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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reapportionment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reapportionment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Number of members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Number_of_members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Number of members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Number_of_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Controversy and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_comparison_and_disparities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_comparison_and_disparities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Global comparison and disparities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_comparison_and_disparities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Membership cap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposed_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Method of equal proportions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Method_of_equal_proportions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Past_apportionments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Past_apportionments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Past apportionments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Past_apportionments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_per_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_per_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Changes per census</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Changes_per_census-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">How 435 seats are distributed to 50 states</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png/300px-House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png/450px-House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png/600px-House_Seats_by_State_1789-2020_Census.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="757" /></a><figcaption>Allocation of seats by state, as percentage of overall number of representatives in the House, 1789–2020 census</figcaption></figure> <p><b>United States congressional apportionment</b> is the process<sup id="cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristin_D._Burnett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which seats in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> are distributed among the 50 <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> according to the most recent decennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a> mandated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. After each state is assigned one seat in the House, most states are then <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_(politics)" title="Apportionment (politics)">apportioned</a> a number of additional seats which roughly corresponds to its share of the aggregate population of the 50 states.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every state is constitutionally guaranteed two seats in the <a href="/wiki/US_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senate">Senate</a> and at least one seat in the House, regardless of population. </p><p>The U.S. House of Representatives' maximum number of seats has been limited to 435, capped at that number by the <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a>—except for a temporary (1959–1962) increase to 437 when <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> were <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admitted into the Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USPL_62-5_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPL_62-5-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method of equal proportions</a> has been used to distribute the seats among the states since the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940 census</a> reapportionment.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristin_D._Burnett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ams_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federal law requires the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">clerk of the United States House of Representatives</a> to notify each state government of the number of seats apportioned to the state no later than January 25 of the year immediately following each decennial <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a>. </p><p>The size of a state's total congressional delegation (which in addition to representative(s) includes 2 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">senators</a> for each state) also determines the size of its representation in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">U.S. Electoral College</a>, which <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">elects the U.S. president</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Category:United States House of Representatives">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House<br />of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption>Great Seal of the United States House of Representatives</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">History of the House</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Members</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Current members</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">by seniority</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former members</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Hill_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill committee">Hill committees</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Congressional_Campaign_Committee" title="Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee">DCCC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">NRCC</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">Women in the House</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker of the House</a> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list of speakers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">list of elections</a>)</li></ul></div></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Party leaders</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apportionment</a> (<a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a>)</li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Redistricting in the United States">Redistricting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_ticket" title="General ticket">General ticket</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plural_district" title="Plural district">Plural district</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Politics and procedure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Committee of the Whole</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed session</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">list</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">Procedures</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination Clause</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Articles of impeachment</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-executing_rule" title="Self-executing rule">Self-executing rule</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Rules suspension</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.25em;"> Places</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">House office buildings</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a>)</li></ul></div></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Template talk:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States House of Representatives"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article One</a>, Section 2, Clause 3 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> initially provided: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, <a href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">three fifths of all other Persons</a>. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative;…</p></blockquote> <p>The phrase "all other persons" refers to slaves, a word not used in the Constitution until the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Thirteenth Amendment</a>. </p><p>Following the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the first of those provisions was superseded by Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.</p></blockquote> <p>The phrase "counting the whole number of persons in each State" has traditionally been understood to include non-citizens for purposes of apportionment.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reapportionment">Reapportionment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reapportionment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reapportionments normally occur following each decennial census, though the law that governs the total number of representatives and the method of apportionment to be carried into force at that time are enacted prior to the census. </p><p>The decennial apportionment also determines the size of each state's representation in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">U.S. Electoral College</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, Section 1, Clause 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution, the number of electors of any state equals the size of its total congressional delegation (House and Senate seats). </p><p>Federal law requires the <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk of the House of Representatives</a> to notify each state government no later than January 25 of the year immediately following the census of the number of seats to which it is entitled. Whether or not the number of seats has changed, the state determines the boundaries of <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">congressional districts</a>—geographical areas within the state of approximately equal population—in a process called <a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">redistricting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the deadline for the House Clerk to report the results does not occur until the following January, and the states need sufficient time to perform the redistricting, the decennial census does not affect the elections that are held during that same year. For example, the electoral college apportionment and congressional races during the 2020 presidential election year were still based on the 2010 census results; all of the newly redrawn districts based on the 2020 census did not finally come into force until the 2022 midterm election winners were inaugurated in January 2023.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_members">Number of members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="Special:EditPage/United States congressional apportionment">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_population_per_representative.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/US_population_per_representative.svg/300px-US_population_per_representative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/US_population_per_representative.svg/450px-US_population_per_representative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/US_population_per_representative.svg/600px-US_population_per_representative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. population has increased more rapidly than the membership of the House of Representatives.</figcaption></figure> <p>The size of the U.S. House of Representatives refers to the total number of congressional districts (or seats) into which the land area of the United States proper has been divided. The number of voting representatives is currently <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">set at 435</a>. There are an additional five <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">delegates to the House of Representatives</a>. They represent the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> and the territories of <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>, which first elected a representative in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> also elects a <a href="/wiki/Resident_Commissioner_of_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico">resident commissioner</a> every four years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversy_and_history">Controversy and history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Controversy and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1789, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> first convened under the Constitution, the number of citizens per congressional district has risen from an average of 33,000 in 1790 to over 700,000 as of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>. Prior to the 20th century, the number of representatives increased every decade as more states joined the union, and the population increased. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right"> <caption>Representation in the House, historical </caption> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th>Starting<br />year<sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_Year"><a href="#endnote_Year">Y</a></sup> </th> <th>Source </th> <th>Avg. constituents<br />per member </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1792 United States House of Representatives elections">1793</a> </td> <td nowrap=""><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790 census</a> </td> <td>34,436 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1802_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1802 United States House of Representatives elections">1803</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">1800 census</a> </td> <td>34,609 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 United States House of Representatives elections">1813</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">1810 census</a> </td> <td>36,377 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1822_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1822 United States House of Representatives elections">1823</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">1820 census</a> </td> <td>42,124 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1832 United States House of Representatives elections">1833</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">1830 census</a> </td> <td>49,712 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1842_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1842 United States House of Representatives elections">1843</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">1840 census</a> </td> <td>71,338 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 United States House of Representatives elections">1853</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">1850 census</a> </td> <td>93,020 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1862_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1862 United States House of Representatives elections">1863</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">1860 census</a> </td> <td>122,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 United States House of Representatives elections">1873</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870 census</a> </td> <td>130,533 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1882_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1882 United States House of Representatives elections">1883</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880 census</a> </td> <td>151,912 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1892 United States House of Representatives elections">1893</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890 census</a> </td> <td>173,901 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1902_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1902 United States House of Representatives elections">1903</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900 census</a> </td> <td>193,167 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections">1913</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910 census</a> </td> <td>210,583 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1922 United States House of Representatives elections">1923</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920 census</a> </td> <td>243,728 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections">1933</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930 census</a> </td> <td>280,675 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections">1943</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940 census</a> </td> <td>301,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections">1953</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950 census</a> </td> <td>334,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections">1963</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960 census</a> </td> <td>410,481 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections">1973</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970 census</a> </td> <td>469,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections">1983</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980 census</a> </td> <td>510,818 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections">1993</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 census</a> </td> <td>571,477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections">2003</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a> </td> <td>646,946 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections">2013</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> </td> <td>709,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections">2023</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> </td> <td>761,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Year"><sup>Y</sup>Elections are held the preceding year</span> <br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The ideal number of members has been a contentious issue since the country's founding. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> agreed that the original representation proposed during the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Constitutional Convention</a> (one representative for every 40,000) was inadequate and supported an alteration to reduce that number to 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the only time that Washington pronounced an opinion on any of the actual issues debated during the entire convention.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five years later, Washington was so insistent on having no more than 30,000 constituents per representative that he exercised the first presidential <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> in history on <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1792#Review" title="Apportionment Act of 1792">a bill</a> which allowed half states to go over the quota. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Federalist_No._55" title="Federalist No. 55">Federalist No. 55</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> argued that the size of the House of Representatives has to balance the ability of the body to legislate with the need for legislators to have a relationship close enough to the people to understand their local circumstances, that such representatives' social class be low enough to sympathize with the feelings of the mass of the people, and that their power be diluted enough to limit their abuse of the public trust and interests. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... first, that so small a number of representatives will be an unsafe depositary of the public interests; secondly, that they will not possess a proper knowledge of the local circumstances of their numerous constituents; thirdly, that they will be taken from that class of citizens which will sympathize least with the feelings of the mass of the people, and be most likely to aim at a permanent elevation of the few on the depression of the many; ...<sup id="cite_ref-The_Federalist_#55_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Federalist_#55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Federalist_55_citation_2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Federalist_55_citation_2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Madison also addressed Anti-Federalist claims that the representation would be inadequate, arguing that the major inadequacies are of minimal inconvenience since these will be cured rather quickly by virtue of decennial reapportionment. He noted, however, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I take for granted here what I shall, in answering the fourth objection, hereinafter show, that the number of representatives will be augmented from time to time in the manner provided by the Constitution. On a contrary supposition, I should admit the objection to have very great weight indeed.</p></blockquote> <p>Madison argued against the assumption that more is better: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sixty or seventy men may be more properly trusted with a given degree of power than six or seven. But it does not follow that six or seven hundred would be proportionally a better depositary. And if we carry on the supposition to six or seven thousand, the whole reasoning ought to be reversed. ... In all very numerous assemblies, of whatever character composed, passion never fails to wrest the scepter from reason.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Federalist_#55_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Federalist_#55-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Global_comparison_and_disparities">Global comparison and disparities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Global comparison and disparities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When talking about the populations within California's reapportioned <a href="/wiki/California%27s_congressional_districts" title="California's congressional districts">House districts</a> in 1951, a report from <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> found that "[there] is not an excessive disparity in district populations, but [the populations and disparities are] perhaps larger than necessary."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the House had a similar ratio of representatives to constituents as it did after the <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930 United States census</a>, it would currently have 1,156 members (still just the second largest lower house, after <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">China</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United States has unusually large constituencies compared to other <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> countries,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_number_of_members" title="List of legislatures by number of members">third largest</a> in the world. However, most of this is caused by the United States's large population, which is the third-largest in the world; legislatures typically grow <a href="/wiki/Cube_root_law" title="Cube root law">in proportion to the cube root of the population</a>, rather than linearly, meaning larger countries tend to have larger constituency sizes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="In this sentence, there are no citations to substantiate the claim(s) made from "legislatures" onward. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_cap">Membership cap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Membership cap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a> (<a href="/wiki/Public_Law_62-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Law 62-5">Public Law 62-5</a>) raised the membership of the U.S. House to 433 and provided for an apportionment. It also provided for additional seats upon the admissions of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> as states, increasing the number to 435 in 1912. </p><p>In 1921, Congress failed to reapportion the House membership as required by the United States Constitution. This failure to reapportion may have been politically motivated, as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections,_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections, 1920">newly elected Republican majority</a> may have feared the effect such a reapportionment would have on their future electoral prospects.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A reapportionment in 1921 in the traditional fashion would have increased the size of the House to 483 seats,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but many members would have lost their seats due to the population shifts, and the House chamber did not have adequate seats for 483 members. By 1929, no reapportionment had been made since 1911, and there was vast representational inequity, measured by the average district size. By 1929 some states had districts twice as large as others due to population growth and demographic shift.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929 Congress (with Republican control of both houses of Congress and the presidency) passed the <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a> which capped the size of the House at 435 and established a permanent method for apportioning a constant 435 seats. This cap has remained unchanged since then, except for a temporary increase to 437 members (twice, in <a href="/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress" title="86th United States Congress">1959</a> and <a href="/wiki/87th_United_States_Congress" title="87th United States Congress">1961</a>) upon the 1959 admission of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> into the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-USHouseO&D_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHouseO&D-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two states, <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, have populations smaller than the average for a single district, although neither state has fewer people than the least populous congressional districts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_expansion">Proposed expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proposed expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of Rights (United States)">Bill of Rights</a> amendments to the United States Constitution proposed by Congress in 1789, was one <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">addressing the number of seats in the House</a>. It attempted to set a pattern for growth of the House along with the population, but has not been ratified. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">enumeration</a> required by the first article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred; after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons.<sup id="cite_ref-AmendmentsNotRatified_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmendmentsNotRatified-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Taken at face-value, with the nation's population reaching approximately 308.7 million according to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a>, the proposed amendment would have called for an up-to 6,000-member House.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the context of its original construction, the amendment may have instead outlined an iterative procedure for apportionment following a <a href="/wiki/Square_root_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Square root rule">square root rule</a> relative to the population (e.g. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\textstyle Representatives\approx {\sqrt {10000+Population/100}}-100}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>r</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>v</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>s</mi> <mo>≈</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>10000</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>p</mi> <mi>u</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mi>a</mi> <mi>t</mi> <mi>i</mi> <mi>o</mi> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>100</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>100</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle Representatives\approx {\sqrt {10000+Population/100}}-100}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dcbc12596b4a635345036e17509174fe9766b09c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:53.243ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\textstyle Representatives\approx {\sqrt {10000+Population/100}}-100}"></span>) that would still have called for a more than 1,600-member House following the same 2010 census.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One proposal to alleviate the current constituency disparities and the high average number of constituents in many states' congressional districts is the "<a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Rule" title="Wyoming Rule">Wyoming rule</a>." Operating similar to New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_electorates#Distribution" title="New Zealand electorates">method of allocation</a> for proportional representation, it would give the least populous state (which has been <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_historical_population" title="List of U.S. states and territories by historical population">Wyoming since 1990</a>) one representative and then create districts in other states with the same population.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another proposed expansion rule, the <a href="/wiki/Cube_root_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Cube root rule">cube root rule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calls for the membership of the legislature to be based on the <a href="/wiki/Cube_root" title="Cube root">cube root</a> (rounded up) of the U.S. population at the last census. For example, such a rule would call for 692 members of the House based on the 2020 United States census. An additional House member would be added each time the <i>national</i> population <i>exceeds</i> the next cube; in this case, the next House member would be added when the census population reached 331,373,889, and the one after that at 332,812,558. A variation would split the representation between the House and the Senate, e.g. 592 members in the House (692 − 100 senators).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 21, 2001, Rep. <a href="/wiki/Alcee_Hastings" title="Alcee Hastings">Alcee Hastings</a> sent a <a href="/wiki/Dear_colleague_letter_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dear colleague letter (United States)">dear colleague letter</a> pointing out that U.S. expansion of its legislature had not kept pace with other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, during the <a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas M. Davis">Representative Tom Davis</a> introduced a bill in the House of Representatives that would add two seats to the House, one for Utah and one for the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. It was passed by the House, but was tripped up by procedural hurdles in the Senate and withdrawn from consideration. An identical bill was reintroduced during the <a href="/wiki/110th_United_States_Congress" title="110th United States Congress">110th Congress</a>. In February 2009 the Senate adopted the measure 61–37. In April 2010, however, House leaders decided to shelve the proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two provisions of Section 102, subsection (d) in the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_Admission_Act" title="Washington, D.C., Admission Act">Washington, D.C., Admission Act</a> by delegate <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Holmes_Norton" title="Eleanor Holmes Norton">Eleanor Holmes Norton</a> and its same-titled Senate companion by Sen. <a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Tom Carper</a>, both introduced in 2021 and again in 2023 during the <a href="/wiki/117th_United_States_Congress" title="117th United States Congress">117th</a> and <a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th Congresses</a>, seek to amend Section 22(a) of the Reapportionment Act by adding one to the permanent House membership for a total of 436 representatives as the state of Washington, Douglass Commonwealth (i.e., Washington, D.C.) would have been entitled to an at-large district.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Holmes Norton's bill previously passed the House during the <a href="/wiki/116th_United_States_Congress" title="116th United States Congress">116th Congress</a> but not the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apportionment_methods">Apportionment methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Apportionment methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:right"> <caption>Apportionment in the House of the US population, 2010–2019 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">State </th> <th colspan="2">Population percent </th> <th colspan="2">House percent </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th>2019 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2019<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>2010 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/23px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/35px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/45px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td> <td>12.06% </td> <td>12.09% </td> <td>11.95% </td> <td>12.18% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Texas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Texas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>8.85% </td> <td>8.16% </td> <td>8.74% </td> <td>8.28% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/23px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/35px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/45px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td>6.56% </td> <td>6.10% </td> <td>6.44% </td> <td>6.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>5.94% </td> <td>6.29% </td> <td>5.98% </td> <td>6.21% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg/41px-Flag_of_Pennsylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="540" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>3.91% </td> <td>4.12% </td> <td>3.91% </td> <td>4.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/23px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/35px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Illinois.svg/46px-Flag_of_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> </td> <td>3.87% </td> <td>4.16% </td> <td>3.91% </td> <td>4.14% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td> <td>3.57% </td> <td>3.74% </td> <td>3.68% </td> <td>3.68% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_State_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>3.24% </td> <td>3.14% </td> <td>3.22% </td> <td>3.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_North_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>3.20% </td> <td>3.09% </td> <td>3.22% </td> <td>2.99% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> </td> <td>3.05% </td> <td>3.21% </td> <td>2.99% </td> <td>3.22% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>2.71% </td> <td>2.85% </td> <td>2.76% </td> <td>2.76% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>2.61% </td> <td>2.60% </td> <td>2.53% </td> <td>2.53% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/23px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/35px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Washington.svg/46px-Flag_of_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="658" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td>2.32% </td> <td>2.18% </td> <td>2.30% </td> <td>2.30% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td>2.22% </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td>2.30% </td> <td>2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/23px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/35px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg/46px-Flag_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>2.10% </td> <td>2.12% </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td>2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Tennessee.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tennessee.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> </td> <td>2.09% </td> <td>2.06% </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td>2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> </td> <td>2.06% </td> <td>2.10% </td> <td>2.07% </td> <td>2.07% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/23px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/35px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_Missouri.svg/46px-Flag_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>1.94% </td> <td>1.84% </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>1.85% </td> <td>1.87% </td> <td>1.84% </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> </td> <td>1.78% </td> <td>1.85% </td> <td>1.84% </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td>1.76% </td> <td>1.63% </td> <td>1.84% </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Minnesota.svg/46px-Flag_of_Minnesota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> </td> <td>1.72% </td> <td>1.72% </td> <td>1.61% </td> <td>1.84% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Carolina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>1.57% </td> <td>1.50% </td> <td>1.61% </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Alabama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Alabama.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> </td> <td>1.50% </td> <td>1.55% </td> <td>1.61% </td> <td>1.61% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_Louisiana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Louisiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="7040" data-file-height="4556" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> </td> <td>1.42% </td> <td>1.47% </td> <td>1.38% </td> <td>1.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Kentucky.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kentucky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>1.36% </td> <td>1.41% </td> <td>1.38% </td> <td>1.38% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Oregon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oregon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> </td> <td>1.29% </td> <td>1.24% </td> <td>1.38% </td> <td>1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> </td> <td>1.21% </td> <td>1.22% </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/19px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/29px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Flag_of_Connecticut.svg/38px-Flag_of_Connecticut.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="260" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>1.09% </td> <td>1.16% </td> <td>1.15% </td> <td>1.15% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/23px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/35px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Utah.svg/46px-Flag_of_Utah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="432" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> </td> <td>0.98% </td> <td>0.90% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Iowa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="477" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> </td> <td>0.96% </td> <td>0.99% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Flag_of_Nevada.svg/45px-Flag_of_Nevada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td>0.94% </td> <td>0.88% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arkansas.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arkansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.95% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Flag_of_Mississippi.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mississippi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="720" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> </td> <td>0.91% </td> <td>0.96% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kansas.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kansas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> </td> <td>0.89% </td> <td>0.93% </td> <td>0.92% </td> <td>0.92% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td>0.64% </td> <td>0.67% </td> <td>0.69% </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Flag_of_Nebraska.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nebraska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> </td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>0.59% </td> <td>0.69% </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg/46px-Flag_of_West_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>0.60% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.69% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/19px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/29px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_Idaho.svg/38px-Flag_of_Idaho.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2496" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> </td> <td>0.55% </td> <td>0.51% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>0.44% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg/45px-Flag_of_New_Hampshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>0.42% </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/19px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/29px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Maine.svg/38px-Flag_of_Maine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6336" data-file-height="4992" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td>0.41% </td> <td>0.43% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_Montana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Montana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> </td> <td>0.33% </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>0.46% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/19px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/30px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg/39px-Flag_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="580" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td>0.32% </td> <td>0.34% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.46% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/23px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/35px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flag_of_Delaware.svg/45px-Flag_of_Delaware.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>0.30% </td> <td>0.29% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a> </td> <td>0.27% </td> <td>0.26% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/20px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/31px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg/41px-Flag_of_North_Dakota.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="983" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a> </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/21px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/33px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Alaska.svg/43px-Flag_of_Alaska.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> </td> <td>0.22% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Vermont.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vermont.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td>0.19% </td> <td>0.20% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/22px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/33px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Wyoming.svg/43px-Flag_of_Wyoming.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>0.18% </td> <td>0.23% </td> <td>0.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2019 numbers are calculations from estimated population data</span> </li> </ol></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Apart from the requirement that each state is to be entitled to at least one representative in the House of Representatives, the number of representatives in each state is in principle to be proportional to its population. Since the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>, five distinct apportionment methods have been used. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg/220px-USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg/330px-USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg/440px-USCongressionalRedistrictingPartisanControl2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Partisan control of congressional redistricting after the 2020 elections, with the number of U.S. House seats each state will receive. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#2c82b6; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Democratic control</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d63f3f; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Republican control</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ecc61c; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Split or bipartisan control</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#60c53a; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Independent redistricting commission</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c0c0c0; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> No redistricting necessary</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The first apportionment was contained in <a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Art. I, § 2, cl. 3 of the Constitution</a>. After the first census in 1790, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1792" title="Apportionment Act of 1792">Apportionment Act of 1792</a> and adopted the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method#Jefferson_and_D'Hondt" title="D'Hondt method">Jefferson method</a> to apportion U.S. representatives to the states based on population.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jefferson method required fractional <a href="/wiki/Remainder" title="Remainder">remainders</a> to be discarded when calculating each state's total number of U.S. representatives and was used until the 1830 census.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster method</a>, proposed in 1832 by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a> and adopted for the 1840 census, allocated an additional representative to states with a fractional remainder greater than 0.5.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1850 to 1900, the situation was substantially less clear. Congress passed a law in 1850 declaring future apportionment would be done with <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton's method">Hamilton's method</a>. However, Congress continued to pass ad hoc apportionment bills from 1850 through 1900, in each case overruling the procedure laid out in the 1850 census. This was particularly true after the 1860 Census: the national situation was complicated by the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>), and no real apportionment method was used. Apart from 1860, Congress deliberately chose after each census to set the size of the House at a level where Hamilton and Webster's methods gave the same apportionment.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This unofficial adoption of <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster's method">Webster's method</a> was driven by the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama paradox">Alabama paradox</a>, which created an uproar in the House.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoricalApportionment_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoricalApportionment-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a>, in addition to setting the number of U.S. representatives at 435, returned to the Webster method, which was used following the 1910 and 1930 censuses (no reapportionment was done after the 1920 census). The current method, known as the <a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a> or method of equal proportions, was adopted in 1941 for reapportionment based on the 1940 census and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristin_D._Burnett-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ams_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ams-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised method was necessary in the context of the cap on the number of representatives set in the <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Method_of_equal_proportions">Method of equal proportions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Method of equal proportions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a></div> <p>The apportionment method currently used is the method of equal proportions, which minimizes the <a href="/wiki/Percentage_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Percentage difference">percentage differences</a> in the number of people per representative among the different states.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting apportionment is optimal in the sense that any additional transfer of a seat from one state to another would result in larger percentage differences.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this method, as a first step, each of the 50 states is given its one guaranteed seat in the House of Representatives, leaving 385 seats to assign. The remaining seats are allocated one at a time, to the state with the highest priority number. Thus, the 51st seat would go to the most populous state (currently California). The priority number is determined by the ratio of the state population to the <a href="/wiki/Geometric_mean" title="Geometric mean">geometric mean</a> of the number of seats it currently holds in the assignment process, <i>n</i> (initially 1), and the number of seats it <i>would</i> hold <i>if</i> the seat were assigned to it, <i>n</i>+1. Symbolically, the priority number <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>P</mi> <msqrt> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </msqrt> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4eaceff785b180cd897faeb8da1fd55d33554120" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:17.821ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n}={\frac {P}{\sqrt {n(n+1)}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>P</i> is the population of the state, and <i>n</i> is the number of seats it currently holds before the possible allocation of the next seat. An equivalent, recursive definition is </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{m+1}={\sqrt {\frac {m}{m+2}}}\ A_{m}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mi>m</mi> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{m+1}={\sqrt {\frac {m}{m+2}}}\ A_{m}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bba0eb2ab12a0cb7f9c58450438c8e1bb774867" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:21.819ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{m+1}={\sqrt {\frac {m}{m+2}}}\ A_{m}}"></span></dd> <dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{n}={\sqrt {\frac {n-1}{n+1}}}\ A_{n-1}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </mfrac> </msqrt> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>n</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{n}={\sqrt {\frac {n-1}{n+1}}}\ A_{n-1}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bacb278444fa75fe0643ef52691b375a7c6f0c02" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.26ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{n}={\sqrt {\frac {n-1}{n+1}}}\ A_{n-1}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>where <i>n</i> is <b>still</b> the number of seats the state has <b>before</b> allocation of the next (in other words, for the <i>m</i>th allocation, <i>n</i> = <i>m</i>-1). </p><p>Consider the reapportionment following the 2010 U.S. census: beginning with all states initially being allocated one seat, the largest value of <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> corresponds to the largest state, California, which is allocated seat 51. After being allocated its 2nd seat, its priority value decreases to its <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> value, which is reordered to a position back in line. The 52nd seat goes to Texas, the 2nd largest state, because its <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state. However, the 53rd seat goes back to California because its <i>A</i><sub>2</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state. The 54th seat goes to New York because its <i>A</i><sub>1</sub> priority value is larger than the <i>A<sub>n</sub></i> of any other state at this point. This process continues until all remaining seats are assigned. Each time a state is assigned a seat, <i>n</i> is incremented by 1, causing its priority value to be reduced and reordered among the states, whereupon another state normally rises to the top of the list. </p><p>The 2010 census ranking of priority values<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the order in which seats 51–435 were apportioned after the 2010 census, with additional listings for the next five priorities. <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> was allocated the final (435th) seat. <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> missed its 14th seat by 15,754 residents as the 436th seat to be allocated; ten years earlier it had gained its 13th seat as the 435th seat to be allocated based on the 2000 census.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2020 census ranking of priority values<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows the order in which seats 51–435 were apportioned after the 2020 census, with additional listings for the next ten priorities. For the second time in a row, Minnesota was allocated the final (435th) seat. If either New York had registered 89 more residents or Minnesota had registered 26 fewer residents, New York would have been allocated the 435th seat instead.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Past_apportionments">Past apportionments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Past apportionments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Note: The first apportionment was established by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a>, and was not based on any census or enumeration.</i> </p><p><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>Bold</b></span> indicates the largest number of representatives each state has had. </p> <table class="wikitable nowraplinks sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:1.2; vertical-align:bottom"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="5">Statehood<br />order </th> <th>Census </th> <th style="padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Const.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1st</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">2nd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">3rd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">4th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">5th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">6th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">7th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">8th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">9th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">10th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">11th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">12th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">13th</a> </th> <th style="padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">15th</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">16th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">17th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">18th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">19th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">20th</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">21st</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">22nd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">23rd</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">24th</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Year </th> <th style="padding:0;">1789 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1790 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1800 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1810 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1820 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1830 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1840 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1850 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1860 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1870 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1880 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1890 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1900 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1910 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1930 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1940 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1950 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1960 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1970 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1980 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1990 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2000 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2010 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2020 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Effected </th> <th style="padding:0;">1789 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1793 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1803 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1813 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1823 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1833 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1843 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1853 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1863 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1873 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1883 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1893 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1903 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1913 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1933 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1943 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1953 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1963 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1973 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1983 </th> <th style="padding:0;">1993 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2003 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2013 </th> <th style="padding:0;">2023 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Size </th> <th>65 </th> <th>105 </th> <th>142 </th> <th>182 </th> <th>213 </th> <th>240 </th> <th>223 </th> <th>234 </th> <th>241 </th> <th>292 </th> <th>325 </th> <th>356 </th> <th>386 </th> <th colspan="11">435 </th></tr> <tr> <th>State </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th> <th data-sort-type="number"> </th></tr> <tr> <th>22 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>10</b></span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>49 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>48 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>25 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>31 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>52 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>53</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>53</b></span> </td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <th>38 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>7</b></span> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a> </th> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>27 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>27 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>28</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>14</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>14</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>50 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>43 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>21 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>25 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>27</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>27</b></span> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>19 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>29 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>34 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <th>23 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> </th> <td>8 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>17 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>20</b></span> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>26 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>19</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>19</b></span> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <th>32 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>10</b></span> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>20 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>8</b></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>24 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>15 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>16</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>16</b></span> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>41 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>2</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>37 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>36 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>4</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>4</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a> </th> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a> </th> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>14 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>15</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>15</b></span> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>47 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> </th> <td>6 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>43 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>45</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>45</b></span> </td> <td>43 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>13 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>14</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>39 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>14 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>22 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>24</b></span> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>23 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>24</b></span> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <th>46 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <th>33 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> </th> <td>8 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>32 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>36</b></span> </td> <td>34 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a> </th> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> </th> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>9</b></span> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <th>40 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>3</b></span> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>13</b></span> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <th>28 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>36 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>38</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>45 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>4</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>4</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>4 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> </th> <td>10 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>22 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>23</b></span> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>13 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <th>42 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>10</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>10</b></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>35 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>6</b></span> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>30 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>10 </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>11</b></span> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <th>44 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a> </th> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td> <td><span style="background-color: lightgray;color:black;"><b>1</b></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Changes_per_census">Changes per census</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Changes per census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010">2010</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2010"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2010 United States redistricting cycle">2010 United States redistricting cycle</a></div> <p>On December 21, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> released its official apportionment results for congressional representation. The changes were in effect for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_elections,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="United States elections, 2012">U.S. elections in 2012</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th>Gain four</th> <th colspan="1">Gain two</th> <th colspan="1">Gain one</th> <th>No change</th> <th colspan="1">Lose one</th> <th>Lose two </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a><br />3. <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a><br />4. <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a><br />5. <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><br />6. <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> </td> <td>(32 states) </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a><br />3. <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a><br />4. <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a><br />5. <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a><br />6. <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a><br />7. <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a><br />8. <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>1. <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a><br />2. <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>+4 </th> <th>+2 </th> <th>+6 </th> <th> </th> <th>−8 </th> <th>−4 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">+12 seats gained total </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">−12 seats lost total </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_census_reapportionment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_census_reapportionment.svg/220px-2010_census_reapportionment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_census_reapportionment.svg/330px-2010_census_reapportionment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/2010_census_reapportionment.svg/440px-2010_census_reapportionment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Allocation of congressional districts after the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 U.S. census</a></figcaption></figure> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020">2020</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2020"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2020 United States redistricting cycle">2020 United States redistricting cycle</a></div> <p>Apportionment results were released on April 26, 2021: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:bottom;"> <th colspan="1">Gain two</th> <th colspan="1">Gain one</th> <th>No change</th> <th colspan="1">Lose one </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td>1. Texas </td> <td>1. Colorado<br />2. Florida<br />3. Montana<br />4. North Carolina<br />5. Oregon </td> <td>(37 states) </td> <td>1. California<br />2. Illinois<br />3. Michigan<br />4. New York<br />5. Ohio<br />6. Pennsylvania<br />7. West Virginia </td></tr> <tr> <th>+2 </th> <th>+5 </th> <th> </th> <th>−7 </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">+7 seats gained total </th> <th> </th> <th>−7 seats lost total </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_census_reapportionment.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2020_census_reapportionment.svg/220px-2020_census_reapportionment.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2020_census_reapportionment.svg/330px-2020_census_reapportionment.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2020_census_reapportionment.svg/440px-2020_census_reapportionment.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reapportionment" class="mw-redirect" title="Reapportionment">Allocation of congressional districts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> after the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 U.S. census</a></figcaption></figure> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_apportionments">List of apportionments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of apportionments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> has increased and decreased as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="130">Effective date </th> <th width="50">Size </th> <th width="35">Change </th> <th>Legal provision </th> <th>Reason and/or comments </th></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1789 </td> <td style="text-align:center">59 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0">n/a </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="0"><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_3:_Apportionment_of_Representatives_and_taxes" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Const. Art. I, § 2, cl. 3</a> </td> <td>Seats apportioned by the Constitution based on population estimates made by the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia Convention">Philadelphia Convention</a>. Only 11 of the original 13 states had ratified the Constitution by this time. </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 21, 1789 </td> <td style="text-align:center">64 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> ratified the Constitution with the seats apportioned by the Constitution. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 29, 1790 </td> <td style="text-align:center">65 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> ratified the Constitution with the seat apportioned by the Constitution. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1791 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">67 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="01-191">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-191">191</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1, 1792 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1793 </td> <td style="text-align:center">105 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="36"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 36 </td> <td data-sort-value="01-253">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-253">253</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1792" title="Apportionment Act of 1792">Apportionment Act of 1792</a>) </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">first census (1790)</a>. First to use the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method#Jefferson_and_D'Hondt" title="D'Hondt method">Jefferson method</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1, 1796 </td> <td style="text-align:center">106 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="01-491">1 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-1-491">491</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1, 1803 </td> <td style="text-align:center">107 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="02-175">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-175">175</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1803 </td> <td style="text-align:center">142 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="35"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 35 </td> <td data-sort-value="02-128">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-128">128</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_census" title="1800 United States census">second census (1800)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 30, 1812 </td> <td style="text-align:center">143 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="02-703">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-703">703</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1813 </td> <td style="text-align:center">182 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="39"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 39 </td> <td data-sort-value="02-669">2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-669">669</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1810_United_States_census" title="1810 United States census">third census (1810)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 11, 1816 </td> <td style="text-align:center">183 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-290">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-290">290</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 10, 1817 </td> <td style="text-align:center">184 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-349">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-349">349</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 3, 1818 </td> <td style="text-align:center">185 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-430">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-430">430</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 14, 1819 </td> <td style="text-align:center" rowspan="2">186 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-492">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-492">492</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 15, 1820 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="03-555">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-555">555</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> admitted, 7 seats transferred from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 10, 1821 </td> <td style="text-align:center">187 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-547">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-547">547</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1823 </td> <td style="text-align:center">213 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="26"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26 </td> <td data-sort-value="03-651">3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-651">651</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_census" title="1820 United States census">fourth census (1820)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1833 </td> <td style="text-align:center">240 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="27"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 27 </td> <td data-sort-value="04-516">4 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-4-516">516</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1830_United_States_census" title="1830 United States census">fifth census (1830)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 15, 1836 </td> <td style="text-align:center">241 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-051">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-51">51</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 26, 1837 </td> <td style="text-align:center">242 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-050">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-50">50</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1843 </td> <td style="text-align:center">223 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="-19"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-491">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-491">491</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_census" title="1840 United States census">sixth census (1840)</a>. First to use the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Lagu%C3%AB_method" title="Sainte-Laguë method">Webster method</a>. Became the <b>only time the size of the House was reduced</b>, except for the minor readjustments in 1863 and 1963. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 3, 1845 </td> <td style="text-align:center">224 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-743">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-743">743</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 29, 1845 </td> <td style="text-align:center">226 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-798">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-798">798</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas_Annexation" class="mw-redirect" title="Texas Annexation">Texas annexed</a> and admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 28, 1846 </td> <td style="text-align:center">228 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="05-743">5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-743">743</a><br />9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-52">52</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 29, 1848 </td> <td style="text-align:center">230 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="09-058">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-58">58</a><br />9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-235">235</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1849 </td> <td style="text-align:center">231 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="09-235">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-235">235</a> </td> <td>Additional seat apportioned to Wisconsin. </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 9, 1850 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center">233 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="09-452">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-452">452</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 4, 1853 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="09-432.1853">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-432">432</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_census" title="1850 United States census">seventh census (1850)</a>. First to use the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Vinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Finley Vinton">Vinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Largest_remainder_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest remainder method">largest remainder</a>) method. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">234 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="10-025">10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-10-25">25</a> </td> <td>Additional seat apportioned to California<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 11, 1858 </td> <td style="text-align:center">236 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="11-166">11 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-11-166">166</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 14, 1859 </td> <td style="text-align:center">237 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="11-383">11 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-11-383">383</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 29, 1861 </td> <td style="text-align:center">238 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="12-126">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-126">126</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 2, 1862 </td> <td style="text-align:center">239 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="12-411">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-411">411</a> </td> <td>California apportioned an extra seat. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 4, 1863 </td> <td style="text-align:center">233 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="-6"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 6 </td> <td data-sort-value="09-432.1863">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-432">432</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_census" title="1860 United States census">eighth census (1860)</a>, in accordance with the 1850 act, which provided for an apportionment of 233 seats. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center" rowspan="2">241 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="8"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 8 </td> <td data-sort-value="12-353">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-353">353</a> </td> <td>Supplemental apportionment of 8 seats (1 each for Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Vermont, and Rhode Island), for an overall increase of 2 seats in the 38th Congress. </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 20, 1863 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="12-633">12 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-12-633">633</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Separation_from_Virginia" title="West Virginia">admitted</a>, three seats transferred from <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 31, 1864 </td> <td style="text-align:center">242 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="13-032">13 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-13-32">32</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 1, 1867 </td> <td style="text-align:center">243 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="14-391">14 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-14-391">391</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">March 4, 1873 </td> <td style="text-align:center">283 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="40"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 40 </td> <td data-sort-value="17-028">17 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-17-28">28</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">ninth census (1870)</a>, replacing the 1850 act </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center">292 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="9"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 9 </td> <td data-sort-value="17-192">17 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-17-192">192</a> </td> <td>Supplemental apportionment added one seat each for nine states </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1, 1876 </td> <td style="text-align:center">293 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="13-034">13 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-13-34">34</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1883 </td> <td style="text-align:center">325 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="32"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 32 </td> <td data-sort-value="22-005">22 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-22-5">5</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">tenth census (1880)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2, 1889 </td> <td style="text-align:center">328 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3 </td> <td data-sort-value="25-679">25 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-25-679">679</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South</a> Dakota admitted, with one and two seats respectively. </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 8, 1889 </td> <td style="text-align:center">329 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="25-679">25 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-25-679">679</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 11, 1889 </td> <td style="text-align:center">330 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="25-679">25 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-25-679">679</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 3, 1890 </td> <td style="text-align:center">331 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="26-215">26 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-26-215">215</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 10, 1890 </td> <td style="text-align:center">332 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="26-222">26 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-26-222">222</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1893 </td> <td style="text-align:center">356 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="24"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 24 </td> <td data-sort-value="26-735">26 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-26-735">735</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">eleventh census (1890)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 4, 1896 </td> <td style="text-align:center">357 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="28-109">28 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-28-109">109</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1903 </td> <td style="text-align:center">386 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="29"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 29 </td> <td data-sort-value="31-733">31 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-31-733">733</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">twelfth census (1900)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 16, 1907 </td> <td style="text-align:center">391 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="5"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td> <td data-sort-value="34-271">34 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-34-271">271</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 6, 1912 </td> <td style="text-align:center">393 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="37-014">37 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-37-39">39</a>, incorporating 36 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-36-557">557</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 14, 1912 </td> <td style="text-align:center">394 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> admitted </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1913 </td> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align:center">435 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="41"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 41 </td> <td data-sort-value="37-013">37 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-37-13">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Apportionment Act of 1911</a>, §§1–2) </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">thirteenth census (1910)</a>. Process returned to the Webster method. </td></tr> <tr> <td>March 4, 1933 </td> <td rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td data-sort-value="46-026">46 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-46-26">26</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a>) </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">fifteenth census (1930)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the House became permanently capped at 435 seats under the Reapportionment Act of 1929. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 1943 </td> <td data-sort-value="54-162">46 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-46-26">26</a> (<a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a>)<br />54 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-54-162">162</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">sixteenth census (1940)</a>. First to use the <a href="/wiki/Huntington%E2%80%93Hill_method" title="Huntington–Hill method">Huntington–Hill method</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 1953 </td> <td data-sort-value="55-761">55 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-55-761">761</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">seventeenth census (1950)</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>January 3, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:center">436 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="72-345">72 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-72-345">345</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 21, 1959 </td> <td style="text-align:center">437 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="1"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td> <td data-sort-value="73-008.8">73 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-73-8">8</a>, §8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> admitted. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1960 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 1963</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="text-align:center">435 </td> <td style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="-2"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td data-sort-value="73-008">72 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-72-345">345</a><br />73 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-73-8">8</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2a">§ 2a</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">eighteenth census (1960)</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1970 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 1973</a> </td> <td rowspan="6" style="text-align:center" data-sort-value="0"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td rowspan="6" data-sort-value="99-1973"><a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2a">§ 2a</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">nineteenth census (1970)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1980 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 1983</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">twentieth census (1980)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1990 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 1993</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">twenty-first census (1990)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2000 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 2003</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">twenty-second census (2000)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2010 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 2013</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">twenty-third census (2010)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2020 United States redistricting cycle">January 3, 2023</a> </td> <td>Apportionment following the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">twenty-fourth census (2020)</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by population">List of U.S. states by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_historical_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. states by historical population">List of U.S. states by historical population</a> (tables of state populations since 1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Delegate counts in <i>italics</i> represent temporary counts assigned by Congress until the next decennial census or by the U.S. Constitution in 1789 until the first U.S. census.</li> <li>Elections held in the year of a census use the apportionment determined by the previous census.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Congress failed to pass any reapportionment to implement the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920 United States census</a> so despite population shift, distribution of seats from 1913 remained in effect until 1933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The 1850 Apportionment bill provided a method to be used in future reapportionments, as well as establishing the then-current 233 as the number of seats to be apportioned after future censuses. Due to census returns being incomplete in California, an additional act provided that California retain the same representation it had when admitted, until a new census could be taken. California would otherwise have lost one seat, and so the total number of seats was increased by one to 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Congress failed to reapportion in 1923, following the <a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">fourteenth census (1920)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/77/291">77–291</a> amended section 22 of the <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a> by wholly replacing its text.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The <a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a> stated that the "then existing number of Representatives" would be apportioned after each census, which would have dictated an apportionment of 437 seats, but the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Statehood_Act" title="Alaska Statehood Act">Alaska Statehood Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a> explicitly stated that the new seats were temporary increases. Both acts included the phrasing "That such temporary increase in the membership shall not operate to either increase or decrease the permanent membership of the House of Representatives as prescribed in the <a href="/wiki/Apportionment_Act_of_1911" title="Apportionment Act of 1911">Act of August 8, 1911</a> (37 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-37-13">13</a>) nor shall such temporary increase affect the basis of apportionment established by the Act of November 15, 1941 (55 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-55-761">761</a>; <a href="/wiki/Title_2_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 2 of the United States Code">2 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/2/2a">§ 2a</a>), for the <a href="/wiki/Eighty-third_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty-third Congress">Eighty-third Congress</a> and each Congress thereafter."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kristin_D._Burnett-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kristin_D._Burnett_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKristin_D._Burnett2011" class="citation web cs1">Kristin D. Burnett (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-08.pdf">"Congressional Apportionment (2010 Census Briefs C2010BR-08)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Apportionment+%282010+Census+Briefs+C2010BR-08%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce%2C+Economics+and+Statistics+Administration&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.au=Kristin+D.+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The populations of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">federal territories</a> are not included in this figure.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPL_62-5-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USPL_62-5_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Public_Law_62-5" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Law 62-5">Public Law 62-5</a> of 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ams-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ams_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ams_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/apportion2.html">"The History of Apportionment in America"</a>. American Mathematical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 15,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Apportionment+in+America&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Ffeaturecolumn%2Farchive%2Fapportion2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rendered <i><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">moot</a></i> by the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1924" title="Revenue Act of 1924">Revenue Act of 1924</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R41636">"Apportioning Seats in the U.S. House of Representatives Using the 2013 Estimated Citizen Population"</a>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Donato, Saipan Tribune, May 10, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2001" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Jonah (January 15, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2001/01/george-will-called-me-idiot-jonah-goldberg/">"George Will Called Me An Idiot"</a>. <i>National Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213221035/http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=NTMxYWU4ZjU1M2U5NmJhZjc4YjRiY2Y2NTc4MjNjM2M=">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/51">S. 51</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillhiser2020" class="citation web cs1">Millhiser, Ian (June 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2020/6/22/21293168/dc-statehood-vote-filibuster-supreme-court-joe-biden">"DC is closer to becoming a state now than it has ever been"</a>. <i>Vox</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=DC+is+closer+to+becoming+a+state+now+than+it+has+ever+been&rft.date=2020-06-26&rft.aulast=Millhiser&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2020%2F6%2F22%2F21293168%2Fdc-statehood-vote-filibuster-supreme-court-joe-biden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 Annals of Cong. 539 (1792)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of Jan. 14, 1802, 2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-128">128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of Dec. 21, 1811, 2 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-2-669">669</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of Mar. 7, 1822, 3 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-3-651">651</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of May 22, 1832, 4 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-4-516">516</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Act of 25 June 1842, ch 46, 5 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-5-491">491</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalinskiYoung1982" class="citation book cs1">Balinski, Michael L.; Young, H. Peyton (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBFNzSeAv_sC"><i>Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-0090-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-0090-3"><bdi>0-8157-0090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+Representation%3A+Meeting+the+Ideal+of+One+Man%2C+One+Vote&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8157-0090-3&rft.aulast=Balinski&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Young%2C+H.+Peyton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBFNzSeAv_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoricalApportionment-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoricalApportionment_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/apportionment/about/history.html">"Congressional Apportionment-Historical Perspective"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Congressional+Apportionment-Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fapportionment%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/02/2a-">"2 USC §2a"</a>. Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2+USC+%C2%A72a&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Law+School%2C+Legal+Information+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F02%2F2a-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/apportionment/computing.html">"Computing Apportionment"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Computing+Apportionment&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fcensusdata%2Fapportionment%2Fcomputing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030080614/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six">"Congressional Apportionment"</a>. <i>NationalAtlas.gov</i>. U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/boundaries/a_conApport.html#six">the original</a> on October 30, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationalAtlas.gov&rft.atitle=Congressional+Apportionment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalatlas.gov%2Farticles%2Fboundaries%2Fa_conApport.html%23six&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_V_Huntington1921" class="citation journal cs1">Edward V Huntington (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084767">"The Mathematical Theory of the Apportionment of Representatives"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>7</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">123–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921PNAS....7..123H">1921PNAS....7..123H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.7.4.123">10.1073/pnas.7.4.123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1084767">1084767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16576591">16576591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Mathematical+Theory+of+the+Apportionment+of+Representatives&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16576591&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.7.4.123&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1921PNAS....7..123H&rft.au=Edward+V+Huntington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1084767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2010/data/apportionment/PriorityValues2010.pdf">"Priority Values for 2010 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Bureau of the Census<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 29,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priority+Values+for+2010+Census&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2010%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2FPriorityValues2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/censusdata/apportionment/00pvalues.txt">"Census 2000 Ranking of Priority Values"</a>. U.S. Bureau of the Census. February 21, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2000+Ranking+of+Priority+Values&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft.date=2001-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fcensusdata%2Fapportionment%2F00pvalues.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/2020PriorityValues.pdf">"Priority Values for 2020 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Bureau of the Census<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priority+Values+for+2020+Census&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+the+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial%2F2020%2Fdata%2Fapportionment%2F2020PriorityValues.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldmacher2021" class="citation news cs1">Goldmacher, Shane (April 26, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/26/nyregion/new-york-census-congress.html">"New York Loses House Seat After Coming Up 89 People Short on Census"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+Loses+House+Seat+After+Coming+Up+89+People+Short+on+Census&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goldmacher&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2Fnyregion%2Fnew-york-census-congress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2021" class="citation news cs1">Wang, Hansi Lo (May 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2021/05/01/991671730/how-26-people-in-the-census-count-helped-minnesota-beat-new-york-for-a-house-sea">"How 26 People In The Census Count Helped Minnesota Beat New York For A House Seat"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 17,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+26+People+In+The+Census+Count+Helped+Minnesota+Beat+New+York+For+A+House+Seat&rft.date=2021-05-01&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Hansi+Lo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2021%2F05%2F01%2F991671730%2Fhow-26-people-in-the-census-count-helped-minnesota-beat-new-york-for-a-house-sea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918231059/https://www.census.gov/2010census/news/pdf/apport2010_table1.pdf">"Apportionment Population and Number of Representatives, by State: 2010 Census"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Census</i>. December 21, 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/2010census/news/pdf/apport2010_table1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Census&rft.atitle=Apportionment+Population+and+Number+of+Representatives%2C+by+State%3A+2010+Census&rft.date=2010-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2F2010census%2Fnews%2Fpdf%2Fapport2010_table1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirty-thousand.org/pages/QHA-02.htm">The Size of the U. S. House of Representatives and its Constituent State Delegations</a>, thirty-thousand.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., section 8 of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Admission_Act" title="Hawaii Admission Act">Hawaii Admission Act</a>, 73 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-73-8">8</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalinskiYoung1982" class="citation book cs1">Balinski, Michael L.; Young, H. Peyton (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBFNzSeAv_sC"><i>Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-0090-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-0090-3"><bdi>0-8157-0090-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fair+Representation%3A+Meeting+the+Ideal+of+One+Man%2C+One+Vote&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8157-0090-3&rft.aulast=Balinski&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft.au=Young%2C+H.+Peyton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBFNzSeAv_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1895" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Robert (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rd49AAAAIAAJ"><i>Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States: Historical and Judicial</i></a>. Vol. 1. Boston: The Boston Book Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">329–</span>446.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States%3A+Historical+and+Judicial&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E329-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.pub=The+Boston+Book+Co.&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRd49AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonMadisonJay1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay, John</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistonnew01jaygoog"><i>The Federalist</i></a>. Hallowell: Glazier, Masters & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-5735-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-5735-7"><bdi>0-8239-5735-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist&rft.place=Hallowell&rft.pub=Glazier%2C+Masters+%26+Co.&rft.date=1831&rft.isbn=0-8239-5735-7&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Madison%2C+James&rft.au=Jay%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalistonnew01jaygoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Edelman, Paul H. (2006). "Getting the Math Right: Why California Has Too Many Seats in the House of Representatives". <i>Vanderbilt Law Review</i>. <b>102</b> (March). Nashville: Vanderbilt University: 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Math+Right%3A+Why+California+Has+Too+Many+Seats+in+the+House+of+Representatives&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=March&rft.pages=297&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Edelman&rft.aufirst=Paul+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKromkowski,_Charles_A.Kromkowski,_John_A.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Kromkowski, Charles A.; Kromkowski, John A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thirty-thousand.org/documents/Kromkowski_Fall1991.pdf">"Why 435? A Question of Political Arithmetic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Polity</i>. <b>24</b> (Fall 1991): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3234988">10.2307/3234988</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3234988">3234988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155209561">155209561</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polity&rft.atitle=Why+435%3F+A+Question+of+Political+Arithmetic&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=Fall+1991&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155209561%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3234988%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3234988&rft.au=Kromkowski%2C+Charles+A.&rft.au=Kromkowski%2C+John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirty-thousand.org%2Fdocuments%2FKromkowski_Fall1991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2008" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, Robert A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raagnew.com/uploads/5/7/1/7/57174385/optimal_congressional_apportionment.pdf">"Optimal Congressional Apportionment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Mathematical Monthly</i>. <b>115</b> (April). Mathematical Association of America: <span class="nowrap">297–</span>303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00029890.2008.11920530">10.1080/00029890.2008.11920530</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27642473">27642473</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14596741">14596741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Monthly&rft.atitle=Optimal+Congressional+Apportionment&rft.volume=115&rft.issue=April&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E303&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14596741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27642473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00029890.2008.11920530&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raagnew.com%2Fuploads%2F5%2F7%2F1%2F7%2F57174385%2Foptimal_congressional_apportionment.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStinebrickner-Kauffman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Stinebrickner-Kauffman, Taren (2004). "Counting Matters: Prison Inmates, Population Bases, and "One Person, One Vote"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Virginia Journal of Social Policy & the Law</i>. <b>11</b> (Winter). Chicago: 229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Journal+of+Social+Policy+%26+the+Law&rft.atitle=Counting+Matters%3A+Prison+Inmates%2C+Population+Bases%2C+and+%22One+Person%2C+One+Vote%22&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=229&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stinebrickner-Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Taren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+congressional+apportionment" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/topics/public-sector/congressional-apportionment.html">Congressional Apportionment by the U.S. Census Bureau</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lambert_(writer)" title="William Lambert (writer)">William Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display<br />and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a></i> (painting)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a></i> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Congress547" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Congress" title="Template talk:United States Congress"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Congress" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Congress"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Congress547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/118th_United_States_Congress" title="118th United States Congress">118th</a> → <a href="/wiki/119th_United_States_Congress" title="119th United States Congress">119th</a> → <a href="/wiki/120th_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="120th United States Congress">120th</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Congress" title="Lists of United States Congress">Lists of United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Members_and_leaders547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_congress" title="Member of congress">Members and leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_longevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by longevity of service">By length of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_brevity_of_service" title="List of members of the United States Congress by brevity of service">By shortness of service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Youngest members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">Non-voting members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unseated_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Unseated members of the United States Congress">Unseated members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Dean of the United States Senate">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_United_States_senators" title="List of former United States senators">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_expelled_or_censured" title="List of United States senators expelled or censured">Expelled or censured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">Born outside the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_United_States_Senate" title="Resignation from the United States Senate">Resigned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_appointed_United_States_senators" title="List of appointed United States senators">Appointed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States senators who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">Members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Seniority in the United States House of Representatives">seniority</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Dean of the United States House of Representatives">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of former members of the United States House of Representatives">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_expelled,_censured,_or_reprimanded" title="List of United States representatives expelled, censured, or reprimanded">Expelled, censured, and reprimanded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_served_a_single_term" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who served a single term">Served a single term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_lost_re-election_in_a_primary" title="List of members of the United States House of Representatives who lost re-election in a primary">Lost re-election in a primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_who_switched_parties" title="List of United States representatives who switched parties">Switched parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members-elect_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_who_never_took_their_seats" title="List of members-elect of the United States House of Representatives who never took their seats">Elected but did not serve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_90th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 90th United States Congress">90th (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_91st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 91st United States Congress">91st (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_92nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 92nd United States Congress">92nd (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_93rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 93rd United States Congress">93rd (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_94th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 94th United States Congress">94th (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_95th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 95th United States Congress">95th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_96th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 96th United States Congress">96th (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_97th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 97th United States Congress">97th (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_98th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 98th United States Congress">98th (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_99th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 99th United States Congress">99th (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_100th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 100th United States Congress">100th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_101st_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 101st United States Congress">101st (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_102nd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 102nd United States Congress">102nd (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_103rd_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 103rd United States Congress">103rd (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_104th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 104th United States Congress">104th (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_105th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 105th United States Congress">105th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_106th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 106th United States Congress">106th (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_107th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 107th United States Congress">107th (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_108th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 108th United States Congress">108th (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_109th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 109th United States Congress">109th (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_110th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 110th United States Congress">110th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_111th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 111th United States Congress">111th (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_112th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 112th United States Congress">112th (2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_113th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 113th United States Congress">113th (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_114th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 114th United States Congress">114th (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_115th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 115th United States Congress">115th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_116th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 116th United States Congress">116th (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_117th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 117th United States Congress">117th (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_118th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 118th United States Congress">118th (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_members_of_the_119th_United_States_Congress" title="List of new members of the 119th United States Congress">119th (2025)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="List of presidents pro tempore of the United States Senate">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Party leaders of the United States Senate">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Chairs" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Democratic_Caucus#Caucus_secretary" title="Senate Democratic Caucus">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Democratic_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Democratic Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_conference_chairmen_and_chairwomen" title="Senate Republican Conference">Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference#List_of_Secretary_and_Vice_Chairman" title="Senate Republican Conference">Vice-Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_Legal_Advisory_Group" title="Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group">Bipartisan Legal Advisory Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Democratic_Caucus" title="House Democratic Caucus">Democratic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Republican Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_districts" title="List of United States congressional districts">List</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering#United_States" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_caucus" title="Congressional caucus">Congressional caucus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucuses_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Caucuses of the United States Congress">Caucuses of the United States Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic and racial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="African Americans in the United States Congress">African-American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_senators" title="List of African-American United States senators">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African-American_United_States_representatives" title="List of African-American United States representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Black_Caucus" title="Congressional Black Caucus">Black Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_and_Middle_Eastern_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Arab and Middle Eastern Americans in the United States Congress">Arab and Middle Eastern members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Americans_and_Pacific_Islands_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Asian Americans and Pacific Islands Americans in the United States Congress">Asian Pacific American members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Asian_Pacific_American_Caucus" title="Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus">Asian Pacific American Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">Hispanic and Latino members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States Congress">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Caucus" title="Congressional Hispanic Caucus">Hispanic Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Hispanic Conference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Jewish_Caucus" title="Congressional Jewish Caucus">Congressional Jewish Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Native Americans in the United States Congress">Native American members</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gender and sexual identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT members of the United States Congress">LGBT members</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Equality_Caucus" title="Congressional Equality Caucus">Equality Caucus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Women <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Caucus_for_Women%27s_Issues" title="Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues">Issues Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives#Current_female_members" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">current House</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Physicians in the United States Congress">Physicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Buddhist members of the United States Congress">Buddhist members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Hindu members of the United States Congress">Hindu members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Jewish members of the United States Congress">Jewish members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mormon_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Mormon members of the United States Congress">Mormon (LDS) members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Muslim members of the United States Congress">Muslim members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Quaker_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of Quaker members of the United States Congress">Quaker members</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dalip_Singh_Saund" title="Dalip Singh Saund">Sikh members</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_longest-serving_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of historical longest-serving members of the United States Congress">By length of service historically</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_by_wealth" title="List of current members of the United States Congress by wealth">Current members by wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_from_multiple_states" title="List of members of the United States Congress from multiple states">From multiple states</a></li> <li>Died in office <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)">1790–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1900%E2%80%931949)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1900–1949)">1900–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1950%E2%80%931999)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)">1950–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(2000%E2%80%93)" title="List of United States Congress members who died in office (2000–)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_killed_or_wounded_in_office" title="List of United States Congress members killed or wounded in office">Killed or wounded in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_party_switchers_in_the_United_States" title="List of party switchers in the United States">Party switchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress_who_owned_slaves" title="List of members of the United States Congress who owned slaves">Slave owners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Powers,_privileges,_procedure,_committees,_history,_media547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Powers, privileges, procedure, committees, history, media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Powers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">(Dormant)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_Congress" title="Contempt of Congress">Contempt of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_the_United_States" title="Declaration of war by the United States">Declaration of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_in_the_United_States" title="Impeachment inquiry in the United States">Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_trial_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment trial in the United States">Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_nationality_law" title="United States nationality law">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">"Necessary and Proper"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Power of enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing/spending</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Privileges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salaries_of_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Salaries of members of the United States Congress">Salaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">Franking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Immunity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Procedure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation" title="List of United States federal legislation">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriation bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_(United_States_Congress)" title="Bill (United States Congress)">Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_budget_process" title="United States budget process">Budget process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censure_in_the_United_States" title="Censure in the United States">Censure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Closed session of the United States Congress">Closed sessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Closed sessions of the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_sessions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Closed sessions of the United States Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloture" title="Cloture">Cloture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_resolution" title="Concurrent resolution">Concurrent resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_resolution" title="Continuing resolution">Continuing resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dear_Colleague_letter_(United_States)" title="Dear Colleague letter (United States)">Dear Colleague letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrolled_bill" title="Enrolled bill">Enrolled bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_from_the_United_States_Congress" title="Expulsion from the United States Congress">Expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_resolution" title="Joint resolution">Joint resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Joint session of the United States Congress">Joint session</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_joint_sessions_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of joint sessions of the United States Congress">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lame-duck_session" title="Lame-duck session">Lame-duck session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_minute" title="Magic minute">Magic minute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastert_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastert Rule">Majority of the majority (Hastert Rule)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_referral" title="Multiple referral">Multiple referral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Procedures of the United States House of Representatives">House procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quorum_call" title="Quorum call">Quorum call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(legislation)" title="Rider (legislation)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(legislative)" title="Sponsor (legislative)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_of_the_rules_in_the_United_States_Congress" title="Suspension of the rules in the United States Congress">Suspension of the rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unanimous_consent" title="Unanimous consent">Unanimous consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">Veto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line-item_veto" title="Line-item veto">Line-item veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">Pocket veto</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">Advice and consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_slip_(U.S._Senate)" title="Blue slip (U.S. Senate)">Blue slip (U.S. Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators" title="Classes of United States senators">Classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_communication" title="Executive communication">Executive communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_session" title="Executive session">Executive session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filibuster_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Filibuster in the United States Senate">Filibuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Manual" title="Jefferson's Manual">Jefferson's <i>Manual</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Journal" title="United States Senate Journal"><i>Senate Journal</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_business" title="Morning business">Morning business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_option" title="Nuclear option">Nuclear option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiding_Officer_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Presiding Officer of the United States Senate">Presiding Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(United_States_Congress)" title="Reconciliation (United States Congress)">Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddick%27s_Senate_Procedure" title="Riddick's Senate Procedure">Riddick's Senate Procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_hold" title="Senate hold">Senate hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seniority_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Seniority in the United States Senate">Seniority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rules_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Standing Rules of the United States Senate">Standing Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tie-breaking_votes_cast_by_the_vice_president_of_the_United_States" title="List of tie-breaking votes cast by the vice president of the United States">Tie-breaking votes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Traditions of the United States Senate">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty Clause</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_committee" title="United States congressional committee">Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairperson">Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ranking_member" title="Ranking member">ranking member</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_the_Whole_(United_States_House_of_Representatives)" title="Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)">Of the Whole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_conference_committee" title="United States congressional conference committee">Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_petition" title="Discharge petition">Discharge petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_hearing" title="United States congressional hearing">Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markup_(legislation)" title="Markup (legislation)">Markup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_oversight" title="Congressional oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_congressional_joint_committees" title="List of United States congressional joint committees">List (Joint)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_House_of_Representatives_committees" title="List of United States House of Representatives committees">List (House)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_committees" title="List of United States Senate committees">List (Senate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Select_or_special_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Select or special committee (United States Congress)">Select and special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_committee_(United_States_Congress)" title="Standing committee (United States Congress)">Standing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_subcommittee" title="United States congressional subcommittee">Subcommittees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Items</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavel#United_States_Congress_gavels" title="Gavel">Gavels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Mace of the United States House of Representatives">Mace of the House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the United States Senate">Seal of the Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="History of the United States Congress">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="History of the United States House of Representatives">House history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._representative_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. representative bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="List of Speaker of the United States House of Representatives elections">speaker elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="History of the United States Senate">Senate history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_election_disputes" title="List of United States Senate election disputes">election disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._senator_bibliography_(congressional_memoirs)" title="U.S. senator bibliography (congressional memoirs)">memoirs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall (1789–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall (1790–1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Brick_Capitol" title="Old Brick Capitol">Old Brick Capitol (1815–1819)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"><i>Biographical Directory</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government_in_the_United_States" title="Divided government in the United States">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly" title="Congressional Quarterly">Congressional Quarterly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roll_Call" title="Roll Call">Roll Call</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Capitol_Complex_(Capitol_Hill)547" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Complex" title="United States Capitol Complex">Capitol Complex</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislative<br />offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_staff" title="Congressional staff">Congressional staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Gov. Accountability Office (GAO)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comptroller_General_of_the_United_States" title="Comptroller General of the United States">Comptroller General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architect_of_the_Capitol" title="Architect of the Capitol">Architect of the Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Cap. Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Police_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol Police Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Guide_Service" title="United States Capitol Guide Service">Cap. Guide Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congr. Budget Office (CBO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Workplace_Rights" title="Office of Congressional Workplace Rights">Congr. Workplace Rights (OCWR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov. Publishing Office (GPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Technology_Assessment" title="Office of Technology Assessment">Technology Assessment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Library" title="United States Senate Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Congressional_Ethics" title="Office of Congressional Ethics">Congr. Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Emergency_Planning,_Preparedness,_and_Operations" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations">Emergency Planning, Preparedness, and Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Office_of_Interparliamentary_Affairs" title="United States House of Representatives Office of Interparliamentary Affairs">Interparliamentary Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Law_Revision_Counsel" title="Office of the Law Revision Counsel">Law Revision Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Legislative_Counsel" title="Office of the Legislative Counsel">Legislative Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_Library" title="United States House of Representatives Library">Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Secretary of the United States Senate">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Chaplain of the United States Senate">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Curator of the United States Senate">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Historian of the United States Senate">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Librarian" title="United States Senate Librarian">Librarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Page of the United States Senate">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Parliamentarian of the United States Senate">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate">Sergeant at Arms and Doorkeeper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chaplain of the United States House of Representatives">Chaplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Administrative_Officer_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Chief Administrative Officer of the United States House of Representatives">Chief Administrative Officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Doorkeeper of the United States House of Representatives">Doorkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_Floor_Operations" title="Director of Floor Operations">Floor Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_Services_Chief" title="Floor Services Chief">Floor Services Chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Historian of the United States House of Representatives">Historian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Page of the United States House of Representatives">Pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Page_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="House Page Board">Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentarian_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Parliamentarian of the United States House of Representatives">Parliamentarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmaster_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Postmaster of the United States House of Representatives">Postmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Clerk_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Reading Clerk of the United States House of Representatives">Reading Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant_at_Arms_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives">Sergeant at Arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of<br />Congress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="Congressional Research Service reports">reports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Register_of_Copyrights" title="Register of Copyrights">Register of Copyrights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Library_of_Congress" title="Law Library of Congress">Law Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Poet_Laureate" title="United States Poet Laureate">Poet Laureate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THOMAS" title="THOMAS">THOMAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Gov.<br />Publishing Office</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Printer_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Printer of the United States">Public Printer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Pictorial_Directory" title="Congressional Pictorial Directory">Congressional Pictorial Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Record" title="Congressional Record">Congressional Record</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Official_Congressional_Directory" title="Official Congressional Directory">Official Congressional Directory</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Manual" title="United States Government Manual">U.S. Gov. Manual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congressional_Serial_Set" title="United States Congressional Serial Set">Serial Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Statutes at Large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artwork_at_the_United_States_Capitol_complex" title="List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex">List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_portraits_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives_collection_(A-J)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)">List of portraits in the United States House of Representatives collection (A-J)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Prayer_Room" title="Congressional Prayer Room">Congressional Prayer Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_crypt" title="United States Capitol crypt">Crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Columns" title="Hall of Columns">Hall of Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">Statuary Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">Visitor Center</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Freedom" title="Statue of Freedom">Statue of Freedom</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(painting)" title="Declaration of Independence (painting)"><i>Declaration of Independence</i> painting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis_of_Democracy" title="Apotheosis of Democracy">Apotheosis of Democracy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_Civilization_Pediment" title="Progress of Civilization Pediment">Progress of Civilization Pediment</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Reading_of_the_Emancipation_Proclamation_of_President_Lincoln" title="First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln">First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation of President Lincoln</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Doors" title="Columbus Doors">Columbus Doors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Westward_the_Course_of_Empire_Takes_Its_Way" title="Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way">Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President%27s_Room" title="Vice President's Room">VP's Room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Vice_Presidential_Bust_Collection" title="United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection">VP Bust Collection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_buildings" title="Congressional office buildings">Office<br />buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirksen_Senate_Office_Building" title="Dirksen Senate Office Building">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Senate_Office_Building" title="Hart Senate Office Building">Hart</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountains_and_Clouds" title="Mountains and Clouds">Mountains and Clouds</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Senate_Office_Building" title="Russell Senate Office Building">Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Office_Building_Commission" title="House Office Building Commission">Building Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_office_lottery" title="Congressional office lottery">office lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannon_House_Office_Building" title="Cannon House Office Building">Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_House_Office_Building" title="Ford House Office Building">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longworth_House_Office_Building" title="Longworth House Office Building">Longworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_House_Office_Building" title="O'Neill House Office Building">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayburn_House_Office_Building" title="Rayburn House Office Building">Rayburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Staff_Health_and_Fitness_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Staff Health and Fitness Facility">Health and Fitness Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recording_Studio_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Recording Studio of the United States House of Representatives">House Recording Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_chamber" title="United States Senate chamber">Senate chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Power_Plant" title="Capitol Power Plant">Power Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Senate_Page_Residence" title="Daniel Webster Senate Page Residence">Webster Page Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_subway_system" title="United States Capitol subway system">Subway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Redistricting_in_the_United_States97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Redistricting_(US)" title="Template:Redistricting (US)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Redistricting_(US)" title="Template talk:Redistricting (US)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Redistricting_(US)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Redistricting (US)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Redistricting_in_the_United_States97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By cycle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1960 United States redistricting cycle">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1970 United States redistricting cycle">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1980 United States redistricting cycle">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="1990 United States redistricting cycle">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2000 United States redistricting cycle">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2010 United States redistricting cycle">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_redistricting_cycle" title="2020 United States redistricting cycle">2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Alabama" title="Redistricting in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Arizona" title="Redistricting in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Arkansas" title="Redistricting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_California" title="Redistricting in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Redistricting in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Michigan" title="Redistricting in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_North_Carolina" title="Redistricting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Ohio" title="Redistricting in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Redistricting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Texas" title="Redistricting in Texas">Texas</a> (<a href="/wiki/2003_Texas_redistricting" title="2003 Texas redistricting">2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Virginia" title="Redistricting in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Redistricting_Commission" title="Washington State Redistricting Commission">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Redistricting_Committee" title="National Democratic Redistricting Committee">National Democratic Redistricting Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REDMAP" title="REDMAP">REDMAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_electoral_redistricting_case_law" title="Category:United States electoral redistricting case law">Case law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Congressional apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering_in_the_United_States" title="Gerrymandering in the United States">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistricting_commission" title="Redistricting commission">Redistricting commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Case_law_related_to_redistricting_in_the_United_States137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USRedistrictinglaw" title="Template:USRedistrictinglaw"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USRedistrictinglaw" title="Template talk:USRedistrictinglaw"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USRedistrictinglaw" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USRedistrictinglaw"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Case_law_related_to_redistricting_in_the_United_States137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Case law related to <a href="/wiki/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">redistricting in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equal population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gray_v._Sanders" title="Gray v. Sanders">Gray v. Sanders</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Mann" title="Davis v. Mann">Davis v. Mann</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucas_v._Forty-Fourth_Gen._Assembly_of_Colorado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado (page does not exist)">Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fortson_v._Toomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fortson v. Toomb (page does not exist)">Fortson v. Toomb</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burns_v._Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burns v. Richardson (page does not exist)">Burns v. Richardson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avery_v._Midland_County" title="Avery v. Midland County">Avery v. Midland County</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kirkpatrick_v._Preisler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kirkpatrick v. Preisler (page does not exist)">Kirkpatrick v. Preisler</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wells_v._Rockefeller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wells v. Rockefeller (page does not exist)">Wells v. Rockefeller</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadley_v._Junior_College_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadley v. Junior College District (page does not exist)">Hadley v. Junior College District</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahan_v._Howell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahan v. Howell (page does not exist)">Mahan v. Howell</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salyer_Land_Co._v._Tulare_Water_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District (page does not exist)">Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaffney_v._Cummings" title="Gaffney v. Cummings">Gaffney v. Cummings</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Weiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Weiser (page does not exist)">White v. Weiser</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chapman_v._Meier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chapman v. Meier (page does not exist)">Chapman v. Meier</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Carroll_Parish_Sch._Bd._v._Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall (page does not exist)">East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ball_v._James&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ball v. James (page does not exist)">Ball v. James</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karcher_v._Daggett" title="Karcher v. Daggett">Karcher v. Daggett</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Thomson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brown v. Thomson (page does not exist)">Brown v. Thomson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Estimate_of_City_of_New_York_v._Morris" title="Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris">Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cox_v._Larios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cox v. Larios (page does not exist)">Cox v. Larios</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennant_v._Jefferson_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennant v. Jefferson County">Tennant v. Jefferson County</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evenwel_v._Abbott" title="Evenwel v. Abbott">Evenwel v. Abbott</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partisan gerrymandering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaffney_v._Cummings" title="Gaffney v. Cummings">Gaffney v. Cummings</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens_v._Perry" title="League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry">League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Lamone v. Benisek</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racial gerrymandering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wright_v._Rockefeller" title="Wright v. Rockefeller">Wright v. Rockefeller</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turner_v._Fouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turner v. Fouche (page does not exist)">Turner v. Fouche</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Connor_v._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connor v. Johnson (page does not exist)">Connor v. Johnson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ely_v._Klahr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ely v. Klahr (page does not exist)">Ely v. Klahr</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Whitcomb_v._Chavis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whitcomb v. Chavis (page does not exist)">Whitcomb v. Chavis</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._United_States" title="City of Richmond v. United States">City of Richmond v. United States</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Carroll_Parish_Sch._Bd._v._Marshall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall (page does not exist)">East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beer_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beer v. United States (page does not exist)">Beer v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Jewish_Organizations_v._Carey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Jewish Organizations v. Carey (page does not exist)">United Jewish Organizations v. Carey</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wise_v._Lipscomb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wise v. Lipscomb (page does not exist)">Wise v. Lipscomb</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mobile_v._Bolden" title="Mobile v. Bolden">Mobile v. Bolden</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rome_v._United_States" title="City of Rome v. United States">City of Rome v. United States</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Lodge" title="Rogers v. Lodge">Rogers v. Lodge</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Escambia_County_v._McMillan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Escambia County v. McMillan (page does not exist)">Escambia County v. McMillan</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mississippi_Republican_Executive_Committee_v._Brooks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks (page does not exist)">Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornburg_v._Gingles" title="Thornburg v. Gingles">Thornburg v. Gingles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Roemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Roemer (page does not exist)">Clark v. Roemer</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chisom_v._Roemer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chisom v. Roemer (page does not exist)">Chisom v. Roemer</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houston_Lawyers%27_Association_v._Attorney_General_of_Texas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas (page does not exist)">Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Presley_v._Etowah_County_Comm%27n" title="Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n">Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Growe_v._Emison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Growe v. Emison (page does not exist)">Growe v. Emison</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voinovich_v._Quilter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Voinovich v. Quilter (page does not exist)">Voinovich v. Quilter</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Reno" title="Shaw v. Reno">Shaw v. Reno</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holder_v._Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holder v. Hall (page does not exist)">Holder v. Hall</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_v._De_Grandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson v. De Grandy (page does not exist)">Johnson v. De Grandy</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Hays&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Hays (page does not exist)">United States v. Hays</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._Johnson" title="Miller v. Johnson">Miller v. Johnson</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaw_v._Hunt" title="Shaw v. Hunt">Shaw v. Hunt</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Vera" title="Bush v. Vera">Bush v. Vera</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopez_v._Monterey_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopez v. Monterey County (page does not exist)">Lopez v. Monterey County</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reno_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (page does not exist)">Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abrams_v._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abrams v. Johnson (page does not exist)">Abrams v. Johnson</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopez_v._Monterey_County&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopez v. Monterey County (page does not exist)">Lopez v. Monterey County</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunt_v._Cromartie" title="Hunt v. Cromartie">Hunt v. Cromartie</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reno_v._Bossier_Parish_School_Board&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board (page does not exist)">Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinkfield_v._Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinkfield v. Kelley">Sinkfield v. Kelley</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Easley_v._Cromartie" title="Easley v. Cromartie">Easley v. Cromartie</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Georgia_v._Ashcroft" title="Georgia v. Ashcroft">Georgia v. Ashcroft</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens_v._Perry" title="League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry">League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartlett_v._Strickland" title="Bartlett v. Strickland">Bartlett v. Strickland</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Legislative_Black_Caucus_v._Alabama" title="Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama">Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bethune-Hill_v._Virginia_State_Bd._of_Elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections">Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Harris" title="Cooper v. Harris">Cooper v. Harris</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Covington_(2017)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina v. Covington (2017)">North Carolina v. Covington</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_v._Perez" title="Abbott v. Perez">Abbott v. Perez</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_v._Covington_(2018)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina v. Covington (2018)">North Carolina v. Covington</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Legislature_v._Wisconsin_Elections_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission">Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Milligan" title="Allen v. Milligan">Allen v. Milligan</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP" title="Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP">Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chappelle_v._Greater_Baton_Rouge_Airport_Dist.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist. (page does not exist)">Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upham_v._Seamon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upham v. Seamon (page does not exist)">Upham v. Seamon</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quinn_v._Millsap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quinn v. Millsap (page does not exist)">Quinn v. Millsap</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utah_v._Evans" title="Utah v. Evans">Utah v. Evans</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Branch_v._Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Branch v. Smith (page does not exist)">Branch v. Smith</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lance_v._Dennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance v. Dennis">Lance v. Dennis</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lance_v._Coffman" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance v. Coffman">Lance v. Coffman</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Perez" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Perez">Perry v. Perez</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_v._McManus" title="Shapiro v. McManus">Shapiro v. McManus</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wittman_v._Personhuballah" title="Wittman v. Personhuballah">Wittman v. Personhuballah</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Delegates_v._Bethune-Hill" title="Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill">Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&oldid=1266561758">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_congressional_apportionment&oldid=1266561758</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_House_of_Representatives" 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