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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2013</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Blowback</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">unintended consequences</a> and unwanted side-effects of a <a href="/wiki/Covert_operation" title="Covert operation">covert operation</a>. To the civilians suffering the blowback of covert operations, the effect typically manifests itself as "random" acts of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> without a discernible, direct cause; because the public—in whose name the <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> acted—are unaware of the effected secret attacks that <i>provoked revenge</i> (counter-attack) against them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, <i>blowback</i> was <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> internal coinage denoting the unintended, harmful consequences—to friendly populations and military forces—when a given weapon is used beyond its purpose as intended by the party supplying it. Examples include anti-Western religious figures (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a>) who, in due course, attack foe and sponsor; right-wing counter-revolutionaries who sell drugs to their sponsor's civil populace (see <a href="/wiki/CIA_and_Contras_cocaine_trafficking_in_the_US" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US">CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/junta" class="extiw" title="wikt:junta">juntas</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>) who kill American <a href="/wiki/Reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporter">reporters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Kazel" title="Dorothy Kazel">Dorothy Kazel</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In formal print usage, the term <i>blowback</i> first appeared in the <i>Clandestine Service History—Overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Mosaddeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Mosaddeq">Premier Mossadeq</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>—November 1952–August 1953</i>, the CIA's internal history of the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Iranian coup d'état</a>, sponsored by the American and British governments, which was published in March 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blowback from this operation would indeed occur with the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis</a>. Recent accounts of how blowback functioned in the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> relation to US and UK intelligence and <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> and became an important issue in a 21st Century <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">environment</a> are discussed by <a href="/wiki/Emma_Briant" title="Emma Briant">Emma Briant</a> in her book <i>Propaganda and Counter-terrorism</i> which presents first-hand accounts and discussions of deliberate and unintended consequences of blowback, oversight, and impacts for the public.<sup id="cite_ref-new_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hij.sagepub.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hij.sagepub.com-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicaragua_and_Iran-Contra">Nicaragua and Iran-Contra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nicaragua and Iran-Contra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, the blowback was a central theme in the legal and political debates about the efficacy of the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, which advocated public <i>and</i> secret support of anti-Communist counter-revolutionaries. For example, by secretly funding the secret war of the militarily-defeated, right-wing <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> against the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran–Contra Affair">Iran–Contra Affair</a>, wherein the Reagan Administration sold American weapons to Iran (a state unfriendly to the US) to arm the Contras with Warsaw Pact weapons, and their consequent drug-dealing in American cities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_v._United_States" title="Nicaragua v. United States">Nicaragua v. United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> ruled against the United States secret military attacks against Sandinista Nicaragua, because the countries were not formally at war. </p><p>Reagan Doctrine advocates, including <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>, argued that support for anti-Communists would topple Communist <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">régimes</a> without retaliatory consequences to the United States and help win the global <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan_and_Al_Qaeda">Afghanistan and Al Qaeda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Afghanistan and Al Qaeda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of blowback include the CIA's <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cyclone" title="Operation Cyclone">financing and support</a> for Afghan insurgents to fight an anti-Communist proxy guerilla war against the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>; some of the beneficiaries of this CIA support may have joined <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>'s terrorist campaign against the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria_and_ISIS">Syria and ISIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syria and ISIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, the United States and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> supported and aided anti-<a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Assad</a> armed groups.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of those groups later shifted loyalty to <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yevno_Azef_and_Russian_Imperial_secret_police">Yevno Azef and Russian Imperial secret police</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Yevno Azef and Russian Imperial secret police"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Special:EditPage/Blowback (intelligence)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Russian socialist revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Yevno_Azef" title="Yevno Azef">Yevno Azef</a>, as a paid police informant, provided the Russian secret-police <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a> with information to allow them to arrest an influential member of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>. After the arrest, Azef assumed the vacant position and organized assassinations, including those of the director of Imperial Russia's police and later Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_von_Plehve" title="Vyacheslav von Plehve">Vyacheslav Plehve</a> (1904) and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Sergei_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich</a>, the Tsar's uncle (1905). By 1908, Azef was playing the double role of a revolutionary assassin and police spy who received 1000 rubles a month from the authorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_disinformation_blowback">Soviet disinformation blowback</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soviet disinformation blowback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Soviet intelligence, as part of <a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">active measures</a>, frequently spread <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> to distort their adversaries' decision-making. However, sometimes this information filtered back through the KGB's own contacts, leading to distorted reports.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Martin-Bittman" title="Lawrence Martin-Bittman">Lawrence Bittman</a> also addressed Soviet intelligence blowback in <i><a href="/wiki/The_KGB_and_Soviet_Disinformation" title="The KGB and Soviet Disinformation">The KGB and Soviet Disinformation</a></i>, stating that "There are, of course, instances in which the operator is partially or completely exposed and subjected to countermeasures taken by the government of the target country."<sup id="cite_ref-bittman1985_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bittman1985-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blowback" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:blowback">blowback</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(podcast)" title="Blowback (podcast)">Blowback (podcast)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_effect_(psychology)" title="Boomerang effect (psychology)">Boomerang effect (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Connection" title="French Connection">French Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Civil_War" title="Guatemalan Civil War">Guatemalan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Diplomacy" title="Office of Public Diplomacy">Office of Public Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">Plausible deniability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequences" title="Unintended consequences">Unintended consequences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_dilemma" title="Security dilemma">Security dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_support_for_Hamas" title="Israeli support for Hamas">Israeli support for Hamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_casualties_from_the_United_States_drone_strikes" title="Civilian casualties from the United States drone strikes">Civilian casualties from the United States drone strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Bucca" title="Camp Bucca">Camp Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddeq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mosaddeq">Mohammad Mosaddeq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blowback_(intelligence)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Chalmers_Johnson" title="Chalmers Johnson">Chalmers Johnson</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6239-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6239-4">0-8050-6239-4</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/blowback">Blowback</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarry_Rother1998" class="citation news cs1">Larry Rother (April 3, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/03/world/4-salvadorans-say-they-killed-us-nuns-on-orders-of-military.html?pagewanted=2">"4 Salvadorans Say They Killed U.S. Nuns on Orders of Military"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=4+Salvadorans+Say+They+Killed+U.S.+Nuns+on+Orders+of+Military&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1998-04-03&rft.au=Larry+Rother&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F04%2F03%2Fworld%2F4-salvadorans-say-they-killed-us-nuns-on-orders-of-military.html%3Fpagewanted%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisen2000" class="citation news cs1">Risen, James (18 June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/weekinreview/word-for-word-abc-s-coups-oh-what-fine-plot-we-hatched-here-s-what-next-time.html">"WORD FOR WORD/ABC'S OF COUPS; Oh, What a Fine Plot We Hatched. (And Here's What to Do the Next Time)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WORD+FOR+WORD%2FABC%27S+OF+COUPS%3B+Oh%2C+What+a+Fine+Plot+We+Hatched.+%28And+Here%27s+What+to+Do+the+Next+Time%29&rft.date=2000-06-18&rft.aulast=Risen&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F06%2F18%2Fweekinreview%2Fword-for-word-abc-s-coups-oh-what-fine-plot-we-hatched-here-s-what-next-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cnps/2002/00000024/00000001/art00003">IngentaConnect American Militarism and Blowback: The Costs of Letting the Pentagon Dominate Foreign Policy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation book cs1">Briant, Emma (2015). <i>Propaganda and Counter-terrorism: Strategies for Global Change</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9105-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-9105-6"><bdi>978-0-7190-9105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Propaganda+and+Counter-terrorism%3A+Strategies+for+Global+Change&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-9105-6&rft.aulast=Briant&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hij.sagepub.com-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hij.sagepub.com_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriant2015" class="citation journal cs1">Briant (April 2015). "Allies and Audiences Evolving Strategies in Defense and Intelligence Propaganda". <i>The International Journal of Press/Politics</i>. <b>20</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1940161214552031">10.1177/1940161214552031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145697213">145697213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Press%2FPolitics&rft.atitle=Allies+and+Audiences+Evolving+Strategies+in+Defense+and+Intelligence+Propaganda&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1940161214552031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145697213%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Briant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans-Pritchard, Ambrose (1994) "Smugglers linked to <a href="/wiki/Iran-Contra_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran-Contra Affair">Contra</a> arms deals," <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph plc.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone">Context of '1986-1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080912195929/http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone">Archived</a> 2008-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>History Commons</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/12/politics/syria-arming-rebels/">Official says CIA-funded weapons have begun to reach Syrian rebels; rebels deny receipt</a>, <i>CNN</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-syria-crisis-saudi-insight-idUSBRE94U0ZV20130531">Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001104032/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/31/us-syria-crisis-saudi-insight-idUSBRE94U0ZV20130531">Archived</a> 2015-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Reuters</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/06/isis-saudi-arabia-iraq-syria-bandar/373181/">'Thank God for the Saudis': ISIS, Iraq, and the Lessons of Blowback</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff2015" class="citation book cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (2015-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOpqCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Soviet Leaders and Intelligence: Assessing the American Adversary during the Cold War</i></a>. Georgetown University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-230-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-230-3"><bdi>978-1-62616-230-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Leaders+and+Intelligence%3A+Assessing+the+American+Adversary+during+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2015-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-230-3&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOpqCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bittman1985-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bittman1985_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittman1985" class="citation cs2">Bittman, Ladislav (1985), <i>The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View</i>, Pergamon-Brassey's, pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>52, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-031572-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-031572-0"><bdi>978-0-08-031572-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+KGB+and+Soviet+Disinformation%3A+An+Insider%27s+View&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.pub=Pergamon-Brassey%27s&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-08-031572-0&rft.aulast=Bittman&rft.aufirst=Ladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlowback+%28intelligence%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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