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id="toc-Channels_for_whistleblowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channels_for_whistleblowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Channels for whistleblowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channels_for_whistleblowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Internal channels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 External channels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third-party_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third-party_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Third-party channels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third-party_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_versus_public_sectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_versus_public_sectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Private versus public sectors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_versus_public_sectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Private-sector_whistleblowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private-sector_whistleblowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.1 Private-sector whistleblowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private-sector_whistleblowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_sector_whistleblowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_sector_whistleblowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.2 Public sector whistleblowing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_sector_whistleblowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whistleblowing_in_the_scientific_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistleblowing_in_the_scientific_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3.3 Whistleblowing in the scientific community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistleblowing_in_the_scientific_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Risks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attitudes_toward_whistleblowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attitudes_toward_whistleblowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Attitudes toward whistleblowers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attitudes_toward_whistleblowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Psychological impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Motivations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_protection_for_whistleblowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_protection_for_whistleblowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Legal protection for whistleblowers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_protection_for_whistleblowers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal protection for whistleblowers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_protection_for_whistleblowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Jamaica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Iran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Netherlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 New Zealand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Switzerland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.11 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.12 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.13 Other countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advocacy_for_protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advocacy_for_protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.14 Advocacy for protection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advocacy_for_protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Methods used </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods_used-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methods used subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methods_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whistleblowing_hotline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whistleblowing_hotline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Whistleblowing hotline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whistleblowing_hotline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Whistleblower" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Whistleblower (disambiguation)">Whistleblower (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_whistleblowers" title="List of whistleblowers">List of whistleblowers</a></div> Whistleblowing (also whistle-blowing or whistle blowing) is the activity of a person, often an employee, revealing information about activity within a private or public organization that is deemed illegal, immoral, illicit, unsafe or fraudulent. Whistleblowers can use a variety of internal or external channels to communicate information or allegations. Over 83% of whistleblowers report internally to a supervisor, <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_compliance" title="Regulatory compliance">compliance</a>, or a neutral third party within the company, hoping that the company will address and correct the issues. A whistleblower can also bring allegations to light by communicating with external entities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">media</a>, government, or law enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some countries legislate as to what constitutes a protected disclosure, and the permissible methods of presenting a disclosure. Whistleblowing can occur in the private sector or the public sector. Whistleblowers often face retaliation for their disclosure, including termination of employment. Several other actions may also be considered retaliatory, including an unreasonable increase in workloads, reduction of hours, preventing task completion, <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">mobbing</a> or bullying.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Laws in many countries attempt to provide protection for whistleblowers and regulate whistleblowing activities. These laws tend to adopt different approaches to public and private sector whistleblowing. Whistleblowers do not always achieve their aims; for their claims to be credible and successful, they must have compelling evidence so that the government or regulating body can investigate them and hold corrupt companies and/or government agencies to account.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> To succeed, they must also persist in their efforts over what can often be years, in the face of extensive, coordinated and prolonged efforts that institutions can deploy to silence, discredit, isolate, and erode their financial and mental well-being. Whistleblowers have been likened to ‘Prophets at work’,<a href="#cite_note-Prophets_at_work-4">[4]</a> but many lose their jobs, are victims of campaigns to discredit and isolate them, suffer financial and mental pressures, and some lose their lives. Such examples include <a href="/wiki/John_Barnett_(whistleblower)" title="John Barnett (whistleblower)">John Barnett</a>, who died on the day he was due to give deposition testimony as a whistleblower against aerospace company <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Kelly_(weapons_expert)" title="David Kelly (weapons expert)">David Kelly</a>, who was found dead two days after the UK parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_Security_Committee_of_Parliament" title="Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament">Intelligence and Security</a> and Foreign Affairs Select Committees publicized that he would be called about the dubious claims used to convince the UK Parliament to vote to invade Iraq. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_term">Origin of term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin of term">edit</a>]</div> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Civil_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil activist">civic activist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a> is said to have coined the phrase in the early 1970s<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> in order to avoid the negative connotations found in other words such as "informer" and "snitch".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, the origins of the word date back to the 19th century. The word is linked to the use of a whistle to alert the public or a crowd about such problems as the commission of a crime or the breaking of rules during a game. The phrase whistle blower attached itself to <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement officials</a> in the 19th century because they used a whistle to alert the public or fellow police.<a href="#cite_note-Meaning_and_origin-7">[7]</a> Sports <a href="/wiki/Referee" title="Referee">referees</a>, who use a whistle to indicate an illegal or <a href="/wiki/Foul_(sports)" title="Foul (sports)">foul play</a>, also were called whistleblowers.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> An 1883 story in Wisconsin's <a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Janesville,_Wisconsin)" title="The Gazette (Janesville, Wisconsin)">Janesville Gazette</a> called a policeman who used his whistle to alert citizens about a riot a whistle blower, without the hyphen. By the year 1963, the phrase had become a hyphenated word, whistle-blower. The word began to be used by journalists in the 1960s for people who revealed wrongdoing, such as Nader. It eventually evolved into the compound word whistleblower.<a href="#cite_note-Meaning_and_origin-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channels_for_whistleblowing">Channels for whistleblowing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Channels for whistleblowing">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_channels">Internal channels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Internal channels">edit</a>]</div> Most whistleblowers are internal whistleblowers, who report <a href="/wiki/Misconduct" title="Misconduct">misconduct</a> on a fellow employee or superior within their company through anonymous reporting mechanisms often called <a href="/wiki/Hotline" title="Hotline">hotlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Within such situations, circumstances and factors can cause a person to either act on the spot to prevent/stop illegal and unacceptable behavior, or report it.<a href="#cite_note-Rowe-11">[11]</a> There are some reasons to believe that people are more likely to take action with respect to unacceptable behavior, within an organization, if there are complaint systems that offer not just options dictated by the planning and control organization, but a choice of options for absolute confidentiality.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Anonymous reporting mechanisms,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> as mentioned previously, help foster a climate whereby employees are more likely to report or seek guidance regarding potential or actual wrongdoing without fear of retaliation. The coming anti-bribery management systems standard, <a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">ISO 37001</a>,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> includes anonymous reporting as one of the criteria for the new standard. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_channels">External channels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External channels">edit</a>]</div> External whistleblowers report misconduct to outside people or entities. In these cases, depending on the nature of the information, whistleblowers may report the misconduct to lawyers, the media, law enforcement or <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">watchdog agencies</a>, or other local, state, or federal agencies. In some cases, external whistleblowing is encouraged by offering monetary rewards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third-party_channels">Third-party channels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Third-party channels">edit</a>]</div> Sometimes organizations use external agencies to create a secure and anonymous reporting channel for their employees, often referred to as a whistleblowing hotline. In addition to protecting the identity of the whistleblower, these services are designed to inform the individuals at the top of the organizational pyramid of misconduct, usually via integration with specialized <a href="/wiki/Case_management_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Case management software">case management software</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Implementing a third-party solution is often the easiest way for an organization to promote compliance, or to offer a whistleblowing policy where one did not previously exist. An increasing number of companies and authorities use third-party services in which the whistleblower is also anonymous to the third-party service provider, which is made possible via toll-free phone numbers and/or web or app-based solutions that apply <a href="/wiki/Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">asymmetrical encryption</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Private_versus_public_sectors">Private versus public sectors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Private versus public sectors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private-sector_whistleblowing">Private-sector whistleblowing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Private-sector whistleblowing">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private-sector</a> whistleblowing is arguably more prevalent and suppressed in society today.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> An example of private sector whistleblowing is when an employee reports to someone in a higher position such as a manager or to external factors, such as their lawyer or the police. Whistleblowing in the private sector is typically not high-profile or openly discussed in major news outlets, though occasionally, third parties expose human rights violations and exploitation of workers.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Many governments attempt to protect such whistleblowers. In the United States, for example, there are organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> (DOL) and laws such as the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes-Oxley Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federal_Sentencing_Guidelines" title="United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines">United States Federal Sentencing Guidelines</a> for Organizations (FSGO) that protect whistleblowers in the private sector. Thus, despite government efforts to help regulate the private sector, the employees must still weigh their options. They either expose the company and stand the moral and ethical high ground; or expose the company, lose their job, their reputation and potentially the ability to be employed again. According to a study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>, out of three hundred whistleblowers studied, sixty-nine percent had foregone that exact situation and were either fired or forced to retire after taking the ethical high ground. It is outcomes like these that make it all that much harder to accurately track the prevalence of whistleblowing in the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_sector_whistleblowing">Public sector whistleblowing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public sector whistleblowing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praha,_Magistr%C3%A1t,_konference,_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg/180px-Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg/270px-Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg/360px-Praha%2C_Magistr%C3%A1t%2C_konference%2C_Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="4770" /></a><figcaption>Czech whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Libor_Mich%C3%A1lek" title="Libor Michálek">Libor Michálek</a> was fired from his position after exposing high-level corruption.</figcaption></figure> Public sector whistleblowing is connected to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Public_service_motivation" title="Public service motivation">public service motivation</a>, where a public servant's <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruistic</a> alignment to the people or communities they service overrides their adherence to their employer's rules.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> This connection has been demonstrated by research in many different countries, including Poland,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Thailand<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and the United States of America.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Recognition of the value of public sector whistleblowing has been growing over the last 50 years. Many jurisdictions have passed legislation to protect public service whistleblowing in part as a way to address unethical behaviour and corruption within public service agencies.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> In the United States, for example, both state and <a href="/wiki/Federal_statute" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal statute">Federal statutes</a> have been put in place to protect whistleblowers from retaliation. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled that public sector whistleblowers are protected from retaliation by their <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> rights.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman-2005-24">[24]</a> After many federal whistleblowers were covered in high-profile media cases, laws were finally introduced to protect government whistleblowers. These laws were enacted to help prevent corruption and encourage people to expose misconduct, illegal, or dishonest activity for the good of society.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> People who choose to act as whistleblowers often suffer <a href="/wiki/Retaliation" class="mw-redirect" title="Retaliation">retaliation</a> from their employer. They most likely are fired because they are an <a href="/wiki/At-will_employee" class="mw-redirect" title="At-will employee">at-will employee</a>, which means they can be fired without a reason. There are exceptions in place for whistleblowers who are at-will employees. Even without a statute, numerous decisions encourage and protect whistleblowing on grounds of public policy. Statutes state that an employer shall not take any adverse employment actions against any employee in retaliation for a good-faith report of a whistleblowing action or cooperating in any way in an investigation, proceeding, or lawsuit arising under said action.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman-2005-24">[24]</a> Federal whistleblower legislation includes a statute protecting all government employees. In the federal civil service, the government is prohibited from taking, or threatening to take, any personnel action against an employee because the employee disclosed information that they reasonably believed showed a violation of law, gross mismanagement, and gross waste of funds, abuse of authority, or a substantial and specific danger to <a href="/wiki/Public_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Public safety">public safety</a> or health. To prevail on a claim, a federal employee must show that a protected disclosure was made, that the accused official knew of the disclosure, that retaliation resulted, and that there was a genuine connection between the retaliation and the employee's action.<a href="#cite_note-Lehman-2005-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whistleblowing_in_the_scientific_community">Whistleblowing in the scientific community</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Whistleblowing in the scientific community">edit</a>]</div> Research fraud involves data, processes, or observations that were never there to begin with or later added on to fit a claim or narrative. A case involving the scientific community engaging in research fraudulence is that of <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt">Dr. Cyril Burt</a>. Dr Cyril Burt was a British psychologist who proposed that he had discovered a <a href="/wiki/Heritable" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritable">heritable</a> factor for intelligence based on studying twins.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Gillie" title="Oliver Gillie">Dr. Oliver Gillie</a>, a former colleague of Dr. Burt, inquired about Dr. Burt’s work, doubting the authenticity of the data and the certain twins on that Dr. Burt was basing his research. Dr. Gillies's inquiry revealed that there were discrepancies to Dr. Burt’s work with inconsistencies in the twin's birth dates  particularly with the absence of records for twins to participate in the study, the falsification of data, and the “invention of crucial facts to support his controversial theory that intelligence is largely inherited.” <a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>  This led to the eventual retraction of Dr. Burt’s work. <a href="/wiki/Data_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data manipulation">Data manipulation</a> is the changing or omitting of data or outcomes in such a way that the research is not accurately portrayed in the research record. <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Woo-Suk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwang Woo-Suk">Dr. Hwang Woo-Suk</a>, a South Korean <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> researcher gained international recognition for his groundbreaking work on cloning and stem cell research. Dr. Hwang had a claim to successfully clone human embryos and derived patient-specific stem cell lines, forwarding the field of regenerative medicine which was published in the <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Journal of Science.</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Dr. Kim Seon-Jung expressed his concerns regarding the accuracy of the research data and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Independent committees, as well as journalists, scrutinized the research data and methodology leading to an eventual retraction of his work.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Ethical violations can fall under the following: altering or making up new data to meet a specific goal, adjusting how data is shown or explained, looking at data in a biased manner, and leaving out parts about data analysis and conclusions. <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Macchiarini" title="Paolo Macchiarini">Dr. Paolo Macchiarini</a> is well-known within the scientific community as a thoracic surgeon and former regenerative researcher. Dr Macchiarini claimed to have made profound advancements in <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> transplantation by using synthetic tracheal scaffolds planted with the patient’s own stem cells. The goal was that the stem cells would eventually provide the patient with a suitable replacement trachea.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Dr. Karl-Henrik Grinnemo, a member of Dr. Machiarini’s research team, raised concerns about the accuracy of the reported results and the ethical conduct of the experiments. Dr. Macchiarini’s ethical violations include exaggeration of success, failure to disclose the adverse post-operational effects, and complications of the surgery. Patients experienced severe health problems; several died post-surgery.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The acts of Dr. Macchiarini led to the retractions of research articles from the <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">Lancet</a>, the termination of his academic positions, and <a href="/wiki/Criminal_inquiry" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal inquiry">criminal inquiries</a> in Sweden. It also sparked concerns over the supervision and control of clinical trials utilizing experimental techniques. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Risks">Risks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Risks">edit</a>]</div> Individual harm, damage to public trust, and threats to national security are three categories of harm that may come as a result of whistleblowing. Revealing a whistleblower's identity can automatically put their life in danger. Some media outlets associate words like "traitor" and "treason" with whistleblowers, and in many countries around the world, the punishment for treason is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">death penalty</a>, even if whoever allegedly committed treason may not have caused anyone physical harm. In some instances, whistleblowers must flee their country to avoid public scrutiny, threats of death or physical harm, and in some cases criminal charges. Whistleblowers are often protected under law from employer retaliation, but in many cases, punishment such as <a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">termination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suspension_(punishment)" title="Suspension (punishment)">suspension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demotion" title="Demotion">demotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wage_garnishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Wage garnishment">wage garnishment</a>, and/or harsh <a href="/wiki/Mistreatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistreatment">mistreatment</a> by other employees occurs.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A 2009 study found that up to 38% of whistleblowers experienced professional retaliation in some form, including wrongful termination.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following dismissal, whistleblowers may struggle to find employment due to damaged reputations, poor references, and <a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">blacklisting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">socioeconomic</a> impact of whistleblowing through loss of livelihood and family strain may also impact whistleblowers' psychological well-being. Whistleblowers often experience immense stress as a result of litigation regarding harms such as unfair dismissal, which they often face with little or no support from unions. Whistleblowers who continue to pursue their concerns may also face long battles with official bodies such as regulators and government departments.<a href="#cite_note-Eye-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-34">[34]</a> Such bodies may reproduce the "institutional silence" adopted by employers, adding to whistleblowers' stress and difficulties.<a href="#cite_note-Parliament-35">[35]</a> Thus, whistleblowers often suffer great injustice that is never acknowledged or rectified.<a href="#cite_note-Lennane2-36">[36]</a> In a few cases, however, harm is done by the whistleblower to innocent people.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-2019-37">[37]</a> Whistleblowers can make unintentional mistakes, and investigations can be tainted by the fear of negative publicity.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-2019-37">[37]</a> An example occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Canadian health ministry</a>, when a new employee wrongly concluded that nearly every research contract she saw in 2012 involved malfeasance.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-2019-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_Columbia_Office_of_the_Ombudsperson-2017-38">[38]</a> The result was the sudden firing of seven people, false and public threats of a criminal investigation, and the death of one researcher by suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-2019-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_Columbia_Office_of_the_Ombudsperson-2017-38">[38]</a> The government ultimately paid the victims millions of dollars for lost pay, slander, and other harms, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">CA $</a>2.41 million spent on the subsequent 2015 investigation into the false charges.<a href="#cite_note-Gold-2019-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-British_Columbia_Office_of_the_Ombudsperson-2017-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attitudes_toward_whistleblowers">Attitudes toward whistleblowers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Attitudes toward whistleblowers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg/180px-Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg/270px-Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg/360px-Mordechai_Vanunu_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Vanunu" title="Mordechai Vanunu">Mordechai Vanunu</a> spent 18 years in prison, including more than 11 in solitary confinement.</figcaption></figure> Whistleblowers are seen by some as selfless martyrs for public interest and organizational accountability; others view them as "traitors" or "defectors". Some even accuse them of solely pursuing personal glory and fame, or view their behavior as motivated by greed in <a href="/wiki/Qui_tam" title="Qui tam">qui tam</a> cases.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Culturally it still has connotations of betrayal, from 'snitching' at one level to 'denunciations' at the other. Speaking out is difficult, especially in a culture where this is not promoted or even actively discouraged.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Some academics (such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Faunce" title="Thomas Faunce">Thomas Faunce</a>) feel that whistleblowers should at least be entitled to a <a href="/wiki/Rebuttable_presumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebuttable presumption">rebuttable presumption</a> that they are attempting to apply ethical principles in the face of obstacles and that whistleblowing would be more respected in <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a> systems if it had a firmer academic basis in <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> It is likely that many people do not even consider whistleblowing not only because of fear of retaliation but also because of fear of losing relationships both at and outside work.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Persecution of whistleblowers has become a serious issue in many parts of the world: <blockquote> Employees in academia, business or government might become aware of serious risks to health and the environment, but internal policies might pose threats of retaliation to those who report these early warnings. Private company employees in particular might be at risk of being fired, demoted, denied raises and so on for bringing environmental risks to the attention of appropriate authorities. Government employees could be at a similar risk for bringing threats to health or the environment to public attention, although perhaps this is less likely.<a href="#cite_note-late-43">[43]</a> </blockquote> There are examples of "early warning scientists" being harassed for bringing inconvenient truths about impending harm to the notice of the public and authorities.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> There have also been cases of young scientists being discouraged from entering controversial scientific fields for fear of <a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">harassment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-late-43">[43]</a> In order to help whistleblowers, private organizations have formed whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Legal_defense_fund" title="Legal defense fund">legal defense funds</a> or support groups. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/National_Whistleblower_Center" title="National Whistleblower Center">National Whistleblower Center</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> in the United States and Whistleblowers UK<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Concern_at_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Concern at Work">Public Concern at Work</a> (PCaW)<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> in the United Kingdom. Depending on the circumstances, it is not uncommon for whistleblowers to be ostracized by their coworkers, discriminated against by future potential employers, or even fired from their organization. A campaign directed at whistleblowers with the goal of eliminating them from the organization is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">mobbing</a>. It is an extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">workplace bullying</a> wherein the group is set against the targeted individual.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_impact">Psychological impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychological impact">edit</a>]</div> There is limited research on the psychological impacts of whistle-blowing. However, poor experiences with whistleblowing can cause a prolonged and prominent assault on the well-being of the whistleblower. As workers attempt to address concerns, they are often met with a wall of silence and hostility by management or colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a> is often reported by whistleblowers, and <a href="/wiki/Suicidal_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicidal thoughts">suicidal thoughts</a> may occur in up to about 10%.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lennane-51">[51]</a> General deterioration in health and self-care has been described.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The range of symptomatology shares many of the features of <a href="/wiki/Posttraumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Posttraumatic stress disorder">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>, though there is debate about whether the trauma experienced by whistleblowers meets diagnostic thresholds.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Increased <a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">stress</a>-related physical illness has also been described in whistleblowers.<a href="#cite_note-Lennane-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The stresses involved in whistleblowing can be huge and may deter whistleblowing out of fear of failure and reprisals.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Some whistleblowers speak of overwhelming and persistent distress, drug and alcohol problems, <a href="/wiki/Paranoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid">paranoid</a> behavior at work, acute <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_(mood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety (mood)">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightmares" class="mw-redirect" title="Nightmares">nightmares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flashback_(psychology)" title="Flashback (psychology)">flashbacks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">intrusive thoughts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-56">[56]</a> This fear may indeed be justified because an individual who feels threatened by whistleblowing may plan the career destruction of the "complainant" by reporting fictitious errors or rumors.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> This technique, labelled as "<a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a>", is a common approach used by organizations to manage employees who cause difficulty by raising concerns.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In extreme cases, this technique involves the organization or manager proposing that the complainant's mental health is unstable.<a href="#cite_note-Lennane2-36">[36]</a> Organizations also often attempt to <a href="/wiki/Ostracize" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostracize">ostracize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">isolate</a> whistleblowers by <a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">undermining</a> their concerns by suggesting that they are groundless, carrying out inadequate investigations, or ignoring them altogether. Whistleblowers may also be disciplined, suspended, and reported to professional bodies upon manufactured pretexts.<a href="#cite_note-Eye-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-first-34">[34]</a> Such extreme experiences of threat and loss inevitably cause severe distress and sometimes mental illness, sometimes lasting for years afterwards. This mistreatment also deters others from coming forward with concerns. Thus, poor practices remain hidden behind a wall of silence, and prevent any organization from experiencing the improvements that may be afforded by intelligent failure.<a href="#cite_note-Peters-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parliament-35">[35]</a> Some whistleblowers who break ranks with their organizations have had their mental stability questioned, such as <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Schoolcraft" title="Adrian Schoolcraft">Adrian Schoolcraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/NYPD" class="mw-redirect" title="NYPD">NYPD</a> veteran who alleged falsified crime statistics in his department and was forcibly committed to a mental institution.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Conversely, the emotional strain of a whistleblower investigation is devastating to the accused's family.<a href="#cite_note-tbo.com-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics">Ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethics">edit</a>]</div> Ethics is the set of moral principles that govern a person's or group's behavior. Deeper questions and theories of whistleblowing and why people choose to do so can be studied through an ethical approach. Whistleblowing is a topic of several myths and inaccurate definitions. Leading arguments in the ideological camp maintain that whistleblowing is the most basic of ethical traits and simply telling the truth to stop illegal harmful activities or fraud against the government/taxpayers.<a href="#cite_note-Delmas2015-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the opposite camp, many corporations and corporate or government leaders see whistleblowing as being disloyal for breaching confidentiality, especially in industries that handle sensitive client or patient information.<a href="#cite_note-Delmas2015-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Hundreds of laws grant protection to whistleblowers, but stipulations can easily cloud that protection and leave them vulnerable to retaliation and sometimes even threats and physical harm. However, the decision and action has become far more complicated with recent advancements in technology and communication.<a href="#cite_note-Delmas2015-61">[61]</a> The ethical implications of whistleblowing can be negative as well as positive. Some have argued that public sector whistleblowing plays an important role in the democratic process by resolving <a href="/wiki/Principal%E2%80%93agent_problem" title="Principal–agent problem">principal–agent problems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> However, sometimes employees may blow the whistle as an act of revenge. <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_O%27Leary" title="Rosemary O'Leary">Rosemary O'Leary</a> explains this in her short volume on a topic called guerrilla government. "Rather than acting openly, guerrillas often choose to remain "in the closet", moving clandestinely behind the scenes, salmon swimming upstream against the current of power. Over the years, I have learned that the motivations driving guerrillas are diverse. The reasons for acting range from the <a href="/wiki/Altruistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Altruistic">altruistic</a> (doing the right thing) to the seemingly petty (I was passed over for that promotion). Taken as a whole, their acts are as awe-inspiring as saving human lives out of a love of humanity and as trifling as slowing the issuance of a report out of spite or anger."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> For example, of the more than 1,000 whistleblower complaints that are filed each year with the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Inspector_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Office of the Inspector General of the United States Army">Pentagon's Inspector General</a>, about 97 percent are not substantiated.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It is believed throughout the professional world that an individual is bound to secrecy within their work sector. Discussions of whistleblowing and employee loyalty usually assume that the concept of loyalty is irrelevant to the issue or more commonly, that whistleblowing involves a moral choice that pits the loyalty that an employee owes an employer against the employee's responsibility to serve the public interest.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1992-67">[67]</a> Robert A. Larmer describes the standard view of whistleblowing in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Business_Ethics" title="Journal of Business Ethics">Journal of Business Ethics</a> by explaining that an employee possesses prima facie (based on the first impression; accepted as correct until proved otherwise) duties of loyalty and confidentiality to their employers and that whistleblowing cannot be justified except on the basis of a higher duty to the <a href="/wiki/Public_benefit" class="mw-redirect" title="Public benefit">public good</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larmer-1992-67">[67]</a> It is important to recognize that in any relationship which demands loyalty the relationship works both ways and involves mutual enrichment.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] The ethics of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden's</a> actions have been widely discussed and debated in news media and academia worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Snowden released <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> intelligence to the American people in an attempt to allow Americans to see the inner workings of the government. A person is diligently tasked with the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conundrum" class="extiw" title="wikt:conundrum">conundrum</a> of choosing to be loyal to the company or to blow the whistle on the company's wrongdoing. Discussions on whistleblowing generally revolve around three topics: attempts to define whistleblowing more precisely, debates about whether and when whistleblowing is permissible, and debates about whether and when one has an obligation to blow the whistle.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations">Motivations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Motivations">edit</a>]</div> Many whistleblowers have stated that they were motivated to take action to put an end to unethical practices after witnessing injustices in their businesses or organizations.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A 2009 study found that whistleblowers are often motivated to take action when they notice a sharp decline in ethical practices, as opposed to a gradual worsening.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> There are generally two metrics by which whistleblowers determine if a practice is <a href="/wiki/Unethical" class="mw-redirect" title="Unethical">unethical</a>. The first metric involves a violation of the organization's bylaws or written ethical policies. These violations allow individuals to concretize and rationalize blowing the whistle.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> On the other hand, "value-driven" whistleblowers are influenced by their personal codes of ethics or by <a href="/wiki/Public_service_motivation" title="Public service motivation">public service motivation</a> which comes from an alignment of personal, cultural and organisational values. In these cases, whistleblowers have been criticized for being driven by personal biases.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In addition to ethics, social and organizational pressure are motivating forces. A 2012 study shows that individuals are more likely to blow the whistle when others know about the wrongdoing, because they fear the consequences of keeping silent.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In cases where one person is responsible for wrongdoing, the whistleblower may file a formal report, rather than directly confronting the wrongdoer, because confrontation would be more emotionally and psychologically stressful.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Furthermore, individuals may be motivated to report unethical behavior when they believe their organizations will support them.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Professionals in management roles may feel responsibility to blow the whistle to uphold the values and rules of their organizations.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_protection_for_whistleblowers">Legal protection for whistleblowers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal protection for whistleblowers">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Whistleblowing" title="Special:EditPage/Whistleblowing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Public_interest_defence" title="Public interest defence">Public interest defence</a></div> Legal protection for whistleblowers varies from country to country and may depend on the country of the original activity, where and how secrets were revealed, and how they eventually became published or publicized. Over a dozen countries have now adopted comprehensive whistleblower protection laws that create mechanisms for reporting wrongdoing and provide legal protections. Over 50 countries have adopted more limited protections as part of their anti-corruption, freedom of information, or employment laws.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> For purposes of the English Wikipedia, this section emphasizes the English-speaking world and covers other regimes only insofar as they represent exceptionally greater or lesser protections. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_Australia" title="Whistleblower protection in Australia">Whistleblower protection in Australia</a></div> There are laws in a number of states.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The former Australian intelligence officer known as <a href="/wiki/Witness_K" class="mw-redirect" title="Witness K">Witness K</a>, who provided evidence of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93East_Timor_spying_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Australia–East Timor spying scandal">controversial spying operation</a> against the government of <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> in 2004, face the possibility of jail if convicted.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Whistleblowers Australia is an association for those who have exposed corruption or any form of malpractice, especially if they were then hindered or abused.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Public_Sector_Integrity_Commissioner" title="Public Sector Integrity Commissioner">Public Sector Integrity Commissioner</a> (PSIC)<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> provides a safe and confidential mechanism enabling public servants and the general public to disclose wrongdoings committed in the public sector. It also protects from reprisal public servants who have disclosed wrongdoing and those who have cooperated in investigations. The office's goal is to enhance public confidence in Canada's federal public institutions and in the integrity of public servants.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Mandated by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Servants_Disclosure_Protection_Act" title="Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act">Public Servants Disclosure Protection Act</a>, PSIC is a permanent and independent agent of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a>. The act, which came into force in 2007, applies to most of the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">federal public sector</a>, approximately 400,000 <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">public servants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> This includes government departments and agencies, parent Crown corporations, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> and other federal public sector bodies. Not all disclosures lead to an investigation as the act sets out the jurisdiction of the commissioner and gives the option not to investigate under certain circumstances. On the other hand, if PSIC conducts an investigation and finds no wrongdoing was committed, the commissioner must report his findings to the discloser and to the organization's chief executive. Also, reports of founded wrongdoing are presented before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> in accordance with the act. The act also established the Public Servants Disclosure Protection Tribunal (PSDPT) to protect public servants by hearing reprisal complaints referred by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Sector_Integrity_Commissioner" title="Public Sector Integrity Commissioner">Public Sector Integrity Commissioner</a>. The tribunal can grant remedies in favour of complainants and order disciplinary action against persons who take reprisals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: European Union">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> approved a "Whistleblower Protection Directive" containing broad <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> protections for whistleblowers in both the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private</a> sectors, including for journalists, in all <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a>. The Directive prohibits direct or indirect retaliation against employees, current and former, in the public sector and the private sector. The Directive's protections apply to employees, to volunteers, and to those who assist them, including to <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil society</a> organizations and to journalists who report on their evidence. In October 2021, the EU Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers, Equality and the Rule of Law emphasized that ministries, as legal entities in the public sector, are also explicitly required to establish internal reporting channels for their employees.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It provides equal rights for whistleblowers in the <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a> sector who challenge the denial or removal of their <a href="/wiki/Security_clearance" title="Security clearance">security clearances</a>. Also, whistleblowers are protected from <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">criminal prosecution</a> and corporate lawsuits for damages resulting from their whistleblowing and are provided with psychological support for dealing with harassment stress.<a href="#cite_note-commondreams.org-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Good_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Good government">Good government</a> observers have hailed the EU directive as setting "the global standard for <a href="/wiki/Best_practice" title="Best practice">best practice</a> rights protecting freedom of speech where it counts the most—challenging abuses of power that betray the <a href="/wiki/Public_trust" title="Public trust">public trust</a>," according to the U.S.-based <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project" title="Government Accountability Project">Government Accountability Project</a>. They have noted, however, that ambiguities remain in the directive regarding application in some areas, such as "duty speech", that is, when employees report the same information in the course of a job assignment, for example, to a supervisor, instead of whistleblowing as formal <a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">dissent</a>. In fact, duty speech is how the overwhelming majority of whistleblowing information gets communicated and where the free flow of information is needed for an organization's proper functioning. However, it is in response to such "duty speech" employee communication that the vast majority of retaliation against employees occurs. These observers have noted that the Directive must be understood as applying to protection against retaliation for such duty speech because without such an understanding the Directive will "miss the iceberg of what's needed".<a href="#cite_note-commondreams.org-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, several recent laws have established a protection regime for whistleblowers. Prior to 2016, there were several laws in force which created disparate legislation with sector-specific regimes. The 2016 law on transparency, the fight against corruption and modernization of economic life (known as the "Sapin 2 Law") provides for the first time a single legal definition of whistleblowers in France. It defines him or her as "an individual who discloses or reports, in a disinterested manner and in good faith, a crime or an offence, a serious and manifest breach of an international commitment duly ratified or approved by France, a unilateral act of an international organization adopted on the basis of such a commitment, of the law or regulations, or a serious threat or harm to general interest, which he or she has become personally aware of."<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> It excludes certain professional secrets such as national defense secrecy, medical secrecy or the secrecy of relations between a lawyer and his client. In 2022, two laws were passed to transpose the <a href="/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)" title="Directive (European Union)">European Directive</a> 2019/1937 of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law. One of them strengthens the role of the <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9fenseur_des_droits" class="mw-redirect" title="Défenseur des droits">Défenseur des droits</a> - the French <a href="/wiki/Ombudsman" title="Ombudsman">ombudsman</a> - tasked with advising and protecting whistleblowers. The second amends the Sapin 2 law to bring it into line with the directive and adds substantial guarantees not included in the directive among which:<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <ul><li>The definition of whistleblowing in force under the "Sapin 2 Law" – which includes whistleblowing not based on work - has been maintained.</li> <li>The protection applies to any natural person who facilitates or assists whistleblowers – as required in the directive – but also to entities such as NGOs (<a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organizations</a>) or trade unions, which act as a facilitator. They are offered the same level of protection.</li> <li>Military personnel will now be afforded the same level of protection as other civil servants, so long as they do not disclose information that may harm national security.</li> <li>The law provides that whistleblowers may be granted financial assistance, when subjected to a suit, by making an application to a judge, who has the power to force the suing organization – the employer, for instance - to cover their legal fees and if their financial situation has deteriorated, their living expenses.</li> <li>The law provides that whistleblowers shall not incur criminal liability with respect to the acquisition of, or access to, the information that is reported or publicly disclosed. They cannot be sentenced for any offenses committed in order to gather proof or information as long as they obtained it in a lawful manner.</li> <li>The law strengthens existing sanctions against those who retaliate against whistleblowers: The criminal sanctions applicable to persons retaliating against whistleblowers can go up to three years of imprisonment and a fine of €45,000. The judges may impose €60,000 fines on companies taking a SLAPP action against a whistleblower.</li></ul> The law allows any person to apply to the Défenseur des droits for an opinion on his or her status as a whistleblower. A response should be given within six months after receiving the application. The organic law provides that the Défenseur des droits will publish a report every two years on the overall functioning of whistleblower protection addressed to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">French President of the Republic</a>, the President of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, and the President of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_(France)" title="Senate (France)">Senate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jamaica">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, the Protected Disclosures Act, 2011<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> received assent in March 2011. It creates a comprehensive system for the protection of whistleblowers in the public and private sectors. It is based on the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Disclosure_Act_1998" title="Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998">Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower protection in India">Whistleblower protection in India</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> has been considering adopting a whistleblower protection law for several years. In 2003, the Law Commission of India recommended the adoption of the Public Interest Disclosure (Protection of Informers) Act, of 2002.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In August 2010, the Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, 2010 was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, the lower house of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The Bill was approved by the cabinet in June 2011. The Public Interest Disclosure and Protection of Persons Making the Disclosures Bill, 2010 was renamed the Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 by the Standing Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law and Justice.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The Whistleblowers' Protection Bill, 2011 was passed by the Lok Sabha on 28 December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> and by the Rajyasabha on 21 February 2014. The Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011 received Presidential assent on 9 May 2014 and the same was subsequently published in the official gazette of the Government of India on 9 May 2014 by the Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Iran">edit</a>]</div> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Iranian government</a> made public whistleblowing punishable by law if a whistleblower reveals corruption to authorities that can't be proved.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">government of Ireland</a> committed to adopting a comprehensive whistleblower protection law in January 2012.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The Protected Disclosures Act (PDA) was passed in 2014. The law covers workers in the public and private sectors, and also includes contractors, trainees, agency staff, former employees and job seekers. A range of different types of misconduct may be reported under the law, which provides protections for workers from a range of employment actions as well as whistleblowers' identity.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Netherlands">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">The Netherlands</a> has measures in place to mitigate the risks of whistleblowing: The House for Whistleblowers (Huis voor klokkenluiders) offers advice and support to whistleblowers, and the Parliament passed a proposal in 2016 to establish this house for whistleblowers, to protect them from the severe negative consequences that they might endure (Kamerstuk, 2013).<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Dutch media organizations also provide whistleblower support; on 9 September 2013,<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> a number of major Dutch media outlets supported the launch of Publeaks,<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> which provides a secure website for people to leak documents to the media. Publeaks is designed to protect whistleblowers. It operates on the <a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a> software developed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hermes_Center_for_Transparency_and_Digital_Human_Rights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights (page does not exist)">Hermes Center for Transparency and Digital Human Rights</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> which supports whistleblower-oriented technologies internationally.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: New Zealand">edit</a>]</div> In New Zealand, the Protected Disclosures (Protection of Whistleblowers) Act 2022<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> provides protection to whistleblowers under some circumstances. A wide range of workers are covered, including employees, volunteers and contractors, and the legislation covers both public and private sector organisations.<a href="#cite_note-ombudsman.parliament.nz-108">[108]</a> Protection is limited to serious misconduct, and disclosure by workers it does not cover others who learn of serious misconduct. To be protected by the Act the disclosure must be to an Appropriate Authority<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> this means that disclosure to the media is not protected. Whistleblowers covered by the Act are protected from civil, criminal and disciplinary procedures as well as retaliation, in most cases their identities must be kept confidential.<a href="#cite_note-ombudsman.parliament.nz-108">[108]</a> The Act also requires that <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public service</a> agencies must have internal processes to support whistleblowing.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> This Act replaced and extended the <a href="/wiki/Protected_Disclosures_Act_2000" title="Protected Disclosures Act 2000">Protected Disclosures Act 2000</a>. The genesis of the legislation was advocacy by <a href="/wiki/John_Robertson_(ombudsman)" title="John Robertson (ombudsman)">Sir John Robertson</a> in the 1980s, at the time <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Ombudsman_(New_Zealand)" title="Office of the Ombudsman (New Zealand)">New Zealand's Chief Ombudsman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The subsequent high-profile case of whistleblower Neil Pugmire who raised concerns about the release of dangerous mental health patients led to the 2000 act.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Switzerland">edit</a>]</div> The Swiss <a href="/wiki/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)" title="Council of States (Switzerland)">Council of States</a> agreed on a draft amendment of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Code_of_Obligations" title="Swiss Code of Obligations">Swiss Code of Obligations</a> in September 2014. The draft introduces articles 321abis to 321asepties, 328(3), 336(2)(d).<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> An amendment of article 362(1) adds articles 321abis to 321asepties to the list of provisions that may not be overruled by labour and bargaining agreements. Article 321ater introduces an obligation on employees to report irregularities to their employer before reporting to an authority. An employee will, however, not breach his duty of good faith if he reports an irregularity to an authority and <ul><li>a period set by the employer and no longer than 60 days has lapsed since the employee has reported the incident to his employer, and</li> <li>the employer has not addressed the irregularity or it is obvious that the employer has insufficiently addressed the irregularity.</li></ul> Article 321aquarter provides that an employee may exceptionally directly report to an authority. Exceptions apply in cases <ul><li>where the employee is in a position to objectively demonstrate that a report to his employer will prove ineffective,</li> <li>where the employee has to anticipate dismissal,</li> <li>where the employee must assume that the competent authority will be hindered in investigating the irregularity, or</li> <li>where there is a direct and serious hazard to life, to health, to safety, or to the environment.</li></ul> The draft does not improve on protection against dismissal for employees who report irregularities to their employer.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The amendment does not provide for employees to <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymously</a> file their observations of irregularities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Disclosure_Act_1998" title="Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998">Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998</a></div> Whistleblowing in the United Kingdom is protected by the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Disclosure_Act_1998" title="Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998">Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998</a> (PIDA). Amongst other things, under the Act protected disclosures are permitted even if a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> has been signed between the employer and the former or current employee; a consultation on further restricting confidentiality clauses was held in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-consult-115">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_Speak_Up_Review" title="Freedom to Speak Up Review">Freedom to Speak Up Review</a> sets out 20 principles to bring about improvements to help whistleblowers in the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">NHS</a>, including: <ul><li>Culture of raising concerns – to make raising issues a part of the normal routine business of a well-led NHS organization.</li> <li>Culture free from bullying – freedom of staff to speak out relies on staff being able to work in a culture which is free from bullying.</li> <li>Training – every member of staff should receive training in their trust's approach to raising concerns and in receiving and acting on them.</li> <li>Support – all NHS trusts should ensure there is a dedicated person to whom concerns can be easily reported and without formality, a "speak up guardian".</li> <li>Support to find alternative employment in the NHS – where a worker who has raised a concern cannot, as a result, continue their role, the NHS should help them seek an alternative job.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(NHS)" title="Monitor (NHS)">Monitor</a> produced a whistleblowing policy in November 2015 that all NHS organizations in England are obliged to follow. It explicitly says that anyone bullying or acting against a whistleblower could be potentially liable to disciplinary action.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> An observational and interviewed-based study of more than 80 Guardians found that a lack of resources, especially time, reduced their ability to respond to concerns, and to analyse and learn from data. Guardians struggled to develop their role, and create a more positive culture in which staff felt free to voice concerns. Guardians found their role stressful and received little psychological support and as a result many did not intend to stay in their role for long.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_protection_in_the_United_States" title="Whistleblower protection in the United States">Whistleblower protection in the United States</a></div> Whistleblowing tradition in what would soon become the United States had a start in 1773 with <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> leaking a few letters in the <a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson affair</a>. The release of the communications from royal governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Thomas Hutchinson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Whately" title="Thomas Whately">Thomas Whately</a> led to a firing, a duel and arguably, both through the many general impacts of the leak and its role in convincing Franklin to join the radicals' cause, the taking of another important final step toward the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg/220px-Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg/330px-Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg/440px-Captain_Silas_S._Soule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silas_Soule" title="Silas Soule">Silas Soule</a>, a 19th century whistleblower of the <a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a> of Native Americans in 1864. Soule was murdered in what some believed was retaliation.</figcaption></figure> The first act of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> in favor of what later came to be called whistleblowing came in the <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins#Revolutionary_War_service" title="Esek Hopkins">1777-8 case</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shaw_(naval_officer)" title="Samuel Shaw (naval officer)">Samuel Shaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Marven" title="Richard Marven">Richard Marven</a>. The two seamen accused Commander in Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Esek Hopkins</a> of torturing British prisoners of war. The Congress dismissed Hopkins and then agreed to cover the defense cost of the pair after Hopkins filed a libel suit against them under which they were imprisoned. Shaw and Marven were subsequently cleared in a jury trial. To be considered a whistleblower in the United States, most federal whistleblower statutes require that <a href="/wiki/Federal_employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal employee">federal employees</a> have reason to believe their employer violated some law, rule, or regulation; testify in or commence a legal proceeding on the legally protected matter; or refuse to violate the law. In cases where whistleblowing on a specified topic is protected by statute, U.S. courts have generally held that such whistleblowers are protected from retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> However, a closely divided <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> decision, <a href="/wiki/Garcetti_v._Ceballos" title="Garcetti v. Ceballos">Garcetti v. Ceballos</a> (2006) held that the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> guarantees for government employees do not protect disclosures made within the scope of the employees' duties. In the United States, legal protections vary according to the subject matter of the whistleblowing and sometimes the state where the case arises.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In passing the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a>, the Senate Judiciary Committee found that whistleblower protections were dependent on the "patchwork and vagaries" of varying state statutes.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Still, a wide variety of federal and state laws protect employees who call attention to violations, help with enforcement proceedings, or refuse to obey unlawful directions. While this patchwork approach has often been criticized, it is also responsible for the United States having more dedicated whistleblowing laws than any other country.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The first US law adopted specifically to protect whistleblowers was the 1863 United States <a href="/wiki/False_Claims_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="False Claims Act">False Claims Act</a> (revised in 1986), which tried to combat fraud by suppliers of the United States government during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The act encourages whistleblowers by promising them a percentage of the money recovered by the government and by protecting them from employment retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-answers1-123">[123]</a> Another US law specifically protecting whistleblowers is the <a href="/wiki/Lloyd%E2%80%93La_Follette_Act" title="Lloyd–La Follette Act">Lloyd–La Follette Act</a> of 1912. It guaranteed the right of federal employees to furnish information to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>. The first US <a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environmental law</a> to include employee protection was the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a> of 1972. Similar protections are included in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the <a href="/wiki/Safe_Drinking_Water_Act" title="Safe Drinking Water Act">Safe Drinking Water Act</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">Resource Conservation and Recovery Act</a> (1976), <a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_Reorganization_Act_of_1974" title="Energy Reorganization Act of 1974">Energy Reorganization Act of 1974</a> (through 1978 amendment to protect nuclear whistleblowers), <a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or the Superfund Law)</a> (1980), and <a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act</a> (1990). Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the <a href="/wiki/Surface_Transportation_Assistance_Act" title="Surface Transportation Assistance Act">Surface Transportation Assistance Act</a> (1982) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act (PSIA) of 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Wendell_H._Ford_Aviation_Investment_and_Reform_Act_for_the_21st_Century" title="Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century">Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century</a> (AIR 21), and the <a href="/wiki/Sarbanes%E2%80%93Oxley_Act" title="Sarbanes–Oxley Act">Sarbanes–Oxley Act</a>, enacted on July 30, 2002 (for corporate fraud whistleblowers). More recent laws with some whistleblower protection include the <a href="/wiki/Patient_Protection_and_Affordable_Care_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act">Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act</a> (ACA), <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Improvement_Act" title="Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act">Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act</a> (CPSIA), Seamans Protection Act as amended by the Coast Guard Authorization Act of 2010 (SPA), <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Consumer Financial Protection Act</a> (CFPA), <a href="/wiki/FDA_Food_Safety_Modernization_Act" title="FDA Food Safety Modernization Act">FDA Food Safety Modernization Act</a> (FSMA), <a href="/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act" title="Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act">Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act</a> (MAP-21), and <a href="/wiki/Taxpayer_First_Act" title="Taxpayer First Act">Taxpayer First Act</a> (TFA). Investigation of retaliation against whistleblowers under 23 federal statutes falls under the jurisdiction of the Directorate of Whistleblower Protection Program (DWPP)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> (OSHA).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> New whistleblower statutes enacted by Congress, which are to be enforced by the Secretary of Labor, are generally delegated by a Secretary's Order<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> to the DWPP. The patchwork of laws means that victims of retaliation need to be aware of the laws at issue to determine the deadlines and means for making proper complaints. Some deadlines are as short as 10 days (Arizona State Employees have 10 days to file a "Prohibited Personnel Practice" Complaint before the Arizona State Personnel Board), while others are up to 300 days. Those who report a false claim against the federal government, and suffer adverse employment actions as a result, may have up to six years (depending on state law) to file a civil suit for remedies under the US <a href="/wiki/False_Claims_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="False Claims Act">False Claims Act</a> (FCA).<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Under a <a href="/wiki/Qui_tam" title="Qui tam">qui tam</a> provision, the "original source" for the report may be entitled to a percentage of what the government recovers from the offenders. However, the "original source" must also be the first to file a federal civil complaint for recovery of the federal funds fraudulently obtained, and must avoid publicizing the claim of fraud until the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Justice Department</a> decides whether to prosecute the claim itself. Such qui tam lawsuits must be filed under seal, using special procedures to keep the claim from becoming public until the federal government makes its decision on direct prosecution. Whistleblowers acting under the FCA are the primary enforcement tool used by the U.S. Department of Justice to target fraud, including overbilling to government programs like Medicare, Medicaid, and Tricare.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Snowden-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Edward_Snowden-2.jpg/180px-Edward_Snowden-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Edward_Snowden-2.jpg/270px-Edward_Snowden-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Edward_Snowden-2.jpg/360px-Edward_Snowden-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>American whistleblower <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a> has been used to prosecute whistleblowers in the United States including <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Manning" title="Chelsea Manning">Chelsea Manning</a>. In 2013, Manning was convicted of violating the Espionage Act and sentenced to 35 years in prison for leaking sensitive military documents to <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The same year, Snowden was charged with violating the Espionage Act for releasing confidential documents belonging to the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Section 922 of the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> (Dodd-Frank) in the United States incentivizes and protects whistleblowers.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> By Dodd-Frank, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</a> (SEC) financially rewards whistleblowers for providing original information about violations of federal securities laws that results in sanctions of at least $1M.<a href="#cite_note-Dodd-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Additionally, Dodd-Frank offers job security to whistleblowers by illegalizing termination or discrimination due to whistleblowing.<a href="#cite_note-Dodd-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The whistleblower provision has proven successful; after the enactment of Dodd-Frank, the SEC charged KBR (company) and BlueLinx Holdings Inc. (company) with violating the whistleblower protection Rule 21F-17 by having employees sign confidentiality agreements that threatened repercussions for discussing internal matters with outside parties.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Former President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> announced plans to dismantle Dodd-Frank in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Geewax-139">[139]</a> He created the Office of Accountability and Whistleblower Protection as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a>, which reportedly instead punished whistleblowers.<a href="#cite_note-Arnsdorf-140">[140]</a> The US Department of Labor's Whistleblower Protection Program can handle many types of retaliation claims based on legal actions an employee took or was perceived to take in the course of their employment.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Moreover, in the United States, if the retaliation occurred due to the perception of who the employee is as a person, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission may be able to accept a complaint of retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In an effort to overcome those fears, in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Dodd%E2%80%93Frank_Wall_Street_Reform_and_Consumer_Protection_Act" title="Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act">Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act</a> was put forth to provide great incentive to whistleblowers. For example, if a whistleblower gave information that could be used to legally recover over one million dollars, then they could receive ten to thirty percent of it. Whistleblowers have risen within the technology industry as it has expanded in recent years. Protection for these specific whistleblowers falls short; they often end up unemployed or in jail. The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act offers an incentive for private sector whistleblowers but only if they go to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a> with information.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> If a whistleblower acts internally, as they often do in the technology industry, they are not protected by the law. Scandals such as the <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly_(search_engine)" title="Dragonfly (search engine)">Dragonfly</a> search engine scandal and the <a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Pompliano</a> lawsuit against Snapchat have drawn attention to whistleblowers in technology. The federally recognized <a href="/wiki/National_Whistleblower_Appreciation_Day" title="National Whistleblower Appreciation Day">National Whistleblower Appreciation Day</a> is observed annually on July 30, on the anniversary of the country's original 1778 whistleblower protection law. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other countries">edit</a>]</div> South Africa adopted comprehensive legal protections for whistleblowers with the Protected Disclosures Act of 2000 (PDA). The PDA was further strengthened by the passage of an Amendment Act in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> A number of other countries have adopted comprehensive whistleblower laws, including <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>'s Whistleblowers Act (Act 720), 2006.<a href="#cite_note-Suuk-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hayes-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tumuramye-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> also have Whistleblower laws. The <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruled in 2008 that whistleblowing was protected as freedom of expression.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> set up a whistleblowing policy against corruption and other ills.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> formulated a <a href="/wiki/Whistle-blowing_policy_in_Nigeria" title="Whistle-blowing policy in Nigeria">Whistleblowing Policy</a> in 2016, but this has not yet been established as law. A new draft bill for Whistle-blower Protection was approved by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Nigeria" title="Cabinet of Nigeria">Federal Executive Council</a> (FEC) as of December 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Angbulu-158">[158]</a> The new draft whistleblower protection bill was presented to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nigeria)" title="National Assembly (Nigeria)">National Assembly</a> for consideration by President <a href="/wiki/Muhammadu_Buhari" title="Muhammadu Buhari">Muhammadu Buhari</a> in May 2023. Buhari's term as President ends on May 29, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Usman-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advocacy_for_protection">Advocacy for protection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Advocacy for protection">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a> advocate for stronger and more comprehensive legal rights and protections for whistleblowers. Among them are the <a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Project" title="Government Accountability Project">Government Accountability Project</a> (GAP), Blueprint for Free Speech,<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_Concern_at_Work" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Concern at Work">Public Concern at Work</a> (PCaW), the Open Democracy Advice Centre<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> or in France, the Maison des Lanceurs d'Alerte (MLA).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> An international network - the Whistleblowing International Network (WIN) - aimed at gathering these NGOs.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Serpico" title="Frank Serpico">Frank Serpico</a>, an <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department" title="New York City Police Department">NYPD</a> whistleblower, prefers to use the term "lamp-lighter" to describe the whistleblower's role as a watchman.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> The Lamplighter Project, which aims to encourage law enforcement officers to report corruption and abuse of power and helps them do so, is named based on Serpico's usage of the term.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_used">Methods used</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Methods used">edit</a>]</div> Whistleblowers who may be at risk from those they are exposing are now using <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a> methods and anonymous content-sharing software to protect their identity. <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a>, a highly accessible anonymity network, is frequently used by whistleblowers around the world.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Tor has undergone a number of large security updates to protect the identities of potential whistleblowers who may wish to leak information anonymously.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Recently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] specialized whistleblowing software like <a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a> and <a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a> has been built on top of the <a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a> technology to incentivize and simplify its adoption for secure whistleblowing.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whistleblowing_hotline">Whistleblowing hotline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Whistleblowing hotline">edit</a>]</div> In business, whistleblowing hotlines are usually deployed to mitigate risk, with the intention of providing secure, anonymous reporting for employees or third-party suppliers who may otherwise be fearful of reprisals from their employer. As such, implementing a corporate whistleblowing hotline is often seen as a step toward compliance and can also highlight an organization's stance on ethics.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> It is widely agreed that implementing a dedicated service for whistleblowers has a positive effect on <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">organizational culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> A whistleblowing hotline is sometimes also referred to as an ethics hotline or "Speak Up" hotline and is often facilitated by an <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">outsourced</a> service provider to encourage potential disclosers to come forward.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a> published findings to support the idea that whistleblowing hotlines are crucial to keeping companies healthy, stating, "More whistles blown are a sign of health, not illness."<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> One of the subplots for season 6 of the popular American TV show <a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a> focuses on <a href="/wiki/Andy_Bernard" title="Andy Bernard">Andy Bernard</a>, a salesman, discovering that his company's printers catch on fire, his struggling with how to deal with the news, and the company's response to the whistleblower going public. The 1998 film <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Insurrection" title="Star Trek: Insurrection">Star Trek: Insurrection</a> involves <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Picard" title="Jean-Luc Picard">Picard</a> and the <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(NCC-1701-E)" title="USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-E)">NCC-1701-E Enterprise</a> crew risking their <a href="/wiki/Starfleet" title="Starfleet">Starfleet</a> careers to blow the whistle on a <a href="/wiki/United_Federation_of_Planets" title="United Federation of Planets">Federation</a> conspiracy with the <a href="/wiki/Son%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Son'a">Son'a</a> to forcibly relocate the <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ku" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'ku">Ba'ku</a> from their planet. In 2014, the rock/industrial band <a href="/wiki/Laibach" title="Laibach">Laibach</a> released a song titled "The Whistleblowers" on their eighth studio album, <a href="/wiki/Spectre_(Laibach_album)" title="Spectre (Laibach album)">Spectre</a>. It was released on 3 March 2014 under <a href="/wiki/Mute_Records" title="Mute Records">Mute Records</a>. In 2016, the rock band <a href="/wiki/Thrice" title="Thrice">Thrice</a> released a song titled "Whistleblower" on the album <a href="/wiki/To_Be_Everywhere_Is_to_Be_Nowhere" title="To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere">To Be Everywhere Is to Be Nowhere</a>. The song is written from the perspective of Snowden.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In July 2018, <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> debuted a reality television show titled <a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_(U.S._TV_program)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower (U.S. TV program)">Whistleblower</a>, hosted by lawyer, former judge, and police officer <a href="/wiki/Alex_Ferrer" title="Alex Ferrer">Alex Ferrer</a>, that covers <a href="/wiki/Qui_tam" title="Qui tam">qui tam</a> suits under the <a href="/wiki/False_Claims_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="False Claims Act">False Claims Act</a> against companies that have allegedly defrauded the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Ellsberg#Films" title="Daniel Ellsberg">Daniel Ellsberg-related films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">Informant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supergrass (informer)">Supergrass (informer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benetech" title="Benetech">Benetech</a> Martus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complaint_system" title="Complaint system">Complaint system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Community_competition_law#Leniency_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community competition law">ECC: Leniency policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_Claims_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="False Claims Act">False Claims Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_whistleblowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear whistleblowers">Nuclear whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_whistleblowers" title="List of nuclear whistleblowers">List of nuclear whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_whistleblowers" title="List of whistleblowers">List of whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_EPA_whistleblowers" title="List of EPA whistleblowers">List of EPA whistleblowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misplaced_loyalty" title="Misplaced loyalty">Misplaced loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_retaliatory_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational retaliatory behavior">Organizational retaliatory behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_privacy" title="Right to privacy">Right to privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEC_Office_of_the_Whistleblower" title="SEC Office of the Whistleblower">SEC Office of the Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_the_messenger" title="Shooting the messenger">Shooting the messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower Office">Whistleblower Office</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChalouatCarrión-CrespoLicata" class="citation web cs1">Chalouat, Iheb; Carrión-Crespo, Carlos; Licata, Margherita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_718048.pdf">"Law and practice on protecting whistle-blowers in the public and financial services sectors"</a> (PDF). International Labour Office, Geneva. Retrieved 17 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+and+practice+on+protecting+whistle-blowers+in+the+public+and+financial+services+sectors&rft.pub=International+Labour+Office%2C+Geneva&rft.aulast=Chalouat&rft.aufirst=Iheb&rft.au=Carri%C3%B3n-Crespo%2C+Carlos&rft.au=Licata%2C+Margherita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---ed_dialogue%2F---sector%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_718048.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandekerckhove2006" class="citation book cs1">Vandekerckhove, Wim (2006). Whistleblowing and Organizational Social Responsibility: A Global Assessment. Ashgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing+and+Organizational+Social+Responsibility%3A+A+Global+Assessment.&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Vandekerckhove&rft.aufirst=Wim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2024" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Gabrielle (14 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.employmentlawworldview.com/u-s-supreme-court-holds-sox-whistleblowers-not-required-to-show-retaliatory-intent-us/">"U.S. Supreme Court Holds SOX Whistleblowers Not Required to Show Retaliatory Intent (US)"</a>. Employment Law Worldview. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Employment+Law+Worldview&rft.atitle=U.S.+Supreme+Court+Holds+SOX+Whistleblowers+Not+Required+to+Show+Retaliatory+Intent+%28US%29&rft.date=2024-02-14&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gabrielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.employmentlawworldview.com%2Fu-s-supreme-court-holds-sox-whistleblowers-not-required-to-show-retaliatory-intent-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prophets_at_work-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Prophets_at_work_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsRoberts2011" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, S.; Roberts, J. (27 December 2011). "Whistleblowers in Organisations: Prophets at Work?". Journal of Business Ethics. 110 (published 2012): 71–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-011-1148-7">10.1007/s10551-011-1148-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=Whistleblowers+in+Organisations%3A+Prophets+at+Work%3F&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2011-12-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-011-1148-7&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> See: New Scientist 9 December 1971, p. 69: "The Code [of Good Conduct of The British Computer Society] contains secrecy clauses that effectively prohibit Nader style whistle-blowing" </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Nader, Petkas, and Blackwell, Whistleblowing (1972). </li> <li id="cite_note-Meaning_and_origin-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meaning_and_origin_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meaning_and_origin_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/whistle-blower.html">"The meaning and origin of the expression: Whistle-blower"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Research%3A+Whistleblowers+Are+a+Sign+of+Healthy+Companies&rft.date=2018-11-14&rft.issn=0017-8012&rft.aulast=Stubben&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Welch%2C+Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2018%2F11%2Fresearch-whistleblowers-are-a-sign-of-healthy-companies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontemarano" class="citation web cs1">Montemarano, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429091609/http://www.baeblemusic.com/musicblog/4-25-2016/blood-on-the-sand-a-conversation-with-thrice.html">"'Blood on the Sand:' A Conversation With Thrice"</a>. Baeble Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baeblemusic.com/musicblog/4-25-2016/blood-on-the-sand-a-conversation-with-thrice.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Blood+on+the+Sand%3A%27+A+Conversation+With+Thrice&rft.pub=Baeble+Music&rft.aulast=Montemarano&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baeblemusic.com%2Fmusicblog%2F4-25-2016%2Fblood-on-the-sand-a-conversation-with-thrice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180718205236/https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2018/07/17/plaintiffs-lawyers-get-tv-time-as-cbs-launches-whistleblower-reality-show/?slreturn=20180618111845">"Plaintiffs Lawyers Get TV Time as CBS Launches Whistleblower Reality Show | The American Lawyer"</a>. The American Lawyer. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.com/americanlawyer/2018/07/17/plaintiffs-lawyers-get-tv-time-as-cbs-launches-whistleblower-reality-show/?slreturn=20180618111845">the original</a> on 18 July 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Lawyer&rft.atitle=Plaintiffs+Lawyers+Get+TV+Time+as+CBS+Launches+Whistleblower+Reality+Show+%7C+The+American+Lawyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.com%2Famericanlawyer%2F2018%2F07%2F17%2Fplaintiffs-lawyers-get-tv-time-as-cbs-launches-whistleblower-reality-show%2F%3Fslreturn%3D20180618111845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford,_C._Fred2001" class="citation book cs1">Alford, C. Fred (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whistleblowersbr00alfo">Whistleblowers: Broken Lives and Organizational Power</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3841-7"><bdi>978-0-8014-3841-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowers%3A+Broken+Lives+and+Organizational+Power&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3841-7&rft.au=Alford%2C+C.+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhistleblowersbr00alfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Arnold, Jason Ross (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Whistleblowers-Leakers-Their-Networks-Professional/dp/1538130564">Whistleblowers, Leakers, and Their Networks: From Snowden to Samizdat</a>. Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li>Banisar, David "Whistleblowing: International Standards and Developments", in Corruption and Transparency: Debating the Frontiers between State, Market and Society, I. Sandoval, ed., World Bank-Institute for Social Research, UNAM, Washington, D.C., 2011 available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ssrn.com/abstract=1753180">ssrn.com</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazzichelli,_Tatiana2021" class="citation book cs1">Bazzichelli, Tatiana, ed. (2021). Whistleblowing for Change. Exposing Systems of Power and Injustice. transcript Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5793-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-5793-7"><bdi>978-3-8376-5793-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing+for+Change.+Exposing+Systems+of+Power+and+Injustice&rft.pub=transcript+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8376-5793-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-verlag.de/978-3-8376-5793-7/whistleblowing-for-change/?number=978-3-8394-5793-1">(Open Access)</a></li> <li>Ceva, Emanuela and Bocchiola, Michele (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Is+Whistleblowing+a+Duty%3F-p-9781509529681">Is Whistleblowing a duty?, Cambridge: Polity Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Dempster" title="Quentin Dempster">Dempster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Dempster" title="Quentin Dempster">Quentin</a> Whistleblowers, Sydney, ABC Books, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7333-0504-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7333-0504-0">0-7333-0504-0</a> [See especially pp. 199–212: 'The Courage of the Whistleblowers']</li> <li>Frais, A "Whistleblowing heroes – boon or burden?", Bulletin of Medical Ethics, 2001 Aug:(170):13–19.</li> <li>Garrett, Allison, "Auditor Whistle Blowing: The Financial Fraud Detection and Disclosure Act," 17 <a href="/wiki/Seton_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Seton Hall">Seton Hall</a> Legis. J. 91 (1993).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHesch,_Joel2009" class="citation book cs1">Hesch, Joel (2009). Whistleblowing: A guide to government reward programs. Goshen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9772602-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9772602-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9772602-0-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing%3A+A+guide+to+government+reward+programs&rft.pub=Goshen+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9772602-0-1&rft.au=Hesch%2C+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Geoffrey2006" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Geoffrey (2006). "The Principle of Complementarity: Freedom of Information, Public Accountability and Whistleblowing in". Chapman, R & Hunt, M (eds) Freedom of Information: Perspectives on Open Government in a Theoretical and Practical Context. <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>, Aldershot, UK.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Principle+of+Complementarity%3A+Freedom+of+Information%2C+Public+Accountability+and+Whistleblowing+in&rft.btitle=Chapman%2C+R+%26+Hunt%2C+M+%28eds%29+Freedom+of+Information%3A+Perspectives+on+Open+Government+in+a+Theoretical+and+Practical+Context&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Geoffrey2000" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, Geoffrey (2000). "Whistleblowing, Accountability & Ethical Accounting". <a href="/wiki/Clinical_Risk_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical Risk (journal)">Clinical Risk</a>. 6 (3): 115–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F135626220000600306">10.1177/135626220000600306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:79063742">79063742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Risk&rft.atitle=Whistleblowing%2C+Accountability+%26+Ethical+Accounting&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F135626220000600306&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A79063742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Geoffrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Geoffrey (1998). 'Whistleblowing', commissioned entry for Encyclopedia of Applied Ethics, (8,000 words). Academic Press, California, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Whistleblowing%27%2C+commissioned+entry+for+Encyclopedia+of+Applied+Ethics%2C+%288%2C000+words%29&rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+California%2C+USA&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_Geoffrey1998" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Geoffrey, ed. (1998). Whistleblowing in the Social Services: Public Accountability & Professional Practice. Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing+in+the+Social+Services%3A+Public+Accountability+%26+Professional+Practice&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt,_G1995" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, G, ed. (1995). Whistleblowing in the Health Service: Accountability, Law & Professional Practice. Arnold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing+in+the+Health+Service%3A+Accountability%2C+Law+%26+Professional+Practice&rft.pub=Arnold&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Roberta_Ann2002" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Roberta Ann (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whistleblowingwh00john">Whistleblowing: When It Works—And Why</a>. L. Reinner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58826-114-4"><bdi>978-1-58826-114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing%3A+When+It+Works%E2%80%94And+Why&rft.pub=L.+Reinner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58826-114-4&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Roberta+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhistleblowingwh00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn,_Stephen_M2000" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Stephen M (2000). Concepts and Procedures in Whistleblower Law. <a href="/wiki/Quorum_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Quorum Books">Quorum Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-354-7"><bdi>978-1-56720-354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+and+Procedures+in+Whistleblower+Law&rft.pub=Quorum+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-354-7&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Stephen+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn,_Stephen_MKohn,_Michael_DColapinto,_David_K.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_M._Kohn" title="Stephen M. Kohn">Kohn, Stephen M</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Kohn" title="Michael D. Kohn">Kohn, Michael D</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_K._Colapinto" title="David K. Colapinto">Colapinto, David K.</a> (2004). Whistleblower Law A Guide to Legal Protections for Corporate Employees. <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Publishers">Praeger Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98127-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98127-3"><bdi>978-0-275-98127-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblower+Law+A+Guide+to+Legal+Protections+for+Corporate+Employees&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98127-3&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Stephen+M&rft.au=Kohn%2C+Michael+D&rft.au=Colapinto%2C+David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lauretano, Major Daniel A., "The Military Whistleblower Protection Act and the Military Mental Health Protection Act", Army Law, (Oct) 1998.</li> <li>Lechner, Jay P. & Paul M. Sisco, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridabar.org/DIVCOM/JN/JNJournal01.nsf/8c9f13012b96736985256aa900624829/83e35f41f619308c85257178006f13fe?OpenDocument">"Sarbanes-Oxley Criminal Whistleblower Provisions & the Workplace: More Than Just Securities Fraud"</a> 80 Florida B. J. 85 (June 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipman,_Frederick_D.2012" class="citation book cs1">Lipman, Frederick D. (2012). Whistleblowers: Incentives, Disincentives, and Protection Strategies. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-09403-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-09403-7"><bdi>978-1-118-09403-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowers%3A+Incentives%2C+Disincentives%2C+and+Protection+Strategies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-118-09403-7&rft.au=Lipman%2C+Frederick+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Martin_(social_scientist)" title="Brian Martin (social scientist)">Martin, Brian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/07ji/index.html">Justice Ignited: The Dynamics of Backfire</a>, (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007).</li> <li>Martin, Brian with Wendy Varney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/03nvs/index.html">Nonviolence Speaks: Communicating against Repression</a>, (Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2003).</li> <li>Martin, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01tnvs/">Technology for Nonviolent Struggle</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409000022/http://www.uow.edu.au/arts/sts/bmartin/pubs/01tnvs/">Archived</a> 9 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (London: War Resisters' International, 2001).</li> <li>Martin, Brian with Lyn Carson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/99rsip.pdf">Random Selection in Politics</a>, (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999).</li> <li>Martin, Brian. The Whistleblower's Handbook: How to Be an Effective Resister, (Charlbury, UK: Jon Carpenter; Sydney: Envirobook, 1999). Updated and republished 2013 as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bmartin.cc/pubs/13wb.html">Whistleblowing: a practical guide</a>, Sparsnäs, Sweden: Irene Publishing.</li> <li>McCarthy, Robert J. "Blowing in the Wind: Answers for Federal Whistleblowers", 3 <a href="/wiki/William_%26_Mary_Policy_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="William & Mary Policy Review">William & Mary Policy Review</a> 184 (2012).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiethe,_Terance_D1991" class="citation book cs1">Miethe, Terance D (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whistleblowingat0000miet">Whistleblowing at work: tough choices in exposing fraud, waste, and abuse on the job</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3549-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3549-0"><bdi>978-0-8133-3549-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whistleblowing+at+work%3A+tough+choices+in+exposing+fraud%2C+waste%2C+and+abuse+on+the+job&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3549-0&rft.au=Miethe%2C+Terance+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhistleblowingat0000miet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rowe, Mary & Bendersky, Corinne, "Workplace Justice, Zero Tolerance and Zero Barriers: Getting People to Come Forward in Conflict Management Systems," in Negotiations and Change, From the Workplace to Society, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kochan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Kochan">Thomas Kochan</a> and Richard Locke (eds), <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2002</li> <li>Wilkey, Robert N. Esq., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150404012642/http://open.wmitchell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1070&context=wmlr&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2F">"Federal Whistleblower Protection: A Means to Enforcing Maximum Hour Legislation for Medical Residents"</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Mitchell_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="William Mitchell Law Review">William Mitchell Law Review</a>, Vol. 30, Issue 1 (2003).</li> <li>Engineering Ethics concepts and cases by Charles E. Harris, Jr. – Michael S. Pritchard- Michael J. Rabins.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irs.gov/uac/Whistleblower-Informant-Award">IRS.gov</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170804024152/https://www.irs.gov/uac/whistleblower-informant-award">Archived</a> 4 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Whistleblower – Informant Award</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whistleblowingservice.com.au/legislation-and-laws/">Whistleblower& Laws Australia</a> – Global and Australian Laws: Steven Asnicar, 2019</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Whistleblowing&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/whistleblowing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/whistleblowing">whistleblowing</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whistleblowers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Whistleblowers">Whistleblowers</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Whistleblowing <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Whistleblowing">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Whistleblowing&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEd_Yong2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Yong" title="Ed Yong">Ed Yong</a> (28 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/polopoly_fs/1.14226!/menu/main/topColumns/topLeftColumn/pdf/503454a.pdf">"3 ways to blow the whistle"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> Vol 503.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nature+Vol+503&rft.atitle=3+ways+to+blow+the+whistle&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft.au=Ed+Yong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fpolopoly_fs%2F1.14226%21%2Fmenu%2Fmain%2FtopColumns%2FtopLeftColumn%2Fpdf%2F503454a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhistleblowing" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980023.htm">Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516203522/http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts1998/19980023.htm">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/govdocs/crs/permalink/meta-crs-8246">National Security Whistleblowers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (CRS) Report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43045.pdf">Survey of Federal Whistleblower and Anti-Retaliation Laws</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a> (CRS) Report</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whistleblowers.gov">Whistleblower Protection Program & information</a> at <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Labor" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Labor">U.S. Department of Labor</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/fca/doc/2006/2006fca283/2006fca283.html">Read v. Canada (Attorney General)</a> Canadian legal framework regarding whistleblowing defence</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.patientsfirst.org.uk">[2]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patients_First_(advocacy_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patients First (advocacy group)">Patients First</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whistlebloweruk.org">Whistleblowers UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417075731/http://whistlebloweruk.org/">Archived</a> 17 April 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bergermontague.com/practice-areas/whistleblowers,-qui-tam-false-claims-act/whistleblowers,-qui-tam-false-claims-act-legal-blog/should-i-be-a-whistleblower-and-report-government-fraud-to-lawyers-and-attorneys">Why be a whistleblower?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613111410/http://www.bergermontague.com/practice-areas/whistleblowers,-qui-tam-false-claims-act/whistleblowers,-qui-tam-false-claims-act-legal-blog/should-i-be-a-whistleblower-and-report-government-fraud-to-lawyers-and-attorneys">Archived</a> 13 June 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203155909/http://conversations.psu.edu/episodes/eyal_press">Author Eyal Press discusses whistleblowers and heroism on Conversations from Penn State</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/specialseries/2016/03/digital-dissidents-160323141254755.html">"Digital Dissidents: What it Means to be a Whistleblower"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_aggression" title="Workplace aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pattern" title="Anti-pattern">Anti-pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_impact_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Workplace impact of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_climate" title="Organisation climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_surveillance_in_the_workplace" title="Computer surveillance in the workplace">Computer surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_conflict" title="Organizational conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">Control freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterproductive_work_behavior" title="Counterproductive work behavior">Counterproductive behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coworking" title="Coworking">Coworking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear#In_the_workplace" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_deviance" title="Workplace deviance">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(business)" title="Diversity (business)">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">Divide and rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" title="Emotions in the workplace">Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_assistance_program" title="Employee assistance program">Employee assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_engagement" title="Employee engagement">Employee engagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_experience_design" title="Employee experience design">Employee experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_morale" title="Employee morale">Employee morale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_recognition" title="Employee recognition">Employee recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_silence" title="Employee silence">Employee silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_surveys" title="Employee surveys">Employee surveys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment#In_workplace_management" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminisation_of_the_workplace" title="Feminisation of the workplace">Feminisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_in_the_workforce" title="Generations in the workforce">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofing_off" title="Goofing off">Goofing off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip#Workplace_gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_at_work" title="Happiness at work">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_surveillance" title="Workplace health surveillance">Health surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostile_work_environment" title="Hostile work environment">Hostile work environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_humor" title="Office humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_inequality" title="Occupational inequality">Inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace intervention">Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_jargon" title="Corporate jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick_the_cat" title="Kick the cat">Kick the cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_listening" title="Workplace listening">Listening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause_in_the_workplace" title="Menopause in the workplace">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromanagement" title="Micromanagement">Micromanagement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_politics" title="Workplace politics">Office politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_law" title="Parkinson's law">Parkinson's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_appraisal" title="Performance appraisal">Performance appraisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_clash#In_the_workplace" title="Personality clash">Personality clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology_in_the_workplace" title="Positive psychology in the workplace">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_privacy" title="Workplace privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_working_life" title="Quality of working life">Quality of working life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_syndrome" title="Queen bee syndrome">Queen bee syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_race" title="Rat race">Rat race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace relationships">Relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_revenge" title="Workplace revenge">Revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_robotics_safety" title="Workplace robotics safety">Robotics safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_conflict" title="Role conflict">Role conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">Sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_spirituality" title="Workplace spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_strategy" title="Workplace strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_violence" title="Workplace violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_workplace" title="Virtual workplace">Virtual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93family_conflict" title="Work–family conflict">Work–family conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workload" title="Workload">Workload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workwear" title="Workwear">Workwear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory" title="Factory">Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters" title="Headquarters">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office" title="Office">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> Templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_organizations" title="Template:Aspects of organizations">Aspects of organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment">Employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a> (incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_people" title="Suicide among LGBTQ people">Suicide among LGBTQ people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Corruption160" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corruption" title="Template:Corruption"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corruption" title="Template talk:Corruption"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corruption"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Corruption160" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Corruption" title="Corruption">Corruption</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Corruption in different fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_local_government" title="Corruption in local government">Corruption in local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">Interest group corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_corruption" title="Police corruption">Police corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">Political corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measures of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">Economics of corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms or aspects of corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baksheesh" title="Baksheesh">Baksheesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Black market</a> / <a href="/wiki/Grey_market" title="Grey market">Grey market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_bribery" title="Commercial bribery">Commercial bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li>Corporation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_corporation" title="Dummy corporation">Dummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation" title="Shell corporation">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">Embezzlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">Extortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">Fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graft_(politics)" title="Graft (politics)">Graft (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honest_services_fraud" title="Honest services fraud">Honest services fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insider_trading" title="Insider trading">Insider trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">Kickback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">Money laundering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_and_crime" title="Cryptocurrency and crime">Cryptocurrency and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_cause_corruption" title="Noble cause corruption">Noble cause corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_courtesy" title="Professional courtesy">Professional courtesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandal" title="Scandal">Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush_fund" title="Slush fund">Slush fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_investment" title="Offshore investment">Offshore investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clientelism" title="Clientelism">Clientelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crony_capitalism" title="Crony capitalism">Crony capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">Cronyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_capture" title="Elite capture">Elite capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Failed_state" title="Failed state">Failed state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_soldiers" title="Ghost soldiers">Ghost soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_scandal" title="Political scandal">Political scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-setting" title="Rent-setting">Rent-setting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">State capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_crime" title="State crime">State crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_stuffing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballot stuffing">Ballot stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_security" title="Election security">Election security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_pairing" title="Vote pairing">Vote pairing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vote_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Vote suppression">Vote suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions dealing with corruption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_W._Baker" title="Raymond W. Baker">Global Financial Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Witness" title="Global Witness">Global Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_States_Against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of States Against Corruption">Group of States Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Anti-Corruption_Academy" title="International Anti-Corruption Academy">International Anti-Corruption Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Ibrahim_Foundation" title="Mo Ibrahim Foundation">Mo Ibrahim Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption#UNCAC_Coalition_of_Civil_Society_Organisations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oficina_Anticorrupci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oficina Anticorrupción">Oficina Anticorrupción</a> (Argentina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Criminal_Intelligence_Commission" title="Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission">Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_(Bangladesh)" title="Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)">Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)</a> (Bangladesh)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_and_Economic_Malpractice_Observatory" title="Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory">Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory</a> (Burundi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Observatory" title="National Anti-Corruption Observatory">National Anti-Corruption Observatory</a> (Cameroon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Supervisory_Commission" title="National Supervisory Commission">National Supervisory Commission</a> (China) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)" title="Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)">Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_Against_Corruption_(Macau)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission Against Corruption (Macau)">Commission Against Corruption (Macau)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USKOK" class="mw-redirect" title="USKOK">USKOK</a> (Croatia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Anti-Fraud_Office" title="European Anti-Fraud Office">European Anti-Fraud Office</a> (European Union)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption" title="Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption">Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vigilance_Commission" title="Central Vigilance Commission">Central Vigilance Commission</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Eradication_Commission" title="Corruption Eradication Commission">KPK</a> (Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Authority_(Italy)" title="National Anti-Corruption Authority (Italy)">National Anti-Corruption Authority</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Prevention_and_Combating_Bureau" title="Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau">Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau</a> (Latvia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_and_Economic_Management_Assistance_Program" title="Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program">Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program</a> (Liberia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Investigation_Service" title="Special Investigation Service">Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIANCO" title="BIANCO">BIANCO</a> (Madagascar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Anti-Corruption_Commission" title="Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission">Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_Commission_of_Myanmar" title="Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar">Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar</a> (Myanmar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Corrupt_Practices_Commission" title="Independent Corrupt Practices Commission">Independent Corrupt Practices Commission</a> (Nigeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Accountability_Bureau" title="National Accountability Bureau">National Accountability Bureau</a> (Pakistan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Task_Force_Sweep" title="Investigation Task Force Sweep">Investigation Task Force Sweep</a> (Papua New Guinea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Anticorruption_Bureau" title="Central Anticorruption Bureau">Central Anticorruption Bureau</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_General_Directorate" title="Anti-Corruption General Directorate">Anti-Corruption General Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anticorruption_Directorate" title="National Anticorruption Directorate">National Anticorruption Directorate</a> (Romania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_Committee_of_Russia" title="Investigative Committee of Russia">Investigative Committee of Russia</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Anti-corruption_Commission" title="Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission">Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_Practices_Investigation_Bureau" title="Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau">Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau</a> (Singapore)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Prevention_of_Corruption_of_the_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia">Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Corruption_and_Civil_Rights_Commission" title="Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission">Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission</a> (South Korea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Surveillance_Service" title="Customs Surveillance Service">Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Corruption_Bureau_of_Ukraine" title="National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine">National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine</a> (Ukraine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warioba_Commission" title="Warioba Commission">Warioba Commission</a> (Tanzania)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Steering_Committee_on_Anti-corruption" title="Central Steering Committee on Anti-corruption">Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption</a> (Vietnam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws and enforcement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Charter_and_Grievance_Redressal_Bill_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011">Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011</a> (pending)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Corrupt_Practices_Act" title="Foreign Corrupt Practices Act">Foreign Corrupt Practices Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Extortion_Prevention_Act" title="Foreign Extortion Prevention Act">Foreign Extortion Prevention Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information_laws_by_country" title="Freedom of information laws by country">Freedom of information laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013" title="The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013">The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery_Act_2010" title="Bribery Act 2010">UK Bribery Act of 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower#Legal_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International instruments and efforts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Convention_Against_Corruption" title="Inter-American Convention Against Corruption">Inter-American Convention Against Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_asset_recovery" title="International asset recovery">International asset recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Anti-Corruption_Authorities" title="International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities">International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD_Anti-Bribery_Convention" title="OECD Anti-Bribery Convention">OECD Anti-Bribery Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Corruption" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Convention against Corruption">United Nations Convention against Corruption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protest movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2011 Azerbaijani protests">2011 Azerbaijani protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" title="2011 Indian anti-corruption movement">2011 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Indian_anti-corruption_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Indian anti-corruption movement">2012 Indian anti-corruption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Spain" title="Anti-austerity movement in Spain">Anti-austerity movement in Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Peace_with_Justice_and_Dignity" title="Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity">Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_anti-corruption_campaign" title="Russian anti-corruption campaign">Russian anti-corruption campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_Soy_132" title="Yo Soy 132">Yo Soy 132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932019_Romanian_protests" title="2017–2019 Romanian protests">2017–2019 Romanian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Russian_protests" title="2017–2018 Russian protests">2017–2018 Russian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Employment937" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Employment" title="Template:Employment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Employment" title="Template talk:Employment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Employment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Employment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Employment937" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classifications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Academic tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_employment_(contract)" title="Casual employment (contract)">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_work" title="Contingent work">Contingent work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full-time_job" title="Full-time job">Full-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_sharing" title="Job sharing">Job sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">Part-time job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">Self-employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">Side job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">Skilled worker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journeyman" title="Journeyman">Journeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technician" title="Technician">Technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">Tradesperson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_contractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent contractor">Independent contractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laborer" title="Laborer">Laborer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Hiring</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application_for_employment" title="Application for employment">Application</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">Background check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_letter" title="Cover letter">Cover letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">Curriculum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_test" title="Drug test">Drug testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_contract" title="Employment contract">Employment contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Employment counsellor">Employment counsellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_search" title="Executive search">Executive search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_search_firms" title="List of executive search firms">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_programme" title="Induction programme">Induction programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fair" title="Job fair">Job fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_fraud" title="Job fraud">Job fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_hunting" title="Job hunting">Job hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_interview" title="Job interview">Job interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_recommendation" title="Letter of recommendation">Letter of recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onboarding" title="Onboarding">Onboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overqualification" title="Overqualification">Overqualification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person%E2%80%93environment_fit" title="Person–environment fit">Person–environment fit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality%E2%80%93job_fit_theory" title="Personality–job fit theory">Personality–job fit theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_hire" title="Personality hire">Personality hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probation_(workplace)" title="Probation (workplace)">Probation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realistic_job_preview" title="Realistic job preview">Realistic job preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment" title="Recruitment">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9sum%C3%A9" title="Résumé">Résumé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_recruiting_of_new_graduates" title="Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates">Simultaneous recruiting of new graduates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work-at-home_scheme" title="Work-at-home scheme">Work-at-home scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee">Employee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer" class="mw-redirect" title="Employer">Employer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship" title="Internship">Internship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">Job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_hire" title="Labour hire">Labour hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_employment" title="Permanent employment">Permanent employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervisor" title="Supervisor">Supervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">Volunteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">Working class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-collar_worker" title="Blue-collar worker">Blue-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green-collar_worker" title="Green-collar worker">Green-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-collar" title="Grey-collar">Grey-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-collar_worker" title="Pink-collar worker">Pink-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">White-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Red-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New-collar_worker" title="New-collar worker">New-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">No-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Orange-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Scarlet-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Black-collar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designation_of_workers_by_collar_color" title="Designation of workers by collar color">Gold-collar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Career" title="Career">Career</a> and <a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">Artisan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">Master craftsman</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avocation" title="Avocation">Avocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_assessment" title="Career assessment">Career assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_counseling" title="Career counseling">Career counseling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_development" title="Career development">Career development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coaching" title="Coaching">Coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_class" title="Creative class">Creative class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">E-learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employability" title="Employability">Employability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate school">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_training" title="Induction training">Induction training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_worker" title="Knowledge worker">Knowledge worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">Licensure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifelong_learning" title="Lifelong learning">Lifelong learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overspecialization" title="Overspecialization">Overspecialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice-based_professional_learning" title="Practice-based professional learning">Practice-based professional learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_association" title="Professional association">Professional association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_certification" title="Professional certification">Professional certification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_development" title="Professional development">Professional development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflective_practice" title="Reflective practice">Reflective practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retraining" title="Retraining">Retraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">Vocational education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentorship" title="Mentorship">Mentorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_Outlook_Handbook" title="Occupational Outlook Handbook">Occupational Outlook Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_firm" title="Practice firm">Practice firm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">Profession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">Operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradesman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradesman">Tradesman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">Vocation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attendance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Break_(work)" title="Break (work)">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_room" title="Break room">Break room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_break" title="Career break">Career break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furlough" title="Furlough">Furlough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gap_year" title="Gap year">Gap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leave_of_absence" title="Leave of absence">Leave of absence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_service_leave" title="Long service leave">Long service leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_call,_no_show" title="No call, no show">No call, no show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatical" title="Sabbatical">Sabbatical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_clock" title="Time clock">Time clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schedule_(workplace)" title="Schedule (workplace)">Schedules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/35-hour_workweek" title="35-hour workweek">35-hour workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_week" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-day week">Four-day week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">Eight-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-call" class="mw-redirect" title="On-call">On-call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime" title="Overtime">Overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">Remote work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">Shift work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">Working time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workweek_and_weekend" title="Workweek and weekend">Workweek and weekend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_bracket" title="Income bracket">Income bracket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax" title="Income tax">Income tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_wage" title="Living wage">Living wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_wage" title="Maximum wage">Maximum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_average_salary" title="National average salary">National average salary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">Minimum wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_Canada" title="Minimum wage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_Wage_Ordinance" title="Minimum Wage Ordinance">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_minimum_wage" title="List of European countries by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Progressive wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_wage" title="Progressive wage">Singapore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtime_rate" title="Overtime rate">Overtime rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paid_time_off" title="Paid time off">Paid time off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance-related_pay" title="Performance-related pay">Performance-related pay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salary_cap" title="Salary cap">Salary cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_compression" title="Wage compression">Wage compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Employee_benefits" title="Employee benefits">Benefits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annual_leave" title="Annual leave">Annual leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_Friday" title="Casual Friday">Casual Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_insurance" title="Disability insurance">Disability insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_leave" title="Marriage leave">Marriage leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">Pension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave" title="Sick leave">Sick leave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sick_leave_in_the_United_States" title="Sick leave in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take-home_vehicle" title="Take-home vehicle">Take-home vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Safety and health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunch_(video_games)" title="Crunch (video games)">Crunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy_and_employment" title="Epilepsy and employment">Epilepsy and employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_factors_and_ergonomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Human factors and ergonomics">Human factors and ergonomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rate_of_fatal_workplace_accidents" title="List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents">List of countries by rate of fatal workplace accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_disease" title="Occupational disease">Occupational disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_exposure_limit" title="Occupational exposure limit">Occupational exposure limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_health_psychology" title="Occupational health psychology">Occupational health psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_injury" title="Occupational injury">Occupational injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_noise" title="Occupational noise">Occupational noise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repetitive_strain_injury" title="Repetitive strain injury">Repetitive strain injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit" title="Right to sit">Right to sit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sit_in_the_United_States" title="Right to sit in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sick_building_syndrome" title="Sick building syndrome">Sick building syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_accident" title="Work accident">Work accident</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_fatality" title="Occupational fatality">Occupational fatality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_compensation" title="Workers' compensation">Workers' compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_right_to_access_the_toilet" title="Workers' right to access the toilet">Workers' right to access the toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_health_promotion" title="Workplace health promotion">Workplace health promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_phobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Workplace phobia">Workplace phobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_wellness" title="Workplace wellness">Workplace wellness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Equal opportunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay for equal work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporate_collapses_and_scandals" title="List of corporate collapses and scandals">Corporate collapses and scandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_scandals" title="Accounting scandals">Accounting scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_fraud" title="Control fraud">Control fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_behaviour" title="Corporate behaviour">Corporate behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_crime" title="Corporate crime">Corporate crime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_handbook" title="Employee handbook">Employee handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_monitoring" title="Employee monitoring">Employee monitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaluation_(workplace)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evaluation (workplace)">Evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_law" title="Labour law">Labour law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_while_on_duty" title="Sleeping while on duty">Sleeping while on duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistleblower" class="mw-redirect" title="Whistleblower">Whistleblower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Willingness</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boreout" title="Boreout">Boreout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conscription" title="Civil conscription">Civil conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-end_job" title="Dead-end job">Dead-end job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_satisfaction" title="Job satisfaction">Job satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">Organizational commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Bonded labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">Labour camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_labour" title="Penal labour">Penal labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_wages" title="Truck wages">Truck wages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Unfree labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Termination_of_employment" title="Termination of employment">Termination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/At-will_employment" title="At-will employment">At-will employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_(employment)" title="Dismissal (employment)">Dismissal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_room" title="Banishment room">Banishment room</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructive_dismissal" title="Constructive dismissal">Constructive dismissal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal" title="Wrongful dismissal">Wrongful dismissal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_offboarding" title="Employee offboarding">Employee offboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_interview" title="Exit interview">Exit interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layoff" title="Layoff">Layoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notice_period" title="Notice period">Notice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_slip_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pink slip (employment)">Pink slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resignation" title="Resignation">Resignation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_of_resignation" title="Letter of resignation">Letter of resignation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restructuring" title="Restructuring">Restructuring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement" title="Retirement">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_planning" title="Retirement planning">Retirement planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severance_package" title="Severance package">Severance package</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_handshake" title="Golden handshake">Golden handshake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_parachute" title="Golden parachute">Golden parachute</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnover_(employment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turnover (employment)">Turnover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discouraged_worker" title="Discouraged worker">Discouraged worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Economic depression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frictional_unemployment" title="Frictional unemployment">Frictional unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_employment" title="Full employment">Full employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_unemployment" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_unemployment" title="Involuntary unemployment">Involuntary unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_recovery" title="Jobless recovery">Jobless recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_losses_caused_by_the_Great_Recession" title="Job losses caused by the Great Recession">Job losses caused by the Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_recessions" title="Lists of recessions">Lists of recessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession-proof_job" title="Recession-proof job">Recession-proof job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_army_of_labour" title="Reserve army of labour">Reserve army of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_unemployment" title="Structural unemployment">Structural unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_unemployment" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of unemployment">Types of unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_benefits" title="Unemployment benefits">Unemployment benefits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_Convention,_1919" title="Unemployment Convention, 1919">Unemployment Convention, 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_extension" title="Unemployment extension">Unemployment extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of countries by unemployment rate">List of countries by unemployment rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment-to-population_ratio" title="Employment-to-population ratio">Employment-to-population ratio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_employment_rate" title="List of sovereign states by employment rate">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_curve" title="Wage curve">Wage curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_unemployment" title="Youth unemployment">Youth unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Job creation program">Job creation program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_creation_index" title="Job creation index">Job creation index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">Job guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employer_of_last_resort" title="Employer of last resort">Employer of last resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a></li> <li>Historical:</li> <li>U.S.A.:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Works_Administration" title="Civil Works Administration">Civil Works Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Employment_and_Training_Act" title="Comprehensive Employment and Training Act">Comprehensive Employment and Training Act</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busy_work" title="Busy work">Busy work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credentialism_and_educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Credentialism and educational inflation">Credentialism and educational inflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_labor" title="Emotional labor">Emotional labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Going_postal" title="Going postal">Going postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Make-work_job" title="Make-work job">Make-work job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">Workhouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> See also templates</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_corporations" title="Template:Aspects of corporations">Aspects of corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_jobs" title="Template:Aspects of jobs">Aspects of jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aspects_of_occupations" title="Template:Aspects of occupations">Aspects of 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