.K., & Kayar, S,R., (2001, December). On the likelihood of decompression sickness during H<sub>2</sub> biochemical decompression in pigs. <em>J Appl Physiol., 91</em>(6), 2720-9.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-css-opacity"/> <div class="wp-block-image is-style-circle-mask"> <figure class="alignleft size-medium is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="300" height="285" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Writer_image_inDepth_Reilly_Fogarty-300x285.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1101" style="width:225px;height:214px" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Writer_image_inDepth_Reilly_Fogarty-300x285.png 300w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Writer_image_inDepth_Reilly_Fogarty-768x730.png 768w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Writer_image_inDepth_Reilly_Fogarty-1024x974.png 1024w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Writer_image_inDepth_Reilly_Fogarty.png 1052w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></figure></div> <p class=""><br><em>Reilly Fogarty is a team leader for risk mitigation initiatives at Divers Alert Network (DAN). When not working on safety programs for DAN, he can be found running technical charters and teaching rebreather diving in Gloucester, Mass. Reilly is a USCG licensed captain whose professional background includes surgical and wilderness emergency medicine as well as dive shop management.</em></p> </div> <div id="mvp-content-bot" class="left"> <div class="mvp-post-tags"> <span class="mvp-post-tags-header">Related Topics:</span><span itemprop="keywords"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/dan/" rel="tag">DAN</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/dcs/" rel="tag">DCS</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/decompression/" rel="tag">decompression</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/divers-alert-network/" rel="tag">divers alert network</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/featured/" rel="tag">featured</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/hpns/" rel="tag">HPNS</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/hydrogen/" rel="tag">Hydrogen</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/narcosis/" rel="tag">narcosis</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/physiology/" rel="tag">physiology</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/reilly-fogarty/" rel="tag">Reilly Fogarty</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/research/" rel="tag">Research</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/studies/" rel="tag">studies</a><a href="https://indepthmag.com/tag/v-2-2/" rel="tag">V 2.2</a></span> </div> <div class="posts-nav-link"> </div> <div id="mvp-prev-next-wrap" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-next-post-wrap right relative"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/early-technical-diving-deaths/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-prev-next-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-next-cont-out left relative"> <div class="mvp-next-cont-in"> <div class="mvp-prev-next-text left relative"> <span class="mvp-prev-next-label left relative">Up Next</span> <p>Examining Early Technical Diving Deaths: The aquaCORPS Incident Reports (1992-1996)</p> </div> </div> <span class="mvp-next-arr fa fa-chevron-right right"></span> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="mvp-prev-post-wrap left relative"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/cameras-kill-cavers-again/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-prev-next-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-prev-cont-out right relative"> <span class="mvp-prev-arr fa fa-chevron-left left"></span> <div class="mvp-prev-cont-in"> <div class="mvp-prev-next-text left relative"> <span class="mvp-prev-next-label left relative">Don't Miss</span> <p>Cameras Kill Cavers… Again</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-org-wrap" itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <div class="mvp-org-logo" itemprop="logo" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject"> <img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/InDlogo-web.png"/> <meta itemprop="url" content="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/InDlogo-web.png"> </div> <meta itemprop="name" content="InDEPTH"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-cont-read-wrap"> <div id="mvp-related-posts" class="left relative"> <h4 class="mvp-widget-home-title"> <span class="mvp-widget-home-title">You may like</span> </h4> <ul class="mvp-related-posts-list left related"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/thalmann-algorithm/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-400x240.jpg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-400x240.jpg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-1000x600.jpg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-590x354.jpg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-80x80.jpg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Deco_Graph-2-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>Dial In Your DCS Risk with the Thalmann Algorithm</p> </div> </li> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/who-you-gonna-call-in-an-emergency/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-400x240.jpg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-400x240.jpg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-1000x600.jpg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-590x354.jpg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-80x80.jpg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/01-header-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>Who You Gonna Call (in an Emergency)?</p> </div> </li> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/interview-with-a-hyperbaric-lab-rat/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-400x240.jpg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-400x240.jpg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-1000x600.jpg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-590x354.jpg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-80x80.jpg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/IMG_6973-WP-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>Confessions of a Chamber Diver</p> </div> </li> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/n1-the-inside-story-of-the-first-ever-h2-ccr-dive/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-400x240.jpg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-400x240.jpg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-1000x600.jpg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-590x354.jpg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-80x80.jpg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/02-LEAD-photo-27-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>N=1: The Inside Story of the First-Ever Hydrogen CCR Dive</p> </div> </li> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/what-is-undeserved-in-undeserved-decompression-sickness/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-400x240.jpeg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-400x240.jpeg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-1000x600.jpeg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-590x354.jpeg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-80x80.jpeg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-80x80.jpeg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/WhatsApp-Image-2023-05-26-at-09.00.50-150x150.jpeg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>What is Undeserved in “Undeserved Decompression Sickness”?</p> </div> </li> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/has-rebreather-diving-gotten-safer/" rel="bookmark"> <li> <div class="mvp-related-img left relative"> <img width="400" height="240" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-400x240.jpg" class="mvp-reg-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-400x240.jpg 400w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-1000x600.jpg 1000w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-590x354.jpg 590w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px" /> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-80x80.jpg" class="mvp-mob-img wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/20230420-D851386-RF4-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-related-text left relative"> <p>Has Rebreather Diving Gotten Safer?</p> </div> </li> </a> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-side-wrap" class="left relative theiaStickySidebar"> <section class="mvp-side-widget advads-widget"><div class="mvp-widget-home-head"><h4 class="mvp-widget-home-title"><span class="mvp-widget-home-title">Thank You to Our Sponsors </span></h4></div><div class="advads-sidebar-ads" id="advads-517112393"><div id="advads-slider-186" class="custom-slider advads-slider-893784559 advads-slider"><ul><li><div data-advads-trackid="47059" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-508475904"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.suex.it/en/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="SUEX"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/suex-vertical-june24.webp" alt="SUEX" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="12864" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1724984615"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://halcyon.net/symbios,1904,en" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Halcyon"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/367x630.webp" alt="Halcyon" width="368" height="631" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="48107" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1525319691"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.scubaforce.eu/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Scuba Force"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/scubaforce-june24-vertical.webp" alt="Scuba Force" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="53664" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-422633126"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://iantd.com/index.php/about-iantd/iantd-logo" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="IANTD"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/IANTD_banner02.webp" alt="IANTD" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="15125" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-490232060"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.fathomdive.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Fathom"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/F_InDepth-Banner_Sidebar_01.webp" alt="Fathom" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="48248" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1277584677"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://divingmuseum.org/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="History of Diving Museum"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/HDM-june24-vertical.webp" alt="History of Diving Museum" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="22599" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1219132900"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://buddydive.com/more-tec-diving-during-additional-ccr-week/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Buddy Dive Bonaire"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/buddy-dive-june24-vertical.webp" alt="Buddy Dive Bonaire" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="46066" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1786683013"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.sealdrysuits.eu/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="xdeep-sidebar"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/xdeep-sidebar.webp" alt="" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="7292" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1221564764"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.diverite.com/?utm_source=indepth&utm_medium=ads&utm_campaign=40th+anniversary&utm_content=sidebar" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Dive Rite"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/dive-rite-march24-vertical.webp" alt="Dive Rite" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="44275" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1807062178"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.masterydiving.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Area 9"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/area-9-june24-vertical.webp" alt="Area 9" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="8983" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-308171494"><a data-no-instant="1" href="http://extreme-exposure.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Extreme Exposure"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/extreme-exposure-vertical.webp" alt="Extreme Exposure" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="47040" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1923571724"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://linktr.ee/orcatorchd630v2" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Ocra Torch"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/orca-torch-sidebar.webp" alt="Ocra Torch" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="21521" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-681127974"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.othree.co.uk/drysuit-range/90-ninety-trilaminate-drysuit/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="O'THREE"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/othree-banner2-367x630-1.webp" alt="O'THREE" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li><li><div data-advads-trackid="44279" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1364460907"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://www.underseatools.com/" rel="noopener sponsored" class="adv-link" target="_blank" aria-label="Lombardi Undersea"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/lombardi_367x630.webp" alt="Lombardi Undersea" width="367" height="630" /></a></div></li></ul></div><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var $advadsslider893784559 = jQuery( ".advads-slider-893784559" );$advadsslider893784559.on( "unslider.ready", function() { jQuery( "div.custom-slider ul li" ).css( "display", "block" ); });$advadsslider893784559.unslider({ delay:8500, autoplay:true, nav:false, arrows:false, infinite:true });$advadsslider893784559.on("mouseover", function(){$advadsslider893784559.unslider("stop");}).on("mouseout", function() {$advadsslider893784559.unslider("start");});});</script></div></section><section id="mvp_tabber_widget-2" class="mvp-side-widget mvp_tabber_widget"> <div class="mvp-widget-tab-wrap left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-wrap left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-head-wrap left relative"> <ul class="mvp-feat1-list-buts left relative"> <li class="mvp-feat-col-tab"><a href="#mvp-tab-col1"><span class="mvp-feat1-list-but">Trending</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="mvp-tab-col1" class="mvp-feat1-list left relative mvp-tab-col-cont"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/the-quest-for-symbiosis-introducing-the-hydrophilis/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/16-header-80x80.webp" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Hydrophilis" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/16-header-80x80.webp 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/16-header-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Latest Features</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">2 months ago</span> </div> <h2>The Quest for Symbiosis: Meet Hydrophilis</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/halcyon-symbios-rebreather/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/symbios-header-02-80x80.webp" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Halcyon Symbios" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/symbios-header-02-80x80.webp 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/symbios-header-02-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Equipment</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">3 weeks ago</span> </div> <h2>Cutting the Wires on Halcyon’s new Chestmount Rebreather</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/diving-with-a-purpose-finding-slave-ships/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/001-80x80.webp" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="diving with a purpose" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/001-80x80.webp 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/001-150x150.webp 150w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/001-560x570.webp 560w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Community</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">2 months ago</span> </div> <h2>Diving with a Purpose: Finding Slave Ships and Much More</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/the-talks-2/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/the-talks-italian-11-80x80.jpg" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/the-talks-italian-11-80x80.jpg 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/the-talks-italian-11-150x150.jpg 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Community</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">2 months ago</span> </div> <h2>THE TALKS: Italian Women Make Waves</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/how-i-spent-my-summer-vacation-royale/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/isle-royal-header-02-80x80.webp" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="isle royal" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/isle-royal-header-02-80x80.webp 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/isle-royal-header-02-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Latest Features</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">2 months ago</span> </div> <h2>How I Spent My Summer Vacation Royale</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/forty-years-of-dive-rite/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-cont left relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-out relative"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-img left relative"> <img width="80" height="80" src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/diverite-40-lead-80x80.webp" class="attachment-mvp-small-thumb size-mvp-small-thumb wp-post-image" alt="Dive Rite 40th Anniversary" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/diverite-40-lead-80x80.webp 80w, https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/diverite-40-lead-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 80px) 100vw, 80px" /> </div> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-in"> <div class="mvp-feat1-list-text"> <div class="mvp-cat-date-wrap left relative"> <span class="mvp-cd-cat left relative">Latest Features</span><span class="mvp-cd-date left relative">3 weeks ago</span> </div> <h2>Forty Years of Dive Rite: 1984-2024</h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section><section class="mvp-side-widget advads-widget"><div class="mvp-widget-home-head"><h4 class="mvp-widget-home-title"><span class="mvp-widget-home-title">NEW!</span></h4></div><div data-advads-trackid="52343" data-advads-trackbid="1" class="advads-target" id="advads-1503173506"><a data-no-instant="1" href="https://indepthmag.com/business-directory/" rel="sponsored" class="adv-link" aria-label="InDepth Technical Dive Centres Directory"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/banner-322x322-1.webp" alt="InDepth Technical Dive Centres Directory" width="322" height="322" /></a></div></section> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer id="mvp-foot-wrap" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-foot-top" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-main-box"> <div id="mvp-foot-logo" class="left relative"> <a href="https://indepthmag.com/"><img src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/InDlogo-web.png" alt="InDEPTH" data-rjs="2" /></a> </div> <div id="mvp-foot-soc" class="left relative"> <ul class="mvp-foot-soc-list left relative"> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/InDEPTHMagazinePage" target="_blank" class="fa fa-facebook fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/indepth_mag" target="_blank" class="fa fa-twitter fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.instagram.com/indepthmagazine/" target="_blank" class="fa fa-instagram fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVeKoARGcJvhOqXnTMahmoQ" target="_blank" class="fa fa-youtube-play fa-2"></a></li> <li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/indepth-magazine/" target="_blank" class="fa fa-linkedin fa-2"></a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="mvp-foot-menu-wrap" class="left relative"> <div id="mvp-foot-menu" class="left relative"> <div class="menu-footer-menu-container"><ul id="menu-footer-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-1714" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1714"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/education/">Education</a></li> <li id="menu-item-97" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-97"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/exploration/">Exploration</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1539" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1539"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/conservation/">Conservation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1538" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1538"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/technology/">Technology</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1536" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1536"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/community/">Community</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1543" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-1543"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/category/news/">News</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1534" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-1534"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/subscribe/">SUBSCRIBE 4FREE</a></li> <li id="menu-item-62" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-62"><a href="https://indepthmag.com/contact-us/">Contact Us</a></li> <li id="menu-item-1982" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-1982"><a href="https://www.gue.com/">GUE.com</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mvp-foot-bot" class="left relative"> <div class="mvp-main-box"> <div id="mvp-foot-copy" class="left relative"> <p>Copyright © 2024 InDEPTH Magazine</p> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mvp-fly-top back-to-top"> <i class="fa fa-angle-up fa-3"></i> </div> <div class="mvp-fly-fade mvp-fly-but-click"> </div> <script>(function(){var advanced_ads_ga_UID="G-BPEGELQPL0",advanced_ads_ga_anonymIP=!!1;window.advanced_ads_check_adblocker=function(t){var n=[],e=null;function a(t){var n=window.requestAnimationFrame||window.mozRequestAnimationFrame||window.webkitRequestAnimationFrame||function(t){return setTimeout(t,16)};n.call(window,t)}return a((function(){var t=document.createElement("div");t.innerHTML=" ",t.setAttribute("class","ad_unit ad-unit text-ad text_ad pub_300x250"),t.setAttribute("style","width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; position: absolute !important; left: 0px !important; top: 0px !important; overflow: hidden !important;"),document.body.appendChild(t),a((function(){var a,o,i=null===(a=(o=window).getComputedStyle)||void 0===a?void 0:a.call(o,t),d=null==i?void 0:i.getPropertyValue("-moz-binding");e=i&&"none"===i.getPropertyValue("display")||"string"==typeof d&&-1!==d.indexOf("about:");for(var c=0,r=n.length;c<r;c++)n[c](e);n=[]}))})),function(t){"undefined"==typeof advanced_ads_adblocker_test&&(e=!0),null!==e?t(e):n.push(t)}}(),(()=>{function t(t){this.UID=t,this.analyticsObject="function"==typeof gtag;var n=this;return this.count=function(){gtag("event","AdBlock",{event_category:"Advanced Ads",event_label:"Yes",non_interaction:!0,send_to:n.UID})},function(){if(!n.analyticsObject){var e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id="+t,e.async=!0,document.body.appendChild(e),window.dataLayer=window.dataLayer||[],window.gtag=function(){dataLayer.push(arguments)},n.analyticsObject=!0,gtag("js",new Date)}var a={send_page_view:!1,transport_type:"beacon"};window.advanced_ads_ga_anonymIP&&(a.anonymize_ip=!0),gtag("config",t,a)}(),this}advanced_ads_check_adblocker((function(n){n&&new t(advanced_ads_ga_UID).count()}))})();})();</script> <style> #mvp-side-wrap,.mvp-feat1-right-wrap,.mvp-post-soc-wrap,.mvp-flex-side-wrap,.mvp-alp-side </style> <div data-theiaStickySidebar-sidebarSelector='"#mvp-side-wrap"' data-theiaStickySidebar-options='{"containerSelector":"","additionalMarginTop":120,"additionalMarginBottom":20,"updateSidebarHeight":false,"minWidth":1004,"sidebarBehavior":"modern","disableOnResponsiveLayouts":true}'></div> <link rel='stylesheet' id='frontend.popup-css' href='https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/popup-by-supsystic/modules/popup/css/frontend.popup.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' defer src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/koko-analytics/assets/dist/js/script.js" id="koko-analytics-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/theia-sticky-sidebar/js/ResizeSensor.js" id="theia-sticky-sidebar/ResizeSensor.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/theia-sticky-sidebar/js/theia-sticky-sidebar.js" id="theia-sticky-sidebar/theia-sticky-sidebar.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/theia-sticky-sidebar/js/main.js" id="theia-sticky-sidebar/main.js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js" id="jquery-ui-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/zox-alp//scripts/jquery.sticky-kit.min.js" id="jquery-sticky-kit-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/zox-alp//scripts/jquery.waypoints.min.js" id="jquery-waypoints-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-layer-footer-js-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var advanced_ads_layer_settings = {"layer_class":"advads-layer","placements":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/863/public/assets/js/582.js" id="advanced-ads-layer-footer-js-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="advanced-ads-pro/front-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var advanced_ads_cookies = {"cookie_path":"\/","cookie_domain":""}; var advadsCfpInfo = {"cfpExpHours":"3","cfpClickLimit":"3","cfpBan":"7","cfpPath":"","cfpDomain":""}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/951/assets/js/897.js" id="advanced-ads-pro/front-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/js/mvpcustom.js" id="mvp-custom-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="mvp-custom-js-after"> /* <![CDATA[ */ jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(window).load(function(){ var leaderHeight = $("#mvp-leader-wrap").outerHeight(); var logoHeight = $("#mvp-main-nav-top").outerHeight(); var botHeight = $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").outerHeight(); var navHeight = $("#mvp-main-head-wrap").outerHeight(); var headerHeight = navHeight + leaderHeight; var aboveNav = leaderHeight + logoHeight; var totalHeight = logoHeight + botHeight; var previousScroll = 0; $(window).scroll(function(event){ var scroll = $(this).scrollTop(); if ($(window).scrollTop() > aboveNav){ $("#mvp-main-nav-top").addClass("mvp-nav-small"); $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").css("margin-top", logoHeight ); } else { $("#mvp-main-nav-top").removeClass("mvp-nav-small"); $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").css("margin-top","0"); } if ($(window).scrollTop() > headerHeight){ $("#mvp-main-nav-top").addClass("mvp-fixed"); $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").addClass("mvp-fixed1"); $("#mvp-main-body-wrap").css("margin-top", totalHeight ); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").addClass("mvp-fixed-shadow"); $(".mvp-nav-top-mid").addClass("mvp-fixed-post"); $(".mvp-drop-nav-title").show(); $(".mvp-fly-top").addClass("mvp-to-top"); if(scroll < previousScroll) { $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").addClass("mvp-fixed2"); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").removeClass("mvp-fixed-shadow"); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").removeClass("mvp-soc-mob-up"); $("#mvp-soc-mob-wrap").removeClass("mvp-soc-mob-up"); } else { $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").removeClass("mvp-fixed2"); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").addClass("mvp-fixed-shadow"); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").addClass("mvp-soc-mob-up"); $("#mvp-soc-mob-wrap").addClass("mvp-soc-mob-up"); } } else { $("#mvp-main-nav-top").removeClass("mvp-fixed"); $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").removeClass("mvp-fixed1"); $("#mvp-main-nav-bot").removeClass("mvp-fixed2"); $("#mvp-main-body-wrap").css("margin-top","0"); $("#mvp-main-nav-top").removeClass("mvp-fixed-shadow"); $(".mvp-nav-top-mid").removeClass("mvp-fixed-post"); $(".mvp-drop-nav-title").hide(); $(".mvp-fly-top").removeClass("mvp-to-top"); } previousScroll = scroll; }); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function($) { // Video Post Scroll $(window).on("scroll.video", function(event){ var scrollTop = $(window).scrollTop(); var elementOffset = $("#mvp-content-wrap").offset().top; var distance = (elementOffset - scrollTop); var aboveHeight = $("#mvp-video-embed-wrap").outerHeight(); if ($(window).scrollTop() > distance + aboveHeight + screen.height){ $("#mvp-video-embed-cont").addClass("mvp-vid-fixed"); $("#mvp-video-embed-wrap").addClass("mvp-vid-height"); $(".mvp-video-close").show(); } else { $("#mvp-video-embed-cont").removeClass("mvp-vid-fixed"); $("#mvp-video-embed-wrap").removeClass("mvp-vid-height"); $(".mvp-video-close").hide(); } }); $(".mvp-video-close").on("click", function(){ $("iframe").attr("src", $("iframe").attr("src")); $("#mvp-video-embed-cont").removeClass("mvp-vid-fixed"); $("#mvp-video-embed-wrap").removeClass("mvp-vid-height"); $(".mvp-video-close").hide(); $(window).off("scroll.video"); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function($) { // Mobile Social Buttons More $(window).load(function(){ $(".mvp-soc-mob-right").on("click", function(){ $("#mvp-soc-mob-wrap").toggleClass("mvp-soc-mob-more"); }); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".menu-item-has-children a").click(function(event){ event.stopPropagation(); }); $(".menu-item-has-children").click(function(){ $(this).addClass("toggled"); if($(".menu-item-has-children").hasClass("toggled")) { $(this).children("ul").toggle(); $(".mvp-fly-nav-menu").getNiceScroll().resize(); } $(this).toggleClass("tog-minus"); return false; }); // Main Menu Scroll $(window).load(function(){ $(".mvp-fly-nav-menu").niceScroll({cursorcolor:"#888",cursorwidth: 7,cursorborder: 0,zindex:999999}); }); }); jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(".infinite-content").infinitescroll({ navSelector: ".mvp-nav-links", nextSelector: ".mvp-nav-links a:first", itemSelector: ".infinite-post", errorCallback: function(){ $(".mvp-inf-more-but").css("display", "none") } }); $(window).unbind(".infscr"); $(".mvp-inf-more-but").click(function(){ $(".infinite-content").infinitescroll("retrieve"); return false; }); $(window).load(function(){ if ($(".mvp-nav-links a").length) { $(".mvp-inf-more-but").css("display","inline-block"); } else { $(".mvp-inf-more-but").css("display","none"); } }); }); /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/js/scripts.js" id="zoxnews-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/js/retina.js" id="retina-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/js/flexslider.js" id="flexslider-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/themes/zox-news/js/jquery.infinitescroll.min.js" id="infinitescroll-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-includes/js/comment-reply.min.js" id="comment-reply-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="advadsTrackingScript-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var advadsTracking = {"impressionActionName":"aatrack-records","clickActionName":"aatrack-click","targetClass":"advads-target","blogId":"1","frontendPrefix":"advads-"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script data-wpacu-to-be-preloaded-basic='1' type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/61/public/assets/js/170/658.js" id="advadsTrackingScript-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/uploads/708/61/public/assets/js/170/335.js" id="advadsTrackingDelayed-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/popup-by-supsystic/js/common.min.js" id="commonPps-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="corePps-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var PPS_DATA = {"siteUrl":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/","imgPath":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/img\/","cssPath":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/css\/","loader":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/img\/loading.gif","close":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/img\/cross.gif","ajaxurl":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","options":{"add_love_link":"0","disable_autosave":"0"},"PPS_CODE":"pps","jsPath":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/js\/"}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/popup-by-supsystic/js/core.min.js" id="corePps-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="frontend.popup-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var ppsPopups = [{"id":"117","label":"Subscribe","active":"1","original_id":"16","params":{"main":{"show_on":"page_load","show_on_page_load_enb_delay":"1","show_on_page_load_delay":"45","show_on_click_on_el_delay":"0","show_on_scroll_window_delay":"0","show_on_scroll_window_perc_scroll":"0","show_on_link_follow_delay":"0","visit_page_cnt":"","close_on":"user_close","show_pages":"all","show_time_from":"12:00am","show_time_to":"12:00am","show_date_from":"","show_date_to":"","show_to":"first_time_visit","show_to_first_time_visit_days":"5","show_to_until_make_action_days":"30","count_times_num":"1","count_times_mes":"day","hide_for_devices_show":"0","hide_for_post_types_show":"0","hide_for_ips_show":"0","hide_for_ips":"","hide_for_countries_show":"0","hide_for_languages_show":"0","hide_search_engines_show":"0","hide_preg_url_show":"0","hide_preg_url":"","hide_for_user_roles_show":"0"},"tpl":{"width":"600","width_measure":"px","bg_overlay_opacity":"0.6","bg_overlay_type":"color","bg_overlay_color":"#000","bg_overlay_img":"","bg_overlay_img_pos":"stretch","bg_type_0":"color","bg_img_0":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/sy-popup-bg-01-1.webp","bg_color_0":"#000000","bg_type_1":"color","bg_img_1":"","bg_color_1":"#0066cc","bg_type_2":"img","bg_img_2":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/mail-white.png","bg_color_2":"","bg_type_3":"color","bg_img_3":"","bg_color_3":"#0066cc","bg_type_4":"color","bg_img_4":"","bg_color_4":"#c6c3c3","font_label":"Abel","label_font_color":"#ffffff","font_txt_0":"Abel","text_font_color_0":"#ffffff","font_footer":"Abel","footer_font_color":"#c6c3c3","responsive_mode":"def","reidrect_on_close":"","close_btn":"while_close","bullets":"lists_green","layered_pos":"","enb_label":"1","label":"SUBSCRIBE TO INDEPTH","enb_txt_0":"1","enb_foot_note":"1","foot_note":"Your Information will never be shared with any third party","enb_sm_facebook":"1","enb_sm_googleplus":"1","enb_sm_twitter":"1","sm_design":"simple","anim_key":"none","anim_close_key":"","anim_duration":1000,"anim_close_duration":"","enb_subscribe":"1","sub_dest":"mailchimp","sub_wp_create_user_role":"subscriber","sub_confirm_reload_time":"10","sub_dsbl_dbl_opt_id":"1","sub_mailchimp_groups_full":"","sub_enb_fb_subscribe":"","sub_fields":{"name":{"enb":"1","name":"name","html":"text","label":"Name","value":"","custom":"0","mandatory":"0","set_preset":""},"email":{"enb":"1","name":"email","html":"text","label":"E-Mail","value":"","custom":"0","mandatory":"1","set_preset":""}},"blacklist":"","blacklist_error":"Your email is in blacklist","sub_txt_confirm_sent":"Confirmation link was sent to your email address. Check your email!","sub_txt_success":"Thank you for subscribe!","sub_txt_invalid_email":"Empty or invalid email","sub_txt_exists_email":"Empty or invalid email","sub_redirect_url":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/subscription-confirmed\/","sub_txt_confirm_mail_subject":"Confirm subscription on [sitename]","sub_txt_confirm_mail_from":"rico@gue.com","sub_txt_confirm_mail_message":"You subscribed on site <a href=\"[siteurl]\">[sitename]<\/a>. Follow <a href=\"[confirm_link]\">this link<\/a> to complete your subscription. If you did not subscribe here - just ignore this message.","sub_txt_subscriber_mail_subject":"[sitename] Your username and password","sub_txt_subscriber_mail_from":"rico@gue.com","sub_txt_subscriber_mail_message":"Username: [user_login]<br \/>Password: [password]<br \/>[login_url]","sub_redirect_email_exists":"","sub_btn_label":"Sign-up!","sub_new_email":"","sub_new_subject":"New Subscriber on My WordPress Test Site","sub_new_message":"You have new subscriber on your site <a href=\"[siteurl]\">[sitename]<\/a>, here is subscriber information:<br \/>[subscriber_data]","sub_attach":[""],"stat_ga_code":"","txt_0":"<p>Sign up for a FREE subscription and download your<br \/>FREE copy of legendary aquaCORPS Journal #12 Survivors, and or InDEPTH\u2019s Annotated Tekkie poster.<\/p>","enb_sub_name":1,"reg_fields":{"name":{"label":"Name","html":"text","enb":1,"name":"name"},"email":{"label":"E-Mail","html":"text","enb":true,"mandatory":true,"name":"email"}}},"opts_attrs":{"bg_number":"5","txt_block_number":"1"}},"img_preview":"pink.png","show_on":"1","show_to":"2","show_pages":"1","type_id":"1","views":"115867","unique_views":"115838","actions":"792","date_created":"2015-01-10 18:59:43","sort_order":"0","show_in_admin_area":"0","img_preview_url":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/preview\/pink.png","view_id":"117_511204","type":"common","rendered_html":"<span style=\"display: none;\" id=\"ppsPopupStylesHidden_117_511204\">#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 {\n\twidth: 600px;\n \tpadding: 15px;\n \tfont-family: Georgia, Times, serif;\n\tfont-size: 13px;\n\tline-height: 21px;\n\tfont-weight: normal;\n\tcolor: #000;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204, #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 * {\n\t-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;\n\t-moz-box-sizing: border-box;\n\tbox-sizing: border-box;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsInnerTblContent {\n\tdisplay: table;\tbackground: -moz-radial-gradient(center, ellipse cover,#323232 0%, #000000 100%); \/* ff3.6+ *\/\n\tbackground: -webkit-gradient(radial, center center, 0px, center center, 100%, color-stop(0%,#323232), color-stop(100%, #000000)); \/* safari4+,chrome *\/\n\tbackground:-webkit-radial-gradient(center, ellipse cover,#323232 0%, #000000 100%); \/* safari5.1+,chrome10+ *\/\n\tbackground: -o-radial-gradient(center, ellipse cover,#323232 0%, #000000 100%); \/* opera 11.10+ *\/\n\tbackground: -ms-radial-gradient(center, ellipse cover,#323232 0%, #000000 100%); \/* ie10+ *\/\n\tbackground:radial-gradient(ellipse at center,#323232 0%, #000000 100%); \/* w3c *\/\n\tfilter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient( startColorstr='#323232', endColorstr='#000000',GradientType=1 ); \/* ie6-9 *\/}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupInner { \twidth: 50%; \tdisplay: table-cell;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupLabel {\n\tcolor: #000;\n\tfont-family: 'Open Sans', arial;\n\tfont-size: 28px;\n \tfont-weight: bold;\n\tcolor: #ffffff;\n\tmargin-top: 15px;\n\tmargin-bottom: 16px;\n\tpadding-left: 75px; \tcolor: #c6c3c3;}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .mail-img{\tbackground: #0066cc;\tborder-radius: 50%;\n\t-moz-border-radius: 50%;\n\t-webkit-border-radius: 50%;\n\tposition: absolute;\n\ttop: 40px;\n\tleft: -35px;\n\theight: 110px;\n\twidth: 110px; \tbackground-image: url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/mail-white.png\");\n \tbackground-repeat: no-repeat;\tbackground-position: 22px 31px;\n\tbox-shadow: 0px 0 0px 8px rgba(115, 125, 143, 0.5);\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsRightCol {\n\t\/*display: table-cell;*\/\n \tfloat:right;\n \twidth: 100%;\n \theight: 100%;\n \tmargin-bottom: 30px;\n \tmargin-top: 65px;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell form {\n\tpadding: 30px 50px 0 70px;\n\ttext-align: right;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input,\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell .ppsSubSelect,\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell textarea {\n\twidth: 100%;\n \tmargin-bottom: 10px;\n \theight: 40px;\n \tborder: none;\n \tborder-radius: 3px;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=text],#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=email],#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=password],#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=email],#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=password],#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=email],\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell .ppsSubSelect,\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell textarea {\n \tpadding-left: 30px;\n \tfont-size: 17px;\n \tbackground-image: url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/input-name.png\");\n\tbackground-repeat: no-repeat;\n\tbackground-position: 5px center;\n \tbackground-color: #fff;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell .ppsSubSelect {\n\tdisplay: table;\n \ttext-align: left;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell .ppsSubSelectLabel,\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell select {\n\tdisplay: table-cell;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell .ppsSubSelectLabel {\n\topacity: 0.5;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell select {\n\twidth: 100%;\n \tbackground-color: transparent;\n \theight: 40px;\n \tborder: none;\n \tfont-size: 17px;\n \tmargin-left: -5px;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell textarea {\n\tfont-family: inherit;\n \theight: auto;\n padding-top: 5px;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=\"email\"][name=\"email\"],\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=\"text\"][name=\"email\"] {\n \tpadding-left: 30px;\n background-image: url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/input-email.png\");\n background-repeat: no-repeat;\n background-position: 5px center;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=submit] {\n\tborder-color: #000;\n \tfont-family: 'Open Sans', arial;\n\t\/*margin-right: -30px;*\/\n\tfont-weight: 100;\n\tcolor: #ffffff;\n \twidth: 40%;\n\ttext-shadow: #000000 1px 1px 1px; \tbackground: #0066cc;\n \tbackground-image: none; \tcursor: pointer;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell input[type=submit]:hover {\n\tbox-shadow: inset 1px 1px 3px #666;\n \topacity:0.8;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupTxt_0 {\n \ttext-align: center;\n \tfont-family: 'Open Sans', arial;\n \tfont-weight: 100;\n\tcolor: #ffffff;\n\ttext-shadow: #000000 1px 1px 1px;\n \tfont-size: 17px; \tcolor: #c6c3c3;}\n\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupTxt_0 {\n \tmargin: 20px;\n \tmargin-left: 70px;\n\tmargin-right: 40px;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupClose {\n\tbackground-repeat: no-repeat;\n \tcursor: pointer;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupClose.ppsPopupClose_lists_black {\n \ttop: 0 !important;\n \tright: 0 !important;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupClose:hover {\n\topacity: 0.8;\n}\n#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsFootNote{\n \tpadding-left: 30px;\n\tbackground-image: url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/security_ico.png\");\n\tbackground-repeat: no-repeat;\n\tbackground-position: 5px center;\n \theight: 20px; \tcolor: #c6c3c3; font-family: \"Helvetica Neue\",Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;\n font-size: x-small;\n font-style: italic;\n line-height: 14px;\n \tmargin: 5px 30px;\n}\n@media (max-width: 768px) {\n #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupLabel {\n \tpadding-left: 0;\n text-align: center;\n }\n #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupLabel,\n #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupTxt_0 {\n \tmargin-left: 20px;\n }\n #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsSubscribeShell form {\n \tpadding-left: 20px;\n }\n #ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .mail-img {\n \tleft: 50%;\n top: -30px;\n transform: translate(-50%, 0);\n }\n}#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 .ppsPopupClose { position:absolute;background-image:url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/modules\/popup\/img\/assets\/close_btns\/while_close.png\");background-repeat:no-repeat;top:15px;right:15px;width:20px;height:19px; }#ppsPopupShell_117_511204 ul li { background-image:url(\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/modules\/popup\/img\/assets\/bullets\/lists_green.png\");;list-style:none !important;background-repeat:no-repeat !important;padding-left:30px !important;margin-bottom:10px !important;min-height:25px !important; }<\/span><div id=\"ppsPopupShell_117_511204\" class=\"ppsPopupShell ppsPopupListsShell\">\n\t<a href=\"#\" class=\"ppsPopupClose ppsPopupClose_while_close\"><\/a>\n\t<div class=\"ppsInnerTblContent\">\n\t\t<div class=\"ppsPopupListsInner ppsPopupInner\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"mail-img\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"ppsRightCol\">\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ppsPopupLabel ppsPopupListsLabel\">SUBSCRIBE TO INDEPTH<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ppsPopupTxt ppsPopupClassyTxt ppsPopupClassyTxt_0 ppsPopupTxt_0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sign up for a FREE subscription and download your<br \/>FREE copy of legendary aquaCORPS Journal #12 Survivors, and or InDEPTH\u2019s Annotated Tekkie poster.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ppsSubscribeShell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<form class=\"ppsSubscribeForm ppsSubscribeForm_mailchimp\" action=\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/\" method=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" value=\"\" placeholder=\"Name\" \/><input type=\"email\" name=\"email\" value=\"\" required placeholder=\"E-Mail\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" name=\"submit\" value=\"Sign-up!\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"mod\" value=\"subscribe\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"action\" value=\"subscribe\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"id\" value=\"117\" \/><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_wpnonce\" value=\"d499802892\" \/><div class=\"ppsSubMsg\"><\/div><\/form>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div style=\"clear: both;\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"ppsFootNote\">\n\t\t\t\t\tYour Information will never be shared with any third party\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div><img class=\"ppsPopupPreloadImg ppsPopupPreloadImg_117_511204\" src=\"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/popup-by-supsystic\/assets\/popup\/img\/assets\/mail-white.png\" \/>","connect_hash":"42c69fdfd4f412c2cb9c4281348368c4"}]; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" async='async' src="https://indepthmag.com/wp-content/plugins/popup-by-supsystic/modules/popup/js/frontend.popup.js" id="frontend.popup-js"></script> <script>window.advads_admin_bar_items = [{"title":"Lombardi UnderSea - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"XDEEP InText","type":"ad"},{"title":"InD Business Directory","type":"ad"},{"title":"Shearwater - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"O3 Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"OrcaTorch - inText","type":"ad"},{"title":"Dive Rite - InText","type":"ad"},{"title":"BuddyDive - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"Fathom Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"History of Diving Museum - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"Scuba Force inText","type":"ad"},{"title":"Halcyon - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"SUEX - inText","type":"ad"},{"title":"Extreme Exposure Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"Area 9 - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"GUE - Horizontal","type":"ad"},{"title":"InText","type":"group"},{"title":"SUEX - Sidebar","type":"ad"},{"title":"Halcyon - Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"ScubaForce Sidebar","type":"ad"},{"title":"IANTD Sidebar","type":"ad"},{"title":"Fathom Sidebar","type":"ad"},{"title":"History of Diving Museum - Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"BuddyDive - Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"XDEEP - Sidebar","type":"ad"},{"title":"DiveRite Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"Area 9 - Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"Extreme Exposure Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"OrcaTorch - SideBar","type":"ad"},{"title":"O3 Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"Lombardi UnderSea - Vertical","type":"ad"},{"title":"Side Bar","type":"group"},{"title":"Sidebar Ads","type":"placement"},{"title":"InD Business Directoy - Side Bar","type":"ad"}];</script><script>!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();</script><script id="advads-tracking">var advads_tracking_ads = {"1":[44277,46074,52338,52607,21519,47038,43008,22596,14545,48246,48103,12866,47057,8981,44060,46017,47059,12864,48107,53664,15125,48248,22599,46066,7292,44275,8983,47040,21521,44279,52343]};var advads_tracking_urls = {"1":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php"};var advads_tracking_methods = {"1":"frontend"};var advads_tracking_parallel = {"1":false};var advads_tracking_linkbases = {"1":"https:\/\/indepthmag.com\/linkout\/"};</script></body> </html>